Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Review on the Myopia Pandemic: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8029638/

  Nearsightedness, or myopia, is becoming more prevalent worldwide. The prevalence of myopia exceeds 28% globally, and there are projections that approximately half of the worlds population, or five billion people, will have some degree of myopia by 2050. […] An increased emphasis on slowing myopic progression with effective childhood screening has been adopted by clinicians in primary care, pediatrics, and ophthalmology. […] The prevalence of myopia worldwide varies greatly based on regional and ethnic differences. The prevalence of myopia exceeds 80% in some regions in East Asia, and there is a two-times higher prevalence of myopia in East Asians than in Caucasians of similar age. […] Increased amount of time spent outdoors has been shown to be protective against the development of incident myopia.

• #2 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] The number of people affected by myopia is now increasing around the world, and is projected to affect fifty per cent of the world population by 2050, due mainly to lifestyle factors. […] Evidence is mounting that myopia is growing around the world, with a recent study estimating that on average, 30% of the world is currently myopic and by 2050, almost 50% will be myopic, that’s a staggering 5 billion people. […] The hot spots of myopia are East and South East Asia where countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, China and Japan have a prevalence of myopia of 80 to 90 %. […] But myopia prevalence is rising and the USA has reported a prevalence of 42%, almost doubling in three decades.

• #3 Myopia: A Global Epidemic – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2019-sept/myopia-a-global-epidemic

  Myopia is the most common ocular disorder worldwide, it is the leading cause of visual impairment in children, and its incidence is increasing rapidly. In 2010, an estimated 1.9 billion people (27% of the worlds population) were myopic, and 70 million of them (2.8%) had high myopia. These numbers are projected to rise to 52% and 10%, respectively, by 2050. Myopia is a major public health concern in many East Asian countries, where the condition affects 80% to 90% of high school graduates. Of these individuals, 10% to 20% have sight-threatening pathologic myopia. Vision impairment related to myopia has a significant economic impact and a significant effect on quality of life regarding patients physical, emotional, and social functioning. The rapidly increasing incidence of myopia combined with its significant social and economic burdens have spurred research on causal factors, possible treatments, and efforts at prevention. The Consortium for Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM), the largest international genome-wide study of myopia and refractive error ever conducted, found 24 genomic variations that were associated with a 10-fold increase in the prevalence of myopia. This suggests that myopia is multifactorial rather than the result of a single mechanism. The effort is reportedly focused on creating predictive tools to identify people who may be at risk of developing high myopia, researching the underlying mechanisms of myopia, advancing novel therapies, and discovering and validating methods by which to prevent the onset of myopia and halt its progression. There is mounting public concern that modern societys dependence on computers and handheld technologies may be contributing to the increasing global incidence of myopia. The incidence and prevalence of myopia are certainly on the rise, and increasing time spent indoors and on near work during childhood both may play a part.

• #4 Global Epidemiology of Myopia | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-8491-2_2

  East Asia has been faced with an increasing prevalence of myopia and the same trend has been shown in other parts of the world to a lesser extent. […] The prevalence of visual impairment attributed to PM is 7% in Western populations and 12-27% in Asian populations. […] The prevalence of PM among adults has been relatively low, but it is likely to increase in future. […] It is important to develop public policies and preventive measures to retard the epidemic myopia. […] Myopia has become a significant global public health and socioeconomic problem. […] The prevalence of myopia and HM in young adults in urban area of East Asian countries has risen to 80-90% and around 20%, respectively. […] According to a summary of 145 studies regarding the global prevalence of myopia and HM, there are approximately 1950 million (28.3% of the global population) and 277 million (4.0% of the global population) cases, and they are predicted to increase to 4758 million (49.8% of the global population) for myopia, and 938 million (9.8% of the global population) for HM by 2050.

• #5 Nearsightedness: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/nearsightedness/

  Nearsightedness is the most frequent cause of correctable visual impairment worldwide, and it has become increasingly common over the past few decades. By 2020, scientists estimate that more than one-third of the world population, about 2.6 billion people, will have myopia. Almost 400 million of those will have high myopia. […] The prevalence of nearsightedness is significantly higher in some East Asian countries, where the condition affects up to 90 percent of young adults. Most of these individuals have common myopia. However, in regions where myopia is most common, between 10 and 20 percent of young adults have high myopia.

• #6 New Consensus Report: Myopia Should Be Classified as a Disease | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/ophthalmology/generalophthalmology/112050

  In a new consensus report, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine said that myopia should be classified as a disease that requires a medical diagnosis, and that children should spend at least 1 hour outdoors each day to help prevent its development. […] The 350-page report, written and reviewed by vision specialists, noted that rates of myopia in the U.S. grew from 25% in 1971-1972 to 42% in 2004, and are as high as 88% in Asian countries. „If current trends continue, there will be 5 billion nearsighted individuals globally by 2050,” the report authors wrote. […] The report also recommended an integrated, national data surveillance system to collect „state-level data on vision screening, referrals to eye care providers, sociodemographics (age, race/ethnicity, sex, and geographic location) and outcomes of referrals.”

• #7 Epidemiology of myopia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3930282/

  Uncorrected myopia has shown to be a major cause of visual impairment as well as compromise in the quality of life. […] The adverse impacts from myopia may also be reflected socioeconomically considering the loss of productivity owing to visual impairment caused by myopia, the cost of treatment for comorbidities of myopia, and the cost of various ways of correction. […] In conclusion, myopia is one of the most common disorders of the eye. Its prevalence is increasing alarmingly in East Asia’s rapidly developing economies, such as China. […] Measures to control this epidemic of disease are urgently needed.

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/apjoo/fulltext/2016/11000/epidemiology_of_myopia.2.aspx

  Myopia is not a simple refractive error, but an eyesight-threatening disease. There is a high prevalence of myopia, 80% to 90%, in young adults in East Asia; myopia has become the leading cause of blindness in this area. […] The increasing prevalence of school myopia in the past few decades may be a result of gene-environment interactions. However, earlier school myopia onset would accompany faster myopia progression and greater risk of high myopia later in life. […] Recently, myopia has become a significant public health problem. One of the complications of myopia, myopia maculopathy, has become a leading cause of untreatable visual loss in East Asia. […] The prevalence of myopia is increasing and has become an important issue in public health. […] The myopia progression rate in East Asian children is high [nearly 1 diopter (D) per year], and approximately 24% of the myopic population become high myopes as adults.

• #9 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] The number of people affected by myopia is now increasing around the world, and is projected to affect fifty per cent of the world population by 2050, due mainly to lifestyle factors. […] Evidence is mounting that myopia is growing around the world, with a recent study estimating that on average, 30% of the world is currently myopic and by 2050, almost 50% will be myopic, that’s a staggering 5 billion people. […] The hot spots of myopia are East and South East Asia where countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, China and Japan have a prevalence of myopia of 80 to 90 %. […] But myopia prevalence is rising and the USA has reported a prevalence of 42%, almost doubling in three decades.

• #10 A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0

  Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. […] The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 619years) around the world. […] Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. […] In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25cm and living in an urban environment. […] Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. […] It is estimated that 1.4 billion people were myopic in 2000, and it is predicted that by 2050 the number will reach 4.8 billion.

• #11 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Global refractive errors have been estimated to affect 800 million to 2.3 billion. The incidence of myopia within sampled population often varies with age, country, sex, race, ethnicity, occupation, environment, and other factors. Variability in testing and data collection methods makes comparisons of prevalence and progression difficult. […] The prevalence of myopia has been reported as high as 70-90% in some Asian countries, 30-40% in Europe and the United States, and 10-20% in Africa. Myopia is about twice as common in Jewish people than in people of non-Jewish ethnicity. Myopia is less common in African people and associated diaspora. In Americans between the ages of 12 and 54, myopia has been found to affect African Americans less than Caucasians. […] A 2024 study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology revealed that more than one-third of children worldwide were nearsighted in 2023, with this figure projected to rise to nearly 40% by 2050. The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents has increased significantly over the past 30 years, rising from 24% in 1990 to almost 36% in 2023, with researchers noting a sharp spike in cases following the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighting regional differences in myopia rates.

• #12

  https://www.healio.com/news/optometry/20240917/consistent-research-necessary-to-understand-myopia-as-a-disease

  According to a new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, more consistent international data are necessary to fully understand myopia and its underlying mechanisms. […] I wish I could tell you the prevalence of myopia in the United States or some estimate of it, but I cant, Daphne Maurer, PhD, FRSC, Distinguished University Professor in the department of psychology, neuroscience and behavior at McMaster University and report co-author, said in a webinar presentation of the report. […] According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data included in the report, between the early 1970s and early 2000s myopia prevalence nearly doubled, jumping from 25% to 41.6%, while prevalence of high myopia increased eightfold. […] Maurer highlighted that in some parts of the world myopia prevalence is greater than 90%, citing a study of 19-year-old men in Seoul, Korea, with a prevalence of 97%.

• #13 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] The number of people affected by myopia is now increasing around the world, and is projected to affect fifty per cent of the world population by 2050, due mainly to lifestyle factors. […] Evidence is mounting that myopia is growing around the world, with a recent study estimating that on average, 30% of the world is currently myopic and by 2050, almost 50% will be myopic, that’s a staggering 5 billion people. […] The hot spots of myopia are East and South East Asia where countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, China and Japan have a prevalence of myopia of 80 to 90 %. […] But myopia prevalence is rising and the USA has reported a prevalence of 42%, almost doubling in three decades.

• #14 Prevalence of myopia and high myopia, and the association with education: Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large-scale Eye Study (SCALE): a cross-sectional study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/12/e048450

  Prevalence rates of myopia and high myopia were 32.9% (95% CI: 32.8% to 33.1%) and 4.2% (95% CI: 4.1% to 4.2%), respectively. […] Our findings suggest that myopia is associated with education, that is primarily focused on near-based activities. […] The intractable and escalating rise in the prevalence of myopia is fuelling a public health crisis worldwide. […] The Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large-scale Eye Study is a large-scale, prospective, school-based survey undertaken across all 17 districts of Shanghai that provides the prevalence estimates for 606476 children aged 414 years. […] Our data demonstrated that the burden of myopia and high myopia in Shanghai is substantial and will grow in the future.

• #15 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] The number of people affected by myopia is now increasing around the world, and is projected to affect fifty per cent of the world population by 2050, due mainly to lifestyle factors. […] Evidence is mounting that myopia is growing around the world, with a recent study estimating that on average, 30% of the world is currently myopic and by 2050, almost 50% will be myopic, that’s a staggering 5 billion people. […] The hot spots of myopia are East and South East Asia where countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, China and Japan have a prevalence of myopia of 80 to 90 %. […] But myopia prevalence is rising and the USA has reported a prevalence of 42%, almost doubling in three decades.

• #16 WHO EMRO | Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of myopia among school-age children in the Eastern Mediterranean Region | Volume 30 issue 4 | EMHJ volume 30 2024

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-30-2024/volume-30-issue-4/systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-the-prevalence-of-myopia-among-school-age-children-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-region.html

  The recent increase in myopia is a major public health concern worldwide, including in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). […] The overall pooled prevalence of childhood myopia from 2000 to 2022 was 5.23%, which was significantly higher among females than males (4.90% vs 3.94%). […] Prevalence of myopia among school-age children in the EMR was high, particularly among older children, and it was more common among females. Early intervention to slow myopia progression is essential in the EMR to protect children from irreversible vision loss.

• #17 Review on the Myopia Pandemic: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8029638/

  Nearsightedness, or myopia, is becoming more prevalent worldwide. The prevalence of myopia exceeds 28% globally, and there are projections that approximately half of the worlds population, or five billion people, will have some degree of myopia by 2050. […] An increased emphasis on slowing myopic progression with effective childhood screening has been adopted by clinicians in primary care, pediatrics, and ophthalmology. […] The prevalence of myopia worldwide varies greatly based on regional and ethnic differences. The prevalence of myopia exceeds 80% in some regions in East Asia, and there is a two-times higher prevalence of myopia in East Asians than in Caucasians of similar age. […] Increased amount of time spent outdoors has been shown to be protective against the development of incident myopia.

• #18 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Global refractive errors have been estimated to affect 800 million to 2.3 billion. The incidence of myopia within sampled population often varies with age, country, sex, race, ethnicity, occupation, environment, and other factors. Variability in testing and data collection methods makes comparisons of prevalence and progression difficult. […] The prevalence of myopia has been reported as high as 70-90% in some Asian countries, 30-40% in Europe and the United States, and 10-20% in Africa. Myopia is about twice as common in Jewish people than in people of non-Jewish ethnicity. Myopia is less common in African people and associated diaspora. In Americans between the ages of 12 and 54, myopia has been found to affect African Americans less than Caucasians. […] A 2024 study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology revealed that more than one-third of children worldwide were nearsighted in 2023, with this figure projected to rise to nearly 40% by 2050. The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents has increased significantly over the past 30 years, rising from 24% in 1990 to almost 36% in 2023, with researchers noting a sharp spike in cases following the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighting regional differences in myopia rates.

• #19 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Global refractive errors have been estimated to affect 800 million to 2.3 billion. The incidence of myopia within sampled population often varies with age, country, sex, race, ethnicity, occupation, environment, and other factors. Variability in testing and data collection methods makes comparisons of prevalence and progression difficult. […] The prevalence of myopia has been reported as high as 70-90% in some Asian countries, 30-40% in Europe and the United States, and 10-20% in Africa. Myopia is about twice as common in Jewish people than in people of non-Jewish ethnicity. Myopia is less common in African people and associated diaspora. In Americans between the ages of 12 and 54, myopia has been found to affect African Americans less than Caucasians. […] A 2024 study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology revealed that more than one-third of children worldwide were nearsighted in 2023, with this figure projected to rise to nearly 40% by 2050. The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents has increased significantly over the past 30 years, rising from 24% in 1990 to almost 36% in 2023, with researchers noting a sharp spike in cases following the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighting regional differences in myopia rates.

• #20 Epidemiology of myopia and prevention of myopia progression in children in East Asia: a review | HKMJ

  https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v24n6/602.htm

  Notably, the ongoing population-based epidemiological cohort of the Hong Kong Children Eye Study will provide updated information regarding myopia prevalence in schoolchildren 6 to 8 years of age, as well as their parents. […] For comparison, the Beijing Eye Study showed a myopia prevalence of 21.8% in adults aged 40 years. […] Myopia comprises a multifactorial disease, which is affected by the interaction of environmental and genetic risk factors. […] Differences in myopia prevalence between East Asia and Western nations may arise as a result of lifestyle discrepancies, as well as differences in ethnicity and in population genetics. […] A large, population-based study in Beijing revealed that degenerative myopia was the most common cause of visual impairment and blindness in adults aged 40 to 49 years; it was the second most common cause (after cataract) in adults aged 50 years. […] There is an epidemic of myopia in East Asia, and local data suggest a high prevalence of myopia in Hong Kong children.

• #21 Epidemiology of myopia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3930282/

  The exact pathogenic mechanisms of myopia remain unclear. Recent evidence suggests that myopia is likely to result from the combined and interacting effects of hereditary and environmental factors. […] Many factors have been documented for having possible associations with risks for developing myopia, such as parental myopia, gender, ethnicity, education, occupation, income, near-work load, outdoor activities, lens opacity, and ocular dimensions. […] Population-based prevalence studies showed increased prevalence of myopia in Singaporeans with higher levels of education, better housing, higher individual monthly income, and occupations associated with near work after adjusting for age and gender. […] Myopia, as the most common eye condition, has been shown to have diverse medical, social, and financial impacts.

• #22 Epidemiology of myopia | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2013280

  Prevalence rates in East Asian and Southeast Asian countries were found to be generally higher than other parts of the world. […] The prevalence of myopia steadily and significantly increased among children aged from 7 to 18 years. […] The exact pathogenic mechanisms of myopia remain unclear. Recent evidence suggests that myopia is likely to result from the combined and interacting effects of hereditary and environmental factors. […] Population-based prevalence studies showed increased prevalence of myopia in Singaporeans with higher levels of education, better housing, higher individual monthly income, and occupations associated with near work after adjusting for age and gender. […] Myopia, as the most common eye condition, has been shown to have diverse medical, social, and financial impacts.

• #23 Myopia: A Global Epidemic – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2019-sept/myopia-a-global-epidemic

  Myopia is the most common ocular disorder worldwide, it is the leading cause of visual impairment in children, and its incidence is increasing rapidly. In 2010, an estimated 1.9 billion people (27% of the worlds population) were myopic, and 70 million of them (2.8%) had high myopia. These numbers are projected to rise to 52% and 10%, respectively, by 2050. Myopia is a major public health concern in many East Asian countries, where the condition affects 80% to 90% of high school graduates. Of these individuals, 10% to 20% have sight-threatening pathologic myopia. Vision impairment related to myopia has a significant economic impact and a significant effect on quality of life regarding patients physical, emotional, and social functioning. The rapidly increasing incidence of myopia combined with its significant social and economic burdens have spurred research on causal factors, possible treatments, and efforts at prevention. The Consortium for Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM), the largest international genome-wide study of myopia and refractive error ever conducted, found 24 genomic variations that were associated with a 10-fold increase in the prevalence of myopia. This suggests that myopia is multifactorial rather than the result of a single mechanism. The effort is reportedly focused on creating predictive tools to identify people who may be at risk of developing high myopia, researching the underlying mechanisms of myopia, advancing novel therapies, and discovering and validating methods by which to prevent the onset of myopia and halt its progression. There is mounting public concern that modern societys dependence on computers and handheld technologies may be contributing to the increasing global incidence of myopia. The incidence and prevalence of myopia are certainly on the rise, and increasing time spent indoors and on near work during childhood both may play a part.

• #24 New Genes for Nearsightedness Identified | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2013/new-genes-for-nearsightedness-identified

  Scientists have discovered 24 genes that cause most common vision defects worldwide. […] At least 30 percent of people in Western countries, and up to 80 percent of Asians suffer from myopia. […] Researchers have known for decades that refractive errors (which include nearsightedness and farsightedness) are partly inherited although, up until now, very little was known about the specific genes involved. […] Identifying these genes is big a first step; nature and nurture interact in very complex ways to affect myopia, said Robert Wojciechowski, PhD, an author of the study and assistant professor of epidemiology with the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. […] Currently, possibilities to reduce progression of myopia are very limited. […] Chances are good that the insights gained from this study will provide openings for development of new treatment or prevention strategies.

• #25 Review on the Myopia Pandemic: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8029638/

  Several studies have investigated the association between parental myopia and their childs risk for developing myopia. […] Preventative therapy for myopia progression currently has three aims: to screen patients with risk factors for myopia progression, to stabilize myopic progression, and to provide optical correction for healthy visual development. […] Successful treatments for reducing myopia progression have targeted reducing the amount of hyperopic defocus, in which light focused behind the peripheral retina.

• #26 Review on the Myopia Pandemic: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8029638/

  Nearsightedness, or myopia, is becoming more prevalent worldwide. The prevalence of myopia exceeds 28% globally, and there are projections that approximately half of the worlds population, or five billion people, will have some degree of myopia by 2050. […] An increased emphasis on slowing myopic progression with effective childhood screening has been adopted by clinicians in primary care, pediatrics, and ophthalmology. […] The prevalence of myopia worldwide varies greatly based on regional and ethnic differences. The prevalence of myopia exceeds 80% in some regions in East Asia, and there is a two-times higher prevalence of myopia in East Asians than in Caucasians of similar age. […] Increased amount of time spent outdoors has been shown to be protective against the development of incident myopia.

• #27 Myopia in Children: Epidemiology, Genetics, and Emerging Therapies for Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/12/1446

  The increasing prevalence of myopia in pediatric populations highlights the need for early detection and intervention, as the associated risks can lead to severe long-term visual impairment and reduced quality of life. The prevalence of myopia is increasing globally, though different ethnicities are not equally affected, and the prevalence and burden of myopia among children vary across the globe. […] Public health organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and ophthalmological associations, have acknowledged the diverse risk factors for myopia and have proposed preventive measures to mitigate high-risk behaviors. The WHO guidelines and research in East Asia recommend a minimum of 2 h of outdoor activity daily as a preventive strategy, indicating that children participating in such activities are 20–30% less likely to acquire myopia.

• #28 A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0

  Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. […] The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 619years) around the world. […] Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. […] In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25cm and living in an urban environment. […] Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. […] It is estimated that 1.4 billion people were myopic in 2000, and it is predicted that by 2050 the number will reach 4.8 billion.

• #29 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  A 2025 South Korean analysis of 45 studies, involving 335,524 participants and largely based on data from children, adolescents and young adults, that looked at the use of digital screen devices such as mobile phones, game consoles and television, revealed that an additional hour of daily screen time is, on average, associated with 21% higher odds of having myopia.

• #30 Understanding the Myopia Explosion: 6 Myths and Facts – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-myopia-management/understanding-the-myopia-explosion-6-myths-and-facts/

  Many leading studies on the connection between screen time and myopia progression suggested a strong possibility that they are linked. […] Research published in The Lancet Digital Health (October 2021), representing one of the most comprehensive studies on the subject, suggests a strong direct link between screen time and myopia. […] Eye care professionals therefore recommend limiting screen time and encouraging outside play.

• #31 A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0

  Higher population density seems to be associated with myopia risk, independent of time spent outdoors and other environmental factors. […] In the North India Myopia Study, the prevalence of myopia was 13.1%. […] It can be concluded that prevalence rates were shown to increase in Asia, but also in Europe and North America.

• #32 A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0

  Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. […] The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 619years) around the world. […] Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. […] In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25cm and living in an urban environment. […] Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. […] It is estimated that 1.4 billion people were myopic in 2000, and it is predicted that by 2050 the number will reach 4.8 billion.

• #33 A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0

  Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. […] The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 619years) around the world. […] Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. […] In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25cm and living in an urban environment. […] Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. […] It is estimated that 1.4 billion people were myopic in 2000, and it is predicted that by 2050 the number will reach 4.8 billion.

• #34 A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0

  Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. […] The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 619years) around the world. […] Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. […] In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25cm and living in an urban environment. […] Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. […] It is estimated that 1.4 billion people were myopic in 2000, and it is predicted that by 2050 the number will reach 4.8 billion.

• #35 Epidemiology of myopia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3930282/

  The exact pathogenic mechanisms of myopia remain unclear. Recent evidence suggests that myopia is likely to result from the combined and interacting effects of hereditary and environmental factors. […] Many factors have been documented for having possible associations with risks for developing myopia, such as parental myopia, gender, ethnicity, education, occupation, income, near-work load, outdoor activities, lens opacity, and ocular dimensions. […] Population-based prevalence studies showed increased prevalence of myopia in Singaporeans with higher levels of education, better housing, higher individual monthly income, and occupations associated with near work after adjusting for age and gender. […] Myopia, as the most common eye condition, has been shown to have diverse medical, social, and financial impacts.

• #36 Epidemiology of myopia | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2013280

  Prevalence rates in East Asian and Southeast Asian countries were found to be generally higher than other parts of the world. […] The prevalence of myopia steadily and significantly increased among children aged from 7 to 18 years. […] The exact pathogenic mechanisms of myopia remain unclear. Recent evidence suggests that myopia is likely to result from the combined and interacting effects of hereditary and environmental factors. […] Population-based prevalence studies showed increased prevalence of myopia in Singaporeans with higher levels of education, better housing, higher individual monthly income, and occupations associated with near work after adjusting for age and gender. […] Myopia, as the most common eye condition, has been shown to have diverse medical, social, and financial impacts.

• #37 Why short-sightedness is on the rise

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220927-can-you-prevent-short-sightedness-in-kids

  In low- and middle-income countries, myopia rates still tend to be lower […] but this is changing. […] As literacy rates improve in those countries an otherwise welcome development that problem could grow, unless there is a big effort to also provide eye tests and glasses, experts warn. […] Researchers have referred to this effect as „quarantine myopia” basically, lockdown-induced short-sightedness. […] Due to pandemic lockdowns, myopia is also becoming a concern in countries that were not much troubled by it before. […] In many parts of the world, providing an ordinary pair of glasses can be life-changing. […] The most effective, evidence-based prevention strategy is also surprisingly low-tech, and applies to all countries regardless of their wealth or resources: more time outdoors. […] Researchers are still investigating exactly why being outdoors, and being in natural light, helps prevent myopia but for now, their perhaps most important conclusion is that it does.

• #38 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Global refractive errors have been estimated to affect 800 million to 2.3 billion. The incidence of myopia within sampled population often varies with age, country, sex, race, ethnicity, occupation, environment, and other factors. Variability in testing and data collection methods makes comparisons of prevalence and progression difficult. […] The prevalence of myopia has been reported as high as 70-90% in some Asian countries, 30-40% in Europe and the United States, and 10-20% in Africa. Myopia is about twice as common in Jewish people than in people of non-Jewish ethnicity. Myopia is less common in African people and associated diaspora. In Americans between the ages of 12 and 54, myopia has been found to affect African Americans less than Caucasians. […] A 2024 study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology revealed that more than one-third of children worldwide were nearsighted in 2023, with this figure projected to rise to nearly 40% by 2050. The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents has increased significantly over the past 30 years, rising from 24% in 1990 to almost 36% in 2023, with researchers noting a sharp spike in cases following the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighting regional differences in myopia rates.

• #39 Epidemiology of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in commercially insured myopes in the United States | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-35520-x

  Myopia is a known risk factor for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). […] The incidence rate of RRD in phakic patients in the United States was 39-fold higher in high myopes than non-myopes (868.83 per 100,000 person-years versus 22.44 per 100,000 person-years) and three-fold higher in myopes than non-myopes (67.51 per 100,000 person-years versus 22.44 per 100,000 person-years). […] The absolute risk of myopia and high myopia increased from 2007 to 2016. […] Myopia contributes significantly to the risk of RRD. We found a three-fold higher incidence rate of RRDs in myopes as compared to non-myopes and a 39-fold higher incidence rate of RRDs in high myopes as compared to non-myopes. […] The known risk factors for RRD include older age, myopia/longer axial length, a history of trauma, vitreoretinal degenerations, male sex, and occupational lifting. […] We report on average a 39-fold higher incidence rate of RRDs in high myopes as compared to non-myopes, and an average higher incidence rate of RRDs in the fourth to sixth decade of life.

• #40 The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis –

  https://research.sightsavers.org/gap-map/the-complications-of-myopia-a-review-and-meta-analysis/

  Myopia or nearsightedness is a refractive error caused by excessive axial elongation. […] Although the association with myopic complications has been well established, precise risk estimates of MMD, RD, cataract and OAG per degree of myopia are yet unknown. […] Findings of this review found that low, moderate and high myopia were all associated with increased risks of MMD (OR, 13.57, 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.18-29.79; OR, 72.74, 95% CI, 33.18-159.48; OR, 845.08, 95% CI, 230.05-3104.34, respectively); RD (OR, 3.15, 95% CI, 1.92-5.17; OR, 8.74, 95% CI, 7.28-10.50; OR, 12.62, 95% CI, 6.65-23.94, respectively); posterior subcapsular cataract (OR, 1.56, 95% CI, 1.32-1.84; OR, 2.55, 95% CI, 1.98-3.28; OR, 4.55, 95% CI, 2.66-7.75, respectively); nuclear cataract (OR, 1.79, 95% CI, 1.08-2.97; OR, 2.39, 95% CI, 1.03-5.55; OR, 2.87, 95% CI, 1.43-5.73, respectively); and OAG (OR, 1.59, 95% CI, 1.33-1.91; OR, 2.92, 95% CI, 1.89-4.52 for low and moderate/high myopia, respectively).

• #41 The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis –

  https://research.sightsavers.org/gap-map/the-complications-of-myopia-a-review-and-meta-analysis/

  Myopia or nearsightedness is a refractive error caused by excessive axial elongation. […] Although the association with myopic complications has been well established, precise risk estimates of MMD, RD, cataract and OAG per degree of myopia are yet unknown. […] Findings of this review found that low, moderate and high myopia were all associated with increased risks of MMD (OR, 13.57, 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.18-29.79; OR, 72.74, 95% CI, 33.18-159.48; OR, 845.08, 95% CI, 230.05-3104.34, respectively); RD (OR, 3.15, 95% CI, 1.92-5.17; OR, 8.74, 95% CI, 7.28-10.50; OR, 12.62, 95% CI, 6.65-23.94, respectively); posterior subcapsular cataract (OR, 1.56, 95% CI, 1.32-1.84; OR, 2.55, 95% CI, 1.98-3.28; OR, 4.55, 95% CI, 2.66-7.75, respectively); nuclear cataract (OR, 1.79, 95% CI, 1.08-2.97; OR, 2.39, 95% CI, 1.03-5.55; OR, 2.87, 95% CI, 1.43-5.73, respectively); and OAG (OR, 1.59, 95% CI, 1.33-1.91; OR, 2.92, 95% CI, 1.89-4.52 for low and moderate/high myopia, respectively).

• #42 The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis –

  https://research.sightsavers.org/gap-map/the-complications-of-myopia-a-review-and-meta-analysis/

  Myopia or nearsightedness is a refractive error caused by excessive axial elongation. […] Although the association with myopic complications has been well established, precise risk estimates of MMD, RD, cataract and OAG per degree of myopia are yet unknown. […] Findings of this review found that low, moderate and high myopia were all associated with increased risks of MMD (OR, 13.57, 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.18-29.79; OR, 72.74, 95% CI, 33.18-159.48; OR, 845.08, 95% CI, 230.05-3104.34, respectively); RD (OR, 3.15, 95% CI, 1.92-5.17; OR, 8.74, 95% CI, 7.28-10.50; OR, 12.62, 95% CI, 6.65-23.94, respectively); posterior subcapsular cataract (OR, 1.56, 95% CI, 1.32-1.84; OR, 2.55, 95% CI, 1.98-3.28; OR, 4.55, 95% CI, 2.66-7.75, respectively); nuclear cataract (OR, 1.79, 95% CI, 1.08-2.97; OR, 2.39, 95% CI, 1.03-5.55; OR, 2.87, 95% CI, 1.43-5.73, respectively); and OAG (OR, 1.59, 95% CI, 1.33-1.91; OR, 2.92, 95% CI, 1.89-4.52 for low and moderate/high myopia, respectively).

• #43 Global Epidemiology of Myopia | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-8491-2_2

  East Asia has been faced with an increasing prevalence of myopia and the same trend has been shown in other parts of the world to a lesser extent. […] The prevalence of visual impairment attributed to PM is 7% in Western populations and 12-27% in Asian populations. […] The prevalence of PM among adults has been relatively low, but it is likely to increase in future. […] It is important to develop public policies and preventive measures to retard the epidemic myopia. […] Myopia has become a significant global public health and socioeconomic problem. […] The prevalence of myopia and HM in young adults in urban area of East Asian countries has risen to 80-90% and around 20%, respectively. […] According to a summary of 145 studies regarding the global prevalence of myopia and HM, there are approximately 1950 million (28.3% of the global population) and 277 million (4.0% of the global population) cases, and they are predicted to increase to 4758 million (49.8% of the global population) for myopia, and 938 million (9.8% of the global population) for HM by 2050.

• #44 Epidemiology of myopia and prevention of myopia progression in children in East Asia: a review | HKMJ

  https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v24n6/602.htm

  Notably, the ongoing population-based epidemiological cohort of the Hong Kong Children Eye Study will provide updated information regarding myopia prevalence in schoolchildren 6 to 8 years of age, as well as their parents. […] For comparison, the Beijing Eye Study showed a myopia prevalence of 21.8% in adults aged 40 years. […] Myopia comprises a multifactorial disease, which is affected by the interaction of environmental and genetic risk factors. […] Differences in myopia prevalence between East Asia and Western nations may arise as a result of lifestyle discrepancies, as well as differences in ethnicity and in population genetics. […] A large, population-based study in Beijing revealed that degenerative myopia was the most common cause of visual impairment and blindness in adults aged 40 to 49 years; it was the second most common cause (after cataract) in adults aged 50 years. […] There is an epidemic of myopia in East Asia, and local data suggest a high prevalence of myopia in Hong Kong children.

• #45 A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0

  High prevalence rates pose a major public health challenge due to visual impairment. […] The global potential productivity loss associated with the burden of visual impairment in 2015 was estimated at US$244 billion from uncorrected myopia, and US$6 billion from myopic macular degeneration. […] Children with early onset myopia are the group at major risk, as they will have higher duration of the disease, higher myopia progression and will be at risk of developing high myopia plus myopic macular degeneration. […] A critical parameter for epidemiological analysis of myopia is age, as prevalence rates of myopia are known to increase significantly with age. […] In several countries the prevalence of myopia has increased in the last years. […] Risk factors influencing the prevalence of myopia are presented in Table 2.

• #46 The Myopia Epidemic: Beyond Near-Sightedness — The Roosevelt Group

  https://www.roosevelt-group.org/quick-takes/the-myopia-epidemic-beyond-near-sightedness

  Myopia, colloquially known as near-sightedness, extends beyond being a political metaphor for lacking foresight, increasingly becoming a global challenge. In 2010, myopia was reported to affect 1.45 billion people globally, or 27% of the human population. This number is only set to rise: by 2050, rates of myopia are predicted to reach 50% (Holden et al. 2016). […] Myopia is a complex trait with causal factors categorised as either genetic or environmental, and both playing a significant role. Some of the more concerning lifestyle factors driving the increase in prevalence of the condition include spending too much time in front of near work; insufficient time spent outdoors; and low levels of light exposure (Holden et al. 2015). […] For a long time, myopia has flown under the radar considered as a benign refractive error, but its emergence as an epidemic demands attention. Beyond eye specialists, its impact on global productivity is substantial, being estimated at $202 billion in the US alone (Holden et al. 2015). A collaborative effort to tackle the rise of myopia and its insidious pathologic side, which at the moment is not included in financial burden estimates, will be needed for the world to not suffer great consequences from the myopia epidemic. It is vital that the future generations of opticians and clinicians be informed on active myopia control, and it be embraced as a core element of healthcare systems going forward (McCrann, Flitcroft, and Loughman 2020).

• #47 Epidemiology of myopia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3930282/

  Uncorrected myopia has shown to be a major cause of visual impairment as well as compromise in the quality of life. […] The adverse impacts from myopia may also be reflected socioeconomically considering the loss of productivity owing to visual impairment caused by myopia, the cost of treatment for comorbidities of myopia, and the cost of various ways of correction. […] In conclusion, myopia is one of the most common disorders of the eye. Its prevalence is increasing alarmingly in East Asia’s rapidly developing economies, such as China. […] Measures to control this epidemic of disease are urgently needed.

• #48 Epidemiology of myopia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3930282/

  Myopia is one of the most prevalent disorders of the eye. Higher myopia is associated with comorbidities that increase risks of severe and irreversible loss of vision, such as retinal detachment, subretinal neovascularization, dense cataract, and glaucoma. […] In recent years, reports from population-based prevalence studies carried out in various geographical areas now give a clear picture of the current distribution of refractive error. […] The scarcity of data from well-designed longitudinal cohort studies is still yet to be addressed. […] These studies have confirmed the previous data indicating that prevalence of refractive error varies according to ethnicity and geographic regions, and also point to an increase in myopia prevalence over the past half-century. […] Recent epidemiological studies also point to an increase in myopia prevalence over the past half-century.

• #49 Epidemiology of myopia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3930282/

  Various environmental factors related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle have been reported, and are widely considered to be possibly responsible for these changes. […] This review serves to summarize data on the prevalence, incidence, progression, associations, risk factors, and impact from recent epidemiological studies on myopia. […] The data concerning incidence of myopia from longitudinal cohort studies is still more scarce. […] According to a recent report of a population-based cohort study on two cohorts of Australian schoolchildren aged 12 and 17 years, the annual incidence of myopia was 2.2% in the younger cohort and 4.1% in the older cohort. […] A remarkable increase in prevalence over time was observed in children of both age groups: from 1.4-14.4% in the younger cohort and from 13.0-29.6% in the older cohort.

• #50 Epidemiology of myopia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3930282/

  Various environmental factors related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle have been reported, and are widely considered to be possibly responsible for these changes. […] This review serves to summarize data on the prevalence, incidence, progression, associations, risk factors, and impact from recent epidemiological studies on myopia. […] The data concerning incidence of myopia from longitudinal cohort studies is still more scarce. […] According to a recent report of a population-based cohort study on two cohorts of Australian schoolchildren aged 12 and 17 years, the annual incidence of myopia was 2.2% in the younger cohort and 4.1% in the older cohort. […] A remarkable increase in prevalence over time was observed in children of both age groups: from 1.4-14.4% in the younger cohort and from 13.0-29.6% in the older cohort.

• #51 New Report Recommends Myopia Be Classified as a Disease, Policies for Children to Spend Time Outdoors | National Academies

  https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2024/09/new-report-recommends-myopia-be-classified-as-a-disease-policies-for-children-to-spend-time-outdoors

  The report notes that most research on myopia comes from international studies, with limited evidence available in the United States due to a lack of standardized definitions of myopia, irregular and inconsistent screening practices, and the use of varied assessment techniques. […] The report goes on to recommend that the CDC and state health departments collect consistent, harmonized data on the prevalence of myopia in the United States, prioritizing longitudinal surveillance on refractive error prevalence in children using standardized procedures.

• #52 New Report Recommends Myopia Be Classified as a Disease, Policies for Children to Spend Time Outdoors – Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences – UW–Madison

  https://www.ophth.wisc.edu/blog/2024/09/17/new-report-recommends-myopia-be-classified-as-a-disease-policies-for-children-to-spend-time-outdoors/

  WASHINGTON With the greatly increased prevalence of myopia, commonly called nearsightedness, over the last three decades, the federal government should pursue policy changes that would encourage young people to spend more time outdoors, says a new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. […] The report lays out a research agenda aimed at closing research gaps and understanding better the factors that could explain its increasing incidence. […] Myopia is a disease with increasing worldwide prevalence and severity, said K. Davina Frick, a health economist and professor at the Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, and co-chair of the committee that wrote the report. […] The report notes that most research on myopia comes from international studies, with limited evidence available in the United States due to a lack of standardized definitions of myopia, irregular and inconsistent screening practices, and the use of varied assessment techniques. […] The report goes on to recommend that the CDC and state health departments collect consistent, harmonized data on the prevalence of myopia in the United States, prioritizing longitudinal surveillance on refractive error prevalence in children using standardized procedures.

• #53 New Report Recommends Myopia Be Classified as a Disease, Policies for Children to Spend Time Outdoors – Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences – UW–Madison

  https://www.ophth.wisc.edu/blog/2024/09/17/new-report-recommends-myopia-be-classified-as-a-disease-policies-for-children-to-spend-time-outdoors/

  WASHINGTON With the greatly increased prevalence of myopia, commonly called nearsightedness, over the last three decades, the federal government should pursue policy changes that would encourage young people to spend more time outdoors, says a new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. […] The report lays out a research agenda aimed at closing research gaps and understanding better the factors that could explain its increasing incidence. […] Myopia is a disease with increasing worldwide prevalence and severity, said K. Davina Frick, a health economist and professor at the Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, and co-chair of the committee that wrote the report. […] The report notes that most research on myopia comes from international studies, with limited evidence available in the United States due to a lack of standardized definitions of myopia, irregular and inconsistent screening practices, and the use of varied assessment techniques. […] The report goes on to recommend that the CDC and state health departments collect consistent, harmonized data on the prevalence of myopia in the United States, prioritizing longitudinal surveillance on refractive error prevalence in children using standardized procedures.

• #54 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Global refractive errors have been estimated to affect 800 million to 2.3 billion. The incidence of myopia within sampled population often varies with age, country, sex, race, ethnicity, occupation, environment, and other factors. Variability in testing and data collection methods makes comparisons of prevalence and progression difficult. […] The prevalence of myopia has been reported as high as 70-90% in some Asian countries, 30-40% in Europe and the United States, and 10-20% in Africa. Myopia is about twice as common in Jewish people than in people of non-Jewish ethnicity. Myopia is less common in African people and associated diaspora. In Americans between the ages of 12 and 54, myopia has been found to affect African Americans less than Caucasians. […] A 2024 study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology revealed that more than one-third of children worldwide were nearsighted in 2023, with this figure projected to rise to nearly 40% by 2050. The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents has increased significantly over the past 30 years, rising from 24% in 1990 to almost 36% in 2023, with researchers noting a sharp spike in cases following the COVID-19 pandemic and highlighting regional differences in myopia rates.

• #55 New Report Recommends Myopia Be Classified as a Disease, Policies for Children to Spend Time Outdoors | National Academies

  https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2024/09/new-report-recommends-myopia-be-classified-as-a-disease-policies-for-children-to-spend-time-outdoors

  WASHINGTON — With the greatly increased prevalence of myopia, commonly called nearsightedness, over the last three decades, the federal government should pursue policy changes that would encourage young people to spend more time outdoors, says a new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. […] The report lays out a research agenda aimed at closing research gaps and understanding better the factors that could explain its increasing incidence. […] The report includes recommendations that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, in collaboration with state departments of education, take measures to ensure that children receive a vision screening before first grade and a comprehensive eye exam when needed. Moreover, an integrated, national data surveillance system is needed for collecting data on vision screening, referrals to eye care providers, demographics (age, race, sex, geographic location), and outcomes of referrals. This data system would enhance care integration and enable monitoring to ensure that follow-up care is received, especially in high-risk populations.

• #56 Myopia report calls for disease classification, new federal policies

  https://www.aoa.org/news/clinical-eye-care/diseases-and-conditions/myopia-report-calls-for-disease-classification-new-federal-policies

  Investigators make urgent call for new federal funding, research, surveillance and disease classification to counter myopia development and progression. […] One in every two people globally could be nearsighted by mid-century, a new report finds as investigators call for federal policy changes that hedge against myopia development and progression. […] The NASEM report outlines a policy research agenda to address gaps in understanding myopias increasing incidence. Therefore, the report calls on the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services (CMS) to classify myopia as a diseasethus requiring a medical diagnosisand allowing federal and state agencies, as well as other stakeholders, to allocate concerted resources behind myopia allaying strategies. […] A national data surveillance system is established to collect data on vision screening, referrals to eye care providers, demographics and outcomes of referrals.

• #57 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  We estimate that myopia and high myopia will show a significant increase in prevalence globally, affecting nearly 5 billion people and 1 billion people, respectively, by 2050. […] These have important implications for planning comprehensive eye care services, including refractive services such as spectacles and managing and preventing myopic-related ocular complications and vision loss among people with high myopia. […] Early intervention and detection in children with myopia is the key to reducing the impact of myopia on their long term ocular health and improving their future lives.

• #58 Myopia in Children: Epidemiology, Genetics, and Emerging Therapies for Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/11/12/1446

  The increasing prevalence of myopia in pediatric populations highlights the need for early detection and intervention, as the associated risks can lead to severe long-term visual impairment and reduced quality of life. The prevalence of myopia is increasing globally, though different ethnicities are not equally affected, and the prevalence and burden of myopia among children vary across the globe. […] Public health organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and ophthalmological associations, have acknowledged the diverse risk factors for myopia and have proposed preventive measures to mitigate high-risk behaviors. The WHO guidelines and research in East Asia recommend a minimum of 2 h of outdoor activity daily as a preventive strategy, indicating that children participating in such activities are 20–30% less likely to acquire myopia.

• #59 Nearsightedness Has Become a Global Health Issue | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nearsightedness-has-become-a-global-health-issue/

  The Nearsightedness Epidemic Has Become a Global Health Issue. Myopia is projected to affect half of the worlds population by 2050. Myopias prevalence has dramatically increased in recent decades, now affecting as much as 88 percent of the population in some Asian countries. By 2050, according to one estimate, five billion peoplehalf the worlds populationwill be nearsighted. These statistics matter because myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment, and it can precipitate serious diagnoses that range from detached retinas to glaucoma. Myopia prevalence rates are at epidemic levels, especially in urban Asian communities, where in recent times upward of 80 to 90 percent of young individuals have developed myopia. Its now certainly an issue in the U.S. as well. Myopia correction is not just an inconvenience of glasses or contact lenses. It predisposes a person to other eye conditions that can lead to blindness. Whats happened in Asian communities is that the baseline level of refraction, the deflection of wavelengths as they pass through the eye, is trending toward nearsightedness. Nowadays, children are indoors more often, and theyre not getting as much outdoor play. Our report reaffirms what has been in the scientific literature for more than 15 years: increased childhood outdoor time appears to be protective for myopia onset and development. The Singapore Ministry of Health instituted outdoor playtime or recess during school hours. One of the main findings of the report that you co-chaired is the recommendation that myopia be classified as a disease. The issue needs escalation to a recognized disease category to underscore its short- and long-term visual health consequences, and to attract attention and funding dollars on multiple and varied fronts for effective screening, treatment, prevention and research study.

• #60 Understanding the Myopia Explosion: 6 Myths and Facts – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-myopia-management/understanding-the-myopia-explosion-6-myths-and-facts/

  Many leading studies on the connection between screen time and myopia progression suggested a strong possibility that they are linked. […] Research published in The Lancet Digital Health (October 2021), representing one of the most comprehensive studies on the subject, suggests a strong direct link between screen time and myopia. […] Eye care professionals therefore recommend limiting screen time and encouraging outside play.

• #61 A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0

  Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. […] The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 619years) around the world. […] Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. […] In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25cm and living in an urban environment. […] Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. […] It is estimated that 1.4 billion people were myopic in 2000, and it is predicted that by 2050 the number will reach 4.8 billion.

• #62 A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0

  Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. […] The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 619years) around the world. […] Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. […] In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25cm and living in an urban environment. […] Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. […] It is estimated that 1.4 billion people were myopic in 2000, and it is predicted that by 2050 the number will reach 4.8 billion.

• #63 A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1220-0

  Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. […] The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 619years) around the world. […] Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. […] In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25cm and living in an urban environment. […] Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. […] It is estimated that 1.4 billion people were myopic in 2000, and it is predicted that by 2050 the number will reach 4.8 billion.

• #64 Epidemiology of myopia and prevention of myopia progression in children in East Asia: a review –

  https://research.sightsavers.org/gap-map/epidemiology-of-myopia-and-prevention-of-myopia-progression-in-children-in-east-asia-a-review/

  Myopia is a prevalent eye disorder in children and adolescents in Hong Kong, which requires the use of spectacles or contact lenses for optimal vision. […] The current epidemic of myopia is well-known in the developed countries of East Asia. A high prevalence of myopia has been reported by many countries with populations of Chinese ancestry. Additionally, there is a high prevalence of myopia in Hong Kong children: 18.3% at 6 years of age and 61.5% at 12 years of age; the prevalence of high myopia (greater than -6.0 D) in the same cohort of Hong Kong children was 0.7% at 6 years of age and 3.8% at 12 years of age. […] Myopia is associated with a wide range of complications, many of which are vision-threatening and may cause blindness. […] Atropine eye drops and pirenzepine eye gel are highly effective for controlling myopia progression in children. Orthokeratology, peripheral defocus contact lenses, bifocal or progressive addition spectacles and increased involvement in outdoor activities are also effective for controlling myopia progression; however, myopia under-correction and single vision contact lenses are ineffective.

• #65 Epidemiology of myopia and prevention of myopia progression in children in East Asia: a review –

  https://research.sightsavers.org/gap-map/epidemiology-of-myopia-and-prevention-of-myopia-progression-in-children-in-east-asia-a-review/

  Myopia is a prevalent eye disorder in children and adolescents in Hong Kong, which requires the use of spectacles or contact lenses for optimal vision. […] The current epidemic of myopia is well-known in the developed countries of East Asia. A high prevalence of myopia has been reported by many countries with populations of Chinese ancestry. Additionally, there is a high prevalence of myopia in Hong Kong children: 18.3% at 6 years of age and 61.5% at 12 years of age; the prevalence of high myopia (greater than -6.0 D) in the same cohort of Hong Kong children was 0.7% at 6 years of age and 3.8% at 12 years of age. […] Myopia is associated with a wide range of complications, many of which are vision-threatening and may cause blindness. […] Atropine eye drops and pirenzepine eye gel are highly effective for controlling myopia progression in children. Orthokeratology, peripheral defocus contact lenses, bifocal or progressive addition spectacles and increased involvement in outdoor activities are also effective for controlling myopia progression; however, myopia under-correction and single vision contact lenses are ineffective.

• #66 Epidemiology of myopia and prevention of myopia progression in children in East Asia: a review –

  https://research.sightsavers.org/gap-map/epidemiology-of-myopia-and-prevention-of-myopia-progression-in-children-in-east-asia-a-review/

  Myopia is a prevalent eye disorder in children and adolescents in Hong Kong, which requires the use of spectacles or contact lenses for optimal vision. […] The current epidemic of myopia is well-known in the developed countries of East Asia. A high prevalence of myopia has been reported by many countries with populations of Chinese ancestry. Additionally, there is a high prevalence of myopia in Hong Kong children: 18.3% at 6 years of age and 61.5% at 12 years of age; the prevalence of high myopia (greater than -6.0 D) in the same cohort of Hong Kong children was 0.7% at 6 years of age and 3.8% at 12 years of age. […] Myopia is associated with a wide range of complications, many of which are vision-threatening and may cause blindness. […] Atropine eye drops and pirenzepine eye gel are highly effective for controlling myopia progression in children. Orthokeratology, peripheral defocus contact lenses, bifocal or progressive addition spectacles and increased involvement in outdoor activities are also effective for controlling myopia progression; however, myopia under-correction and single vision contact lenses are ineffective.

• #67 Review on the Myopia Pandemic: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8029638/

  Several studies have investigated the association between parental myopia and their childs risk for developing myopia. […] Preventative therapy for myopia progression currently has three aims: to screen patients with risk factors for myopia progression, to stabilize myopic progression, and to provide optical correction for healthy visual development. […] Successful treatments for reducing myopia progression have targeted reducing the amount of hyperopic defocus, in which light focused behind the peripheral retina.

• #68 New Consensus Report: Myopia Should Be Classified as a Disease | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/ophthalmology/generalophthalmology/112050

  In a new consensus report, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine said that myopia should be classified as a disease that requires a medical diagnosis, and that children should spend at least 1 hour outdoors each day to help prevent its development. […] The 350-page report, written and reviewed by vision specialists, noted that rates of myopia in the U.S. grew from 25% in 1971-1972 to 42% in 2004, and are as high as 88% in Asian countries. „If current trends continue, there will be 5 billion nearsighted individuals globally by 2050,” the report authors wrote. […] The report also recommended an integrated, national data surveillance system to collect „state-level data on vision screening, referrals to eye care providers, sociodemographics (age, race/ethnicity, sex, and geographic location) and outcomes of referrals.”

• #69 Myopia report calls for disease classification, new federal policies

  https://www.aoa.org/news/clinical-eye-care/diseases-and-conditions/myopia-report-calls-for-disease-classification-new-federal-policies

  Investigators make urgent call for new federal funding, research, surveillance and disease classification to counter myopia development and progression. […] One in every two people globally could be nearsighted by mid-century, a new report finds as investigators call for federal policy changes that hedge against myopia development and progression. […] The NASEM report outlines a policy research agenda to address gaps in understanding myopias increasing incidence. Therefore, the report calls on the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services (CMS) to classify myopia as a diseasethus requiring a medical diagnosisand allowing federal and state agencies, as well as other stakeholders, to allocate concerted resources behind myopia allaying strategies. […] A national data surveillance system is established to collect data on vision screening, referrals to eye care providers, demographics and outcomes of referrals.

• #70

  https://www.healio.com/news/optometry/20240917/consistent-research-necessary-to-understand-myopia-as-a-disease

  The report highlighted several recommendations, including a need for consistent national data, international consensus guidelines on how to define and measure myopia, child-friendly diagnosis technology, national myopia surveillance and long-term trials beginning at earlier ages. […] Myopia is a disease with increasing worldwide prevalence and severity, K. Davina Frick, PhD, a health economist and professor at Johns Hopkins Carey Business School and co-chair of the committee, said in a National Academies press release. Recognition of the impact of its downstream complications on peoples lives beyond nearsightedness needs to be taken seriously.

• #71 The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia | Journal of Physiological Anthropology | Full Text

  https://jphysiolanthropol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7

  Myopia, commonly known as near-sightedness, has emerged as a global epidemic, impacting almost one in three individuals across the world. […] The increasing prevalence of myopia during early childhood has heightened the risk of developing high myopia and related sight-threatening eye conditions in adulthood. […] The worldwide prevalence of myopia is on the rise for reasons that are still not well understood. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis of 145 studies worldwide on myopia prevalence predicted that by 2050, half of the world population (4,758 million people) will be myopic and ~10% of the world population (938 million people) will have high myopia. […] Hence, investigating the disease process, epidemiology, etiology, and risk factors for myopia in addition to emerging therapeutic strategies for this condition is essential in halting the myopia epidemic.

• #72 Focus on Myopia – Pathogenesis and Rising Incidence | National Academies

  https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/focus-on-myopia-pathogenesis-and-rising-incidence

  Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a common type of refractive error where close objects appear clearly, but objects farther away appear blurred. Although this vision condition is relatively common, recent data has shown a considerable global increase in myopia. […] The goals of the study are to assess the current mechanistic understanding of myopia pathogenesis and causes of its increased prevalence, to identify knowledge gaps and barriers to progress, and to develop a research agenda aimed at better understanding the biological and environmental factors that could explain its increasing incidence. […] Epidemiological data indicate changes in environmental factors (e.g., amount of time outdoors or near work) explain the rapid increase in myopia prevalence. What are the limits in interpreting these data? What experimental studies can address mechanistic drivers? How can these findings inform preventive and counteractive measures?

• #73 The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia | Journal of Physiological Anthropology | Full Text

  https://jphysiolanthropol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40101-024-00354-7

  The environment exerts a significant influence on the development and progression of myopia. […] Improving the modifiable key environmental predictors like time spent outdoors and engagement in near work can prevent or slow the progression of myopia. […] The intricate connections between lifestyle and environmental factors often obscure research findings, making it challenging to disentangle their individual effects. […] These studies are crucial for gaining a more comprehensive understanding of how various environmental factors can be modified to prevent or slow the progression of myopia.

• #74

  https://www.healio.com/news/optometry/20240917/consistent-research-necessary-to-understand-myopia-as-a-disease

  The report highlighted several recommendations, including a need for consistent national data, international consensus guidelines on how to define and measure myopia, child-friendly diagnosis technology, national myopia surveillance and long-term trials beginning at earlier ages. […] Myopia is a disease with increasing worldwide prevalence and severity, K. Davina Frick, PhD, a health economist and professor at Johns Hopkins Carey Business School and co-chair of the committee, said in a National Academies press release. Recognition of the impact of its downstream complications on peoples lives beyond nearsightedness needs to be taken seriously.

• #75

  https://www.healio.com/news/optometry/20240917/consistent-research-necessary-to-understand-myopia-as-a-disease

  The report highlighted several recommendations, including a need for consistent national data, international consensus guidelines on how to define and measure myopia, child-friendly diagnosis technology, national myopia surveillance and long-term trials beginning at earlier ages. […] Myopia is a disease with increasing worldwide prevalence and severity, K. Davina Frick, PhD, a health economist and professor at Johns Hopkins Carey Business School and co-chair of the committee, said in a National Academies press release. Recognition of the impact of its downstream complications on peoples lives beyond nearsightedness needs to be taken seriously.

• #76

  https://www.healio.com/news/optometry/20240917/consistent-research-necessary-to-understand-myopia-as-a-disease

  The report highlighted several recommendations, including a need for consistent national data, international consensus guidelines on how to define and measure myopia, child-friendly diagnosis technology, national myopia surveillance and long-term trials beginning at earlier ages. […] Myopia is a disease with increasing worldwide prevalence and severity, K. Davina Frick, PhD, a health economist and professor at Johns Hopkins Carey Business School and co-chair of the committee, said in a National Academies press release. Recognition of the impact of its downstream complications on peoples lives beyond nearsightedness needs to be taken seriously.

• #77 Global Epidemiology of Myopia | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-8491-2_2

  The burden of HM is huge because HM can cause PM changes and visual impairment. […] In summary, the prevalence of myopia in children is higher in East Asian countries (49.7-62.0% among 12-year-old children) compared with non-Asian countries and other Asian countries (6.0-20.0%). […] The association of an urbanized setting with high myopia rates is likely to be influenced by possible modifiable risk factors such as near-work and outdoor time. […] The disease progression pattern of HM and subsequent development of PM may be different between young adults and older adults due to generational differences, or changes in the lifestyle factors such as the education system and near-work and outdoor time exposure in rapidly developing urban Asian countries. […] Current data show a relatively low prevalence of PM among middle-aged and elderly adults so far, and PM increases with age over 40 years and severity of myopia. […] Despite the relatively low prevalence in general population, PM is the major cause of blindness or visual impairment in both Asian populations and Western populations.

• #78 Epidemiology of myopia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3930282/

  Uncorrected myopia has shown to be a major cause of visual impairment as well as compromise in the quality of life. […] The adverse impacts from myopia may also be reflected socioeconomically considering the loss of productivity owing to visual impairment caused by myopia, the cost of treatment for comorbidities of myopia, and the cost of various ways of correction. […] In conclusion, myopia is one of the most common disorders of the eye. Its prevalence is increasing alarmingly in East Asia’s rapidly developing economies, such as China. […] Measures to control this epidemic of disease are urgently needed.

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