Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/

  Vitamin B12 or B9 (commonly called folate) deficiency anaemia occurs when a lack of vitamin B12 or folate causes the body to produce abnormally large red blood cells that cannot function properly. […] It’s important for vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia to be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. […] Most cases of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency can be easily treated with injections or tablets to replace the missing vitamins. […] Treatments may last until your vitamin B12 levels have improved or you may need treatment for the rest of your life. […] Although it’s uncommon, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency (with or without anaemia) can lead to complications, particularly if you have been deficient in vitamin B12 or folate for some time.

• #2 Vitamin B12 & folate anaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/nutritional/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/

  Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia occurs when a lack of vitamin B12 or folate causes the body to produce abnormally large red blood cells that cant function properly. […] It’s important for vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia to be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible because, although many of the symptoms improve with treatment, some problems caused by the condition can be irreversible. […] Most cases of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency can be easily treated with injections or tablets to replace the missing vitamins. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia is usually treated with injections of vitamin B12, in a form called hydroxocobalamin. […] To treat folate deficiency anaemia, your GP will usually prescribe daily folic acid tablets to build up your folate levels. […] Most people need to take folic acid tablets for about four months. However, if the underlying cause of your folate deficiency anaemia continues, you may have to take folic acid tablets for longer possibly for life.

• #3 Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia – Dalmellington Health Centre

  https://www.dalmellingtonhealthcentre.scot.nhs.uk/your-care/health-wellbeing-2/general-health-advice/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/

  Vitamin B12 or B9 (commonly called folate) deficiency anaemia occurs when a lack of vitamin B12 or folate causes the body to produce abnormally large red blood cells that cant function properly. […] Anaemia is the general term for having either fewer red blood cells than normal or having an abnormally low amount of haemoglobin in each red blood cell.

• #4 3.7 Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia – Health Alterations

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthalts/chapter/3-7-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-anemia/

  Vitamin B12 and folate are water-soluble vitamins required for the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A deficiency of either of these vitamins causes megaloblastic anemia (also called macrocytic anemia) because the red blood cells in these disorders are abnormally large when compared to a healthy red blood cell. […] There are three basic causes of vitamin B12 anemia, including dietary deficiency, decreased absorption of vitamin B12, and an autoimmune disorder called pernicious anemia. […] Individuals who follow a strict vegetarian (vegan) diet and do not eat animal products are at risk for not consuming enough vitamin B12 in their daily diet and often require vitamin supplements. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency is also more likely to affect the nervous system, although folate deficiency may also cause neurocognitive symptoms.

• #5 3.7 Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia – Health Alterations

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthalts/chapter/3-7-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-anemia/

  Vitamin B12 and folate are water-soluble vitamins required for the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A deficiency of either of these vitamins causes megaloblastic anemia (also called macrocytic anemia) because the red blood cells in these disorders are abnormally large when compared to a healthy red blood cell. […] There are three basic causes of vitamin B12 anemia, including dietary deficiency, decreased absorption of vitamin B12, and an autoimmune disorder called pernicious anemia. […] Individuals who follow a strict vegetarian (vegan) diet and do not eat animal products are at risk for not consuming enough vitamin B12 in their daily diet and often require vitamin supplements. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency is also more likely to affect the nervous system, although folate deficiency may also cause neurocognitive symptoms.

• #6 Anemia – Vitamin B12–Deficiency Anemia | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia/vitamin-b12-deficiency-anemia

  Vitamin B12deficiency anemia, also known as cobalamin deficiency, is a condition that develops when your body can’t make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn’t have enough vitamin B12. Your body needs vitamin B12 to make healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Since your body doesnt make vitamin B12, you have to get it from the foods you eat or from supplements. […] You can develop vitamin B12 deficiency for the following reasons: Lack of intrinsic factor: Intrinsic factor is a protein made in the stomach, which helps the body absorb vitamin B12. People who have pernicious anemia do not produce intrinsic factor. […] If your doctor diagnoses you with vitamin B12deficiency anemia, your treatment will depend on the cause and seriousness of your condition. Some people need lifelong treatment. […] Vitamin B12deficiency may cause serious complications, such as bleeding, infections, and problems with your brain or nerves that may be permanent.

• #7 Folate Testing AHS – G2154 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/folate-testing-01-01-19

  Folate deficiency can be caused by dietary intake. Nutritional deficits can occur due to diet, alcoholism, depression, and even overcooked foods. […] Many malabsorptive disorders, such as celiac disease and ulcerative colitis, can also result in a decrease in folate uptake. […] An increased need of folate during pregnancy and lactation cause folic acid deficiency. […] The IOM does specifically state that “individuals who are at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency…may be at increased risk of the precipitation of neurological disorders if they consume excess folate.” […] Vitamin B12 deficiency can be due to dietary deficiencies (such as a complete vegan diet), pernicious anemia, gastrectomy, atrophic gastritis, bacterial infection, pancreatic insufficiency, and terminal ileal disease or resection.

• #8 Pernicious Anemia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cobalamin Therapy, Blood Transfusions

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-treatment

  Limited studies have shown that adequate therapy can be maintained after the initial parenteral loading doses through oral ingestion of 250-1000 g of vitamin B12 daily. […] The oral route may be necessary in the rare patients who have allergic reactions to parenteral administration, or in patients receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet agent therapy, in whom intramuscular injections are contraindicated. […] Transfusions are rarely required in patients with a megaloblastic anemia that is due to vitamin B12 deficiency. […] People who are strict vegetarians and, most particularly, people who do not consume eggs, milk, or meat can develop cobalamin deficiency. […] Elderly people are at risk for developing pernicious anemia due to achlorhydria. Therefore, serum vitamin B12 levels should be checked. If their levels are low or if cobalamin deficiency is suspected, they should be treated with vitamin B12 supplementation. […] Outpatient follow-up of patients with pernicious anemia is required to ensure that they have responded to therapy with cobalamin and that they continue to receive cobalamin on a regular basis for the remainder of their lives.

• #9 Folate Testing AHS – G2154 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/folate-testing-01-01-19

  Folate deficiency can be caused by dietary intake. Nutritional deficits can occur due to diet, alcoholism, depression, and even overcooked foods. […] Many malabsorptive disorders, such as celiac disease and ulcerative colitis, can also result in a decrease in folate uptake. […] An increased need of folate during pregnancy and lactation cause folic acid deficiency. […] The IOM does specifically state that “individuals who are at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency…may be at increased risk of the precipitation of neurological disorders if they consume excess folate.” […] Vitamin B12 deficiency can be due to dietary deficiencies (such as a complete vegan diet), pernicious anemia, gastrectomy, atrophic gastritis, bacterial infection, pancreatic insufficiency, and terminal ileal disease or resection.

• #10 Ambulatory Management of Common Forms of Anemia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0315/p1598.html

  Folate deficiency is characterized by megaloblastic anemia and low serum folate levels. Effective management of folate deficiency requires understanding its cause. Most patients with folate deficiency have inadequate intake, increased folate requirements, or both. […] Treatment of folate deficiency is straightforward. In the absence of a folate malabsorption state, a once-daily dosage of 1 mg of folic acid given orally will replenish body stores in about three weeks. […] Folic acid supplementation is also recommended for women of child-bearing age to reduce the incidence of fetal neural tube defects. Current recommendations include initiating folic acid supplementation at a dosage of 0.4 mg daily before conception.

• #11 3.7 Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia – Health Alterations

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthalts/chapter/3-7-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-anemia/

  Vitamin B12 and folate are water-soluble vitamins required for the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A deficiency of either of these vitamins causes megaloblastic anemia (also called macrocytic anemia) because the red blood cells in these disorders are abnormally large when compared to a healthy red blood cell. […] There are three basic causes of vitamin B12 anemia, including dietary deficiency, decreased absorption of vitamin B12, and an autoimmune disorder called pernicious anemia. […] Individuals who follow a strict vegetarian (vegan) diet and do not eat animal products are at risk for not consuming enough vitamin B12 in their daily diet and often require vitamin supplements. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency is also more likely to affect the nervous system, although folate deficiency may also cause neurocognitive symptoms.

• #12 Vitamin deficiency anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vitamin-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355025

  Vitamin deficiency anemia is a lack of healthy red blood cells caused by lower than usual amounts of vitamin B-12 and folate. […] Without these nutrients, the body produces red blood cells that are too large and don’t work properly. This reduces their ability to carry oxygen. […] Vitamin deficiency anemia can occur if you don’t eat enough foods containing vitamin B-12 and folate, or if your body has trouble absorbing or processing these vitamins. […] A lack of folate can cause birth defects during pregnancy. […] Being deficient in vitamin B-12 or folate increases your risk of many health problems, including pregnancy complications. […] Untreated, vitamin B-12 deficiency can lead to neurological problems, such as persistent tingling in the hands and feet or problems with balance. […] You can prevent some forms of vitamin deficiency anemia by choosing a healthy diet that includes a variety of foods.

• #13 Anemia: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/anemia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Anemia occurs when there are not enough red blood cells or red blood cells do not function properly, resulting in low hemoglobin and a lack of oxygen throughout the body. […] Anemia is caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell (RBC) production, or the destruction of RBCs. […] Types of anemia caused by nutritional deficiencies: Iron-deficiency anemia (the most common type of anemia), Pernicious anemia, Megaloblastic anemia. […] Nutritional deficiencies are often associated with obvious physical symptoms, such as: Vitamin B12 deficiency/pernicious anemia: Bleeding gums, Pale skin or jaundice, Weight loss, Muscle weakness. […] Administer supplements as recommended. Supplements and their prescribed route will depend on the patients deficiencies and include: Oral/IV vitamin B12. […] Refer the patient to a dietitian. Dietitians can assist and educate the patient regarding recommended foods for nutritional deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, and folate).

• #14 Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/

  Vitamin B12 or B9 (folate) deficiency anaemia happens when you have a shortage of either of these vitamins. The body responds by producing abnormally large red blood cells that do not function properly. […] A deficiency in either of these vitamins can cause a wide range of problems, such as: extreme tiredness, a lack of energy, pins and needles (paraesthesia), a sore and red tongue, mouth ulcers, muscle weakness, disturbed vision, psychological problems, including depression and confusion, problems with memory, understanding and judgement. […] It’s important to start treatment as soon as possible. This is because some problems caused by the condition cannot be reversed. […] Most cases can be treated with injections or tablets to replace the missing vitamins. […] Vitamin B12 supplements are normally given by injection at first. After that you’ll either need B12 tablets between meals or regular injections. This depends on whether your deficiency is related to your diet.

• #15 Anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/anaemia-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-06-02-2009/

  Nutrients from food, such as iron, and vitamins such as B12 and folate (also known as folic acid), help ensure that your bone marrow remains healthy and is able to produce a constant supply of red blood cells. […] If your anaemia is being caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency, you may also notice other symptoms, including: yellow tinge to your skin (caused by jaundice, a condition which develops when a chemical called bilirubin builds up in the blood), sore and red tongue (glossitis), ulcers inside your mouth, altered, or reduced, sense of touch, reduced ability to feel pain, change in the way you walk and move around, disturbed vision, irritability, and depression. […] A folate deficiency may also cause: loss of sensation, inability to control your muscles, and depression. […] The body usually stores enough vitamin B12 to last for approximately two to four years. However, it is important that you have vitamin B12 in your diet in order to ensure that this store of the vitamin is kept at a healthy level.

• #16 Anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/anaemia-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-06-02-2009/

  Nutrients from food, such as iron, and vitamins such as B12 and folate (also known as folic acid), help ensure that your bone marrow remains healthy and is able to produce a constant supply of red blood cells. […] If your anaemia is being caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency, you may also notice other symptoms, including: yellow tinge to your skin (caused by jaundice, a condition which develops when a chemical called bilirubin builds up in the blood), sore and red tongue (glossitis), ulcers inside your mouth, altered, or reduced, sense of touch, reduced ability to feel pain, change in the way you walk and move around, disturbed vision, irritability, and depression. […] A folate deficiency may also cause: loss of sensation, inability to control your muscles, and depression. […] The body usually stores enough vitamin B12 to last for approximately two to four years. However, it is important that you have vitamin B12 in your diet in order to ensure that this store of the vitamin is kept at a healthy level.

• #17 Dietary recommendations in patients with deficiency anaemia | Revista Médica del Hospital General de México

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-medica-del-hospital-general-325-articulo-dietary-recommendations-in-patients-with-S0185106315000463

  The daily recommended intake of vitamin B12 in adults is 2.4mcg/day, and 2.6mcg/day and 2.8mcg/day in pregnant and breast feeding women, respectively. […] Vitamin B12 does not occur naturally in plant foods; therefore, vegetarians at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency should be closely monitored. […] In patients with iron deficiency anaemia, first line therapy should be oral supplements, with intravenous administration being reserved for patients intolerant of oral supplements, with poor intestinal absorption due to prior surgery, or with cancer-related anaemia. […] The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

• #18 Anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/anaemia-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-06-02-2009/

  Nutrients from food, such as iron, and vitamins such as B12 and folate (also known as folic acid), help ensure that your bone marrow remains healthy and is able to produce a constant supply of red blood cells. […] If your anaemia is being caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency, you may also notice other symptoms, including: yellow tinge to your skin (caused by jaundice, a condition which develops when a chemical called bilirubin builds up in the blood), sore and red tongue (glossitis), ulcers inside your mouth, altered, or reduced, sense of touch, reduced ability to feel pain, change in the way you walk and move around, disturbed vision, irritability, and depression. […] A folate deficiency may also cause: loss of sensation, inability to control your muscles, and depression. […] The body usually stores enough vitamin B12 to last for approximately two to four years. However, it is important that you have vitamin B12 in your diet in order to ensure that this store of the vitamin is kept at a healthy level.

• #19 Anaemia in Pregnancy: Symptoms and Treatment | Tommy’sCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/pregnancy-complications/anaemia-and-pregnancy

  a sore and red tongue (glossitis) […] mouth ulcers […] pins and needles (paraesthesia) […] changes in the way that you walk and move around […] disturbed vision […] irritability […] depression […] changes in the way you think, feel and behave […] problems with your memory, understanding and judgement. […] It is also possible to experience some of these symptoms if you are deficient in vitamin B12 but have not yet developed anaemia. […] Folate deficiency anaemia […] As well as the symptoms of iron-deficiency anaemia you may also have: […] reduced sense of taste […] diarrhoea […] numbness and tingling in the feet and hands […] muscle weakness […] depression. […] It is important to see your GP if you have symptoms of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia. Your GP can diagnose you with a blood test and treat you with supplements or injections to replace the missing vitamins.

• #20 Vitamin B12 Deficiency

  https://patient.info/allergies-blood-immune/anaemia-leaflet/vitamin-b12-deficiency-and-pernicious-anaemia

  Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs when a person has insufficient vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia occurs when a lack of vitamin B12 causes the body to produce abnormally large red blood cells that cannot function properly. […] Pernicious anaemia is classified as an autoimmune disease. […] The antibodies which cause pernicious anaemia can be detected by a blood test to confirm the diagnosis. […] Vitamin B12 can be given either as supplements (by mouth) or by giving vitamin B12 injections. […] If you have pernicious anaemia the treatment is needed for life. […] The symptoms of anaemia usually start to improve within a few weeks once treatment has begun. […] Any psychological or nerve problems caused by vitamin B12 deficiency may take a long time to treat and may not fully resolve with treatment. Prolonged or severe vitamin B12 deficiency may therefore cause permanent brain or nerve damage.

• #21 Vitamin B12 & folate anaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/nutritional/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/

  A lack of vitamin B12 (with or without anaemia) can cause neurological problems (issues affecting your nervous system), such as vision problems, memory loss, and pins and needles (paraesthesia). […] A lack of folate (with or without anaemia) can also cause complications, some of which are outlined below.

• #22

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/a/article/anaemia,vitaminb12andfolatedeficiency

  A diagnosis of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia can often be made by a GP based on your symptoms and the results of blood tests. […] If your symptoms and blood test results suggest a vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, your GP may arrange further tests. […] Your GP will be aware of medicines that can affect your folate levels and will monitor you if necessary.

• #23 Vitamin B12 Deficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/

  Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to hematologic and neurological symptoms. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of vitamin B12 deficiency and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for affected patients. […] A thorough evaluation of vitamin B12 deficiency should include a complete history and physical with an increased emphasis on gastrointestinal (GI) and neurologic findings. […] In patients with suspected B12 deficiency, initial lab tests should include a complete blood count (CBC) with a peripheral smear and serum B12 and folate levels. […] Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency involves repletion with B12. […] The ideal way to manage the disorder is with an interprofessional team that includes a primary clinician, gastroenterologist, neurologist, surgeon, pharmacist, dietitian, and a nurse. […] Patients should be educated on the importance of adherence to B12 supplements and close follow-up with their primary clinician. […] Once treated, the individuals should be followed by a visiting home care nurse to make sure that the neurological symptoms are improving.

• #24 Folate Testing AHS – G2154 | Providers | Blue Cross NC

  https://www.bluecrossnc.com/providers/policies-guidelines-codes/commercial/laboratory/notifications/folate-testing-01-01-19

  In the evaluation of macrocytic anemia, they included a flowchart outlining the order of steps and tests to be taken, including when the RBC folate level should be checked. For a patient exhibiting a mean corpuscular volume 100 fL and an abnormal peripheral smear showing megaloblastic features and a reticulocyte count under 2%, they should have their RBC folate level measured only if the vitamin B12 level is >400 pg.

• #25

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf8208

  Folate (also called folic acid) is a B vitamin. Your body uses it to make red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. […] When you don’t have enough folate, your body doesn’t make enough red blood cells. This is called anemia. […] Your doctor may have you take a folic acid supplement every day to treat this kind of anemia. In most cases, it gets better in 5 to 7 days. But if you have another health problem, your doctor may want you to keep taking folic acid after the anemia goes away. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if you are having problems. […] Ask your doctor how much folate you need every day. […] Ask your doctor if you should take a daily vitamin that includes folic acid. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You are dizzy or light-headed, or you feel like you may faint. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #26

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/treatment/

  To treat folate deficiency anaemia, your GP will usually prescribe daily folic acid tablets to build up your folate levels. […] Most people need to take folic acid tablets for about 4 months. But if the underlying cause of your folate deficiency anaemia continues, you may have to take folic acid tablets for longer, possibly for life. […] Before you start taking folic acid, your GP will check your vitamin B12 levels to make sure they’re normal. […] If a vitamin B12 deficiency is not detected and treated, it could affect your nervous system.

• #27 Please note the change to our email address as of July 2022:

  https://www.haiderian.co.uk/info.aspx?p=15

  Iron B12/Folate Diet Advice […] A lack of folic acid could lead to folate deficiency anaemia. […] Taking doses of folic acid higher than 1mg can disguise vitamin B12 deficiency. […] An early symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency is anaemia. However, taking large amounts of folic acid treats the anaemia without treating the B12 deficiency. If a vitamin B12 deficiency is not noticed, it can eventually damage the nervous system. […] A lack of vitamin B12 could lead to vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia.

• #28 Ambulatory Management of Common Forms of Anemia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0315/p1598.html

  Vitamin B12 deficiency has traditionally been treated with intramuscular injections, although oral and intranasal preparations are also available. […] The traditional approach to treatment consists of intramuscular injections of cyanocobalamin. In patients with severe vitamin B12 deficiency, daily injections of 1,000 g of cyanocobalamin are recommended for five days, followed by weekly injections for four weeks. […] Most causes of vitamin B12 deficiency, such as pernicious anemia and postsurgical malabsorption states, are chronic. As a result, patients usually require lifetime maintenance therapy consisting of 1,000 g injections of cyanocobalamin every one to three months. […] The use of folic acid in patients with undiagnosed vitamin B12 deficiency will produce transient hematologic improvements but will mask the clinical symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, allowing neurologic deterioration to continue.

• #29 Practice Nursing – Understanding vitamin B12 and folate deficiency

  https://www.practicenursing.com/content/clinical/understanding-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency/

  Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are common and have a big impact on sufferers’ lives. […] Diagnosis can often be problematic as many of the symptoms patients present with are shared with other conditions and can easily be attributed to other causes. […] Diagnosis can be easily overlooked, but correct treatment has the ability to transform sufferer’s lives in terms of improving energy levels and preventing further complications. […] This article aims to give practice nurses and nurse prescribers a better understanding of both conditions, and more confidence in diagnosing and treating their patients. […] Vitamin B12 is vital for health and is essential for a number of physiological functions in the body, including the formation of healthy red blood cells, DNA synthesis and the healthy function of the nervous system and the brain. Folate has a similar role and is essential for the production of red blood cells, DNA and RNA synthesis, and is also important in helping to maintain brain function.

• #30

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/treatment/

  The treatment for vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia depends on what’s causing the condition. Most people can be easily treated with injections or tablets to replace the missing vitamins. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia is usually treated with injections of vitamin B12, called hydroxocobalamin. […] After this initial period, your treatment will depend on whether the cause of your vitamin B12 deficiency is related to your diet or whether the deficiency is causing any neurological problems, such as problems with thinking, memory and behaviour. […] If your vitamin B12 deficiency is caused by a lack of the vitamin in your diet, you may be advised to take vitamin B12 tablets every day between meals. […] If your vitamin B12 deficiency is not caused by a lack of vitamin B12 in your diet, you’ll usually need to have an injection of hydroxocobalamin every 2 to 3 months for the rest of your life.

• #31 Cobalamin (vitamin B12) and Folate Deficiency – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/vitamin-b12

  In suspected B12 deficiency, supplement both B12 and folate. […] Early treatment of B12 deficiency is particularly important because neurologic symptoms may be irreversible. […] Once a diagnosis of B12 deficiency due to poor absorption of B12 has been made, therapy should be maintained lifelong. […] Patients with pernicious anemia require lifelong therapy, while patients with malabsorption require treatment until underlying condition or diet is corrected.

• #32 Ambulatory Management of Common Forms of Anemia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0315/p1598.html

  Vitamin B12 deficiency has traditionally been treated with intramuscular injections, although oral and intranasal preparations are also available. […] The traditional approach to treatment consists of intramuscular injections of cyanocobalamin. In patients with severe vitamin B12 deficiency, daily injections of 1,000 g of cyanocobalamin are recommended for five days, followed by weekly injections for four weeks. […] Most causes of vitamin B12 deficiency, such as pernicious anemia and postsurgical malabsorption states, are chronic. As a result, patients usually require lifetime maintenance therapy consisting of 1,000 g injections of cyanocobalamin every one to three months. […] The use of folic acid in patients with undiagnosed vitamin B12 deficiency will produce transient hematologic improvements but will mask the clinical symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, allowing neurologic deterioration to continue.

• #33 Pernicious Anemia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cobalamin Therapy, Blood Transfusions

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-treatment

  To establish that the patient has cobalamin deficiency. […] If there is evidence for folic acid deficiency but pernicious anemia has not been ruled out, treat with both folic acid and cobalamin until pernicious anemia has been ruled out. The reason is that folic acid restores blood counts but does not prevent the development of subacute combined system degeneration in patients with pernicious anemia. […] To treat the patient with adequate doses of cobalamin. […] Once therapy is started, hospitalization is necessary only for patients with severe life-threatening anemia. […] Cobalamin is available in a solution for injection in doses ranging from 100 to 1000 g. […] A number of regimens have been recommended. One regimen begins with daily subcutaneous administration for the first week.

• #34 Nursing Interventions for Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia: – Pathophysiology

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-vitamin-b12-deficiency-anemia-1697206834

  The nursing interventions for a patient with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia should include the following: Administer vitamin B12 supplements as prescribed. The route and dosage of vitamin B12 depend on the cause and severity of the deficiency. For pernicious anemia or severe malabsorption, intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injections of 1000 mcg of cyanocobalamin are given daily for a week, then weekly for a month, then monthly for life. For mild to moderate deficiency or inadequate intake, oral doses of 1000 to 2000 mcg of cyanocobalamin are given daily until the deficiency is corrected. Monitor the patients response to the treatment and report any adverse effects such as local reactions, hyperuricemia, or hypokalemia. […] Provide dietary education and counseling. Encourage the patient to consume foods that are rich in vitamin B12, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Advise the patient to avoid alcohol and foods that may interfere with vitamin B12 absorption, such as tea or coffee. Refer the patient to a dietitian if needed.

• #35 Severe megaloblastic anemia: Vitamin deficiency and other causes | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/3/153

  Prompt treatment is particularly important for patients with vitamin B12 deficiency in order to prevent neurologic symptoms from becoming permanent. […] Vitamin B12 can be supplemented in different forms; noted preferences vary worldwide: cyanocobalamin in the United States, hydroxycobalamin in Europe, and methylcobalamin in Asia. […] In general, mild vitamin B12 deficiency should be treated with oral dosing, reserving intramuscular dosing for patients with significant neurologic symptoms, adherence issues, or extensive gastric or bowel resections. […] There is no standard approach to monitoring response. Symptoms of anemia usually improve fairly quickly, but neurologic symptoms tend to resolve slowly or incompletely.

• #36 Vitamin B12 or Folate Deficiency Anaemia – Oakwood Medical Centre

  https://www.oakwoodmedicalcentrebarnton.nhs.uk/clinics-and-services/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/

  The treatment for vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia depends on whats causing the condition. Most people can be easily treated with injections or tablets to replace the missing vitamins. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia is usually treated with injections of vitamin B12, called hydroxocobalamin. […] After this initial period, your treatment will depend on whether the cause of your vitamin B12 deficiency is related to your diet or whether the deficiency is causing any neurological problems, such as problems with thinking, memory and behaviour. […] If your vitamin B12 deficiency is caused by a lack of the vitamin in your diet, you may be advised to take vitamin B12 tablets every day between meals, which can be bought over the counter at any pharmacy. […] If your vitamin B12 deficiency is not caused by a lack of vitamin B12 in your diet, youll usually need to have an injection of hydroxocobalamin every 2 to 3 months for the rest of your life.

• #37 Severe megaloblastic anemia: Vitamin deficiency and other causes | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/3/153

  Prompt treatment is particularly important for patients with vitamin B12 deficiency in order to prevent neurologic symptoms from becoming permanent. […] Vitamin B12 can be supplemented in different forms; noted preferences vary worldwide: cyanocobalamin in the United States, hydroxycobalamin in Europe, and methylcobalamin in Asia. […] In general, mild vitamin B12 deficiency should be treated with oral dosing, reserving intramuscular dosing for patients with significant neurologic symptoms, adherence issues, or extensive gastric or bowel resections. […] There is no standard approach to monitoring response. Symptoms of anemia usually improve fairly quickly, but neurologic symptoms tend to resolve slowly or incompletely.

• #38 Nursing Interventions for Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia: – Pathophysiology

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-vitamin-b12-deficiency-anemia-1697206834

  A nurse is providing instructions to a client with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. Which actions should the nurse include in the client’s self-care plan to prevent recurrence of the deficiency? Limit alcohol consumption. […] Monitor for signs of infection. […] A client with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia has underlying gastric disorders contributing to the deficiency. What is an essential aspect of the client’s treatment plan? Treatment of underlying gastric disorders. […] A nurse is responsible for the follow-up care of a client with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. Which of the following assessments should the nurse prioritize to monitor the effectiveness of treatment? Regular blood tests to check hemoglobin and vitamin B12 levels.

• #39 Anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/anaemia-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-06-02-2009/

  To ensure that your treatment is working, your vitamin B12 and folate levels will have to be monitored. […] As most cases of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency can be easily and effectively treated, complications are relatively rare. […] A lack of vitamin B12 can affect your nervous system. […] A deficiency of folate can also affect your fertility. […] Research has shown that a lack of folate in your body may increase your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. […] Research has shown that folate deficiency can be linked to some cancers. […] A lack of vitamin B12 can increase the risk of your baby developing a neural tube defect. […] A lack of folate during your pregnancy may also increase the risk of your baby being born prematurely.

• #40 Severe megaloblastic anemia: Vitamin deficiency and other causes | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/3/153

  Prompt treatment is particularly important for patients with vitamin B12 deficiency in order to prevent neurologic symptoms from becoming permanent. […] Vitamin B12 can be supplemented in different forms; noted preferences vary worldwide: cyanocobalamin in the United States, hydroxycobalamin in Europe, and methylcobalamin in Asia. […] In general, mild vitamin B12 deficiency should be treated with oral dosing, reserving intramuscular dosing for patients with significant neurologic symptoms, adherence issues, or extensive gastric or bowel resections. […] There is no standard approach to monitoring response. Symptoms of anemia usually improve fairly quickly, but neurologic symptoms tend to resolve slowly or incompletely.

• #41 Vitamin B12 Deficiency

  https://patient.info/allergies-blood-immune/anaemia-leaflet/vitamin-b12-deficiency-and-pernicious-anaemia

  Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs when a person has insufficient vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia occurs when a lack of vitamin B12 causes the body to produce abnormally large red blood cells that cannot function properly. […] Pernicious anaemia is classified as an autoimmune disease. […] The antibodies which cause pernicious anaemia can be detected by a blood test to confirm the diagnosis. […] Vitamin B12 can be given either as supplements (by mouth) or by giving vitamin B12 injections. […] If you have pernicious anaemia the treatment is needed for life. […] The symptoms of anaemia usually start to improve within a few weeks once treatment has begun. […] Any psychological or nerve problems caused by vitamin B12 deficiency may take a long time to treat and may not fully resolve with treatment. Prolonged or severe vitamin B12 deficiency may therefore cause permanent brain or nerve damage.

• #42 Folic Acid Deficiency: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/allergies-blood-immune/anaemia-leaflet/folic-acid-deficiency-anaemia

  Treatment for folic acid deficiency is easy and includes taking a tablet of folic acid (folate) each day. You need to take the tablet until the folic acid stores in the body are built up and any anaemia is corrected (usually for about four months). […] Extra folic acid (folate) is advised for at least the first 12 weeks of pregnancy for all women – even if you are healthy and have a good diet. If you take extra folic acid in early pregnancy you have less chance of having a baby born with a spinal cord problem such as spina bifida.

• #43

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/treatment/

  To treat folate deficiency anaemia, your GP will usually prescribe daily folic acid tablets to build up your folate levels. […] Most people need to take folic acid tablets for about 4 months. But if the underlying cause of your folate deficiency anaemia continues, you may have to take folic acid tablets for longer, possibly for life. […] Before you start taking folic acid, your GP will check your vitamin B12 levels to make sure they’re normal. […] If a vitamin B12 deficiency is not detected and treated, it could affect your nervous system.

• #44 Vitamin B12 & folate anaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/nutritional/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/

  Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia occurs when a lack of vitamin B12 or folate causes the body to produce abnormally large red blood cells that cant function properly. […] It’s important for vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia to be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible because, although many of the symptoms improve with treatment, some problems caused by the condition can be irreversible. […] Most cases of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency can be easily treated with injections or tablets to replace the missing vitamins. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia is usually treated with injections of vitamin B12, in a form called hydroxocobalamin. […] To treat folate deficiency anaemia, your GP will usually prescribe daily folic acid tablets to build up your folate levels. […] Most people need to take folic acid tablets for about four months. However, if the underlying cause of your folate deficiency anaemia continues, you may have to take folic acid tablets for longer possibly for life.

• #45 Ambulatory Management of Common Forms of Anemia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0315/p1598.html

  Folate deficiency is characterized by megaloblastic anemia and low serum folate levels. Effective management of folate deficiency requires understanding its cause. Most patients with folate deficiency have inadequate intake, increased folate requirements, or both. […] Treatment of folate deficiency is straightforward. In the absence of a folate malabsorption state, a once-daily dosage of 1 mg of folic acid given orally will replenish body stores in about three weeks. […] Folic acid supplementation is also recommended for women of child-bearing age to reduce the incidence of fetal neural tube defects. Current recommendations include initiating folic acid supplementation at a dosage of 0.4 mg daily before conception.

• #46 Vitamin B12 or Folate Deficiency Anaemia – Oakwood Medical Centre

  https://www.oakwoodmedicalcentrebarnton.nhs.uk/clinics-and-services/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/

  To treat folate deficiency anaemia, your GP will usually prescribe daily folic acid tablets to build up your folate levels. […] Most people need to take folic acid tablets for about 4 months. But if the underlying cause of your folate deficiency anaemia continues, you may have to take folic acid tablets for longer, possibly for life. […] Before you start taking folic acid, your GP will check your vitamin B12 levels to make sure theyre normal. […] If a vitamin B12 deficiency is not detected and treated, it could affect your nervous system.

• #47 B12 deficiency – it’s official! What … – Pernicious Anaemi…

  https://healthunlocked.com/pasoc/posts/150181456/b12-deficiency-it%E2%80%99s-official-what-next

  „After correcting a folate deficiency at the beginning of the year my B12 levels were borderline in April (212).” […] „B12 deficiency (and folate deficiency) may lead to macrocytosis (enlarged red blood cells).” […] „If PA is a possibility, worth joining PAS (Pernicious Anaemia Society) and talking to them.” […] „Check vitamin B12 levels in all people before starting folic acid treatment can improve wellbeing, mask underlying B12 deficiency, and allow neurological disease to develop.” […] „Time is of the essence in treating B12 deficiency. Delayed or inadequate treatment increases the risk of developing permanent neurological damage.” […] „Treating folate deficiency without treating a co-existing B12 deficiency can lead to neurological problems.” […] „Patients negative for intrinsic factor antibody, with no other causes of deficiency, may still have pernicious anaemia as a result of poor sensitivity of the test and should be treated as anti-intrinsic factor antibody negative pernicious anaemia.” […] „Some people with B12 deficiency present with psychiatric and/or neurological symptoms rather than gut or blood symptoms.” […] „People who are symptomatic for B12 deficiency should be treated without delay to avoid neurological damage.”

• #48 Folic Acid Deficiency: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/allergies-blood-immune/anaemia-leaflet/folic-acid-deficiency-anaemia

  Treatment for folic acid deficiency is easy and includes taking a tablet of folic acid (folate) each day. You need to take the tablet until the folic acid stores in the body are built up and any anaemia is corrected (usually for about four months). […] Extra folic acid (folate) is advised for at least the first 12 weeks of pregnancy for all women – even if you are healthy and have a good diet. If you take extra folic acid in early pregnancy you have less chance of having a baby born with a spinal cord problem such as spina bifida.

• #49 Cobalamin (vitamin B12) and Folate Deficiency – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/vitamin-b12

  This guideline covers the primary care investigation and management of cobalamin (vitamin B12 or simply B12) and folate deficiency in adults. […] Routine B12 screening and testing in asymptomatic patients is not supported by evidence. […] B12 deficiency can cause preventable permanent injury and should be considered with new onset neurological conditions and symptoms suggestive of B12 deficiency. […] Folate testing is rarely indicated but may be available via consultation with the laboratory medicine physician or scientist. […] Folate deficiency in pregnancy is associated with preventable and serious fetal harm, i.e., neural tube defects (NTD). Folic acid supplementation is recommended during pregnancy. […] A daily multivitamin containing B12 and folic acid is recommended for all people who could become pregnant, especially those with a vegan diet.

• #50 Anaemia in Pregnancy: Symptoms and Treatment | Tommy’sCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/pregnancy-complications/anaemia-and-pregnancy

  Foods that are also good sources of vitamin B12 include: […] meat […] fish, such as salmon and cod […] eggs […] milk and other dairy products […] yeast extract (such as Marmite) […] fortified breakfast cereals […] soy products. […] Make sure that any meat is cooked thoroughly and that any dairy products are pasteurised to avoid food related infections like Listeria. […] Folic acid in pregnancy […] You should always take folic acid supplements in pregnancy, even if you do not have folate deficiency anaemia. […] This is because folic acid tablets bring the risk of having a baby with spina bifida or other problems that affect the baby’s spine and neural tube down to almost none. Ideally you should start taking folic acid 2 months before you start trying to get pregnant as this means the folic acid has a chance to build up in your body to give most protection.

• #51 3.7 Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia – Health Alterations

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthalts/chapter/3-7-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-anemia/

  Nursing priorities for clients with vitamin B12 anemia include promoting adequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation, providing adequate pain relief, preventing long-term neurological damage, preventing injury, enhancing nutrition (if applicable), improving fatigue and activity tolerance, and providing health teaching to help the client self-manage their disease. […] Common nursing interventions for clients with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia include the following: Monitor vitals because anemia can cause tachycardia and tachypnea. […] Nurses provide preventative interventions by providing health teaching about the importance of folic acid supplements to prevent neural tube defects to female clients who are pregnant or trying to get pregnant.

• #52 Nursing Interventions for Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia: – Pathophysiology

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-vitamin-b12-deficiency-anemia-1697206834

  The nursing interventions for a patient with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia should include the following: Administer vitamin B12 supplements as prescribed. The route and dosage of vitamin B12 depend on the cause and severity of the deficiency. For pernicious anemia or severe malabsorption, intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injections of 1000 mcg of cyanocobalamin are given daily for a week, then weekly for a month, then monthly for life. For mild to moderate deficiency or inadequate intake, oral doses of 1000 to 2000 mcg of cyanocobalamin are given daily until the deficiency is corrected. Monitor the patients response to the treatment and report any adverse effects such as local reactions, hyperuricemia, or hypokalemia. […] Provide dietary education and counseling. Encourage the patient to consume foods that are rich in vitamin B12, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Advise the patient to avoid alcohol and foods that may interfere with vitamin B12 absorption, such as tea or coffee. Refer the patient to a dietitian if needed.

• #53 3.7 Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemia – Health Alterations

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthalts/chapter/3-7-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-anemia/

  Nursing priorities for clients with vitamin B12 anemia include promoting adequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation, providing adequate pain relief, preventing long-term neurological damage, preventing injury, enhancing nutrition (if applicable), improving fatigue and activity tolerance, and providing health teaching to help the client self-manage their disease. […] Common nursing interventions for clients with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia include the following: Monitor vitals because anemia can cause tachycardia and tachypnea. […] Nurses provide preventative interventions by providing health teaching about the importance of folic acid supplements to prevent neural tube defects to female clients who are pregnant or trying to get pregnant.

• #54 Nursing Interventions for Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia: – Pathophysiology

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-vitamin-b12-deficiency-anemia-1697206834

  The nursing interventions for a patient with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia should include the following: Administer vitamin B12 supplements as prescribed. The route and dosage of vitamin B12 depend on the cause and severity of the deficiency. For pernicious anemia or severe malabsorption, intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injections of 1000 mcg of cyanocobalamin are given daily for a week, then weekly for a month, then monthly for life. For mild to moderate deficiency or inadequate intake, oral doses of 1000 to 2000 mcg of cyanocobalamin are given daily until the deficiency is corrected. Monitor the patients response to the treatment and report any adverse effects such as local reactions, hyperuricemia, or hypokalemia. […] Provide dietary education and counseling. Encourage the patient to consume foods that are rich in vitamin B12, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Advise the patient to avoid alcohol and foods that may interfere with vitamin B12 absorption, such as tea or coffee. Refer the patient to a dietitian if needed.

• #55 Nursing Interventions for Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia: A Comprehensive Guide

  https://www.needle.tube/resources-14/nursing-interventions-for-folic-acid-deficiency-anemia-a-comprehensive-guide

  Folic acid deficiency anemia is a condition where the body does not have enough folic acid, an essential B vitamin, resulting in low red blood cell production and other health issues. […] Nursing interventions for patients with folic acid deficiency anemia include education on dietary sources of folic acid, monitoring of folic acid levels, and administering folic acid supplements as prescribed by a healthcare provider. […] Collaboration with Healthcare Providers, providing emotional support to patients, and advocating for proper treatment are also crucial aspects of nursing care for patients with folic acid deficiency anemia. […] Nursing interventions play a critical role in managing patients with folic acid deficiency anemia, helping them improve their folic acid levels, address symptoms of anemia, and enhance their overall quality of life.

• #56 Nursing Interventions for Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia: – Pathophysiology

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-vitamin-b12-deficiency-anemia-1697206834

  The nursing interventions for a patient with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia should include the following: Administer vitamin B12 supplements as prescribed. The route and dosage of vitamin B12 depend on the cause and severity of the deficiency. For pernicious anemia or severe malabsorption, intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injections of 1000 mcg of cyanocobalamin are given daily for a week, then weekly for a month, then monthly for life. For mild to moderate deficiency or inadequate intake, oral doses of 1000 to 2000 mcg of cyanocobalamin are given daily until the deficiency is corrected. Monitor the patients response to the treatment and report any adverse effects such as local reactions, hyperuricemia, or hypokalemia. […] Provide dietary education and counseling. Encourage the patient to consume foods that are rich in vitamin B12, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Advise the patient to avoid alcohol and foods that may interfere with vitamin B12 absorption, such as tea or coffee. Refer the patient to a dietitian if needed.

• #57 Anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/anaemia-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-06-02-2009/

  In the UK, pernicious anaemia is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency. […] If your vitamin B12 deficiency is not caused by a lack of the vitamin in your diet, you will usually need to have an injection of hydroxocobalamin every three months for the rest of your life. […] To treat folate deficiency anaemia, your GP will normally prescribe folic acid tablets to help build up your folate levels. Most people will need to take these tablets for approximately four months. […] If you have been diagnosed with vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia, there are some ways that you can treat the condition yourself. It is important to incorporate lots of vitamin B12 and folate in your everyday diet. […] Good sources of vitamin B12 are meat, eggs and dairy products. […] The best way to increase your intake of folate is to eat more green vegetables.

• #58 Guide to Pernicious Anemia: Nursing Perspectives and Care

  https://simplenursing.com/hematology-vital-information-pernicious-anemia/

  In addition, subcutaneous injections will help clients prevent pernicious anemia and low blood count. […] You also have to educate your client to: Increase iron intake, Take supplemental folic acid, Don’t miss out on a vitamin B12 shot, Stay away from risk factors that cause gastritis and GERD. […] Lastly, pernicious anemia clients will present pale and tired due to decreased oxygen circulating throughout their body caused by low red blood cell count.

• #59 Anaemia in Pregnancy: Symptoms and Treatment | Tommy’sCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/pregnancy-complications/anaemia-and-pregnancy

  Foods that are also good sources of vitamin B12 include: […] meat […] fish, such as salmon and cod […] eggs […] milk and other dairy products […] yeast extract (such as Marmite) […] fortified breakfast cereals […] soy products. […] Make sure that any meat is cooked thoroughly and that any dairy products are pasteurised to avoid food related infections like Listeria. […] Folic acid in pregnancy […] You should always take folic acid supplements in pregnancy, even if you do not have folate deficiency anaemia. […] This is because folic acid tablets bring the risk of having a baby with spina bifida or other problems that affect the baby’s spine and neural tube down to almost none. Ideally you should start taking folic acid 2 months before you start trying to get pregnant as this means the folic acid has a chance to build up in your body to give most protection.

• #60 Pernicious Anemia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cobalamin Therapy, Blood Transfusions

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204930-treatment

  Limited studies have shown that adequate therapy can be maintained after the initial parenteral loading doses through oral ingestion of 250-1000 g of vitamin B12 daily. […] The oral route may be necessary in the rare patients who have allergic reactions to parenteral administration, or in patients receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet agent therapy, in whom intramuscular injections are contraindicated. […] Transfusions are rarely required in patients with a megaloblastic anemia that is due to vitamin B12 deficiency. […] People who are strict vegetarians and, most particularly, people who do not consume eggs, milk, or meat can develop cobalamin deficiency. […] Elderly people are at risk for developing pernicious anemia due to achlorhydria. Therefore, serum vitamin B12 levels should be checked. If their levels are low or if cobalamin deficiency is suspected, they should be treated with vitamin B12 supplementation. […] Outpatient follow-up of patients with pernicious anemia is required to ensure that they have responded to therapy with cobalamin and that they continue to receive cobalamin on a regular basis for the remainder of their lives.

• #61 Cobalamin (vitamin B12) and Folate Deficiency – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/vitamin-b12

  This guideline covers the primary care investigation and management of cobalamin (vitamin B12 or simply B12) and folate deficiency in adults. […] Routine B12 screening and testing in asymptomatic patients is not supported by evidence. […] B12 deficiency can cause preventable permanent injury and should be considered with new onset neurological conditions and symptoms suggestive of B12 deficiency. […] Folate testing is rarely indicated but may be available via consultation with the laboratory medicine physician or scientist. […] Folate deficiency in pregnancy is associated with preventable and serious fetal harm, i.e., neural tube defects (NTD). Folic acid supplementation is recommended during pregnancy. […] A daily multivitamin containing B12 and folic acid is recommended for all people who could become pregnant, especially those with a vegan diet.

• #62 Guide to Pernicious Anemia: Nursing Perspectives and Care

  https://simplenursing.com/hematology-vital-information-pernicious-anemia/

  In addition, subcutaneous injections will help clients prevent pernicious anemia and low blood count. […] You also have to educate your client to: Increase iron intake, Take supplemental folic acid, Don’t miss out on a vitamin B12 shot, Stay away from risk factors that cause gastritis and GERD. […] Lastly, pernicious anemia clients will present pale and tired due to decreased oxygen circulating throughout their body caused by low red blood cell count.

• #63 Vitamin B12 & folate anaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/nutritional/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/

  A lack of vitamin B12 (with or without anaemia) can cause neurological problems (issues affecting your nervous system), such as vision problems, memory loss, and pins and needles (paraesthesia). […] A lack of folate (with or without anaemia) can also cause complications, some of which are outlined below.

• #64 Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/

  Folic acid tablets are used to restore folate levels. You usually need to take these for 4 months. […] Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency can lead to complications. But this is not common. Complications include: problems with the nervous system, temporary infertility, heart conditions, pregnancy complications and birth defects, risk of developing heart failure.

• #65 Anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/anaemia-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-06-02-2009/

  To ensure that your treatment is working, your vitamin B12 and folate levels will have to be monitored. […] As most cases of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency can be easily and effectively treated, complications are relatively rare. […] A lack of vitamin B12 can affect your nervous system. […] A deficiency of folate can also affect your fertility. […] Research has shown that a lack of folate in your body may increase your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. […] Research has shown that folate deficiency can be linked to some cancers. […] A lack of vitamin B12 can increase the risk of your baby developing a neural tube defect. […] A lack of folate during your pregnancy may also increase the risk of your baby being born prematurely.

• #66 Anemia – Vitamin B12–Deficiency Anemia | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia/vitamin-b12-deficiency-anemia

  Vitamin B12deficiency anemia, also known as cobalamin deficiency, is a condition that develops when your body can’t make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn’t have enough vitamin B12. Your body needs vitamin B12 to make healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Since your body doesnt make vitamin B12, you have to get it from the foods you eat or from supplements. […] You can develop vitamin B12 deficiency for the following reasons: Lack of intrinsic factor: Intrinsic factor is a protein made in the stomach, which helps the body absorb vitamin B12. People who have pernicious anemia do not produce intrinsic factor. […] If your doctor diagnoses you with vitamin B12deficiency anemia, your treatment will depend on the cause and seriousness of your condition. Some people need lifelong treatment. […] Vitamin B12deficiency may cause serious complications, such as bleeding, infections, and problems with your brain or nerves that may be permanent.

• #67 Anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/anaemia-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-06-02-2009/

  To ensure that your treatment is working, your vitamin B12 and folate levels will have to be monitored. […] As most cases of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency can be easily and effectively treated, complications are relatively rare. […] A lack of vitamin B12 can affect your nervous system. […] A deficiency of folate can also affect your fertility. […] Research has shown that a lack of folate in your body may increase your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. […] Research has shown that folate deficiency can be linked to some cancers. […] A lack of vitamin B12 can increase the risk of your baby developing a neural tube defect. […] A lack of folate during your pregnancy may also increase the risk of your baby being born prematurely.

• #68 Anaemia in Pregnancy: Symptoms and Treatment | Tommy’sCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/pregnancy-complications/anaemia-and-pregnancy

  Foods that are also good sources of vitamin B12 include: […] meat […] fish, such as salmon and cod […] eggs […] milk and other dairy products […] yeast extract (such as Marmite) […] fortified breakfast cereals […] soy products. […] Make sure that any meat is cooked thoroughly and that any dairy products are pasteurised to avoid food related infections like Listeria. […] Folic acid in pregnancy […] You should always take folic acid supplements in pregnancy, even if you do not have folate deficiency anaemia. […] This is because folic acid tablets bring the risk of having a baby with spina bifida or other problems that affect the baby’s spine and neural tube down to almost none. Ideally you should start taking folic acid 2 months before you start trying to get pregnant as this means the folic acid has a chance to build up in your body to give most protection.

• #69 Vitamin deficiency anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vitamin-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355025

  Vitamin deficiency anemia is a lack of healthy red blood cells caused by lower than usual amounts of vitamin B-12 and folate. […] Without these nutrients, the body produces red blood cells that are too large and don’t work properly. This reduces their ability to carry oxygen. […] Vitamin deficiency anemia can occur if you don’t eat enough foods containing vitamin B-12 and folate, or if your body has trouble absorbing or processing these vitamins. […] A lack of folate can cause birth defects during pregnancy. […] Being deficient in vitamin B-12 or folate increases your risk of many health problems, including pregnancy complications. […] Untreated, vitamin B-12 deficiency can lead to neurological problems, such as persistent tingling in the hands and feet or problems with balance. […] You can prevent some forms of vitamin deficiency anemia by choosing a healthy diet that includes a variety of foods.

• #70 Vitamin Deficiency Anemia: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17732-vitamin-deficiency-anemia

  You can lower your risk of vitamin deficiency anemia by eating foods rich in vitamins B12 and B9. […] Vitamin deficiency anemia is when your body doesn’t make enough healthy red blood cells. It commonly develops because of a deficiency in vitamins B12 or B9. You have a higher risk of developing vitamin deficiency anemia if you have a diet that could be better, or if you have a condition that makes it difficult for your body to absorb certain nutrients. Treatment for this type of anemia focuses on restoring your B12 or B9 levels. You may take supplements by mouth, injection or through an IV.

• #71 Anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/anaemia-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-06-02-2009/

  Anaemia is a condition that occurs when there is a reduced number of red blood cells or concentration of haemoglobin. […] Other forms of anaemia can be caused by a lack of vitamin B12 or folate in your body. […] This article concentrates on vitamin-B12-and-folate-deficiency anaemia. […] Vitamin B12 not only helps your body to produce red blood cells, it also helps keep your nervous system healthy. Folate works with vitamin B12 to produce red blood cells, and it is also important for pregnant women, as it helps the baby to grow and develop. […] A vitamin B12 deficiency is rare in younger people, and is most common in people who are over 75 years of age. Folate deficiency is also most common in people over 75 years of age. People following a strict vegan diet tend to be more at risk of developing a vitamin B12 deficiency.

• #72 Iron deficiency anaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/nutritional/iron-deficiency-anaemia/

  Other types of anaemia can be caused by a lack of vitamin B12 or folate in the body read more about vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anaemia. […] If your GP thinks your anaemia may be the result of a vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, the levels of these substances may be tested. Folate works with vitamin B12 to help your body produce red blood cells. […] Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anaemia is more common in people who are over the age of 75.

• #73 Anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/anaemia-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency-06-02-2009/

  To ensure that your treatment is working, your vitamin B12 and folate levels will have to be monitored. […] As most cases of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency can be easily and effectively treated, complications are relatively rare. […] A lack of vitamin B12 can affect your nervous system. […] A deficiency of folate can also affect your fertility. […] Research has shown that a lack of folate in your body may increase your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. […] Research has shown that folate deficiency can be linked to some cancers. […] A lack of vitamin B12 can increase the risk of your baby developing a neural tube defect. […] A lack of folate during your pregnancy may also increase the risk of your baby being born prematurely.

• #74 Vitamin B12 Deficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/

  Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to hematologic and neurological symptoms. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of vitamin B12 deficiency and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for affected patients. […] A thorough evaluation of vitamin B12 deficiency should include a complete history and physical with an increased emphasis on gastrointestinal (GI) and neurologic findings. […] In patients with suspected B12 deficiency, initial lab tests should include a complete blood count (CBC) with a peripheral smear and serum B12 and folate levels. […] Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency involves repletion with B12. […] The ideal way to manage the disorder is with an interprofessional team that includes a primary clinician, gastroenterologist, neurologist, surgeon, pharmacist, dietitian, and a nurse. […] Patients should be educated on the importance of adherence to B12 supplements and close follow-up with their primary clinician. […] Once treated, the individuals should be followed by a visiting home care nurse to make sure that the neurological symptoms are improving.

• #75 Anemia: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/anemia-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Anemia occurs when there are not enough red blood cells or red blood cells do not function properly, resulting in low hemoglobin and a lack of oxygen throughout the body. […] Anemia is caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell (RBC) production, or the destruction of RBCs. […] Types of anemia caused by nutritional deficiencies: Iron-deficiency anemia (the most common type of anemia), Pernicious anemia, Megaloblastic anemia. […] Nutritional deficiencies are often associated with obvious physical symptoms, such as: Vitamin B12 deficiency/pernicious anemia: Bleeding gums, Pale skin or jaundice, Weight loss, Muscle weakness. […] Administer supplements as recommended. Supplements and their prescribed route will depend on the patients deficiencies and include: Oral/IV vitamin B12. […] Refer the patient to a dietitian. Dietitians can assist and educate the patient regarding recommended foods for nutritional deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, and folate).

• #76 Vitamin B12 Deficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/

  Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to hematologic and neurological symptoms. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of vitamin B12 deficiency and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for affected patients. […] A thorough evaluation of vitamin B12 deficiency should include a complete history and physical with an increased emphasis on gastrointestinal (GI) and neurologic findings. […] In patients with suspected B12 deficiency, initial lab tests should include a complete blood count (CBC) with a peripheral smear and serum B12 and folate levels. […] Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency involves repletion with B12. […] The ideal way to manage the disorder is with an interprofessional team that includes a primary clinician, gastroenterologist, neurologist, surgeon, pharmacist, dietitian, and a nurse. […] Patients should be educated on the importance of adherence to B12 supplements and close follow-up with their primary clinician. […] Once treated, the individuals should be followed by a visiting home care nurse to make sure that the neurological symptoms are improving.

• #77 Vitamin B12 Deficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/

  Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to hematologic and neurological symptoms. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of vitamin B12 deficiency and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for affected patients. […] A thorough evaluation of vitamin B12 deficiency should include a complete history and physical with an increased emphasis on gastrointestinal (GI) and neurologic findings. […] In patients with suspected B12 deficiency, initial lab tests should include a complete blood count (CBC) with a peripheral smear and serum B12 and folate levels. […] Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency involves repletion with B12. […] The ideal way to manage the disorder is with an interprofessional team that includes a primary clinician, gastroenterologist, neurologist, surgeon, pharmacist, dietitian, and a nurse. […] Patients should be educated on the importance of adherence to B12 supplements and close follow-up with their primary clinician. […] Once treated, the individuals should be followed by a visiting home care nurse to make sure that the neurological symptoms are improving.

• #78 Vitamin B12 Deficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/

  Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to hematologic and neurological symptoms. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of vitamin B12 deficiency and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for affected patients. […] A thorough evaluation of vitamin B12 deficiency should include a complete history and physical with an increased emphasis on gastrointestinal (GI) and neurologic findings. […] In patients with suspected B12 deficiency, initial lab tests should include a complete blood count (CBC) with a peripheral smear and serum B12 and folate levels. […] Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency involves repletion with B12. […] The ideal way to manage the disorder is with an interprofessional team that includes a primary clinician, gastroenterologist, neurologist, surgeon, pharmacist, dietitian, and a nurse. […] Patients should be educated on the importance of adherence to B12 supplements and close follow-up with their primary clinician. […] Once treated, the individuals should be followed by a visiting home care nurse to make sure that the neurological symptoms are improving.

• #79 Practice Nursing – Understanding vitamin B12 and folate deficiency

  https://www.practicenursing.com/content/clinical/understanding-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency/

  Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are common and have a big impact on sufferers’ lives. […] Diagnosis can often be problematic as many of the symptoms patients present with are shared with other conditions and can easily be attributed to other causes. […] Diagnosis can be easily overlooked, but correct treatment has the ability to transform sufferer’s lives in terms of improving energy levels and preventing further complications. […] This article aims to give practice nurses and nurse prescribers a better understanding of both conditions, and more confidence in diagnosing and treating their patients. […] Vitamin B12 is vital for health and is essential for a number of physiological functions in the body, including the formation of healthy red blood cells, DNA synthesis and the healthy function of the nervous system and the brain. Folate has a similar role and is essential for the production of red blood cells, DNA and RNA synthesis, and is also important in helping to maintain brain function.

• #80 Practice Nursing – Understanding vitamin B12 and folate deficiency

  https://www.practicenursing.com/content/clinical/understanding-vitamin-b12-and-folate-deficiency/

  Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are common and have a big impact on sufferers’ lives. […] Diagnosis can often be problematic as many of the symptoms patients present with are shared with other conditions and can easily be attributed to other causes. […] Diagnosis can be easily overlooked, but correct treatment has the ability to transform sufferer’s lives in terms of improving energy levels and preventing further complications. […] This article aims to give practice nurses and nurse prescribers a better understanding of both conditions, and more confidence in diagnosing and treating their patients. […] Vitamin B12 is vital for health and is essential for a number of physiological functions in the body, including the formation of healthy red blood cells, DNA synthesis and the healthy function of the nervous system and the brain. Folate has a similar role and is essential for the production of red blood cells, DNA and RNA synthesis, and is also important in helping to maintain brain function.

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