Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nearsightedness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556

  Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye or the shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead. […] Nearsightedness usually results when the eye is too long or oval-shaped rather than round. It also may result when the curve of the cornea is too steep. With these changes, light rays come to a point in front of the retina and cross. The messages sent from the retina to the brain are perceived as blurry. […] Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including: Genetics. Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted. Prolonged close-up activities. Reading or doing other close-up activities for a long time is associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness. Screen time. Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness. Environmental conditions. Some studies support the idea that not spending enough time outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.

• #2 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Symptoms &Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness

  Myopia (nearsightedness) is a common condition thats usually diagnosed before age 20. […] Myopia is the medical name for nearsightedness, which means that you can see objects that are near clearly but have difficulty seeing objects that are farther away. […] Myopia affects a significant percentage of people. Its an eye focus disorder thats normally corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses or surgery. […] According to one estimate, more than 40% of people in the U.S. have nearsightedness. This number is rapidly rising, especially among school-aged children. […] Some eye experts believe that if your child spends a great deal of time engaged in near activities, such as reading or using smartphones and computers, it may raise their risk of developing myopia. […] Eye experts are still unsure of the exact cause of myopia, but believe it to be a mix of hereditary and environmental factors.

• #3 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Symptoms &Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness

  Myopia (nearsightedness) is a common condition thats usually diagnosed before age 20. […] Myopia is the medical name for nearsightedness, which means that you can see objects that are near clearly but have difficulty seeing objects that are farther away. […] Myopia affects a significant percentage of people. Its an eye focus disorder thats normally corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses or surgery. […] According to one estimate, more than 40% of people in the U.S. have nearsightedness. This number is rapidly rising, especially among school-aged children. […] Some eye experts believe that if your child spends a great deal of time engaged in near activities, such as reading or using smartphones and computers, it may raise their risk of developing myopia. […] Eye experts are still unsure of the exact cause of myopia, but believe it to be a mix of hereditary and environmental factors.

• #4

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness

  Nearsightedness (myopia) is when close-up objects look clear but distant objects are blurry. […] Nearsightedness is a common eye focusing disorder. It has been on the rise for several decades. It is estimated that by 2050, nearly half the people in the world will have nearsightedness. […] With nearsightedness, the shape of your eye prevents light from bending properly, so that light is aimed in front of your retina instead of on your retina. For example, the cornea at the front of your eye may be too steeply curved, or your eye may be longer front to back than normal. In either case, the light rays fall short of the retina. When light is not focused on the retina as it should be, your vision is blurry. […] If a parent is nearsighted, there is a greater chance their child will be as well. But a parent doesn’t need to be nearsighted for their child to be nearsighted. Doctors still don’t completely understand why some people are nearsighted. There are likely many factors involved, and genetics is only one part.

• #5 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] The number of people affected by myopia is now increasing around the world, and is projected to affect fifty per cent of the world population by 2050, due mainly to lifestyle factors. […] An unknown but frequent cause of vision impairment and blindness in East Asia and Europe is myopic macular degeneration. […] We estimate that myopia and high myopia will show a significant increase in prevalence globally, affecting nearly 5 billion people and 1 billion people, respectively, by 2050. […] Uncorrected refractive error (URE) will increase substantially. […] Cataract and Glaucoma-Fraction attributable to myopia likely to increase. […] Blindness and vision impairment due to myopic macular degeneration (MMD) and myopia retinopathy in adults will increase substantially.

• #6 Nearsightedness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556

  Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye or the shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead. […] Nearsightedness usually results when the eye is too long or oval-shaped rather than round. It also may result when the curve of the cornea is too steep. With these changes, light rays come to a point in front of the retina and cross. The messages sent from the retina to the brain are perceived as blurry. […] Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including: Genetics. Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted. Prolonged close-up activities. Reading or doing other close-up activities for a long time is associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness. Screen time. Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness. Environmental conditions. Some studies support the idea that not spending enough time outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.

• #7 Nearsightedness (Myopia) | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/nearsightedness-myopia

  Nearsightedness happens when your eyeball grows too long from front to back, or when there are problems with the shape of your cornea (clear front layer of the eye) or lens (an inner part of the eye that helps the eye focus). […] These problems make light focus in front of the retina instead of on it and that makes far-away objects look blurry.

• #8 Nearsightedness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556

  Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye or the shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead. […] Nearsightedness usually results when the eye is too long or oval-shaped rather than round. It also may result when the curve of the cornea is too steep. With these changes, light rays come to a point in front of the retina and cross. The messages sent from the retina to the brain are perceived as blurry. […] Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including: Genetics. Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted. Prolonged close-up activities. Reading or doing other close-up activities for a long time is associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness. Screen time. Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness. Environmental conditions. Some studies support the idea that not spending enough time outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.

• #9 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Symptoms &Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness

  Its possible that you can inherit the ability to be myopic. If your lifestyle produces just the right conditions, youll develop it. For example, if you use your eyes for a lot of close-up work, like reading or working on a computer, you may develop myopia. […] Risk factors for nearsightedness may include: A family history of myopia. Spending a lot of time doing close-up work, like reading or using screens like those on smartphones or computers. Not spending a lot of time outdoors. Certain studies indicate that this may be a factor in developing myopia. […] High myopia happens when your childs eyeballs are too long, or their corneas are too steep. […] You cant prevent myopia as its a condition that tends to run in families, but you may be able to lower your risk of nearsightedness in some ways. […] Some eye experts believe that you may be able to decrease your or your childs risk of developing myopia by getting enough time outside and limiting the amount of time spent in front of screens.

• #10 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong. […] The underlying cause of myopia is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Risk factors include doing work that involves focusing on close objects, greater time spent indoors, urbanization, and a family history of the condition. […] A 2012 review could not find strong evidence for any single cause, although many theories have been discredited. […] Twin studies indicate that at least some genetic factors are involved. […] Myopia has been increasing rapidly throughout the developed world, suggesting environmental factors are involved. […] Environmental factors that increase the risk of myopia include insufficient light exposure, low physical activity, near work, and increased years of education.

• #11 Nearsightedness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556

  Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye or the shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead. […] Nearsightedness usually results when the eye is too long or oval-shaped rather than round. It also may result when the curve of the cornea is too steep. With these changes, light rays come to a point in front of the retina and cross. The messages sent from the retina to the brain are perceived as blurry. […] Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including: Genetics. Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted. Prolonged close-up activities. Reading or doing other close-up activities for a long time is associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness. Screen time. Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness. Environmental conditions. Some studies support the idea that not spending enough time outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.

• #12 Myopia (nearsightedness) | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/myopia

  Nearsightedness, or myopia, as it is medically termed, is a vision condition in which people can see close objects clearly, but objects farther away appear blurred. […] Myopia occurs if the eyeball is too long or the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is too curved. As a result, the light entering the eye isn’t focused correctly, and distant objects look blurred. […] While the exact cause of myopia is unknown, there is significant evidence that many people inherit myopia, or at least the tendency to develop myopia. If one or both parents are nearsighted, there is an increased chance their children will be nearsighted. […] Individuals who spend considerable time reading, working at a computer, playing video games or doing other intense close visual work may be more likely to develop myopia.

• #13

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness

  Nearsightedness (myopia) is when close-up objects look clear but distant objects are blurry. […] Nearsightedness is a common eye focusing disorder. It has been on the rise for several decades. It is estimated that by 2050, nearly half the people in the world will have nearsightedness. […] With nearsightedness, the shape of your eye prevents light from bending properly, so that light is aimed in front of your retina instead of on your retina. For example, the cornea at the front of your eye may be too steeply curved, or your eye may be longer front to back than normal. In either case, the light rays fall short of the retina. When light is not focused on the retina as it should be, your vision is blurry. […] If a parent is nearsighted, there is a greater chance their child will be as well. But a parent doesn’t need to be nearsighted for their child to be nearsighted. Doctors still don’t completely understand why some people are nearsighted. There are likely many factors involved, and genetics is only one part.

• #14 Why Is Nearsightedness In Kids Becoming More Common? | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2024/02/nearsightedness-in-kids

  Nearsightedness happens when the axial length of the eyeball (the measure from front to back) is too long. As children grow and their eyes develop, the axial length can become too long, and the cornea (the lens of the eye) can curve too sharply. This combination makes it hard for the eye to focus clearly on distant objects. […] One theory to explain the sharp increase in nearsightedness in kids in recent decades has to do with screen time. Thirty years ago, kids didnt spend time with technology like phones, laptops and tablets that required them to look at screens close up for hours a day, says Dr. Le. The eyes make accommodations to adjust and focus up close. Too much screen time changes how the eye functions. […] Heredity does play a big role in developing myopia. Children whose parents are nearsighted are at much higher risk. But were seeing that too much screen time affects how early myopia starts and how severe it becomes, says Dr. Le.

• #15 Myopia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/ophthalmology/myopia/causes-and-diagnoses

  The nearsighted eye is usually longer than a normal eye, and its cornea may also be steeper. Therefore, when light passes through the cornea and lens, it is focused in front of the retina, making distant images appear blurred. […] Myopia tends to run in families. Other risk factors include spending a considerable amount of time reading or on hand-held devices and not spending enough time outside and using distance vision.

• #16 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Treatment, and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/nearsightedness-myopia

  The structure of your eye is to blame. When your eyeball is too long or the cornea — the protective outer layer of your eye — is too curved, the light that enters your eye wont focus correctly. Images focus in front of the retina, the light-sensitive part of your eye, instead of directly on the retina. This causes blurred vision. Doctors call this a refractive error. […] Degenerative or malignant myopia (pathological) is a rare type you usually inherit from your parents. Your eyeball gets longer very quickly and causes severe myopia, usually by the teenage or early adult years. This type of myopia can get worse far into adulthood. […] Myopia runs in families and will probably start in childhood. […] While you cant really keep myopia from happening, you can practice healthy eye habits to be sure myopia isnt worsened quickly or you dont increase your risks. Some studies show that if kids spend more time outside, they lower their chances of getting myopia.

• #17 Myopia (Nearsightedness) – Causes & Treatment | Milan Eye Center

  https://www.milaneyecenter.com/eye-conditions/myopia/

  Myopia, or nearsightedness, is one of the most common refractive errors of the eye. Someone with myopia typically has a hard time reading road signs or seeing distant objects clearly, but has the ability to see objects up close such as a phone or computer without any problems. Myopia occurs when the eyeball is too long. This causes rays of light to focus at a point in front of the retina instead of directly on it. It can also be caused by the cornea or lens being too curved, or a combination of the two. […] Myopia occurs when the eyeball is too long. This causes rays of light to focus at a point in front of the retina instead of directly on it. It can also be caused by the cornea or lens being too curved, or a combination of the two. The exact cause of myopia is unknown, however, many factors point to genetics. In recent years, studies have shown environmental causes such as lack of time spent outside or an increased focus on reading, writing, or use of a computer for near vision work has had a significant effect on the ability to see clearly at distances.

• #18 Nearsightedness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556

  Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye or the shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead. […] Nearsightedness usually results when the eye is too long or oval-shaped rather than round. It also may result when the curve of the cornea is too steep. With these changes, light rays come to a point in front of the retina and cross. The messages sent from the retina to the brain are perceived as blurry. […] Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including: Genetics. Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted. Prolonged close-up activities. Reading or doing other close-up activities for a long time is associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness. Screen time. Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness. Environmental conditions. Some studies support the idea that not spending enough time outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.

• #19 Myopia (nearsightedness) | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/myopia

  Nearsightedness, or myopia, as it is medically termed, is a vision condition in which people can see close objects clearly, but objects farther away appear blurred. […] Myopia occurs if the eyeball is too long or the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is too curved. As a result, the light entering the eye isn’t focused correctly, and distant objects look blurred. […] While the exact cause of myopia is unknown, there is significant evidence that many people inherit myopia, or at least the tendency to develop myopia. If one or both parents are nearsighted, there is an increased chance their children will be nearsighted. […] Individuals who spend considerable time reading, working at a computer, playing video games or doing other intense close visual work may be more likely to develop myopia.

• #20 Nearsightedness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556

  Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye or the shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead. […] Nearsightedness usually results when the eye is too long or oval-shaped rather than round. It also may result when the curve of the cornea is too steep. With these changes, light rays come to a point in front of the retina and cross. The messages sent from the retina to the brain are perceived as blurry. […] Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including: Genetics. Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted. Prolonged close-up activities. Reading or doing other close-up activities for a long time is associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness. Screen time. Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness. Environmental conditions. Some studies support the idea that not spending enough time outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.

• #21 What Causes Myopia (Nearsightedness)?

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/myopia/what-causes-nearsightedness/

  The exact cause of myopia is not fully understood. However, the mechanics of the eye that cause blurry distance vision are well known. […] Experts do know that environment and genetics are two important factors. […] Researchers have identified more than 200 refractive error or myopia-prone genes. Nearsightedness can pass from one generation to the next along with these genes. […] If one parent has myopia, the chances are three times greater that their children will develop myopia. If both parents have myopia, the chances are six times greater. […] Spending enough time outdoors is one of the most important lifestyle factors in myopia development. […] Research has linked spending more time outdoors in natural daylight with reduced risk for myopia development. […] Certain vision habits can also cause or influence nearsightedness. The most significant of these habits is focusing up close for consistent, extended periods of time.

• #22

  https://journals.lww.com/sjio/fulltext/2018/10010/myopia__etiology,_epidemiology,_and_management.1.aspx

  Myopia, once seen as a simple refractive error where the image is focused in front of the retina, is now considered as an epidemic with projected estimates of half the world population becoming myopic by the year 2050. […] Although no definite single cause of myopia has been proven, both hereditary factors and near work play a role in the development and progression of myopia. […] Lag of accommodation during near work has been studied in relation to myopia development and progression. It has been shown that a high lag of accommodation is present before the onset of myopia. […] Studies conducted on twins provide a strong evidence for the role of genetics in the development of myopia as twins share between 50% of the genes for dizygotic and 100% for monozygotic twins in comparison to the large variability in genes found in nontwin siblings.

• #23 What Causes Myopia (Nearsightedness)?

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/myopia/what-causes-nearsightedness/

  The exact cause of myopia is not fully understood. However, the mechanics of the eye that cause blurry distance vision are well known. […] Experts do know that environment and genetics are two important factors. […] Researchers have identified more than 200 refractive error or myopia-prone genes. Nearsightedness can pass from one generation to the next along with these genes. […] If one parent has myopia, the chances are three times greater that their children will develop myopia. If both parents have myopia, the chances are six times greater. […] Spending enough time outdoors is one of the most important lifestyle factors in myopia development. […] Research has linked spending more time outdoors in natural daylight with reduced risk for myopia development. […] Certain vision habits can also cause or influence nearsightedness. The most significant of these habits is focusing up close for consistent, extended periods of time.

• #24 What causes nearsightedness? Plus how to treat myopia.

  https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/02/07/what-causes-nearsightedness/72402111007/

  Myopia, frequently called nearsightedness, can be as inconvenient as it is common. A vision condition that causes nearby objects to appear clear but distant ones to appear blurry, myopia can happen suddenly but often develops gradually. […] Because nearsightedness is so common and concerning, it can be helpful to understand what causes or contributes to it. […] „The most common causes of nearsightedness include a mix of factors,” explains Inna Lazar, OD, a Connecticut-based optometrist and founder of Greenwich Eye Care. A significant one is genetics, as research has found more than 200 genes linked to the condition. […] „Anyone can be nearsighted, but you’re at higher risk if you have family members who are nearsighted too,” notes the National Eye Institute at the National Institutes of Health.

• #25 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  One hypothesis is that a lack of normal visual stimuli causes improper development of the eyeball. […] The near work hypothesis, also referred to as the „use-abuse theory”, states that spending time involved in near work strains the intraocular and extraocular muscles. […] Myopia is also more common in children with diabetes, childhood arthritis, uveitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] A risk for myopia may be inherited from one’s parents. […] Genetic linkage studies have identified 18 possible loci on 15 different chromosomes that are associated with myopia, but none of these loci is part of the candidate genes that cause myopia. […] Human population studies suggest that contribution of genetic factors accounts for 60-90% of variance in refraction. […] However, the currently identified variants account for only a small fraction of myopia cases, suggesting the existence of a large number of yet unidentified low-frequency or small-effect variants, which underlie the majority of myopia cases.

• #26 What Is Nearsightedness, and What Causes It? | MiSight® 1 day

  https://misight.com/blog/what-nearsightedness-and-what-causes-it

  Nearsightedness, also known as shortsightedness, refers to the eye condition when objects in the distance appear blurry. Eye doctors usually call this condition myopia rather than nearsightedness or shortsightedness. […] Theres no single cause for myopia. It has both genetic and lifestyle components that contribute to the eye growing longer than it should. For instance, myopia does tend to run in the family. […] The amount of people with nearsightedness has been rising for decades much faster than evolution could account for. […] Some believe its due to gradually less time outdoors exposed to bright light over those 30 years. Working closely on computers and other devices that demand close-up focusing is also believed to increase myopia rates. […] The pandemic caused childrens rates of myopia to climb even higher, probably because they were forced to remain indoors more than they ever had before.

• #27 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong. […] The underlying cause of myopia is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Risk factors include doing work that involves focusing on close objects, greater time spent indoors, urbanization, and a family history of the condition. […] A 2012 review could not find strong evidence for any single cause, although many theories have been discredited. […] Twin studies indicate that at least some genetic factors are involved. […] Myopia has been increasing rapidly throughout the developed world, suggesting environmental factors are involved. […] Environmental factors that increase the risk of myopia include insufficient light exposure, low physical activity, near work, and increased years of education.

• #28 Nearsightedness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556

  Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye or the shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead. […] Nearsightedness usually results when the eye is too long or oval-shaped rather than round. It also may result when the curve of the cornea is too steep. With these changes, light rays come to a point in front of the retina and cross. The messages sent from the retina to the brain are perceived as blurry. […] Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including: Genetics. Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted. Prolonged close-up activities. Reading or doing other close-up activities for a long time is associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness. Screen time. Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness. Environmental conditions. Some studies support the idea that not spending enough time outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.

• #29 Myopia (nearsightedness) | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/myopia

  Nearsightedness, or myopia, as it is medically termed, is a vision condition in which people can see close objects clearly, but objects farther away appear blurred. […] Myopia occurs if the eyeball is too long or the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is too curved. As a result, the light entering the eye isn’t focused correctly, and distant objects look blurred. […] While the exact cause of myopia is unknown, there is significant evidence that many people inherit myopia, or at least the tendency to develop myopia. If one or both parents are nearsighted, there is an increased chance their children will be nearsighted. […] Individuals who spend considerable time reading, working at a computer, playing video games or doing other intense close visual work may be more likely to develop myopia.

• #30 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Symptoms &Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness

  Its possible that you can inherit the ability to be myopic. If your lifestyle produces just the right conditions, youll develop it. For example, if you use your eyes for a lot of close-up work, like reading or working on a computer, you may develop myopia. […] Risk factors for nearsightedness may include: A family history of myopia. Spending a lot of time doing close-up work, like reading or using screens like those on smartphones or computers. Not spending a lot of time outdoors. Certain studies indicate that this may be a factor in developing myopia. […] High myopia happens when your childs eyeballs are too long, or their corneas are too steep. […] You cant prevent myopia as its a condition that tends to run in families, but you may be able to lower your risk of nearsightedness in some ways. […] Some eye experts believe that you may be able to decrease your or your childs risk of developing myopia by getting enough time outside and limiting the amount of time spent in front of screens.

• #31 Nearsightedness – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/symptoms-causes/syc-20375556

  Nearsightedness is a common vision condition in which close objects look clear but far objects look blurry. The medical term for nearsightedness is myopia. Myopia happens when the shape of the eye or the shape of certain parts of the eye causes light rays to bend or refract. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye, called the retina, are focused in front of the retina instead. […] Nearsightedness usually results when the eye is too long or oval-shaped rather than round. It also may result when the curve of the cornea is too steep. With these changes, light rays come to a point in front of the retina and cross. The messages sent from the retina to the brain are perceived as blurry. […] Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, including: Genetics. Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted. Prolonged close-up activities. Reading or doing other close-up activities for a long time is associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness. Screen time. Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness. Environmental conditions. Some studies support the idea that not spending enough time outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.

• #32 What Causes Myopia to Worsen? | Eye Doctors 眼科医生 in California | Golden Vision Optometry

  https://goldenvision2020.com/resources/what-causes-myopia-to-worsen/

  Genetics: Studies have shown that children who have one or both parents with myopia are more likely to develop myopia themselves. […] Visual Stress: Spending a lot of time doing close-up activities like reading or using a computer can cause myopia to worsen. These activities can especially impact children whose eyes are still developing. […] Screen Time: According to some studies, excessive use of digital devices like computers, tablets, and smartphones can contribute to myopia progression. […] Less Time Outdoors: A lack of time outdoors may also cause myopia to worsen. Not utilizing your distance vision during outdoor activities may contribute to myopia. […] Health Conditions: Health conditions like diabetes can cause myopia to develop and get worse.

• #33

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness

  Too much time spent indoors increases a child’s risk for nearsightedness. Studies show that more time outdoors in natural light reduces a child’s risk. […] A great first step to prevent or slow the progression of nearsightedness is to encourage your child to spend more time outdoors. Balancing indoor time with outdoor time is beneficial for a child’s health and well-being. Outdoor time is protective against nearsightedness and a good prescription for eye health. […] Daily use of low-dose atropine eye drops slows the progression of nearsightedness in children and teenagers. The drops are placed in each eye at bedtime. These drops keep the eye from lengthening too much, because nearsightedness worsens as the eye grows longer. […] There is no scientific evidence to suggest that eye exercises, vitamins or pills can prevent or cure myopia.

• #34 Reduce the risk of myopia in children – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/ways-to-prevent-myopia/

  Myopia — also known as nearsightedness, or the inability to see things far away — is becoming more prevalent in children. […] Although myopia can be triggered by genetics, it can also develop because of environmental factors such as limited time spent outdoors and increased time indoors doing activities such as activities on electronics. […] A child is more at risk of developing myopia if their parents have it. But studies show that spending limited time outdoors also puts children at increased risk for developing nearsightedness. […] The things that children do indoors are also connected to an increased risk of myopia, Dr. Chan says. […] Studies suggest that spending around two hours a day outdoors can prevent myopia. […] Taking steps to prevent or even slow myopia could help your child avoid the risk of developing other eye conditions. Severe nearsightedness increases the risk of conditions such as myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataracts later in life, Dr. Chan says. […] Myopia is an epidemic, says Dr. Chan. „It doesn’t have to be.”

• #35 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong. […] The underlying cause of myopia is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Risk factors include doing work that involves focusing on close objects, greater time spent indoors, urbanization, and a family history of the condition. […] A 2012 review could not find strong evidence for any single cause, although many theories have been discredited. […] Twin studies indicate that at least some genetic factors are involved. […] Myopia has been increasing rapidly throughout the developed world, suggesting environmental factors are involved. […] Environmental factors that increase the risk of myopia include insufficient light exposure, low physical activity, near work, and increased years of education.

• #36 Understanding Myopia: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors

  https://www.firstchoiceeyecare.com/blog/understanding-myopia-causes-symptoms-and-risk-factors.html

  Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, is one of the most prevalent vision conditions worldwide, affecting millions of people. The exact cause of myopia is not fully understood, but research points to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Myopia often runs in families. If one or both parents are nearsighted, their children are more likely to develop myopia as well. Increased time spent on close-up activities, like reading, using digital screens, or performing detailed work, has been linked to a higher risk of myopia, especially in children. Studies have shown that spending less time outdoors can increase the likelihood of developing myopia. Natural light exposure and focusing on distant objects outdoors may help slow down the progression of myopia. Myopia has a strong genetic component, meaning those with myopic parents are more likely to develop the condition themselves. Spending excessive time on close-up tasks, such as studying, screen use, or crafting, without breaks to look at distant objects can accelerate myopia development. Studies have indicated that children growing up in urban areas may have a higher risk of developing myopia than those in rural areas, possibly due to limited outdoor time and higher exposure to near work. Spending less time outdoors has been linked to myopia progression, with sunlight exposure and varied distance viewing potentially playing a role in eye development. In today’s digital age, the increased use of screens among children and adults alike may be contributing to a rise in myopia cases, as extended screen time strains the eyes and limits distant focusing. […] Understanding the causes, symptoms, and risk factors of myopia can help you take proactive steps to preserve your eye health.

• #37

  https://journals.lww.com/sjio/fulltext/2018/10010/myopia__etiology,_epidemiology,_and_management.1.aspx

  Advances in genetic sequencing are allowing researchers to investigate the genes related to the development of myopia, rather than relying on observational studies on twins. […] Several studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between near work, levels of education, and myopia. […] There is a strong evidence for the relationship between education and myopia, where university students exhibiting higher prevalence of myopia compared to the general population. […] Both hereditary factors and near work activities have been implicated as possible risk factors for myopia development and progression. However, new evidence has shown that outdoor play has a protective role in myopia development. […] Myopia was induced in animals by artificially manipulating the animal’s environment, either by optical defocus through convex or concave lenses or form deprivation using lid suturing.

• #38 What Causes Myopia? | St. Johns Eye Associates

  https://stjohnseyeassociates.com/what-causes-myopia/

  There is a higher incidence of myopia in people with advanced degrees, as well as higher parental education levels. […] Individuals from Asian/Pacific Islander communities are more at risk of developing myopia. […] What many don’t realize is that myopia can seriously affect a child’s future eye health and vision. Having myopia in childhood significantly increases the risk of developing serious eye diseases and conditions like glaucoma, retinal detachment, cataracts, and macular degeneration in adulthood.

• #39 What Is Nearsightedness, and What Causes It? | MiSight® 1 day

  https://misight.com/blog/what-nearsightedness-and-what-causes-it

  Myopia tends to appear in kids from age 5 to 14, as their eyes, brains, and heads begin to grow to the size theyll be when they are adults. […] It is likely because the bright light outdoors even on a cloudy day releases dopamine in the outer retina which regulates eye growth. […] Theres now another way to help ward off myopia progression in kids. […] MiSight 1 day soft contact lenses are specifically designed for myopia control and are FDA approved to slow the progression of myopia in children aged 8-12 at initiation of treatment.

• #40 Reduce the risk of myopia in children – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/ways-to-prevent-myopia/

  Myopia — also known as nearsightedness, or the inability to see things far away — is becoming more prevalent in children. […] Although myopia can be triggered by genetics, it can also develop because of environmental factors such as limited time spent outdoors and increased time indoors doing activities such as activities on electronics. […] A child is more at risk of developing myopia if their parents have it. But studies show that spending limited time outdoors also puts children at increased risk for developing nearsightedness. […] The things that children do indoors are also connected to an increased risk of myopia, Dr. Chan says. […] Studies suggest that spending around two hours a day outdoors can prevent myopia. […] Taking steps to prevent or even slow myopia could help your child avoid the risk of developing other eye conditions. Severe nearsightedness increases the risk of conditions such as myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataracts later in life, Dr. Chan says. […] Myopia is an epidemic, says Dr. Chan. „It doesn’t have to be.”

• #41 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  One hypothesis is that a lack of normal visual stimuli causes improper development of the eyeball. […] The near work hypothesis, also referred to as the „use-abuse theory”, states that spending time involved in near work strains the intraocular and extraocular muscles. […] Myopia is also more common in children with diabetes, childhood arthritis, uveitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] A risk for myopia may be inherited from one’s parents. […] Genetic linkage studies have identified 18 possible loci on 15 different chromosomes that are associated with myopia, but none of these loci is part of the candidate genes that cause myopia. […] Human population studies suggest that contribution of genetic factors accounts for 60-90% of variance in refraction. […] However, the currently identified variants account for only a small fraction of myopia cases, suggesting the existence of a large number of yet unidentified low-frequency or small-effect variants, which underlie the majority of myopia cases.

• #42 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  One hypothesis is that a lack of normal visual stimuli causes improper development of the eyeball. […] The near work hypothesis, also referred to as the „use-abuse theory”, states that spending time involved in near work strains the intraocular and extraocular muscles. […] Myopia is also more common in children with diabetes, childhood arthritis, uveitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] A risk for myopia may be inherited from one’s parents. […] Genetic linkage studies have identified 18 possible loci on 15 different chromosomes that are associated with myopia, but none of these loci is part of the candidate genes that cause myopia. […] Human population studies suggest that contribution of genetic factors accounts for 60-90% of variance in refraction. […] However, the currently identified variants account for only a small fraction of myopia cases, suggesting the existence of a large number of yet unidentified low-frequency or small-effect variants, which underlie the majority of myopia cases.

• #43 The Etiology Of Myopia – Myopia: Prevalence and Progression – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK235065/

  The few genetic studies that were included in the articles summarized suggest a genetic component to the etiology of myopia, although no specific mode of inheritance was specified. Goldschmidt (1968), after reviewing the literature and presenting his own data, concluded that mild myopia is probably polygenic, while the severe myopias represent a heterogeneous group, some types of which may follow a monogenic mode of inheritance. […] The important point, however, is that genetic and environmental etiologies are not mutually exclusivea point that does not appear to have been appreciated by many early authors, who refute one by providing evidence supporting the other. […] The near work theory postulates that myopia is caused by certain near visual activities, including reading. Evidence consistent with this hypothesis includes high rates in cultural groups with high literacy; an association of myopia with educational level, amount of time spent reading, and near work; and reports linking increased myopia with the introduction of schools into a population.

• #44 The Etiology Of Myopia – Myopia: Prevalence and Progression – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK235065/

  The few genetic studies that were included in the articles summarized suggest a genetic component to the etiology of myopia, although no specific mode of inheritance was specified. Goldschmidt (1968), after reviewing the literature and presenting his own data, concluded that mild myopia is probably polygenic, while the severe myopias represent a heterogeneous group, some types of which may follow a monogenic mode of inheritance. […] The important point, however, is that genetic and environmental etiologies are not mutually exclusivea point that does not appear to have been appreciated by many early authors, who refute one by providing evidence supporting the other. […] The near work theory postulates that myopia is caused by certain near visual activities, including reading. Evidence consistent with this hypothesis includes high rates in cultural groups with high literacy; an association of myopia with educational level, amount of time spent reading, and near work; and reports linking increased myopia with the introduction of schools into a population.

• #45 The Etiology Of Myopia – Myopia: Prevalence and Progression – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK235065/

  The few genetic studies that were included in the articles summarized suggest a genetic component to the etiology of myopia, although no specific mode of inheritance was specified. Goldschmidt (1968), after reviewing the literature and presenting his own data, concluded that mild myopia is probably polygenic, while the severe myopias represent a heterogeneous group, some types of which may follow a monogenic mode of inheritance. […] The important point, however, is that genetic and environmental etiologies are not mutually exclusivea point that does not appear to have been appreciated by many early authors, who refute one by providing evidence supporting the other. […] The near work theory postulates that myopia is caused by certain near visual activities, including reading. Evidence consistent with this hypothesis includes high rates in cultural groups with high literacy; an association of myopia with educational level, amount of time spent reading, and near work; and reports linking increased myopia with the introduction of schools into a population.

• #46 The Etiology Of Myopia – Myopia: Prevalence and Progression – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK235065/

  The few genetic studies that were included in the articles summarized suggest a genetic component to the etiology of myopia, although no specific mode of inheritance was specified. Goldschmidt (1968), after reviewing the literature and presenting his own data, concluded that mild myopia is probably polygenic, while the severe myopias represent a heterogeneous group, some types of which may follow a monogenic mode of inheritance. […] The important point, however, is that genetic and environmental etiologies are not mutually exclusivea point that does not appear to have been appreciated by many early authors, who refute one by providing evidence supporting the other. […] The near work theory postulates that myopia is caused by certain near visual activities, including reading. Evidence consistent with this hypothesis includes high rates in cultural groups with high literacy; an association of myopia with educational level, amount of time spent reading, and near work; and reports linking increased myopia with the introduction of schools into a population.

• #47

  https://journals.lww.com/sjio/fulltext/2018/10010/myopia__etiology,_epidemiology,_and_management.1.aspx

  Myopia, once seen as a simple refractive error where the image is focused in front of the retina, is now considered as an epidemic with projected estimates of half the world population becoming myopic by the year 2050. […] Although no definite single cause of myopia has been proven, both hereditary factors and near work play a role in the development and progression of myopia. […] Lag of accommodation during near work has been studied in relation to myopia development and progression. It has been shown that a high lag of accommodation is present before the onset of myopia. […] Studies conducted on twins provide a strong evidence for the role of genetics in the development of myopia as twins share between 50% of the genes for dizygotic and 100% for monozygotic twins in comparison to the large variability in genes found in nontwin siblings.

• #48 Myopia (nearsightedness) | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/myopia

  Myopia may also occur due to environmental factors or other health problems: […] Symptoms of myopia may also be a sign of variations in blood sugar levels in people with diabetes or maybe an early indication of a developing cataract. […] However, myopia may also develop in adults due to visual stress or health conditions such as diabetes. […] Children who are at high risk of progressive myopia (family history, early age of onset, and extended periods of near work) may benefit from treatment options that have been shown to reduce the progression of myopia.

• #49

  https://myoptometristcalgary.ca/blog/The+Most+Common+Causes+Of+Adult-Onset+Myopia/167

  Certain medical conditions can be associated with the onset of myopia in adulthood. […] Diabetes, for instance, can affect the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to changes in the retina and contributing to myopia. […] Genetic factors, environmental influences, lifestyle changes, occupational demands, and certain medical conditions all play a role in the development of adult-onset myopia.

• #50 What Causes Myopia to Worsen? | Eye Doctors 眼科医生 in California | Golden Vision Optometry

  https://goldenvision2020.com/resources/what-causes-myopia-to-worsen/

  Genetics: Studies have shown that children who have one or both parents with myopia are more likely to develop myopia themselves. […] Visual Stress: Spending a lot of time doing close-up activities like reading or using a computer can cause myopia to worsen. These activities can especially impact children whose eyes are still developing. […] Screen Time: According to some studies, excessive use of digital devices like computers, tablets, and smartphones can contribute to myopia progression. […] Less Time Outdoors: A lack of time outdoors may also cause myopia to worsen. Not utilizing your distance vision during outdoor activities may contribute to myopia. […] Health Conditions: Health conditions like diabetes can cause myopia to develop and get worse.

• #51 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  One hypothesis is that a lack of normal visual stimuli causes improper development of the eyeball. […] The near work hypothesis, also referred to as the „use-abuse theory”, states that spending time involved in near work strains the intraocular and extraocular muscles. […] Myopia is also more common in children with diabetes, childhood arthritis, uveitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] A risk for myopia may be inherited from one’s parents. […] Genetic linkage studies have identified 18 possible loci on 15 different chromosomes that are associated with myopia, but none of these loci is part of the candidate genes that cause myopia. […] Human population studies suggest that contribution of genetic factors accounts for 60-90% of variance in refraction. […] However, the currently identified variants account for only a small fraction of myopia cases, suggesting the existence of a large number of yet unidentified low-frequency or small-effect variants, which underlie the majority of myopia cases.

• #52 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  One hypothesis is that a lack of normal visual stimuli causes improper development of the eyeball. […] The near work hypothesis, also referred to as the „use-abuse theory”, states that spending time involved in near work strains the intraocular and extraocular muscles. […] Myopia is also more common in children with diabetes, childhood arthritis, uveitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] A risk for myopia may be inherited from one’s parents. […] Genetic linkage studies have identified 18 possible loci on 15 different chromosomes that are associated with myopia, but none of these loci is part of the candidate genes that cause myopia. […] Human population studies suggest that contribution of genetic factors accounts for 60-90% of variance in refraction. […] However, the currently identified variants account for only a small fraction of myopia cases, suggesting the existence of a large number of yet unidentified low-frequency or small-effect variants, which underlie the majority of myopia cases.

• #53 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  One hypothesis is that a lack of normal visual stimuli causes improper development of the eyeball. […] The near work hypothesis, also referred to as the „use-abuse theory”, states that spending time involved in near work strains the intraocular and extraocular muscles. […] Myopia is also more common in children with diabetes, childhood arthritis, uveitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] A risk for myopia may be inherited from one’s parents. […] Genetic linkage studies have identified 18 possible loci on 15 different chromosomes that are associated with myopia, but none of these loci is part of the candidate genes that cause myopia. […] Human population studies suggest that contribution of genetic factors accounts for 60-90% of variance in refraction. […] However, the currently identified variants account for only a small fraction of myopia cases, suggesting the existence of a large number of yet unidentified low-frequency or small-effect variants, which underlie the majority of myopia cases.

• #54 Myopia: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/myopia-causes-and-treatments

  Understanding the underlying cause of myopia could help identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and slow or prevent progression and myopic complications. Evidence points to both a genetic and environmental basis for myopia. One study found 21 gene candidates for it. These genes are involved in several different pathways, including mannosylation, glycosylation, lens development, gliogenesis and Schwann cell differentiation. In addition, intrinsic circadian clock genes such as melatonin receptor and photopigment melanopsin genes were found to be upregulated in an experimental model, suggesting that circadian rhythm might play a role in myopia development. […] Myopia has also been linked to chronic inflammation. Researchers observed an increased prevalence of myopia in children with inflammatory disease such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, uveitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Additionally, in hamsters with myopia they found an increased expression of proteins involved in inflammation such as c-Fos, (NFkB), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). There was an increase in expression of these proteins seen in eyes treated with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, and a corresponding increase in myopia progression in hamsters. Similarly, there was a decrease in inflammatory protein expression and a corresponding decrease in myopia progression in hamsters treated with cyclosporine, an anti-inflammatory medication.

• #55

  https://www.oasouthernmaine.com/2023/06/common-causes-of-adult-onset-myopiahtml

  Certain lifestyle choices can contribute to adult-onset myopia. Improper visual habits like holding reading materials too close or working in dimly lit areas can strain the eyes and potentially cause myopia. Inadequate sleep patterns and high-stress levels have also been associated with an increased risk of myopia development. […] Certain medical conditions can predispose individuals to develop myopia in adulthood. Diabetes, for instance, has been linked to an increased risk of myopia. Hormonal changes during pregnancy or hormonal imbalances can also impact vision and potentially lead to myopia development.

• #56 What Causes Sudden Nearsightedness? – Dr. Henslick Vision Center

  https://drhenslickvisioncenter.com/what-causes-sudden-nearsightedness/

  Nearsightedness in pregnancy is from metabolic and hormonal changes. An increase in estrogen and progesterone levels can amplify the lens thickness, thus increasing the eyes refractive power and resulting in nearsightedness. […] Cataracts are a common eye condition resulting from the natural aging process. In cataracts, your eyes lens becomes opaque and can cause sudden nearsightedness. […] Some eye diseases can cause sudden nearsightedness as they progress.

• #57 What Causes Sudden Nearsightedness? – Dr. Henslick Vision Center

  https://drhenslickvisioncenter.com/what-causes-sudden-nearsightedness/

  Nearsightedness in pregnancy is from metabolic and hormonal changes. An increase in estrogen and progesterone levels can amplify the lens thickness, thus increasing the eyes refractive power and resulting in nearsightedness. […] Cataracts are a common eye condition resulting from the natural aging process. In cataracts, your eyes lens becomes opaque and can cause sudden nearsightedness. […] Some eye diseases can cause sudden nearsightedness as they progress.

• #58 Myopia: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/myopia-causes-and-treatments

  Understanding the underlying cause of myopia could help identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and slow or prevent progression and myopic complications. Evidence points to both a genetic and environmental basis for myopia. One study found 21 gene candidates for it. These genes are involved in several different pathways, including mannosylation, glycosylation, lens development, gliogenesis and Schwann cell differentiation. In addition, intrinsic circadian clock genes such as melatonin receptor and photopigment melanopsin genes were found to be upregulated in an experimental model, suggesting that circadian rhythm might play a role in myopia development. […] Myopia has also been linked to chronic inflammation. Researchers observed an increased prevalence of myopia in children with inflammatory disease such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, uveitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Additionally, in hamsters with myopia they found an increased expression of proteins involved in inflammation such as c-Fos, (NFkB), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). There was an increase in expression of these proteins seen in eyes treated with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, and a corresponding increase in myopia progression in hamsters. Similarly, there was a decrease in inflammatory protein expression and a corresponding decrease in myopia progression in hamsters treated with cyclosporine, an anti-inflammatory medication.

• #59

  https://myoptometristcalgary.ca/blog/The+Most+Common+Causes+Of+Adult-Onset+Myopia/167

  Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, is a refractive error that affects the ability to see distant objects clearly. […] This adult-onset myopia can be attributed to various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, lifestyle changes, and certain medical conditions. […] Genetics plays a crucial role in the development of myopia, regardless of whether it occurs during childhood or adulthood. […] Research suggests that certain genes contribute to the elongation of the eyeball, leading to myopia. […] Modern lifestyle and environmental factors can significantly impact the development of myopia in adults. […] One of the key factors is excessive near-work activities, such as reading, using digital devices, and working on computers for extended periods. […] Certain professions and occupational demands can predispose individuals to adult-onset myopia.

• #60 Nearsightedness (Myopia): Causes, Signs & Treatments – NVISION

  https://www.nvisioncenters.com/nearsightedness/

  Research cited by Nature suggests that rates of myopia are on the rise due to modern lifestyle choices. […] Higher levels of education have also been associated with myopia. […] The American Optometric Association reports that adults may also experience a form of nearsightedness caused by their work. This pseudo myopia is caused by overused eye muscles. […] Some people expand this idea into the visual realm, and they suggest that natural therapies could help to cure myopia, which would allow you to avoid both surgery and correction with lenses. Unfortunately, the results they deliver do not often live up to the promise. […] Since myopia is caused by an unusual eye shape that typically begins in childhood and progresses until early adulthood when it stops altogether, adults taking vitamins are addressing the problem much too late.

• #61 What Is Myopia (Nearsightedness)? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/myopia/guide/

  Most commonly, nearsightedness is an anatomical issue, resulting from an eyeball that’s too long, which prevents light from focusing directly on the retina (the screen at the back of your eye). Nearsightedness can also be caused by a cornea (the clear layer at the front of the eye) that’s not shaped correctly. […] Although researchers still don’t know exactly why some people develop nearsightedness while others don’t, it’s possible that the condition may be genetic. If one or both of your parents is nearsighted, your chances of having the problem are higher than those of someone whose parents aren’t nearsighted, notes the American Optometric Association (AOA). […] Some research suggests that spending too much time indoors may be a cause of increasing myopia rates among children. […] The condition may also emerge in adulthood, due to factors such as visual stress (which can be caused by close-up activities such as reading or computer work).

• #62

  https://myoptometristcalgary.ca/blog/The+Most+Common+Causes+Of+Adult-Onset+Myopia/167

  Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, is a refractive error that affects the ability to see distant objects clearly. […] This adult-onset myopia can be attributed to various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, lifestyle changes, and certain medical conditions. […] Genetics plays a crucial role in the development of myopia, regardless of whether it occurs during childhood or adulthood. […] Research suggests that certain genes contribute to the elongation of the eyeball, leading to myopia. […] Modern lifestyle and environmental factors can significantly impact the development of myopia in adults. […] One of the key factors is excessive near-work activities, such as reading, using digital devices, and working on computers for extended periods. […] Certain professions and occupational demands can predispose individuals to adult-onset myopia.

• #63 Nearsightedness (myopia) causes and treatment | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/myopia-symptoms-causes/

  However, myopia is not just for children. Adults who were not myopic in their younger years can still experience blurry distance vision later in life due to prolonged near-work tasks, as well as unmanaged diabetes, cataracts, eye injury, eye disease and infection, and computer vision syndrome. […] Myopia is commonly diagnosed in people before they reach the age of 20. In fact, approximately 75% of patients with myopia are diagnosed between the ages of 3 and 12. Once the eye has begun to grow in a myopic shape, it will continue to do so. A 2022 study showed that the fastest progression of myopia occurs between ages 7-12, which is a common period of rapid growth for children.

• #64 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Nearsightedness-and-Farsightedness.aspx

  Nearsightedness (myopia) and Farsightedness (hyperopia or presbyopia) are well-known refractive errors or refractive eye diseases. […] The causes of nearsightedness are unidentified; some studies suggest that it is a hereditary problem. If the parents have myopia, their children are at a higher risk to develop it. Myopia can also develop if the cornea is curved for the eyeball length or if a lens is too thick. It can also be caused by a couple of problems that can occur in the cornea, eyeball length, and lens. […] Research is being carried out to review the effects of age, sex, and ethnicity in the development of myopia in humans. Scientists say that spending a lot of time in front of the computer, reading, writing, insufficient time spending in natural sunlight (to list just some of the causes) may worsen the condition of myopia. […] A recent development in research on this topic is that the circadian rhythms (i.e. the human biological clock) which adjust the human body on the basis of daily cycles of day and night can also be a factor that leads to myopia.

• #65 Nearsightedness (Myopia): Risk Factors, Symptoms, & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/nearsightedness

  Myopia or nearsightedness is an eye condition caused by a refractive error that makes faraway objects appear fuzzy or blurry. […] According to the National Eye Institute, myopia often begins between the ages of 6 and 14 and may continue to get worse until you reach your early 20s. Your eyes are growing at this age, so the shape of your eyes can change. […] Nearsightedness is caused by a refractive error. A refractive error occurs when your eye doesn’t focus light correctly. […] If you’re nearsighted, it means that the eye focuses light in front of your retina instead of onto it. […] This happens because the shape of the eye is slightly abnormal. If you have myopia, it is likely that your eyeball is a little too long or your cornea is too rounded. […] Having severe myopia can increase your risk for serious eye conditions such as glaucoma, myopic maculopathy, cataracts, and retinal detachment. […] Certain treatments, including bifocals, contact lenses, corneal reshaping therapy, and eye drops, may help prevent nearsightedness from progressing. […] This eye condition is caused by a refractive error that occurs in people whose eyeballs are slightly longer.

• #66

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/eyes/Pages/Myopia-Nearsightedness.aspx

  Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a common vision problem that often begins between the ages of 6 and 14. […] Children are more likely to develop myopia if their parents are nearsighted. However, myopia is on the rise overall, especially in kids. No one is exactly sure why, but experts believe it could be related to more time doing closeup tasks indoors like using computers and playing video games. […] Myopia happens when your child’s eyeball is too long from front to back. It can also develop when the cornea, the clear window at the front of the eye, is curved too steeply. […] Myopia generally gets worse through adolescence, then starts to stabilize in the early 20s. […] Researchers are studying ways to prevent myopia from worsening in children. These potential treatments include: […] A low dose of the same type of eye drops that are used to dilate the pupils during an eye exam may help slow down myopia in children between 5 and 18 years old.

• #67 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Symptoms &Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8579-myopia-nearsightedness

  Its possible that you can inherit the ability to be myopic. If your lifestyle produces just the right conditions, youll develop it. For example, if you use your eyes for a lot of close-up work, like reading or working on a computer, you may develop myopia. […] Risk factors for nearsightedness may include: A family history of myopia. Spending a lot of time doing close-up work, like reading or using screens like those on smartphones or computers. Not spending a lot of time outdoors. Certain studies indicate that this may be a factor in developing myopia. […] High myopia happens when your childs eyeballs are too long, or their corneas are too steep. […] You cant prevent myopia as its a condition that tends to run in families, but you may be able to lower your risk of nearsightedness in some ways. […] Some eye experts believe that you may be able to decrease your or your childs risk of developing myopia by getting enough time outside and limiting the amount of time spent in front of screens.

• #68 What Causes Myopia? (Short-Sightedness) | Focus Clinics

  https://www.focusclinics.com/conditions/short-sighted/causes-of-myopia/

  There is also some evidence suggesting that individuals with high levels of myopia may have an increased risk of developing glaucoma. […] Severe myopia is associated with a higher risk of myopic macular degeneration, where the macula (central part of the retina) is damaged, leading to vision loss.

• #69 High Myopia Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/high-myopia/causes.html

  High myopia is sometimes an inherited genetic condition, and is marked by the eyeball stretching and growing too long. This throws off the eyeball’s normal proportions, so that incoming light focuses in front of the retina, instead of on it. […] Increased eye pressure may lead to glaucoma. […] Cataracts are more likely to develop.

• #70 High Myopia Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/high-myopia/causes.html

  High myopia is sometimes an inherited genetic condition, and is marked by the eyeball stretching and growing too long. This throws off the eyeball’s normal proportions, so that incoming light focuses in front of the retina, instead of on it. […] Increased eye pressure may lead to glaucoma. […] Cataracts are more likely to develop.

• #71 What Causes Myopia? (Short-Sightedness) | Focus Clinics

  https://www.focusclinics.com/conditions/short-sighted/causes-of-myopia/

  There is also some evidence suggesting that individuals with high levels of myopia may have an increased risk of developing glaucoma. […] Severe myopia is associated with a higher risk of myopic macular degeneration, where the macula (central part of the retina) is damaged, leading to vision loss.

• #72 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Treatment, and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/nearsightedness-myopia

  The structure of your eye is to blame. When your eyeball is too long or the cornea — the protective outer layer of your eye — is too curved, the light that enters your eye wont focus correctly. Images focus in front of the retina, the light-sensitive part of your eye, instead of directly on the retina. This causes blurred vision. Doctors call this a refractive error. […] Degenerative or malignant myopia (pathological) is a rare type you usually inherit from your parents. Your eyeball gets longer very quickly and causes severe myopia, usually by the teenage or early adult years. This type of myopia can get worse far into adulthood. […] Myopia runs in families and will probably start in childhood. […] While you cant really keep myopia from happening, you can practice healthy eye habits to be sure myopia isnt worsened quickly or you dont increase your risks. Some studies show that if kids spend more time outside, they lower their chances of getting myopia.

• #73 Myopia (Nearsightedness): Causes, Treatment, and Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/nearsightedness-myopia

  The structure of your eye is to blame. When your eyeball is too long or the cornea — the protective outer layer of your eye — is too curved, the light that enters your eye wont focus correctly. Images focus in front of the retina, the light-sensitive part of your eye, instead of directly on the retina. This causes blurred vision. Doctors call this a refractive error. […] Degenerative or malignant myopia (pathological) is a rare type you usually inherit from your parents. Your eyeball gets longer very quickly and causes severe myopia, usually by the teenage or early adult years. This type of myopia can get worse far into adulthood. […] Myopia runs in families and will probably start in childhood. […] While you cant really keep myopia from happening, you can practice healthy eye habits to be sure myopia isnt worsened quickly or you dont increase your risks. Some studies show that if kids spend more time outside, they lower their chances of getting myopia.

• #74 Myopia (Nearsightedness) | Signs, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.bettervisionguide.com/myopia/

  Myopia is caused by a refractive error that inhibits proper focusing of light entering the eye, which in turn causes distant objects to become blurred. This refractive error results when the eyeball is too long or the cornea (outermost layer) is too curved. These physical abnormalities cause images to be focused in front of the retina instead of directly on its surface. […] Genetics may play a factor in myopia. If a child’s parents are both nearsighted, it increases the risk of myopia. There are several studies that suggest that environment and/or lifestyle habits can also play a factor in its development. For instance, lack of time spent outdoors has been linked with an increased risk of myopia. Similarly, excessive reading up close may increase risk. […] High myopia is a particularly severe form of the condition that can increase the risk of vision-threatening issues like retinal detachment, cataracts and glaucoma. Degenerative myopia (also called malignant or pathological myopia) is a very rare form of the condition that occurs early in childhood. It is marked by rapid elongation of the eyeball that can have serious consequences to the health of the back of the eye. Degenerative myopia significantly increases the risk of retinal detachment, and can cause abnormal blood vessel growth and bleeding in the back of the eye.

• #75 Nearsightedness (myopia) causes and treatment | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/myopia-symptoms-causes/

  However, myopia is not just for children. Adults who were not myopic in their younger years can still experience blurry distance vision later in life due to prolonged near-work tasks, as well as unmanaged diabetes, cataracts, eye injury, eye disease and infection, and computer vision syndrome. […] Myopia is commonly diagnosed in people before they reach the age of 20. In fact, approximately 75% of patients with myopia are diagnosed between the ages of 3 and 12. Once the eye has begun to grow in a myopic shape, it will continue to do so. A 2022 study showed that the fastest progression of myopia occurs between ages 7-12, which is a common period of rapid growth for children.

• #76 Nearsightedness (myopia) causes and treatment | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/myopia-symptoms-causes/

  However, myopia is not just for children. Adults who were not myopic in their younger years can still experience blurry distance vision later in life due to prolonged near-work tasks, as well as unmanaged diabetes, cataracts, eye injury, eye disease and infection, and computer vision syndrome. […] Myopia is commonly diagnosed in people before they reach the age of 20. In fact, approximately 75% of patients with myopia are diagnosed between the ages of 3 and 12. Once the eye has begun to grow in a myopic shape, it will continue to do so. A 2022 study showed that the fastest progression of myopia occurs between ages 7-12, which is a common period of rapid growth for children.

• #77 Nearsightedness (myopia) causes and treatment | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/myopia-symptoms-causes/

  However, myopia is not just for children. Adults who were not myopic in their younger years can still experience blurry distance vision later in life due to prolonged near-work tasks, as well as unmanaged diabetes, cataracts, eye injury, eye disease and infection, and computer vision syndrome. […] Myopia is commonly diagnosed in people before they reach the age of 20. In fact, approximately 75% of patients with myopia are diagnosed between the ages of 3 and 12. Once the eye has begun to grow in a myopic shape, it will continue to do so. A 2022 study showed that the fastest progression of myopia occurs between ages 7-12, which is a common period of rapid growth for children.

• #78 Nearsightedness (myopia) causes and treatment | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/myopia-symptoms-causes/

  However, myopia is not just for children. Adults who were not myopic in their younger years can still experience blurry distance vision later in life due to prolonged near-work tasks, as well as unmanaged diabetes, cataracts, eye injury, eye disease and infection, and computer vision syndrome. […] Myopia is commonly diagnosed in people before they reach the age of 20. In fact, approximately 75% of patients with myopia are diagnosed between the ages of 3 and 12. Once the eye has begun to grow in a myopic shape, it will continue to do so. A 2022 study showed that the fastest progression of myopia occurs between ages 7-12, which is a common period of rapid growth for children.

• #79 Nearsightedness (myopia) causes and treatment | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/myopia-symptoms-causes/

  However, myopia is not just for children. Adults who were not myopic in their younger years can still experience blurry distance vision later in life due to prolonged near-work tasks, as well as unmanaged diabetes, cataracts, eye injury, eye disease and infection, and computer vision syndrome. […] Myopia is commonly diagnosed in people before they reach the age of 20. In fact, approximately 75% of patients with myopia are diagnosed between the ages of 3 and 12. Once the eye has begun to grow in a myopic shape, it will continue to do so. A 2022 study showed that the fastest progression of myopia occurs between ages 7-12, which is a common period of rapid growth for children.

• #80 Myopia Or Nearsightedness: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | AEI

  https://atlanticeyeinstitute.com/myopia-or-nearsightedness-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Myopia or nearsightedness is the technical term for nearsightedness. […] What Causes Myopia Or Nearsightedness? The eye is a complex organ that relies on shape and geometry to change light into images. If the eyeball is longer than it is wide, or the cornea is more curved than normal, it changes how light is bent (refracted) on the retina, making it harder to bring things in the distance into clear focus. […] While genetics certainly play a role (children with myopic parents are more likely to be nearsighted), plenty of children and adults diagnosed with myopia dont have a genetic link as far as we can tell. […] Some people experience a form of myopia called night blindness, which makes it harder to see clearly when the sun sets. Also, myopia can also be an early sign of type 2 diabetes, which is known for causing vision loss.

• #81 Myopia Or Nearsightedness: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | AEI

  https://atlanticeyeinstitute.com/myopia-or-nearsightedness-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Myopia or nearsightedness is the technical term for nearsightedness. […] What Causes Myopia Or Nearsightedness? The eye is a complex organ that relies on shape and geometry to change light into images. If the eyeball is longer than it is wide, or the cornea is more curved than normal, it changes how light is bent (refracted) on the retina, making it harder to bring things in the distance into clear focus. […] While genetics certainly play a role (children with myopic parents are more likely to be nearsighted), plenty of children and adults diagnosed with myopia dont have a genetic link as far as we can tell. […] Some people experience a form of myopia called night blindness, which makes it harder to see clearly when the sun sets. Also, myopia can also be an early sign of type 2 diabetes, which is known for causing vision loss.

• #82 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong. […] The underlying cause of myopia is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Risk factors include doing work that involves focusing on close objects, greater time spent indoors, urbanization, and a family history of the condition. […] A 2012 review could not find strong evidence for any single cause, although many theories have been discredited. […] Twin studies indicate that at least some genetic factors are involved. […] Myopia has been increasing rapidly throughout the developed world, suggesting environmental factors are involved. […] Environmental factors that increase the risk of myopia include insufficient light exposure, low physical activity, near work, and increased years of education.

• #83

  https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/myopia-nearsighted-causes/

  Nearly 42% of Americans are now nearsighted up from 25% 50 years ago. And half the world could be squinting by mid-century. […] Myopia can be caused by genetics, but studies show it can also develop from prolonged close-up activities, screentime and spending too much time indoors. […] „Focusing up close, looking at this near, your eyes are working hard and putting strain on them, and by doing that we’re seeing an increase in nearsightedness,” Ritter said.

• #84 What is Myopia and What Causes It?

  https://whitingclinic.com/what-causes-myopia/

  At the start of the 1970s, the prevalence of myopia in the United States was just 1 in 4. Thirty years later, around 2000, that number has exceeded 40% and will likely continue to rise. The World Health Organization estimates that half of the worlds population will have myopia by 2050. […] According to the National Eye Institute, myopia is a refractive error that makes distant objects appear blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye causes light to focus in front of the retina, rather than directly on it. […] Family history: If you have close relatives who are nearsighted, you’re more likely to develop myopia. […] Age: Myopia typically begins between the ages of 6 and 14, often worsening until the early twenties. […] Technology use: Prolonged screen time is becoming a significant factor in the rise of myopia, especially among children and young adults. […] Vitamin D deficiency: Lack of adequate sunlight and vitamin D may contribute to the development of myopia. […] Other health conditions: Myopia can also be linked to conditions like diabetes, uveitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

• #85

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness

  Nearsightedness (myopia) is when close-up objects look clear but distant objects are blurry. […] Nearsightedness is a common eye focusing disorder. It has been on the rise for several decades. It is estimated that by 2050, nearly half the people in the world will have nearsightedness. […] With nearsightedness, the shape of your eye prevents light from bending properly, so that light is aimed in front of your retina instead of on your retina. For example, the cornea at the front of your eye may be too steeply curved, or your eye may be longer front to back than normal. In either case, the light rays fall short of the retina. When light is not focused on the retina as it should be, your vision is blurry. […] If a parent is nearsighted, there is a greater chance their child will be as well. But a parent doesn’t need to be nearsighted for their child to be nearsighted. Doctors still don’t completely understand why some people are nearsighted. There are likely many factors involved, and genetics is only one part.

• #86 Myopia: Why Nearsightedness is Becoming a Modern Epidemic | Diagnostic Eye Center

  https://www.diagnosticeyecenter.com/2024/06/25/nearsightedness-modern-epidemic/

  More often than not, genetics plays a significant role in myopia. […] The most prominent yet perplexing cause of myopia is environmental factors that cause the cornea, lens, or eyeball to change shape. […] As nearsighted work becomes more prominent and a given to operate in today’s society, myopia continues to rise, particularly among East Asian countries. […] Many experts also estimate that the cultural shift to nearsighted work can be a potential cause of myopia. […] Even though more experts can distinguish the causes and reasons behind this rise of myopia, many public officials hesitate to make any changes. […] To prevent these severe conditions from rising, many Southeast Asian countries have created public health initiatives to address the extreme prevalence, as more than 80% of students have a myopia diagnosis.

• #87 What Is Nearsightedness, and What Causes It? | MiSight® 1 day

  https://misight.com/blog/what-nearsightedness-and-what-causes-it

  Nearsightedness, also known as shortsightedness, refers to the eye condition when objects in the distance appear blurry. Eye doctors usually call this condition myopia rather than nearsightedness or shortsightedness. […] Theres no single cause for myopia. It has both genetic and lifestyle components that contribute to the eye growing longer than it should. For instance, myopia does tend to run in the family. […] The amount of people with nearsightedness has been rising for decades much faster than evolution could account for. […] Some believe its due to gradually less time outdoors exposed to bright light over those 30 years. Working closely on computers and other devices that demand close-up focusing is also believed to increase myopia rates. […] The pandemic caused childrens rates of myopia to climb even higher, probably because they were forced to remain indoors more than they ever had before.

• #88 Reduce the risk of myopia in children – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/ways-to-prevent-myopia/

  Myopia — also known as nearsightedness, or the inability to see things far away — is becoming more prevalent in children. […] Although myopia can be triggered by genetics, it can also develop because of environmental factors such as limited time spent outdoors and increased time indoors doing activities such as activities on electronics. […] A child is more at risk of developing myopia if their parents have it. But studies show that spending limited time outdoors also puts children at increased risk for developing nearsightedness. […] The things that children do indoors are also connected to an increased risk of myopia, Dr. Chan says. […] Studies suggest that spending around two hours a day outdoors can prevent myopia. […] Taking steps to prevent or even slow myopia could help your child avoid the risk of developing other eye conditions. Severe nearsightedness increases the risk of conditions such as myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataracts later in life, Dr. Chan says. […] Myopia is an epidemic, says Dr. Chan. „It doesn’t have to be.”

• #89 What Causes Myopia? | St. Johns Eye Associates

  https://stjohnseyeassociates.com/what-causes-myopia/

  There is a higher incidence of myopia in people with advanced degrees, as well as higher parental education levels. […] Individuals from Asian/Pacific Islander communities are more at risk of developing myopia. […] What many don’t realize is that myopia can seriously affect a child’s future eye health and vision. Having myopia in childhood significantly increases the risk of developing serious eye diseases and conditions like glaucoma, retinal detachment, cataracts, and macular degeneration in adulthood.

• #90 Reduce the risk of myopia in children – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/ways-to-prevent-myopia/

  Myopia — also known as nearsightedness, or the inability to see things far away — is becoming more prevalent in children. […] Although myopia can be triggered by genetics, it can also develop because of environmental factors such as limited time spent outdoors and increased time indoors doing activities such as activities on electronics. […] A child is more at risk of developing myopia if their parents have it. But studies show that spending limited time outdoors also puts children at increased risk for developing nearsightedness. […] The things that children do indoors are also connected to an increased risk of myopia, Dr. Chan says. […] Studies suggest that spending around two hours a day outdoors can prevent myopia. […] Taking steps to prevent or even slow myopia could help your child avoid the risk of developing other eye conditions. Severe nearsightedness increases the risk of conditions such as myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataracts later in life, Dr. Chan says. […] Myopia is an epidemic, says Dr. Chan. „It doesn’t have to be.”

• #91 Reduce the risk of myopia in children – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/ways-to-prevent-myopia/

  Myopia — also known as nearsightedness, or the inability to see things far away — is becoming more prevalent in children. […] Although myopia can be triggered by genetics, it can also develop because of environmental factors such as limited time spent outdoors and increased time indoors doing activities such as activities on electronics. […] A child is more at risk of developing myopia if their parents have it. But studies show that spending limited time outdoors also puts children at increased risk for developing nearsightedness. […] The things that children do indoors are also connected to an increased risk of myopia, Dr. Chan says. […] Studies suggest that spending around two hours a day outdoors can prevent myopia. […] Taking steps to prevent or even slow myopia could help your child avoid the risk of developing other eye conditions. Severe nearsightedness increases the risk of conditions such as myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataracts later in life, Dr. Chan says. […] Myopia is an epidemic, says Dr. Chan. „It doesn’t have to be.”

• #92 Reduce the risk of myopia in children – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/ways-to-prevent-myopia/

  Myopia — also known as nearsightedness, or the inability to see things far away — is becoming more prevalent in children. […] Although myopia can be triggered by genetics, it can also develop because of environmental factors such as limited time spent outdoors and increased time indoors doing activities such as activities on electronics. […] A child is more at risk of developing myopia if their parents have it. But studies show that spending limited time outdoors also puts children at increased risk for developing nearsightedness. […] The things that children do indoors are also connected to an increased risk of myopia, Dr. Chan says. […] Studies suggest that spending around two hours a day outdoors can prevent myopia. […] Taking steps to prevent or even slow myopia could help your child avoid the risk of developing other eye conditions. Severe nearsightedness increases the risk of conditions such as myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataracts later in life, Dr. Chan says. […] Myopia is an epidemic, says Dr. Chan. „It doesn’t have to be.”

• #93 Reduce the risk of myopia in children – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/ways-to-prevent-myopia/

  Myopia — also known as nearsightedness, or the inability to see things far away — is becoming more prevalent in children. […] Although myopia can be triggered by genetics, it can also develop because of environmental factors such as limited time spent outdoors and increased time indoors doing activities such as activities on electronics. […] A child is more at risk of developing myopia if their parents have it. But studies show that spending limited time outdoors also puts children at increased risk for developing nearsightedness. […] The things that children do indoors are also connected to an increased risk of myopia, Dr. Chan says. […] Studies suggest that spending around two hours a day outdoors can prevent myopia. […] Taking steps to prevent or even slow myopia could help your child avoid the risk of developing other eye conditions. Severe nearsightedness increases the risk of conditions such as myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataracts later in life, Dr. Chan says. […] Myopia is an epidemic, says Dr. Chan. „It doesn’t have to be.”

• #94 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] The number of people affected by myopia is now increasing around the world, and is projected to affect fifty per cent of the world population by 2050, due mainly to lifestyle factors. […] An unknown but frequent cause of vision impairment and blindness in East Asia and Europe is myopic macular degeneration. […] We estimate that myopia and high myopia will show a significant increase in prevalence globally, affecting nearly 5 billion people and 1 billion people, respectively, by 2050. […] Uncorrected refractive error (URE) will increase substantially. […] Cataract and Glaucoma-Fraction attributable to myopia likely to increase. […] Blindness and vision impairment due to myopic macular degeneration (MMD) and myopia retinopathy in adults will increase substantially.

• #95 Myopia – Myopia Institute

  https://myopiainstitute.org/myopia/

  Myopia is a common cause of correctable vision loss, with uncorrected myopia remaining the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. […] The number of people affected by myopia is now increasing around the world, and is projected to affect fifty per cent of the world population by 2050, due mainly to lifestyle factors. […] An unknown but frequent cause of vision impairment and blindness in East Asia and Europe is myopic macular degeneration. […] We estimate that myopia and high myopia will show a significant increase in prevalence globally, affecting nearly 5 billion people and 1 billion people, respectively, by 2050. […] Uncorrected refractive error (URE) will increase substantially. […] Cataract and Glaucoma-Fraction attributable to myopia likely to increase. […] Blindness and vision impairment due to myopic macular degeneration (MMD) and myopia retinopathy in adults will increase substantially.

• #96 Myopia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia

  One hypothesis is that a lack of normal visual stimuli causes improper development of the eyeball. […] The near work hypothesis, also referred to as the „use-abuse theory”, states that spending time involved in near work strains the intraocular and extraocular muscles. […] Myopia is also more common in children with diabetes, childhood arthritis, uveitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] A risk for myopia may be inherited from one’s parents. […] Genetic linkage studies have identified 18 possible loci on 15 different chromosomes that are associated with myopia, but none of these loci is part of the candidate genes that cause myopia. […] Human population studies suggest that contribution of genetic factors accounts for 60-90% of variance in refraction. […] However, the currently identified variants account for only a small fraction of myopia cases, suggesting the existence of a large number of yet unidentified low-frequency or small-effect variants, which underlie the majority of myopia cases.

• #97

  https://journals.lww.com/sjio/fulltext/2018/10010/myopia__etiology,_epidemiology,_and_management.1.aspx

  Advances in genetic sequencing are allowing researchers to investigate the genes related to the development of myopia, rather than relying on observational studies on twins. […] Several studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between near work, levels of education, and myopia. […] There is a strong evidence for the relationship between education and myopia, where university students exhibiting higher prevalence of myopia compared to the general population. […] Both hereditary factors and near work activities have been implicated as possible risk factors for myopia development and progression. However, new evidence has shown that outdoor play has a protective role in myopia development. […] Myopia was induced in animals by artificially manipulating the animal’s environment, either by optical defocus through convex or concave lenses or form deprivation using lid suturing.

• #98 The Etiology Of Myopia – Myopia: Prevalence and Progression – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK235065/

  Van Alphen (1961, 1967) theorized that emmetropization proceeds through a feedback process involving the effect of parasympathetic activity on ciliary muscle tonus, which in turn limits the stretch of the sclera by counteracting the effect on the sclera of the intraocular pressure. […] In his study in Tanganyika, McLaren (1960) found that the Mvumi schoolchildren, who had experienced a period of famine, had a similar mean refraction to the Mwanza children, who had not, but they differed from them in showing a greater scatter, more high ametropias, and more astigmatism and anisometropia. […] The above discussion touches on some of the hypotheses regarding the etiology of the preponderance of myopia as suggested by the prevalence studies that have been reviewed.

• #99 Myopia: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/myopia-causes-and-treatments

  Understanding the underlying cause of myopia could help identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and slow or prevent progression and myopic complications. Evidence points to both a genetic and environmental basis for myopia. One study found 21 gene candidates for it. These genes are involved in several different pathways, including mannosylation, glycosylation, lens development, gliogenesis and Schwann cell differentiation. In addition, intrinsic circadian clock genes such as melatonin receptor and photopigment melanopsin genes were found to be upregulated in an experimental model, suggesting that circadian rhythm might play a role in myopia development. […] Myopia has also been linked to chronic inflammation. Researchers observed an increased prevalence of myopia in children with inflammatory disease such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, uveitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Additionally, in hamsters with myopia they found an increased expression of proteins involved in inflammation such as c-Fos, (NFkB), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). There was an increase in expression of these proteins seen in eyes treated with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, and a corresponding increase in myopia progression in hamsters. Similarly, there was a decrease in inflammatory protein expression and a corresponding decrease in myopia progression in hamsters treated with cyclosporine, an anti-inflammatory medication.

• #100 Myopia: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/myopia-causes-and-treatments

  Understanding the underlying cause of myopia could help identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and slow or prevent progression and myopic complications. Evidence points to both a genetic and environmental basis for myopia. One study found 21 gene candidates for it. These genes are involved in several different pathways, including mannosylation, glycosylation, lens development, gliogenesis and Schwann cell differentiation. In addition, intrinsic circadian clock genes such as melatonin receptor and photopigment melanopsin genes were found to be upregulated in an experimental model, suggesting that circadian rhythm might play a role in myopia development. […] Myopia has also been linked to chronic inflammation. Researchers observed an increased prevalence of myopia in children with inflammatory disease such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, uveitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Additionally, in hamsters with myopia they found an increased expression of proteins involved in inflammation such as c-Fos, (NFkB), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). There was an increase in expression of these proteins seen in eyes treated with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, and a corresponding increase in myopia progression in hamsters. Similarly, there was a decrease in inflammatory protein expression and a corresponding decrease in myopia progression in hamsters treated with cyclosporine, an anti-inflammatory medication.

• #101 Myopia: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/myopia-causes-and-treatments

  Understanding the underlying cause of myopia could help identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and slow or prevent progression and myopic complications. Evidence points to both a genetic and environmental basis for myopia. One study found 21 gene candidates for it. These genes are involved in several different pathways, including mannosylation, glycosylation, lens development, gliogenesis and Schwann cell differentiation. In addition, intrinsic circadian clock genes such as melatonin receptor and photopigment melanopsin genes were found to be upregulated in an experimental model, suggesting that circadian rhythm might play a role in myopia development. […] Myopia has also been linked to chronic inflammation. Researchers observed an increased prevalence of myopia in children with inflammatory disease such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, uveitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Additionally, in hamsters with myopia they found an increased expression of proteins involved in inflammation such as c-Fos, (NFkB), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). There was an increase in expression of these proteins seen in eyes treated with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, and a corresponding increase in myopia progression in hamsters. Similarly, there was a decrease in inflammatory protein expression and a corresponding decrease in myopia progression in hamsters treated with cyclosporine, an anti-inflammatory medication.

• #102 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Nearsightedness-and-Farsightedness.aspx

  Nearsightedness (myopia) and Farsightedness (hyperopia or presbyopia) are well-known refractive errors or refractive eye diseases. […] The causes of nearsightedness are unidentified; some studies suggest that it is a hereditary problem. If the parents have myopia, their children are at a higher risk to develop it. Myopia can also develop if the cornea is curved for the eyeball length or if a lens is too thick. It can also be caused by a couple of problems that can occur in the cornea, eyeball length, and lens. […] Research is being carried out to review the effects of age, sex, and ethnicity in the development of myopia in humans. Scientists say that spending a lot of time in front of the computer, reading, writing, insufficient time spending in natural sunlight (to list just some of the causes) may worsen the condition of myopia. […] A recent development in research on this topic is that the circadian rhythms (i.e. the human biological clock) which adjust the human body on the basis of daily cycles of day and night can also be a factor that leads to myopia.

• #103

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness

  Too much time spent indoors increases a child’s risk for nearsightedness. Studies show that more time outdoors in natural light reduces a child’s risk. […] A great first step to prevent or slow the progression of nearsightedness is to encourage your child to spend more time outdoors. Balancing indoor time with outdoor time is beneficial for a child’s health and well-being. Outdoor time is protective against nearsightedness and a good prescription for eye health. […] Daily use of low-dose atropine eye drops slows the progression of nearsightedness in children and teenagers. The drops are placed in each eye at bedtime. These drops keep the eye from lengthening too much, because nearsightedness worsens as the eye grows longer. […] There is no scientific evidence to suggest that eye exercises, vitamins or pills can prevent or cure myopia.

• #104

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness

  Too much time spent indoors increases a child’s risk for nearsightedness. Studies show that more time outdoors in natural light reduces a child’s risk. […] A great first step to prevent or slow the progression of nearsightedness is to encourage your child to spend more time outdoors. Balancing indoor time with outdoor time is beneficial for a child’s health and well-being. Outdoor time is protective against nearsightedness and a good prescription for eye health. […] Daily use of low-dose atropine eye drops slows the progression of nearsightedness in children and teenagers. The drops are placed in each eye at bedtime. These drops keep the eye from lengthening too much, because nearsightedness worsens as the eye grows longer. […] There is no scientific evidence to suggest that eye exercises, vitamins or pills can prevent or cure myopia.

• #105 Reduce the risk of myopia in children – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/ways-to-prevent-myopia/

  Myopia — also known as nearsightedness, or the inability to see things far away — is becoming more prevalent in children. […] Although myopia can be triggered by genetics, it can also develop because of environmental factors such as limited time spent outdoors and increased time indoors doing activities such as activities on electronics. […] A child is more at risk of developing myopia if their parents have it. But studies show that spending limited time outdoors also puts children at increased risk for developing nearsightedness. […] The things that children do indoors are also connected to an increased risk of myopia, Dr. Chan says. […] Studies suggest that spending around two hours a day outdoors can prevent myopia. […] Taking steps to prevent or even slow myopia could help your child avoid the risk of developing other eye conditions. Severe nearsightedness increases the risk of conditions such as myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataracts later in life, Dr. Chan says. […] Myopia is an epidemic, says Dr. Chan. „It doesn’t have to be.”

• #106 What Causes Myopia to Worsen? | Eye Doctors 眼科医生 in California | Golden Vision Optometry

  https://goldenvision2020.com/resources/what-causes-myopia-to-worsen/

  Genetics: Studies have shown that children who have one or both parents with myopia are more likely to develop myopia themselves. […] Visual Stress: Spending a lot of time doing close-up activities like reading or using a computer can cause myopia to worsen. These activities can especially impact children whose eyes are still developing. […] Screen Time: According to some studies, excessive use of digital devices like computers, tablets, and smartphones can contribute to myopia progression. […] Less Time Outdoors: A lack of time outdoors may also cause myopia to worsen. Not utilizing your distance vision during outdoor activities may contribute to myopia. […] Health Conditions: Health conditions like diabetes can cause myopia to develop and get worse.

• #107 What Causes Myopia (Nearsightedness)? | Dr. Bishop & Associates

  https://drbishop.com/what-causes-myopia-nearsightedness/

  If myopia is left uncontrolled, it can continue to progress and worsen the patients vision. Although the eyes normally stop changing after the teenage years, its possible for the issue to continue to develop into adulthood. […] Although using normal eyeglasses or contact lenses helps to correct the vision issue, it does not help to slow its progression. Slowing myopia progression is especially important in children. […] Myopia is a growing concern in healthy vision. If you or your child is suffering from the symptoms of myopia, book an appointment to learn about myopia control methods. […] Myopia management is a personalized, proactive approach to slowing myopia progression to help support your childs sight today and protect their long-term eye health.

• #108 What Causes Myopia to Worsen? | San Diego

  https://totalvisionranchobernardo.com/what-causes-myopia-to-worsen/

  Myopia, more commonly known as nearsightedness, is a common refractive error. Several factors can influence its progression, and understanding these can help with myopia control. […] Myopia is a complex condition that can worsen due to genetics, screen time, limited outdoor activities, underlying health conditions, and environmental factors. […] The exact cause of myopia is unknown, but its likely a result of a complex interplay of several factors, including genetics and lifestyle. […] Several factors contribute to the worsening of myopia. […] If one or both parents are nearsighted, theres a higher chance their children will develop myopia. […] The rise in digital device use, particularly among children, is often linked with myopia development. […] Studies suggest that children who spend more time outdoors have a lower risk of developing myopia. Natural light exposure and looking at distant objects help regulate eye growth.

• #109

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness

  Too much time spent indoors increases a child’s risk for nearsightedness. Studies show that more time outdoors in natural light reduces a child’s risk. […] A great first step to prevent or slow the progression of nearsightedness is to encourage your child to spend more time outdoors. Balancing indoor time with outdoor time is beneficial for a child’s health and well-being. Outdoor time is protective against nearsightedness and a good prescription for eye health. […] Daily use of low-dose atropine eye drops slows the progression of nearsightedness in children and teenagers. The drops are placed in each eye at bedtime. These drops keep the eye from lengthening too much, because nearsightedness worsens as the eye grows longer. […] There is no scientific evidence to suggest that eye exercises, vitamins or pills can prevent or cure myopia.

• #110

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/eyes/Pages/Myopia-Nearsightedness.aspx

  Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a common vision problem that often begins between the ages of 6 and 14. […] Children are more likely to develop myopia if their parents are nearsighted. However, myopia is on the rise overall, especially in kids. No one is exactly sure why, but experts believe it could be related to more time doing closeup tasks indoors like using computers and playing video games. […] Myopia happens when your child’s eyeball is too long from front to back. It can also develop when the cornea, the clear window at the front of the eye, is curved too steeply. […] Myopia generally gets worse through adolescence, then starts to stabilize in the early 20s. […] Researchers are studying ways to prevent myopia from worsening in children. These potential treatments include: […] A low dose of the same type of eye drops that are used to dilate the pupils during an eye exam may help slow down myopia in children between 5 and 18 years old.

• #111 What Causes Myopia to Worsen?

  https://www.specialtyeye.com/what-causes-myopia-to-worsen/

  Addressing that underlying cause of myopia progression is important for helping kids avoid the potential complications of high myopia. […] Low-dose atropine eye drops can slow myopia progression. […] Orthokeratology involves wearing rigid, gas-permeable contact lenses overnight. […] Multifocal contact lenses are designed with multiple rings that have different prescription strengths. These soft contact lenses can signal your childs eyes to stop elongating by changing the way light focuses.

• #112

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/eyes/Pages/Myopia-Nearsightedness.aspx

  In some children, wearing a specialized multifocal contact lens that blurs their side vision may help slow their eye growth and limit myopia. […] Spending time outdoors can also help with myopia management. By balancing screen time with outside time when possible, you may help limit your child’s nearsightedness and protect their vision as they grow.

• #113  What Causes Myopia? Unpacking the Factors Behind Nearsightedness

  https://www.opticaledgehouston.com/blog/what-causes-myopia-unpacking-the-factors-behind-nearsightedness.html

  Managing myopia is about more than just stronger glasses—it’s about slowing down its progression and protecting long-term eye health. […] Low-dose atropine can help slow the progression of myopia and reduce the risk of severe nearsightedness in the future. […] These specially designed lenses help the eyes focus more effectively and can slow myopia progression while providing clear vision for everyday activities.

• #114 Understanding Myopia | Causes & Symptoms Of Nearsightedness

  https://www.vision-institute.com/myopia-is-more-than-just-refractive-error-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-and-ways-to-slow-progression/

  Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, is a refractive error that makes it difficult to see distant objects but easy to see near objects. […] The reason myopia develops is due to the structure of the eye. […] While genetics play a role, environmental factors like excessive near work (reading, screen time, etc) and limited time spent outdoors can also contribute to its development. […] As axial length increases, so does the severity of myopia (higher prescription). […] Importantly, longer eyes are associated with a higher risk of sight-threatening complications later in life. […] Therefore, understanding and managing axial length are key to protecting long-term vision and eye health. […] Successful control of progressive axial length elongation and myopia hinge on consistent, daily use of the prescribed treatment.

• #115 Understanding Myopia | Causes & Symptoms Of Nearsightedness

  https://www.vision-institute.com/myopia-is-more-than-just-refractive-error-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-and-ways-to-slow-progression/

  Numerous studies have demonstrated the safety of these options. […] Importantly, they have shown the risks associated with vision impairment from a long axial length significantly outweigh the risks associated with responsible contact lens and orthokeratology use. […] The best approach for myopia management correction depends on individual needs and circumstances. […] The most suitable myopia control technique depends on individual needs, prescription, and other factors. […] By minimizing myopia progression in childhood, you set the stage for clearer, healthier vision and a greater range of options for correcting the refractive error comfortably and successfully throughout adulthood.

• #116

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness

  Too much time spent indoors increases a child’s risk for nearsightedness. Studies show that more time outdoors in natural light reduces a child’s risk. […] A great first step to prevent or slow the progression of nearsightedness is to encourage your child to spend more time outdoors. Balancing indoor time with outdoor time is beneficial for a child’s health and well-being. Outdoor time is protective against nearsightedness and a good prescription for eye health. […] Daily use of low-dose atropine eye drops slows the progression of nearsightedness in children and teenagers. The drops are placed in each eye at bedtime. These drops keep the eye from lengthening too much, because nearsightedness worsens as the eye grows longer. […] There is no scientific evidence to suggest that eye exercises, vitamins or pills can prevent or cure myopia.

• #117 Nearsightedness (Myopia): Causes, Signs & Treatments – NVISION

  https://www.nvisioncenters.com/nearsightedness/

  Research cited by Nature suggests that rates of myopia are on the rise due to modern lifestyle choices. […] Higher levels of education have also been associated with myopia. […] The American Optometric Association reports that adults may also experience a form of nearsightedness caused by their work. This pseudo myopia is caused by overused eye muscles. […] Some people expand this idea into the visual realm, and they suggest that natural therapies could help to cure myopia, which would allow you to avoid both surgery and correction with lenses. Unfortunately, the results they deliver do not often live up to the promise. […] Since myopia is caused by an unusual eye shape that typically begins in childhood and progresses until early adulthood when it stops altogether, adults taking vitamins are addressing the problem much too late.

• #118 Nearsightedness: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/nearsightedness/

  Nearsightedness is typically a complex condition. Multiple genetic variations, each with a small effect, likely interact with environmental and lifestyle factors to influence whether a person becomes nearsighted. Some of the factors that contribute to nearsightedness have been confirmed by research, while others have yet to be discovered. […] Occasionally, nearsightedness (particularly high myopia) results from mutations in a single gene. Variations in at least seven specific genes have been associated with high myopia. […] Large studies have identified more than 200 genes involved in nearsightedness, and additional studies are underway. Some of these genes help guide eye growth before and after birth. Other genes are involved in processing light signals in the retina. Still other genes are known to be involved in nearsightedness, but their role in vision is unclear. Environmental and lifestyle factors also play an important part in nearsightedness. Much of the recent increase in the frequency of nearsightedness worldwide is likely related to spending less time outdoors and doing more „near work,” such as reading, studying, and working on computers and handheld devices. Researchers are working to determine how genetic variations may interact with these lifestyle changes to alter the shape of the eyes. […] In most nearsighted people, this vision problem is not part of a larger genetic syndrome. However, more than 200 genetic conditions, most of them rare, include nearsightedness as a feature.

• #119 Myopia: Causes and Treatments

  https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/myopia-causes-and-treatments

  Environmentally, myopia could be driven by numerous changes in lifestyle that have occurred in recent generations. Children and adults spending less time outdoors has been implicated as a causative factor. One study found that changes in luminance contrast were associated with hyperopic shifts whereas changes in color contrast were associated with myopic shifts. Other lifestyle changes that have been suggested as playing a role in causing or exacerbating myopia include increased time performing near-work activities, peripheral hyperopia in the myopic eye and diet.

• #120 Reduce the risk of myopia in children – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/ways-to-prevent-myopia/

  Myopia — also known as nearsightedness, or the inability to see things far away — is becoming more prevalent in children. […] Although myopia can be triggered by genetics, it can also develop because of environmental factors such as limited time spent outdoors and increased time indoors doing activities such as activities on electronics. […] A child is more at risk of developing myopia if their parents have it. But studies show that spending limited time outdoors also puts children at increased risk for developing nearsightedness. […] The things that children do indoors are also connected to an increased risk of myopia, Dr. Chan says. […] Studies suggest that spending around two hours a day outdoors can prevent myopia. […] Taking steps to prevent or even slow myopia could help your child avoid the risk of developing other eye conditions. Severe nearsightedness increases the risk of conditions such as myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataracts later in life, Dr. Chan says. […] Myopia is an epidemic, says Dr. Chan. „It doesn’t have to be.”

• #121 Myopia: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment of an Increasingly Common Disease | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27734/myopia-causes-prevention-and-treatment-of-an-increasingly-common-disease

  Myopia, commonly called nearsightedness, has been increasing globally. […] This report also examines knowledge gaps and barriers to progress and develops a research agenda aimed at better understanding the biological and environmental factors that could explain the increasing incidence of myopia.

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