Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anaemia is diagnosed based on blood haemoglobin concentrations falling below specified thresholds established based on age, sex, and physiological status. […] Anaemia may be caused by several factors: nutrient deficiencies, inadequate diet (or the inadequate absorption of nutrients), infections, inflammation, chronic diseases, gynaecological and obstetric conditions, and inherited red blood cell disorders. […] Iron deficiency, primarily due to inadequate dietary iron intake, is considered the most common nutritional deficiency leading to anaemia. […] Infections can be another important cause of anaemia, depending on the local burden of infectious diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV and parasitic infections. […] Anaemia reduction is included as one of six World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets within the Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. […] Additionally, anaemia in women 1549 years of age is one of the targets for the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 659 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 1549 years of age worldwide are anaemic. […] Accurate characterization of anaemia is critical to understand the burden and epidemiology of this problem, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical care of people across the life course. […] WHO has guidance that covers all WHO Regions to help reduce the prevalence of anaemia through prevention and treatment. […] Anaemia, as a public health issue, needs to be addressed from multiple perspectives and through multiple coordinated efforts, including multiple government sectors, nongovernmental organizations, United Nations agencies and the private sector each with specific and complementary roles to collectively achieve anaemia reduction and improve health and well-being.

• #3 The Lancet: New study reveals global anemia cases remain persistently high among women and children. Anemia rates decline for men. | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/newsroom/news-releases/lancet-new-study-reveals-global-anemia-cases-remain-persistently

  One-fourth of the global population is estimated to be anemic, with cases increasing rapidly for women, expectant mothers, young girls, and children younger than age 5. […] In 2021, 1.92 billion people globally had anemia. This is an increase of 420 million cases over three decades. […] In 2021, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia had the most cases. […] Anemia affected nearly 2 billion people in 2021, impacting women to a greater degree than men. […] Globally, in 2021, 31.2% of women had anemia compared with 17.5% of men. […] Over the years, there’s been a lot of focus on reducing anemia globally, but as a group, women and children have shown the least progress. […] The leading cause of anemia in 2021 was dietary iron deficiency, constituting 66.2% of total anemia cases, with 825 million women and 444 million men affected globally. […] The research shows sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are currently facing the greatest burden. In 2021, Western sub-Saharan Africa (47.4%), South Asia (35.7%), and Central sub-Saharan Africa (35.7%) had the highest anemia prevalence.

• #4 Surveillance of Anaemia: Mapping and Grading the High Risk Territories and Populations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4963673/

  Surveillance of anaemia is an ongoing process for assessing iron status and anaemia prevalence among individuals and the communities they live in. Measuring blood haemoglobin levels is the commonest method espoused worldwide for screening individuals and populations for anaemia and iron deficiency. World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a classification of public health significance of anaemia in populations on the basis of prevalence estimated from blood levels of haemoglobin. India falls under Severe public health problem category. An attempt has been made to categorise Severe public health problem into grades of severity that will help in prioritising the states and districts for targeted action. […] The prevalence of Hb values below the population-specific Hb threshold is used to classify countries by the level of the public health problem by WHO into four categories. If the prevalence of anaemia is less than or equal to 4.9 percent the population group is classified as No Public Health Problem. Similarly, between 5.0 and 19.9 percent it is Mild Public Health Problem. Between 20.0 and 39.9 percent it is Moderate Public Health Problem. When prevalence is equal to or above 40.0 percent the population is classified under Severe Public Health Problem-(SPHP).

• #5 Surveillance of Anaemia: Mapping and Grading the High Risk Territories and Populations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4963673/

  Based on the data from National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS-3, 2005-06), India falls under Severe public health problem category in WHO Classification as almost all population groups have prevalence of anaemia levels which are above 40 percent. […] The sixteen districts fall under Grade 3 Severe Public Health Problem in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Telangana, require special focus for identifying and addressing the determinants of such high prevalence of Anaemia. […] The vulnerable population groups for anaemia keyed out in this study are the Children 6 months to 59 months; Pregnant Women aged 15 to 49 years and Girl Child 6 to 9 years. Four of the Southern states of India including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana and Tamil Nadu fall in the Grade 2 SPHP (Severe Public Health Problem). Sixteen districts fall under Grade 3 Severe Public Health Problem in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Telangana.

• #6 Products – Data Briefs – Number 519 – December 2024

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db519.htm

  During August 2021August 2023, the overall prevalence of anemia in people age 2 years and older was 9.3%. Prevalence was higher in females (13.0%) than in males (5.5%). […] Anemia prevalence was highest in Black non-Hispanic females (31.4%) and Black non-Hispanic males (10.8%) age 2 and older compared with all other race and Hispanic-origin groups. […] The prevalence of anemia was higher in Black non-Hispanic (subsequently, Black) people (22.0%) compared with Asian non-Hispanic (subsequently, Asian) (11.8%), Hispanic (10.9%), and White non-Hispanic (subsequently, White) (6.1%) people. Prevalence was also higher in Asian and Hispanic people compared with White people. The prevalence of anemia was higher in females than males among all race and Hispanic-origin groups. […] The prevalence of anemia decreased with increasing income, from 14.1% in people whose family income was less than 130% of the poverty level to 9.8% in people with family income 130%349% of the poverty level and 5.7% in those with family income 350% or more of the poverty level.

• #7 Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6697587/

  The population groups most vulnerable to anemia include (1) children under 5 years of age (42% with anemia in 2016), particularly infants and children under 2 years of age; (2) WRA (39% with anemia in 2016); and (3) pregnant women (46% with anemia in 2016). […] The prevalence of anemia also varies by geographic region. Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, the Caribbean, and Oceania had the highest anemia prevalence across all age groups and both sexes in 2010. […] Progress on decreasing anemia has been overall slow and uneven. […] Anemia has significant consequences for human health, as well as for social and economic development. […] Anemia has been associated with negative health and development outcomes, including neonatal and perinatal mortality, low birth weight, and delayed child development.

• #7 Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6697587/

  Anemia affects a third of the worlds population and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality, decreased work productivity, and impaired neurological development. […] Understanding anemias varied and complex etiology is crucial for developing effective interventions that address the context-specific causes of anemia and for monitoring anemia control programs. […] We emphasize the risk factors most prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, including nutritional deficiencies, infection/inflammation, and genetic hemoglobin disorders. […] Recent work has furthered our understanding of anemias complex etiology, including the proportion of anemia caused by iron deficiency (ID) and the role of inflammation and infection. […] Accumulating evidence indicates that the proportion of anemia due to ID differs by population group, geographical setting, infectious disease burden, and the prevalence of other anemia causes.

• #8 Anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia

  Anemia affects 27% of the world’s population with iron-deficiency anemia accounting for more than 60% of it. A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affected approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population. It is somewhat more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%). Mild iron-deficiency anemia affects another 375 million. Severe anaemia is prevalent globally, and especially in sub-Saharan Africa where it is associated with infections including malaria and invasive bacterial infections. Globally, the prevalence of anaemia in women aged 15 to 49 years increased from 28.5% in 2012 to 29.9% in 2019 and is projected to reach 32.3% by 2030, missing the Sustainable Development Goal target of a 50 percent reduction by 2030.

• #9 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  In North America and Europe, iron deficiency is most common in women of childbearing age and as a manifestation of hemorrhage. Iron deficiency caused solely by diet is uncommon in adults in countries where meat is an important part of the diet. Depending upon the criteria used for the diagnosis of iron deficiency, approximately 4-8% of premenopausal women are iron deficient. In men and postmenopausal women, iron deficiency is uncommon in the absence of bleeding. […] A study of national primary care database for Italy, Belgium, Germany, and Spain determined that annual incidence rates of iron deficiency anemia ranged from 7.2 to 13.96 per 1,000 person-years. Higher rates were found in females, younger and older persons, patients with gastrointestinal diseases, pregnant women and women with a history of menometrorrhagia, and users of aspirin and/or antacids.

• #10 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  In countries where little meat is in the diet, iron deficiency anemia is 6-8 times more prevalent than in North America and Europe. This occurs despite consumption of a diet that contains an equivalent amount of total dietary iron; the reason is that heme iron is absorbed better from the diet than nonheme iron. In studies of children and adolescents from Sudan and Nepal, iron deficiency anemia was found in as many as two thirds of subjects. […] In certain geographic areas, intestinal parasites, particularly hookworm, worsen the iron deficiency because of blood loss from the GI tract. Anemia is more profound among children and premenopausal women in these environs.

• #11 Prevalence and determinants of severity levels of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249978

  About 67.6% of under-five children in Africa are suffering from anemia and responsible for 518% of under-five mortality. […] The prevalence of anemia among children in sub-Saharan Africa was 64.11% [95% CI: 63.85%, 64.36%], which revealed anemia among children is still a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. […] The study at hand also revealed that male children had higher odds of a higher level of anemia compared to female children. […] In conclusion, anemia among children aged 659 months in sub-Saharan Africa was a major public health problem.

• #11 Prevalence and determinants of severity levels of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249978

  The overall prevalence of anemia among children aged 659 months in sub-Saharan Africa was 64.1% [95% CI: 63.9%, 64.4%]. Of which, 26.2% were mildly anemic, 34.9% moderately anemic and 3% severely anemic. […] Anemia is a major public health problem affecting more than half of children under the age of five globally. It has serious short- and long-term consequences including growth retardation, impaired motor and cognitive development, and increased morbidity and mortality. […] Despite anemia is the leading cause of child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, there is limited evidence on the prevalence and determinants of anemia among under-five children in sub-Saharan Africa. […] The causes of anemia are multifactorial, and though infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies are the leading causes of anemia in SSA.

• #12 Table 8C: 2010 Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance New York Growth and Anemia Indicators by Race/Ethnicity or Age Children Aged Less Than 5 years

  https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/prevention/nutrition/pednss/2010/table8c.htm

  Anemia Race/Ethnicity Number Included in Analysis Low Hb/Hct% White, Not Hispanic 104,077 10.8 Black, Not Hispanic 80,891 17.7 Hispanic 142,006 11.0 American Indian/Alaska Native 3,752 12.2 Asian/Pacific Islander 29,246 8.3 Multiple Races 7,498 13.1 All Other 15 * Total 367,485 12.3 […] Anemia Age Number Included in Analysis Low Hb/Hct% 0 – 11 Months 37,324 14.3 12 – 23 Months 139,360 14.0 24 – 35 Months 82,566 12.4 36 – 47 Months 66,361 9.8 48 – 59 Months 41,874 8.4 Total 367,485 12.3

• #13 Anemia | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/sabisiddh/anemia-25085879

  Anemia is the most common medical disorder in pregnancy. It is caused by iron deficiency and affects 18-20% of pregnant women in developed countries and 40-75% in developing countries. Anemia in pregnancy can lead to increased risks of maternal and fetal mortality. […] Anemia in pregnancy is defined as a hemoglobin level less than 11g/dl and can account for 20-40% of maternal deaths. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in pregnancy. Treatment involves dietary changes to increase iron intake, iron supplementation, and blood transfusions in severe cases.

• #14 Epidemiology of iron-deficiency anemia among pregnant women in menoufia governorate, Egypt and Taiz Governorate, Yemen: Acomparative study)

  https://www.menoufia-med-j.com/journal/vol29/iss4/32/

  Objectives The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) and identifying its possible risk factors among pregnant women in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt and Taiz Governorate, Yemen. […] Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in the world. Nearly 2 billion people experience anemia. Iron deficiency is the most frequent cause of anemia especially in pregnant women. […] The prevalence of IDA was higher among Egyptian pregnant women than Yemeni pregnant women (52.5 and 32.9%, respectively). IDA was higher in second trimester among Egyptian pregnant women (65.7%) and higher in third trimester among Yemeni pregnant women (51.7%). IDA was higher in low socioeconomic standard families in Egyptian and Yemeni pregnant women (68.1 and 47.5%, respectively). Increased parity and lack of iron supplementation during pregnancy increase the risk of anemia among both studied groups. […] The prevalence of iron deficiency is high among pregnant women, and the results of the present study could aid in the development of an IDA program that emphasizes iron supplementation and improved diet, including the consumption of iron-rich diet, among pregnant women in Egypt and Yemen.

• #15 Aplastic anemia: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and health economics | HSTalks

  https://hstalks.com/t/5385/aplastic-anemia-epidemiology-diagnosis-treatment-a/

  Hello. My name is Shinji Nakao. I’m now working at the Japanese Red Cross Ishikawa Blood Center as the Director General. I’m going to talk about the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and health economics of aplastic anemia. […] The estimated annual incidence of AA is 1.5 – 2.3 per million in Western countries, while in Asian countries the incidence is 3.0 – 7.5 per million, two to three times higher than in Western countries. There are two age peaks. One is around 20 years of age, and the other is around 70 years. […] AA is not really only an anemia, but instead is a pancytopenia in which leukopenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia are almost always found, and is defined as a syndrome caused by a persistent decrease in the number of HSCs without any extrinsic factors, such as chemotherapies and chemicals.

• #16

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/4806

  A plastic anemia has been studied in many epidemiologic investigations, of which the current report from Barcelona is the most recent. […] A summary review of the epidemiology of aplastic anemia is informed by our present understanding of its pathophysiology, based on several decades of laboratory and clinical observations. […] The incidence reported by Montan et al. of 2.34/million is similar to the rate of 2.0 for the International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia Study in Europe and Israel, of which the Barcelona study is a partial continuation, and of smaller national studies in France, the United Kingdom, Scandinavia, and Brazil. […] The incidence of aplastic anemia is higher in Asia than in the West. […] Therefore, aplastic anemia appears to be 2 to 3-fold more common in Asia than in Europe.

• #16

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/4806

  In almost all modern studies of aplastic anemia, the sex ratio has been close to 1:1, which is unusual for immune-mediated diseases. […] Among the potentially etiologic associations between environmental exposures and marrow failure, benzene is the oldest and most widely accepted. […] A major contribution of the study of Montan et al. is the detailed mortality data; this type of clinical information is usually not provided in epidemiologic studies. […] Aplastic anemia remains a serious hematologic disease: mortality at two years after diagnosis (both severe and moderate pancytopenia) was over 40%, and higher in patients 45 years and older. […] Future investigations of large populations must proceed beyond interviewer-administered questionnaires to molecular epidemiology.

• #17

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/4811

  The case fatality rate of severe aplastic anemia is high although treatment, whether by allogeneic stem-cell transplantation or immunosuppression, has dramatically improved the prognosis over the last 25 years, and more than 75% of patients can now be expected to have long-term survival with either therapy. […] The overall incidence of aplastic anemia in the study area was 2.34 cases per million population per year, and the mortality at 2 years was nearly one death per million per year. Both increased with age. Survival rates were 73% at 3 months, 57% at 2 and 5 years, and 51% at 15 years. […] The prognosis of patients with aplastic anemia has been related to several factors. In addition to the period of diagnosis, the only factors that predicted survival were age and disease severity.

• #18 Sickle cell disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease

  The HbS gene can be found in every ethnic group. The highest frequency of sickle cell disease is found in tropical regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, tribal regions of India, and the Middle East. About 80% of sickle cell disease cases are believed to occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. […] Migration of substantial populations from these high-prevalence areas to low-prevalence countries in Europe has dramatically increased in recent decades and in some European countries, sickle cell disease has now overtaken more familiar genetic conditions such as haemophilia and cystic fibrosis. In 2015, it resulted in about 114,800 deaths. […] Sickle cell disease occurs more commonly among people whose ancestors lived in tropical and subtropical sub-Saharan regions where malaria is or was common. Where malaria is common, carrying a single sickle cell allele (trait) confers a heterozygote advantage; humans with one of the two alleles of sickle cell disease show less severe symptoms when infected with malaria.

• #19 Sickle cell disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease

  Three-quarters of sickle cell cases occur in Africa. A WHO report dated 2006 estimated that around 2% of newborns in Nigeria were affected by sickle cell anaemia, giving a total of 150,000 affected children born every year in Nigeria alone. […] The carrier frequency ranges between 10 and 40% across equatorial Africa, decreasing to 12% on the North African coast and 1% in South Africa. In the West African countries of Ghana and Nigeria, the frequencies can vary from 15 to 30%. In the whole of Nigeria, 24% of the population carries the gene, and 20 per 1000 newborns are born with the disease, or 150,000 annually. […] The number of people with the disease in the United States is about 100,000 (one in 3,300), mostly affecting Americans of sub-Saharan African descent. In the United States, about one out of 365 African-American children and one in every 16,300 Hispanic-American children have sickle cell anaemia.

• #20 Sickle cell disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease

  An additional 2 million are carriers of the sickle cell trait. Most infants with SCD born in the United States are identified by routine neonatal screening. As of 2016 all 50 states include screening for sickle cell disease as part of their newborn screen. […] Sickle cell anemia is the most common genetic disorder among African Americans. Approximately 8% are carriers and 1 in 375 are born with the disease. […] As a result of population growth in African-Caribbean regions of overseas France and immigration from North and sub-Saharan Africa to mainland France, sickle cell disease has become a major health problem in France. SCD has become the most common genetic disease in the country, with an overall birth prevalence of one in 2,415 in mainland France. […] In the United Kingdom, between 12,000 and 15,000 people are thought to have sickle cell disease with an estimated 250,000 carriers of the condition in England alone.

• #21 Diamond-Blackfan Anemia Epidemiology and Market Forecast

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/01/02/3003468/0/en/Diamond-Blackfan-Anemia-Epidemiology-and-Market-Forecast-Analysis-to-2034.html

  Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects the bone marrow’s ability to produce red blood cells, leading to severe anemia. It is usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood, with symptoms like pale skin, fatigue, poor growth, and physical abnormalities such as thumb deformities or heart defects in some cases. […] In 2023, approximately 7,870 diagnosed cases of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia were reported across the seven major markets (7MM), with the United States representing about 70% of these cases. […] In 2023, Germany reported the highest number of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia cases among the EU4 countries and the UK, followed by the UK, which accounted for 20% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases in these regions. […] In the United States, a substantial proportion of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia cases reported in 2023, approximately 46%, were associated with mutations in the RPS19 gene. This high prevalence is linked to the gene’s significant role in ribosomal protein synthesis.

• #22 Emerging Innovations in Anemia Epidemiology, Measurement, and Interventions | ASN DiscoverNUTRITION

  https://discover.nutrition.org/content/emerging-innovations-anemia-epidemiology-measurement-and-interventions

  Anemia is a major public health problem with important health consequences, particularly in women and children. However, there has been little progress towards achieving global targets for anemia reduction over the past decades. For instance, prevention and treatment of anemia was included in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2012 with the intention of reducing anemia by 50% in women of reproductive age by 2030. Yet, between 2000 and 2019, global estimates of anemia decreased only slightly from 30.7% to 29.6% in non-pregnant women and 40.9% to 36.5% in pregnant women. […] Important emerging work has highlighted the need to re-examine the utility of the current anemia reduction targets, how anemia is defined and diagnosed, and what interventions can be most effective to reduce anemia and reach the SDG goal. In this symposium, we will showcase emerging frontiers in anemia epidemiology, assessment, and interventions. […] Describe new guidelines for anemia diagnosis as defined by the World Health Organization. […] Summarize emerging research around hemoglobin thresholds to define anemia in children using a functional health approach. […] Describe novel approaches to improve anemia in pregnant women and children.

• #23 Anemia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/198475-overview

  The prevalence of anemia in population studies of healthy, nonpregnant people depends on the Hb concentration chosen for the lower limit of normal values. The World Health Organization (WHO) chose 12.5 g/dL for both adult males and females. In the United States, limits of 13.5 g/dL for men and 12.5 g/dL for women are probably more realistic. Using these values, approximately 4% of men and 8% of women have values lower than those cited. A significantly greater prevalence is observed in patient populations. Less information is available regarding studies using RBC or Hct. […] […] A retrospective cohort study of tertiary hospital admissions in Western Australia found that 45,675 of 80,765 inpatients (56.55%) had anemia during their hospital stay. More than one third of patients who were not anemic on admission developed anemia during their stay. Even mild anemia was independently associated with increased mortality and length of stay. […]

• #24 Epidemiology of anemia | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/epidemiology-of-anemia/93446636

  India is among the countries with high prevalence of anaemia in the world. 7 out of every 10 children aged 6-59 months are anaemic. […] It is estimated that anaemia directly causes 20 per cent of maternal deaths in India and indirectly accounts for another 20 per cent of maternal deaths. […] Iron deficiency anemia contributes to more than 50 % of anemia in our country. […] Anemia prevalence IDA prevalence reported to vary from 56% – 90.1% 67.8 98.5 million adolescent girls are anemic. […] The National Iron Plus Initiative was launched in 2013 to strengthen India’s efforts through strategies like weekly iron supplementation and nutrition counseling.

• #25 Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6697587/

  The most proximal risk factors for anemia include nutritional deficiencies, disease/infection, and genetic Hb disorders. […] Anemia of chronic disease or AI is generally normocytic with a low reticulocyte count and characterized to be mild-to-moderate (Hb concentrations 810 g/L). […] AI has been called the second most common cause of anemia after IDA. […] Malaria is one of the primary causes of anemia globally and is a primary cause of severe anemia. […] Anemia is one of the most common hematological abnormalities among individuals infected with HIV. […] Anemia among HIV patients is a predictor of the progression to AIDS, as the degree of anemia is correlated with disease progression and is independently associated with mortality. […] Globally, 330,000 children are estimated to be born each year with a serious inherited Hb disorder (83% with sickle cell anemia or one of its variants; 17% with a form of thalassemia). […] The proportion of anemia due to genetic Hb disorders which are currently immutable causes of anemia in LMICs is only expected to rise as other causes (e.g., nutritional deficiencies and infectious diseases) are better controlled.

• #26 Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/80746

  Anemia affects a third of the world’s population and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality, decreased work productivity, and impaired neurological development. […] Understanding anemia’s varied and complex etiology is crucial for developing effective interventions that address the context-specific causes of anemia and for monitoring anemia control programs. […] We emphasize the risk factors most prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, including nutritional deficiencies, infection/inflammation, and genetic hemoglobin disorders. […] Recent work has furthered our understanding of anemia’s complex etiology, including the proportion of anemia caused by iron deficiency (ID) and the role of inflammation and infection. […] Accumulating evidence indicates that the proportion of anemia due to ID differs by population group, geographical setting, infectious disease burden, and the prevalence of other anemia causes. […] Further research is needed to explore the role of additional nutritional deficiencies, the contribution of infectious and chronic disease, as well as the importance of genetic hemoglobin disorders in certain populations.

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