Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Myopia prediction: a systematic review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9046389/

  Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment and has raised significant international concern in recent decades with rapidly increasing prevalence and incidence worldwide. Accurate prediction of future myopia risk could help identify high-risk children for early targeted intervention to delay myopia onset or slow myopia progression. […] Accurate myopia prediction could help identification of high-risk children for more timely and effective intervention, slowing the pace of myopia onset or progression and leading to improved visual outcome and quality of life. […] Despite the growing interests in this area, no model can be considered for wide application in clinical practice at present. Existing models differ in definitions of myopia, subsets of predictors and statistical prediction methods, and with varying prediction performance.

• #2 The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia | Journal of Physiological Anthropology | Full Text

  https://jphysiolanthropol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7

  Myopia, commonly known as near-sightedness, has emerged as a global epidemic, impacting almost one in three individuals across the world. […] The increasing prevalence of myopia during early childhood has heightened the risk of developing high myopia and related sight-threatening eye conditions in adulthood. […] The environment exerts a significant influence on the development and progression of myopia. […] Improving the modifiable key environmental predictors like time spent outdoors and engagement in near work can prevent or slow the progression of myopia. […] The earlier the age of myopia onset, the higher the risk for high myopia and associated sight-threatening conditions. […] Hence, delaying the onset of myopia may delay or prevent pathological myopia. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis of 145 studies worldwide on myopia prevalence predicted that by 2050, half of the world population (4,758 million people) will be myopic and ~10% of the world population (938 million people) will have high myopia.

• #3 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] Myopia has also been shown to increase the risk of sight threatening complications for example, glaucoma, cataract and retinal detachment. […] We estimate that myopia and high myopia will show a significant increase in prevalence globally, affecting nearly 5 billion people and 1 billion people, respectively, by 2050. […] These have important implications for planning comprehensive eye care services, including refractive services such as spectacles and managing and preventing myopic-related ocular complications and vision loss among people with high myopia. […] Uncorrected refractive error (URE) will increase substantially. […] Blindness and vision impairment due to myopic macular degeneration (MMD) and myopia retinopathy in adults will increase substantially.

• #4 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Prognosis Generally stable after it progresses in early adulthood. […] Myopia is the most common eye problem and is estimated to affect 1.5 billion people (22% of the world population). […] High myopia usually describes myopia of 6.00 or more. People with high myopia are more likely to have retinal detachments and primary open angle glaucoma. They are also more likely to experience floaters, shadow-like shapes which appear in the field of vision. In addition to this, high myopia is linked to macular degeneration, cataracts, and significant visual impairment.

• #5 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Symptoms &Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness

  Myopia is a condition that doesn’t go away. Treatments include using glasses or contact lenses. You may be able to get surgery to correct your vision. […] The outlook for being nearsighted may differ depending on the type of myopia. […] Usually, providers can treat simple myopia easily. In rare cases of high myopia or pathologic myopia, your outlook may be different. […] High myopia usually stops getting worse between the ages of 20 and 30. You’ll still be able to get glasses or contact lenses or you may be able to have surgery. […] High myopia may lead to pathologic myopia and the possibility of more serious sight conditions later in life. These complications can lead to loss of sight. […] Regular eye exams are important for everyone but are especially if you have high myopia or pathologic myopia. You should follow the schedule set out by your eye care provider.

• #6 The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia | Journal of Physiological Anthropology | Full Text

  https://jphysiolanthropol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7

  A recent meta-analysis has reaffirmed this effect, revealing a pooled reduction effect of 0.13 to 0.17 D in myopic refractive error per year. […] The majority of myopia onset occurs during this phase, often between ages 6 and 9 years, followed by a rapid phase of myopic shift in refractive error, which plateaus by early adulthood. […] The findings are corroborated by longitudinal cohort studies with follow-ups of 7 and 22 years. […] The odds of being a myope also increase from one (odds ratio (OR), 3.32) to two parents (OR, 6.40) with myopia. […] The surge in myopia prevalence worldwide, occurring without significant genetic changes between generations, suggests a considerable role of behavior-influenced environmental and lifestyle factors in myopia development.

• #7 A Single Test That Can Predict Onset Of Myopia in Children

  https://www.optilase.com/news/a-single-test-that-can-predict-onset-of-myopia-in-children/

  Most of us will recall that very often, as a child, our parents would holler at us to move back from that television or youll get square eyes!. […] But what it does intriguingly find is that it is now possible to predict the onset of myopia in children. […] The result of this study is truly ground-breaking by virtue of the fact that it has now identified a single test that can predict which kids will become near-sighted by eighth grade. […] The report determined that 8 of these did actually increase the likelihood of kids developing the onset of myopia / near-sightedness. […] the findings of this report clearly show that a 6-year-old child with less far-sightedness is at a higher risk of developing myopia sooner. […] if every child was to have an examination before starting school, refractive error could be assessed which would help to predict whether a child will at some point develop myopia.

• #8 Baseline metrics that may predict future myopia in young children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10416753/

  We used baseline data from the PICNIC longitudinal study to investigate structural, functional, behavioural and heritable metrics that may predict future myopia in young children. […] Although M and AXL were highly correlated, the classification of pre-myopic children into HR or LR was significantly different when using each parameter, with AXL/CR being the most predictive metric. At the end of the longitudinal study, we will be able to assess the predictability of each metric. […] The results of the PICNIC study may allow us to develop individualised interventions for myopia prevention in children at risk of myopia that can be tested in subsequent clinical trials. […] The AXL, ACD and CCT results are in agreement with those reported from the OLSM and CLEERE studies conducted in the United States and the SCORM study from Singapore about 20 years ago.

• #9 Baseline metrics that may predict future myopia in young children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10416753/

  Linear regression models showed that the ocular parameter that predicted the refractive error most accurately in the overall group was PVD. […] It appears that the main individual ocular parameter that develops differently in children at HR compared with children at LR of myopia is PVD, and the main metric that predicts the risk of myopia is the AXL/CR ratio. At the conclusion of the PICNIC longitudinal study, we will be able to determine which metric(s) provides the most accurate prediction for myopia development.

• #10 Deep learning system to predict the 5-year risk of high myopia using fundus imaging in children | npj Digital Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-023-00752-8

  Our study aims to identify children at risk of developing high myopia for timely assessment and intervention, preventing myopia progression and complications in adulthood through the development of a deep learning system (DLS). […] Thus, our DLS allows prediction of the development of high myopia by teenage years amongst school-going children. This has potential utility as a clinical-decision support tool to identify at-risk children for early intervention. […] In this study, we developed a modular DLS based on single-time point objective data and fundus imaging to predict the 5-year development of high myopia in a multi-ethnic group of children aged between 6 and 12 years old at baseline. Our models demonstrated clinically acceptable predictive performance with AUCs ranging from 0.90 to 0.98. […] Through early identification, targeted and timely myopia control therapies may be instituted to reduce the risk of developing high myopia in these children.

• #11 ZEISS Myopia management lenses

  https://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/en/need-new-lenses/myopia-management-lenses.html

  Managing progressive myopia in children early on can help avoid serious vision issues later in life. […] The occurrence of myopia in children is becoming a growing concern worldwide. […] If not managed, this can develop into high myopia a severe form of shortsightedness that can lead to serious complications later in life. […] Early onset of myopia implies more years of progression, but it also tends to progress faster in younger children. […] Myopes below the age of seven are therefore at greater risk of developing high myopia. […] Thats why the best time to consult a professional and start treating myopia is as soon as possible. […] Standard single vision glasses and contact lenses commonly correct shortsightedness BUT they dont address its progression. […] Progressive myopia calls for specialised visual aids to correct distance vision AND control the further elongation of a childs eyes.

• #12 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  The global cost of myopia from lost productivity due to vision impairment from uncorrected myopia and myopic macular degeneration was estimated to be USD 244 billion in 2015. […] Early intervention and detection in children with myopia is the key to reducing the impact of myopia on their long term ocular health and improving their future lives.

• #13 With a prediction that half the world will have myopia by 2050, the AOA responds to doctors of optometry who express hesitance about jumping into the deep end of the myopia management pool. The AOA Contact Lens & Cornea Section takes on doctors’ doubt

  https://www.aoa.org/news/clinical-eye-care/public-health/foresightedness-on-nearsightedness

  With a prediction that half the world will have myopia by 2050, the AOA responds to doctors of optometry who express hesitance about jumping into the deep end of the myopia management pool. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial considering myopia progresses more quickly in younger children, and early onset implies more years of progression, according to the AOAs evidence-based clinical practice guideline Comprehensive Pediatric Eye and Vision Examination. […] Myopia management is a critical tool in the optometry clinical toolbox to help address rising rates of myopia, Dr. Benner said. However, we also fully recognize that many doctors still have questions about whether to start offering myopia management in their own practices. […] The hope is to identify early, intervene early and then hope to slow the progression. By doing that, you catch it early enough to prevent the severe forms of the disease.

• #14 ZEISS Myopia management lenses

  https://www.zeiss.com/vision-care/en/need-new-lenses/myopia-management-lenses.html

  Early detection and management of myopia are key. […] Myopia management lenses can only do their job if theyre on your little ones face. […] Unfortunately, there is no way to reverse myopia in children, but luckily there are ways to manage it. […] Taking regular breaks, reducing near-vision tasks and spending time outdoors can help slow the progression of myopia. […] With ZEISS MyoCare, eye length growth in kids aged 7 to 12 comes 70% on average closer to that observed in normal-sighted children. […] With ZEISS MyoCare S, eye length growth in kids aged 7 to 12 comes 68% on average closer to the normal physiological development of the eye.

• #15 The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia | Journal of Physiological Anthropology | Full Text

  https://jphysiolanthropol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7

  The substantial uptick in indoor time and a reduction in outdoor activities among schoolchildren during the COVID-19 pandemic-related home confinement was linked to a rise in both the incidence of myopia and the rate at which it progressed. […] The protective effect of time outdoors against myopia has primarily been attributed to the level and spectral compositions of daylight. […] While parents are being advised to promote outdoor activity for their children, a systematic review of evidence suggests increased time outdoors is effective in preventing the onset of myopia but is not effective in slowing the progression in eyes that are already myopic. […] However, interventional studies have demonstrated that myopia progression can indeed be mitigated by increasing the time spent outdoors.

• #16 Myopia prediction: a systematic review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9046389/

  Successful myopia prediction has an important reference value for effective myopia control in real-world clinical practice. […] The critical advantage of genetic data over refraction in myopia prediction is that the genotype is fixed at conception, and genetic data could be combined with age, gender and other risk factors (e.g., parental SE) for myopia risk prediction at very young ages. Existing studies suggested a very limited added value of genetic data in myopia prediction, this could be due to the current limited understanding of myopia-related SNPs and gene-environmental interaction, or environment solely plays a dominant role. […] With the development of new analytic methods and accumulating real-world medical datasets, future studies hold promise in better prediction ability of myopia onset and progression, leading us one step closer to the ultimate goal of identifying high-risk populations for timely targeted intervention in clinical practice.

• #17 With a prediction that half the world will have myopia by 2050, the AOA responds to doctors of optometry who express hesitance about jumping into the deep end of the myopia management pool. The AOA Contact Lens & Cornea Section takes on doctors’ doubt

  https://www.aoa.org/news/clinical-eye-care/public-health/foresightedness-on-nearsightedness

  Unchecked, myopia can eventually lead to blindness, impacting a childs schooling and, later on in adulthood, their quality of life. […] I think this is strong evidence that we need to be treating pre-myopia. […] According to Clinical Report: Myopia Management, developed by the AOAs Evidence-based Optometry Committee and published in 2021, doctors of optometry have a key role to play in myopia management: Doctors of optometry need to take a leading role in addressing the growing public health problem of increasing prevalence and amount of myopia in children. […] Ongoing, complex management of a common condition where the primary endpoint is the lack of something happening is beyond vision plans current reimbursement schema. […] The family came together to figure out a way to provide what this young child needed, said Dr. Reeder, noting that atropine drops can be more affordable than some contact lenses.

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