Molluscum contagiosum
Diagnostyka i diagnoza

Molluscum contagiosum to wirusowa infekcja skóry wywołana przez wirusa z rodziny Poxviridae, charakteryzująca się obecnością małych (2-5 mm), perłowo-białych lub cielistych grudek z centralnym wgłębieniem (umblikacją), które są patognomoniczne. Diagnostyka opiera się głównie na badaniu klinicznym i wywiadzie, z wykorzystaniem dermatoskopii w przypadkach wątpliwych, gdzie widoczne są charakterystyczne białawe lub żółtawe struktury otoczone naczyniami układającymi się w koronę. W trudniejszych przypadkach stosuje się badania mikroskopowe (zeskrobiny, preparaty wgniecionowe z ciałkami Henderson-Patersona), biopsję skóry, PCR, metody immunohistochemiczne oraz hybrydyzację in situ. Diagnostyka różnicowa obejmuje m.in. brodawki płaskie i wirusowe, opryszczkę, kłykciny kończyste, trądzik, nowotwory skóry oraz infekcje oportunistyczne u pacjentów z immunosupresją, zwłaszcza HIV/AIDS.

  1. Diagnostyka Molluscum contagiosum
    1. Diagnostyka kliniczna
    2. Dermatoskopia
    3. Badania laboratoryjne i mikroskopowe
    4. Badania molekularne
    5. Diagnostyka różnicowa
    6. Badania dodatkowe i screeningowe
  2. Diagnostyka w różnych grupach pacjentów
    1. Diagnostyka u dzieci
    2. Diagnostyka u pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością
    3. Diagnostyka u osób dorosłych aktywnych seksualnie
  3. Nowoczesne trendy w diagnostyce
    1. Teledermatologia i autodiagnostyka
    2. Konfokalna mikroskopia odbiciowa
  4. Protokoły diagnostyczne i świadczenia zdrowotne
    1. Kto diagnostykuje Molluscum contagiosum?
    2. Wskazania do diagnostyki i konsultacji specjalistycznej
    3. Praktyczne aspekty procedur diagnostycznych
  5. Wyzwania i znaczenie diagnostyki
    1. Konsekwencje błędnej diagnozy
    2. Znaczenie wczesnej i precyzyjnej diagnostyki
  6. Postępowanie po diagnozie
    1. Opcje terapeutyczne
    2. Zalecenia dla różnych grup pacjentów
    3. Edukacja pacjenta
    4. Kolejne rozdziały

Diagnostyka Molluscum contagiosum

Molluscum contagiosum to wirusowa infekcja skórna wywoływana przez wirus z rodziny Poxviridae. Charakteryzuje się występowaniem małych, wypukłych, perłowo-białych lub cielistych grudek z centralnym wgłębieniem. Diagnostyka tej choroby ma kluczowe znaczenie dla wdrożenia właściwego postępowania i odróżnienia jej od innych schorzeń skórnych.123

Diagnostyka kliniczna

Diagnoza Molluscum contagiosum opiera się przede wszystkim na badaniu klinicznym. Lekarze najczęściej są w stanie rozpoznać tę chorobę na podstawie charakterystycznego wyglądu zmian skórnych podczas badania fizykalnego. Typowe wykwity mają postać małych (2-5 mm średnicy), kopulastych, perłowo-białych lub cielistych grudek z centralnym zagłębieniem (umblikacją), które jest patognomoniczne dla tej infekcji.123

Podczas diagnostyki klinicznej lekarz przeprowadza wywiad medyczny, aby lepiej zrozumieć objawy pacjenta oraz potencjalne czynniki ryzyka zakażenia. Istotne jest ustalenie czasu trwania zmian, ewentualnego kontaktu z osobami zakażonymi oraz występowania czynników predysponujących, takich jak atopowe zapalenie skóry czy zaburzenia odporności.12

Dermatoskopia

W przypadkach, gdy zmiany są bardzo małe lub nietypowe, pomocna może być dermatoskopia. Badanie to pozwala na dokładniejszą ocenę charakterystycznych cech grudek Molluscum contagiosum, takich jak centralnie położone białawe lub żółtawe struktury otoczone naczyniami krwionośnymi układającymi się w koronę. Dermatoskopia jest nieinwazyjna i może znacząco zwiększyć pewność diagnozy, szczególnie we wczesnych stadiach choroby, gdy zmiany mogą być małe i płaskie.123

Badania laboratoryjne i mikroskopowe

W przypadkach wątpliwych diagnostycznie lub gdy obraz kliniczny nie jest jednoznaczny, można zastosować dodatkowe metody diagnostyczne:

  • Zeskrobiny skórne i preparat wgniecionowy (squash preparation) – materiał pobrany ze środkowej części zmiany (tzw. ciałko molluscum) można rozpłaszczyć między dwoma szkiełkami mikroskopowymi i zabarwić (np. metodą Giemsy, Wrighta, Grama, 10% KOH lub barwieniem Papanicolaou). Pod mikroskopem widoczne są charakterystyczne ciałka inkluzyjne Henderson-Patersona, które są diagnostyczne dla Molluscum contagiosum.123
  • Biopsja skóry – w przypadkach szczególnie trudnych diagnostycznie może być wykonana biopsja zmiany. W badaniu histopatologicznym widoczne są charakterystyczne cechy, takie jak hiperplastyczny naskórek z wgłębieniem w centralnej części oraz komórki zawierające eozynofilne ciałka inkluzyjne w cytoplazmie (ciałka molluscum, znane również jako ciałka Henderson-Patersona). Obecność tych struktur jest diagnostyczna dla Molluscum contagiosum.123

Badania molekularne

W wybranych przypadkach, szczególnie u pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością, gdy zmiany mogą być nietypowe, stosuje się bardziej zaawansowane metody diagnostyczne:

  • Reakcja łańcuchowa polimerazy (PCR) – metoda ta pozwala na wykrycie i identyfikację materiału genetycznego wirusa Molluscum contagiosum w zmianach skórnych. Jest szczególnie przydatna w przypadkach wątpliwych lub do różnicowania z innymi infekcjami wirusowymi.123
  • Metody immunohistochemiczne – wykorzystują przeciwciała poliklonalne do rozpoznania wirusa Molluscum contagiosum w utrwalonych tkankach.1
  • Hybrydyzacja in situ – metoda ta może być stosowana do wykrywania materiału genetycznego (DNA) wirusa.1

Diagnostyka różnicowa

Molluscum contagiosum należy różnicować z wieloma innymi chorobami skórnymi, które mogą prezentować podobne objawy kliniczne. Do najważniejszych jednostek w diagnostyce różnicowej należą:

  • Brodawki płaskie (verruca plana) – szczególnie we wczesnej fazie infekcji, gdy wykwity są małe, płaskie i blade1
  • Brodawki wirusowe (verruca vulgaris)1
  • Opryszczka (zakażenie HSV)1
  • Kłykciny kończyste (wywołane przez HPV)1
  • Trądzik1
  • Niektóre nowotwory skóry (np. rak podstawnokomórkowy, czerniak bezbarwnikowy)1
  • Pyodermia (zakażenia bakteryjne skóry)1
  • Atopowe zapalenie skóry1
  • Zapalenie mieszków włosowych (folliculitis)1

U pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością, zwłaszcza z HIV/AIDS, diagnostyka różnicowa powinna dodatkowo uwzględniać oportunistyczne infekcje grzybicze, takie jak kryptokokoza skórna, histoplazmoza i aspergiloza, które mogą naśladować Molluscum contagiosum.1

Badania dodatkowe i screeningowe

W określonych sytuacjach klinicznych, oprócz diagnostyki zmian skórnych, mogą być zalecane dodatkowe badania:

  • Badania w kierunku innych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową – u pacjentów z Molluscum contagiosum w okolicach narządów płciowych zaleca się wykonanie pełnego panelu badań przesiewowych w kierunku innych infekcji przenoszonych drogą płciową, takich jak kiła, rzeżączka, chlamydioza, opryszczka, HIV.123
  • Badania w kierunku HIV – u pacjentów z rozległymi zmianami lub zmianami na twarzy, szczególnie gdy są one oporne na leczenie, należy rozważyć wykonanie testu w kierunku HIV.12
  • Badania w kierunku immunosupresji – u pacjentów z nietypowo dużą liczbą zmian, rozległymi wykwitami lub zmianami opornymi na leczenie należy rozważyć ocenę stanu układu immunologicznego.12

Diagnostyka w różnych grupach pacjentów

Diagnostyka u dzieci

Molluscum contagiosum jest szczególnie częste u dzieci w wieku 2-5 lat. Diagnoza opiera się głównie na badaniu klinicznym. U dzieci zmiany występują najczęściej na tułowiu, kończynach i twarzy. Ważne jest, aby podczas diagnostyki uwzględnić możliwość autoinokulacji (przeniesienia infekcji na inne części ciała przez drapanie) oraz współistnienia atopowego zapalenia skóry, które może predysponować do rozległej infekcji.12

Obecność Molluscum contagiosum w okolicach narządów płciowych u dzieci zazwyczaj wynika z autoinokulacji i nie musi wskazywać na wykorzystanie seksualne, choć taka możliwość powinna być rozważona w ramach diagnostyki różnicowej.1

Diagnostyka u pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością

U pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością, szczególnie z HIV/AIDS, Molluscum contagiosum może przebiegać w sposób nietypowy. Zmiany mogą być liczne, duże, oporne na leczenie i nietypowo zlokalizowane (np. na twarzy). W tej grupie pacjentów zaleca się przeprowadzenie biopsji lub innych badań potwierdzających, ponieważ kilka oportunistycznych infekcji może klinicznie naśladować Molluscum contagiosum.12

U pacjentów z HIV dodatnich, pojawienie się Molluscum contagiosum może być oznaką progresji choroby do stadium AIDS, dlatego wskazane są dalsze badania oceniające stan układu immunologicznego.1

Diagnostyka u osób dorosłych aktywnych seksualnie

U dorosłych, szczególnie aktywnych seksualnie, Molluscum contagiosum często lokalizuje się w okolicach narządów płciowych, podbrzusza, wewnętrznej powierzchni ud i okolicy okołoodbytniczej. W przypadku zmian w tych lokalizacjach, poza diagnozą Molluscum contagiosum, niezbędne jest przeprowadzenie pełnego screeningu w kierunku innych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową.12

Nowoczesne trendy w diagnostyce

Teledermatologia i autodiagnostyka

W dobie rosnącej dostępności technologii cyfrowych, coraz częściej wykorzystuje się metody teledermatologiczne w diagnostyce Molluscum contagiosum. W niektórych przypadkach lekarze mogą diagnozować tę chorobę na podstawie zdjęć przesłanych przez pacjentów, bez konieczności bezpośredniego badania fizycznego.1

Jednocześnie obserwuje się trend do autodiagnostyki, szczególnie wśród rodziców dzieci z podejrzeniem Molluscum contagiosum, którzy korzystają z zasobów internetowych. Należy jednak podkreślić, że taka forma rozpoznania powinna być zawsze zweryfikowana przez specjalistę, aby uniknąć błędnej diagnozy i niewłaściwego leczenia.1

Konfokalna mikroskopia odbiciowa

Konfokalna mikroskopia odbiciowa (RCM) jest nieinwazyjną metodą obrazowania in vivo, która może być pomocna w diagnostyce Molluscum contagiosum, szczególnie w przypadkach trudnych do rozpoznania klinicznie. Metoda ta pozwala na wizualizację zmian w naskórku i górnych warstwach skóry właściwej na poziomie komórkowym, co umożliwia identyfikację charakterystycznych cech Molluscum contagiosum bez konieczności wykonywania biopsji.1

Protokoły diagnostyczne i świadczenia zdrowotne

Kto diagnostykuje Molluscum contagiosum?

Diagnostyką Molluscum contagiosum mogą zajmować się różni specjaliści, w zależności od okoliczności i systemu opieki zdrowotnej:

  • Lekarze podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej1
  • Pediatrzy1
  • Dermatolodzy1
  • Specjaliści chorób zakaźnych1
  • Lekarze oddziałów ratunkowych1

Według badań, średnia liczba konsultacji lekarskich przed postawieniem diagnozy Molluscum contagiosum wynosi około 1,95. Diagnozy są najczęściej stawiane przez pediatrów (49%), lekarzy rodzinnych (37%), dermatologów (34%), specjalistów chorób zakaźnych (23%) i lekarzy oddziałów ratunkowych (21%).12

Wskazania do diagnostyki i konsultacji specjalistycznej

Choć większość przypadków Molluscum contagiosum może być diagnozowana i leczona przez lekarzy podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej lub pediatrów, istnieją sytuacje, w których wskazana jest konsultacja specjalistyczna:

  • Gdy diagnoza jest niepewna lub obraz kliniczny nietypowy1
  • Przy bardzo licznych zmianach lub zmianach znacząco wpływających na jakość życia pacjenta1
  • Gdy zmiany lokalizują się na powiekach lub w pobliżu oczu1
  • U pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością1
  • Przy podejrzeniu współistniejących chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową1
  • Gdy zmiany utrzymują się przez dłuższy czas mimo leczenia1

Praktyczne aspekty procedur diagnostycznych

W praktyce klinicznej diagnostyka Molluscum contagiosum opiera się na kilku kluczowych elementach:

  1. Dokładny wywiad medyczny, obejmujący czas pojawienia się zmian, ich lokalizację, ewolucję, występowanie podobnych zmian u osób z otoczenia, obecność chorób współistniejących oraz ewentualne wcześniejsze leczenie.1
  2. Badanie fizykalne z dokładną oceną charakteru, liczby i rozmieszczenia zmian skórnych.1
  3. W przypadku wątpliwości – badania dodatkowe, takie jak dermatoskopia, badanie mikroskopowe materiału ze zmiany lub biopsja.12
  4. W wybranych przypadkach – screeningi w kierunku chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową lub ocena stanu immunologicznego.12

Wyzwania i znaczenie diagnostyki

Konsekwencje błędnej diagnozy

Prawidłowa diagnostyka Molluscum contagiosum jest istotna, ponieważ błędna diagnoza może prowadzić do:

  • Niepotrzebnego leczenia lub stosowania niewłaściwych metod terapeutycznych1
  • Opóźnienia właściwego leczenia1
  • Przeoczenia potencjalnie poważniejszych chorób (np. nowotworów skóry) wymagających pilnej interwencji1
  • Niepotrzebnego niepokoju pacjenta lub jego rodziny1
  • Rozprzestrzeniania się infekcji na inne osoby1

Znaczenie wczesnej i precyzyjnej diagnostyki

Wczesna i precyzyjna diagnostyka Molluscum contagiosum ma istotne znaczenie z kilku powodów:

  • Pozwala na wdrożenie odpowiedniego postępowania terapeutycznego1
  • Umożliwia edukację pacjenta na temat naturalnego przebiegu choroby i metod zapobiegania jej rozprzestrzenianiu1
  • Może pomóc w identyfikacji potencjalnych współistniejących problemów zdrowotnych, szczególnie u pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością1
  • Pozwala na wczesne wykrycie i leczenie innych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową u pacjentów z Molluscum contagiosum w okolicach narządów płciowych1
  • Może zapobiec stosowaniu niepotrzebnych lub potencjalnie szkodliwych metod leczenia1

Postępowanie po diagnozie

Opcje terapeutyczne

Po zdiagnozowaniu Molluscum contagiosum, lekarz może zaproponować różne opcje postępowania, w zależności od indywidualnej sytuacji pacjenta, liczby i lokalizacji zmian oraz preferencji terapeutycznych:

  • Obserwacja (watchful waiting) – ponieważ Molluscum contagiosum jest chorobą samoograniczającą się, która zazwyczaj ustępuje samoistnie w ciągu 6-24 miesięcy, w wielu przypadkach, szczególnie u dzieci z niewielką liczbą zmian, można zastosować podejście wyczekujące bez aktywnego leczenia.12
  • Leczenie destrukcyjne – metody niszczące zmiany, takie jak krioterapia (wymrażanie ciekłym azotem), łyżeczkowanie, elektrokoagulacja czy zastosowanie kantarydyny, są często stosowane przez dermatologów w gabinecie.12
  • Leczenie miejscowe – preparaty do stosowania miejscowego, takie jak imikwimod, podofilotoksyna, tretynoina, wodorotlenek potasu (KOH) czy kwas salicylowy, mogą być przepisywane do stosowania w domu.12
  • Leczenie zatwierdzone przez FDA – w 2021 roku FDA zatwierdziła preparat YCANTH (kantarydyna w roztworze do stosowania miejscowego 0,7%) jako pierwszy lek specyficznie przeznaczony do leczenia Molluscum contagiosum.12

Zalecenia dla różnych grup pacjentów

Wybór metody postępowania po diagnozie zależy od wielu czynników, w tym wieku pacjenta, stanu immunologicznego, lokalizacji i liczby zmian:

  • Dzieci z niewielką liczbą zmian – często zaleca się obserwację, ponieważ zmiany zazwyczaj ustępują samoistnie, a inwazyjne metody leczenia mogą być stresujące i bolesne.1
  • Dzieci z licznymi zmianami lub atopowym zapaleniem skóry – może być zalecane aktywne leczenie, aby zapobiec rozprzestrzenianiu się infekcji.1
  • Osoby z zmianami w okolicach narządów płciowych – zalecane jest leczenie, aby zmniejszyć ryzyko przeniesienia infekcji podczas kontaktów seksualnych.1
  • Pacjenci z obniżoną odpornością – zazwyczaj wymagają aktywnego leczenia, ponieważ zmiany mogą być bardziej rozległe i oporne na standardowe metody terapeutyczne.1

Edukacja pacjenta

Po zdiagnozowaniu Molluscum contagiosum, kluczowa jest edukacja pacjenta lub jego opiekunów na temat:

  • Naturalnego przebiegu choroby i oczekiwanego czasu ustąpienia zmian1
  • Dróg przenoszenia wirusa i metod zapobiegania rozprzestrzenianiu się infekcji1
  • Unikania drapania i dotykania zmian, aby zapobiec autoinokulacji i wtórnym infekcjom1
  • Dostępnych opcji terapeutycznych, ich skuteczności, potencjalnych działań niepożądanych i kosztów1
  • Konieczności kontroli lekarskiej w przypadku nasilenia objawów lub pojawienia się nowych zmian1

Molluscum contagiosum jest chorobą łagodną i samoograniczającą się, która zazwyczaj nie wymaga agresywnego leczenia. Jednak prawidłowa diagnoza ma kluczowe znaczenie dla właściwego postępowania i odróżnienia od innych, potencjalnie poważniejszych schorzeń skórnych.12

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  1. 15.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Molluscum contagiosum – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/molluscum-contagiosum/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375230
    Health care providers usually can diagnose molluscum contagiosum just by looking at it. […] If there’s any doubt, they may take skin scrapings from the infected area and view them under a microscope.
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/viral-skin-diseases/molluscum-contagiosum
    Molluscum contagiosum is characterized by clusters of pink, dome-shaped, smooth, waxy, or pearly and umbilicated papules 2 to 5 mm in diameter caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus, a poxvirus. Diagnosis is based on clinical appearance. […] Diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum is usually based on clinical appearance. When performed, skin biopsy or smear of expressed material shows characteristic inclusion bodies but is necessary only when diagnosis is uncertain. […] Diagnose based on clinical appearance.
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum: What it is, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12175-molluscum-contagiosum
    Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that causes one or many raised, pearl-like bumps (papules) on your skin. […] A healthcare provider will diagnose the molluscum contagiosum infection after performing a physical exam and asking questions to understand more about your symptoms. Your provider will also take a complete medical history. The appearance of the bump(s) or papule(s) on your skin will lead to a diagnosis. […] A skin biopsy can help confirm a diagnosis, where your provider will remove a small sample of the papule from your skin to examine it under a microscope.
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441898/
    Molluscum contagiosum is diagnosed mainly in children aged two to five years, but also in sexually active teenagers and adults, and immunocompromised persons. […] The diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum is based on clinical examination. Lesions are firm, white to flesh-colored, dome-shaped, pearly papules, having a central umbilication from which one can express a cheesy material. […] In the case of a diagnosis difficulty, dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, and histopathology may be useful. […] The management of molluscum contagiosum is best done with an interprofessional team that also includes the primary care provider and nurse practitioner. […] In the majority of patients, molluscum contagiosum resolves without any residual scars. The disorder is benign and spontaneous resolution is the usual outcome, but it may take 12-24 months.
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum Workup: Approach Considerations, Histologic Findings
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/910570-workup
    In most instances, a diagnosis is easily established because of the distinctive, central umbilication of the dome-shaped lesion (papule, or bump). […] If diagnosis is uncertain, lesions may be biopsied. Characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (molluscum bodies, or Henderson-Paterson bodies) are seen on histologic examination findings. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay can be used to detect and categorize molluscum contagiosum virus in skin lesions. […] Evaluate the patient for other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) because sexually active patients may acquire other concomitant venereal diseases, such as syphilis and gonorrhea. Always consider testing for HIV infection in patients with facial lesions. […] Squash preparation is microscopic examination of cellular exudate. The cellular material contained within the central umbilication may be extracted manually, flattened between 2 microscope slides, and stained. Microscopic examination of this preparation reveals the Henderson-Paterson bodies. […] Lesions in molluscum contagiosum have a characteristic histopathology. […] Lobules containing hyalinized molluscum bodies, also known as Henderson-Paterson bodies, are diagnostic.
  • #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Molluscum-Contagiosum-Diagnosis.aspx
    Such expressions are then smeared on a slide, which is left unstained or stained with Giemsa, Wright, Gram, 10% potassium hydroxide or Papanicolaou stains to demonstrate large, brick-shaped inclusion bodies. […] Immunohistochemical methods that use polyclonal antibodies allow recognition of molluscum contagiosum virus in fixed tissue, while in situ hybridization for the genetic material (DNA) of the virus has also been used. […] Today, parents of affected children often use the Internet in order to self-assess and diagnose molluscum contagiosum in their children. […] Therefore the appropriate awareness of distinctive cytological features of molluscum contagiosum significantly aids in correctly diagnosing the condition even in clinically unsuspected cases.
  • #1 Comprehensive Management of Molluscum Contagiosum: Assessment of Clinical Associations, Comorbidities, and Management Principles | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
    https://jcadonline.com/comprehensive-management-of-molluscum-contagiosum/
    Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is an infection caused by a benign, double-strand DNA virus of the Poxviridae family. This article reviews diagnostic methods and available treatment options for MC, with an emphasis on risk factors and comorbidities. MC presenting with its distinctive morphologic characteristics of the lesions is, typically, a straightforward clinical diagnosis. Most MC lesions are smooth, small, well-defined, skin-colored or light pink papules with central umbilication. A dermatoscope may be used to better identify the characteristic features of an MC papule in cases where the individual lesions are very small in size. Occasionally, a biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis, especially in immunocompromised patients presenting with atypical-appearing lesions. […] It is important to note that MC papules can resemble verruca plana (flat warts), especially early in the course of infection when the papules are small, flat, and pale in color, as opposed to their usual domed appearanceclinicians are encouraged to be thorough in their assessments, to avoid misdiagnosis and delaying appropriate treatment.
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum (Molluscipoxvirus) – Dermatology Advisor
    https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/molluscum-contagiosum-molluscipoxvirus/
    Molluscum contagiosus, also known as molluscipoxvirus (MCV), can infect healthy children and adults. […] Diagnosis is typically clinical, however tests are available. Giemsa stain of a crush preparation of the contents of the central plug will show intracytoplasmic molluscum inclusion bodies Histopathologic examination reveals inverted lobules with hyperplastic epidermis and enlarged cells above the basal lamina that contain eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions (Henderson-Paterson or molluscum bodies). […] In general, the differential diagnosis for MCV includes verrucae (warts), pyogenic granulomas, appendageal tumors (syringomas, hydrocystomas and trichoepitheliomas), Langerhans cell histiocytosis, amelanotic melanomas, and basal cell carcinomas. […] The majority of MCV infections occur in healthy children, or in children with atopic dermatitis. […] Although diagnosis is most commonly clinical, the differential is broad and other less-common diagnoses should be considered if unusual behavior of the lesions is noted.
  • #1 Molluscum contagiosum – Symptoms, Causes & Diagnosis
    https://clarewellclinics.co.uk/genital-dermatology/molluscum-contagiosum/
    Molluscum contagiosum can be diagnosed clinically in over 99% of cases. Your clinician will take a history, examine your skin, and will be able to provide a diagnosis without needing any additional investigations or tests. […] In certain situations, your clinician might diagnose your condition based solely on your medical history without a physical examination. In such instances, the clinician may request you to submit photographs of the lesions to facilitate the diagnosis. […] If there is uncertainty in diagnosis or concern about potential precancerous or cancerous changes in the skin, a skin biopsy may be recommended. This involves taking a sample of the abnormal skin under anesthesia, which is then sent to a laboratory for microscopic examination. […] Molecular testing, specifically polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can also be utilised to identify the genetic material of the Molluscum contagiosum virus. While rarely employed in practice, it may be beneficial in cases where the diagnosis is unclear, and lesions could be caused by another infective agent such as Herpes simplex virus (HSV) or Human papillomavirus (HPV).
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum: Pictures, Stages, Symptoms, Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/molluscum_contagiosum_facts/article.htm
    Molluscum contagiosum is a mild skin disease (skin infection) caused by a virus (molluscum contagiosum virus, a member of the Poxviridae family) that causes usually painless small bumps or lumps (flesh-colored or skin-colored, dome-shaped papules); some may be umbilicated, meaning the lesion has a central depression with a spot in the middle that resembles a navel on the skin (umbilication). […] Understanding the different stages of molluscum contagiosum through pictures can help in early identification and management, whether through observation or appropriate treatment options if necessary. […] Doctors or other health care providers diagnose molluscum contagiosum based on the person’s history and physical exam. A skin biopsy or tissue scraping that shows the viral infection is a definitive diagnosis usually made by a pathologist or a board-certified dermatologist. […] This definitive diagnosis is sometimes helpful to distinguish molluscum contagiosum from many other skin conditions like herpes, genital warts (HPV), hives, atopic dermatitis, skin cancer, bacterial infections, or folliculitis.
  • #1 Molluscum contagiosum | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/molluscum-contagiosum
    Molluscum contagiosum can be mistaken for genital warts or pimples. […] If you notice any unusual skin lesions, see your doctor or health professional for an accurate diagnosis. […] There is no test for molluscum contagiosum. It is diagnosed through a physical examination by looking at the appearance of the lesions. […] If you have molluscum contagiosum, your health professional may recommend tests for other STIs.
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum Differential Diagnoses
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/910570-differential
    The cutaneous manifestations of other opportunistic infections, such as cutaneous cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and aspergillosis, may mimic molluscum contagiosum and must be ruled out in immunocompromised hosts. […] Histologic or microscopic confirmation of molluscum contagiosum is indicated in patients who are immunocompromised because several life-threatening opportunistic infections may clinically mimic molluscum contagiosum. […] Conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum include the following: […] Differential diagnoses to consider in patients with AIDS include the following:
  • #1 Molluscum contagiosum – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/molluscum-contagiosum/
    Diagnosis is primarily clinical; dermoscopy can aid visualization. […] If there is diagnostic uncertainty, consider: Skin biopsy: Molluscum bodies on histopathology confirm the diagnosis. […] NAAT testing (if available). […] Atypical or extensive spread: Consider evaluation for underlying immunocompromising conditions (e.g., HIV testing). […] Genital lesions in sexually active patients: Screen for other STIs. […] Genital lesions in children are usually caused by autoinoculation and do not necessarily indicate sexual abuse.
  • #1 Update on Molluscum Contagiosum
    https://www.bstquarterly.com/article/update-on-molluscum-contagiosum/
    Molluscum contagiosum is one of the most easily spread skin diseases, making it so common that public health agencies don’t even know how many people contract it each year. […] Due to the distinctive appearance of the lesions, diagnosis is usually made by an examination of the mollusca. If there is any doubt, a tissue sample can be sent to a laboratory for confirmation. […] Patients with HIV or another immune disease are likely to require treatment as well. When HIV-positive patients contract MCV, it can be a sign that the disease is progressing, and further tests may be called for to determine the state of the immune system and whether the patient is developing AIDS. […] Until just this year, treatment options were limited to these off-label drug uses, but FDA recently approved a new treatment specifically for MCV: YCANTH (catharidin) topical solution 0.7%.
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/childrens-health/viral-skin-infections-leaflet/molluscum-contagiosum
    Molluscum contagiosum is a common condition where small warty bumps (mollusca) appear on the skin. […] Molluscum contagiosum is a type of skin infection caused by a virus, which can be passed on by skin-to-skin contact. […] If it is passed on through sexual contact then the first mollusca to appear tend to be on the skin of the lower tummy (abdomen) and in the genital area: around the penis, vagina or back passage (anus). […] If this happens, it’s a good idea to get checked for other sexually transmitted infections. […] Molluscum contagiosum can affect anyone of any age. […] Molluscum contagiosum causes small lumps (mollusca) on the skin, which are pearly-white or slightly pink. […] Each lump (molluscum) looks like a small swelling on the skin and is round, firm and about 2-5 mm across.
  • #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Molluscum-Contagiosum-Diagnosis.aspx
    Molluscum contagiosum is a viral, self-limited infection of the skin caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus, which is a pox virus. This condition is quite common, and it accounts for approximately one percent of all diagnoses in dermatology. […] As molluscum lesions are usually characteristic and pathognomonic of the disease, clinical examination and evaluation are pivotal steps in diagnosing it. […] A more definite diagnosis can be established by performing a histological examination of biopsied or curetted lesions, especially in more complex cases or those that are not clinically straightforward. […] A demonstration of acidophilic, uniform bodies (also known as Henderson-Paterson bodies) is highly specific for molluscum contagiosum. […] Nevertheless, biopsy is invasive, costly and more time-consuming than cytologic sampling (sometimes referred to as in-office squash preparation).
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum – Verrica Pharmaceuticals
    https://verrica.com/keypublication_groups/molluscum-contagiosum/
    Diagnosis was completed by Pediatrics (49%), Family Practice (37%), Dermatology (34%), Infectious Disease (23%), and/or Emergency Room (21%). […] Many patients do not receive treatment, and those that do receive treatment are likely to use more than one modality in attempt to clear the infection. […] Patients with molluscum contagiosum and their parents need to be given accurate information about the expected natural history of the disorder. […] Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection that is becoming an increasing problem in sexually active individuals and in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. […] Although molluscum contagiosum lesions are generally self-limiting, it may take 6 months to 5 years for lesions to disappear. […] Many clinicians recommend treatment of genital molluscum contagiosum lesions to reduce the risk of sexual transmission, prevent autoinoculation, and increase patient quality of life.
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum – Verrica Pharmaceuticals
    https://verrica.com/keypublication_groups/molluscum-contagiosum/
    Molluscum contagiosum (molluscum) is considered benign and self-limiting. […] This online survey aimed to collect caregivers views on their experiences with molluscum infection in their children, including diagnosis, treatment, and the impact of the virus on the caregivers and their childs life. […] The average number of health care providers (HCPs) consulted for molluscum was 1.95 and diagnosis was made by a variety of HCP types. […] Caregivers reported moderate to major impact on their lives (62%) or their childs life (74%) due to molluscum. […] Molluscum patients may receive a diagnosis from many sources. […] Caregivers may utilize more than one treatment modality to help clear the infection including consumer products. […] Molluscum can cause an impact on quality of life for affected children and their caregivers.
  • #1 Molluscum contagiosum
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/molluscum-contagiosum/
    Molluscum contagiosum is an infection that causes spots on the skin. It’s usually harmless and rarely needs treatment. […] Usually, the only symptom of molluscum contagiosum is spots. […] The spots caused by molluscum contagiosum are usually harmless and should clear up within 18 months without needing treatment. […] Molluscum contagiosum is contagious. It is usually passed on by direct skin to skin contact. […] Non-urgent advice: See a GP if: you are not sure your spots are caused by molluscum contagiosum. […] It’s rare to need treatment for molluscum contagiosum because it usually clears up on its own. […] But treatment may be recommended if the spots are causing problems. […] A GP may refer you to a specialist for tests and treatment if: you have lots of spots or the spots are having a big impact on your life.
  • #1 How is molluscum contagiosum diagnosed?
    https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/molluscum-contagiosum/how-is-molluscum-contagiosum-diagnosed
    Molluscum contagiosum is typically diagnosed through a physical examination as the symptoms of the condition are easily recognisable. This makes the diagnostic process a relatively simple one for your doctor to perform. […] In some cases, your doctor may conduct a tissue scraping or skin biopsy in order to have a definitive diagnosis. This is normally done by a specialist in the field of the causes and effects of diseases regarding the study of samples taken of the body tissues. […] A general practitioner or paediatrician will typically diagnose and treat molluscum contagiosum. However, in some cases, specialists such as infectious-disease specialists, dermatologists or pathologists may be involved when the diagnosis and treatment are more complicated. […] If your doctor thinks that the infection may be the result of another condition apart from molluscum contagiosum, they may: Take a biopsy (this is a sample of the infected skin) to test this for the presence of the virus. […] Your doctor may also refer you to a specialist if any of the below conditions are present: Spots on the eyelids or near the eye or if your eye is painful and red.
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum Diagnosis & Treatment in Singapore
    https://wonderhealth.sg/sexual-health/std-sti-info/molluscum-contagiosum/
    Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). […] Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent transmission and manage symptoms. […] At Wonderhealth Screeners, we offer comprehensive care for molluscum contagiosum, including: Expert Diagnosis: Physical examination to identify the characteristic appearance of lesions. Dermoscopy or biopsy for atypical cases. […] Molluscum contagiosum typically presents as: Small, round, and firm bumps (2–5mm in diameter). Bumps that are flesh-colored, pearly, or shiny. A central dimple or indentation on each bump. Mild itching, redness, or inflammation around the lesions. […] Seek medical attention if you: Notice bumps that spread rapidly or do not resolve after several months. Experience redness, swelling, or pain around the bumps (indicating possible secondary infection). Have molluscum contagiosum lesions in sensitive areas like the genitals or face. […] Wonderhealth Screeners offers excellent STD STI Management and STD Testing which is affordably priced and convenient, quick, discreet and safe environment with professional care from our doctors.
  • #1 Comprehensive Management of Molluscum Contagiosum: Assessment of Clinical Associations, Comorbidities, and Management Principles | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
    https://jcadonline.com/comprehensive-management-of-molluscum-contagiosum/
    When treating patients with MC, the initial assessment should involve a thorough clinical examination to determine the extent, location(s), and number of lesions. Appropriate history should be taken to identify potential sources of the infection, as well as the patients immune status and response to previous treatments, if any. […] There are numerous treatment options for MC, which are thoroughly reviewed elsewhere as well as in more detail in the article, Molluscum Contagiosum: Epidemiology, Treatment Options, and Therapeutic Gaps. Topical application of cantharidin is a commonly used clinician-directed treatment that is supported by a thorough literature review on its use in MC and verrucae. […] The prevailing notion that MC should be left alone to run its course could be due to the prior absence of an FDA-approved treatment option, the lack of a universally recognized first-line treatment, and the practical difficulties of treating multiple lesions, especially in young children. Some underlying health conditions may increase the risk of contracting MC and contribute to intraindividual spread of lesions. Immunosuppression predisposes patients to emergence of multiple MC lesions, which are often more difficult to treat effectively and may be atypical in appearance. There is now strong consensus among the experts that benign neglect is not a recommended treatment approach in the majority of cases of MC.
  • #1 Molluscum contagiosum: Foothill Dermatology Medical Center: Dermatology
    https://www.foothillderm.com/blog/molluscum-contagiosum-1
    Molluscum contagiosum: This common skin disease causes bumps on the skin and tends to be harmless. […] A dermatologist can often diagnose molluscum contagiosum by looking at your skin. Sometimes molluscum looks like another skin condition. The bumps can look like warts, chickenpox, and even skin cancer. If this happens, your dermatologist will scrape off a bit of infected skin, so it can be examined under a microscope. […] If you think you have molluscum contagiosum, make an appointment to see a dermatologist. It is important to get an accurate diagnosis. Sometimes what looks like molluscum contagiosum can be warts or even skin cancer.
  • #1 Preventing Molluscum Contagiosum in Schools, Daycares, and Pools | Molluscum Contagiosum | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/molluscum-contagiosum/special-environments/index.html
    Molluscum contagiosum is an infection caused by a poxvirus that causes small, raised, white, pink, or flesh-colored (growths) that can appear on the body. […] You can get molluscum if you touch the lesions of someone who has it. It can also spread when you touch items that have the virus on it. […] Teachers and daycare center staff: tell parents or guardians if you notice lesions on a child’s skin. Your school or center may require a doctor’s note to allow children to attend, and only a healthcare professional can diagnose molluscum contagiosum. […] If a public pool does implement a no-molluscum policy, the diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum should be made by a healthcare provider. All participating children should be subject to the same screening physical exam, which would include a thorough skin examination as well.
  • #1
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13671-020-00289-z
    Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a self-limited cutaneous viral infection that most commonly affects children and immunocompromised populations. This review provides an update on the clinical manifestations, risk, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this frequently encountered infection. […] Optimal management strategies for MC remain unclear due to the multitude of proposed therapies, lack of high-quality evidence, and uncertain benefit of intervention for uncomplicated disease. Aside from watchful waiting, destructive therapies such as cantharidin and curettage are among the best studied methods and remain the treatment of choice for most patients. […] This Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials investigating treatment of MC in immunocompetent patients found (a) moderate to high-quality evidence that 5% imiquimod is no more effective than its vehicle and (b) that there is insufficient data to provide evidence-based recommendations regarding the best treatment for MC.
  • #1 Molluscum contagiosum: Diagnosis and treatment
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/molluscum-contagiosum-treatment
    For most people, the skin will clear without treatment, usually within 18 months. A few people continue to have bumps for longer. […] Treating molluscum may clear the skin more quickly; however, the bumps can return after treatment. It’s also possible to pick up the virus again, which can cause new bumps.
  • #1 Molluscum contagiosum: Diagnosis and treatment
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/molluscum-contagiosum-treatment
    A board-certified dermatologist can often diagnose this condition by looking at the bumps on your skin. For most patients, that’s all that’s required. […] Occasionally, your dermatologist will need more information and will scrape off a bit of the infected skin so that it can be examined under a microscope. Your dermatologist can scrape off what’s needed during your office visit. […] Dermatologists choose treatment based on many considerations, such as a patient’s overall health, number of molluscum bumps, and where the bumps appear. For children, age is also an important consideration. […] If treatment is recommended, your dermatologist may recommend treatment that you: Receive in your dermatologist’s office. […] Sometimes, molluscum is best treated with a medication that you apply at home. While you will find many treatments sold online, it’s important to see a dermatologist first. Doing so helps provide you with the most effective treatment and reduce possible side effects like lingering dark spots and scars.
  • #1 Molluscum contagiosum – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum
    Diagnosis is typically based on the appearance of the lesions. […] Histologically, molluscum contagiosum is characterized by molluscum bodies (also known as Henderson-Patterson bodies) in the epidermis, above the stratum basale, which consist of cells with abundant large granular eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (accumulated virions) and a small nucleus that has been pushed to the periphery. […] Because molluscum contagiosum usually resolves without treatment and treatment options can cause discomfort to children, initial recommendations are often to simply wait for the lesions to resolve on their own. […] Of the treatments available, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials suggested that there is no difference between treatments in short term improvement, and no single treatment is significantly better than natural resolution of the condition. […] When treatment has resulted in the elimination of all bumps, the infection has been effectively cured and will not reappear unless the person is reinfected.
  • #1 Patient education: Molluscum contagiosum (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/molluscum-contagiosum-beyond-the-basics/print
    Molluscum contagiosum is the name of a virus that causes a skin infection of the same name. […] A health care provider can usually diagnose molluscum based on an exam; a biopsy is not usually necessary. […] Treatment is recommended in sexually active adolescents and adults to get rid of molluscum on the penis, vulva, skin near the genitals, or buttocks because treatment of these areas can help to prevent the spread of the infection to other people during sex.
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum | Dermatology Associates
    https://www.mydermatologyassociates.com/molluscum-contagiosum/
    Molluscum contagiosum is a relatively common viral skin infection, primarily in childhood, that produces localized clusters of papules or raised bumps on the skins upper layers. […] For severe molluscum contagiosum, medication and surgical treatments may be required. […] Our dermatologists advise patients against attempting to intentionally pop the bumps to prevent molluscum contagiosum getting worse and spreading to other areas of the body. […] If you or your child have molluscum contagiosum, seeing a dermatologist can offer you multiple benefits. Your dermatologist will be able to diagnose your skin condition and determine whether it is molluscum contagiosum or something else. […] In most cases, your dermatologist can usually diagnose molluscum contagiosum just by looking at the bumps on your skin.
  • #1 Molluscum Contagiosum Treatment, Symptoms, Home Remedies & Kids
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/molluscum_contagiosum/article_em.htm
    Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a common skin infection caused by a virus. It occurs worldwide and primarily affects children and young adults. The skin lesions characteristically appear as raised, rounded bumps that are white, pink, or flesh-colored. […] It is frequently diagnosed by a health-care provider based on its characteristic appearance, although testing may be needed in cases of uncertainty. […] Your health-care professional can usually diagnose molluscum contagiosum based solely on its distinctive appearance. In the majority of cases, no testing is necessary. […] If the diagnosis is uncertain or in certain cases involving individuals with a weakened immune system, a skin biopsy may be performed by your health-care professional to confirm the diagnosis. Characteristic „molluscum bodies” will be seen under the microscope in the affected skin. […] See your health-care professional if you develop a rash suggestive of molluscum contagiosum in order to confirm the diagnosis and to discuss treatment options, if deemed necessary.
  • #2 Molluscum Contagiosum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441898/
    Molluscum contagiosum is diagnosed mainly in children aged two to five years, but also in sexually active teenagers and adults, and immunocompromised persons. […] The diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum is based on clinical examination. Lesions are firm, white to flesh-colored, dome-shaped, pearly papules, having a central umbilication from which one can express a cheesy material. […] In the case of a diagnosis difficulty, dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, and histopathology may be useful. […] The management of molluscum contagiosum is best done with an interprofessional team that also includes the primary care provider and nurse practitioner. […] In the majority of patients, molluscum contagiosum resolves without any residual scars. The disorder is benign and spontaneous resolution is the usual outcome, but it may take 12-24 months.
  • #2 Comprehensive Management of Molluscum Contagiosum: Assessment of Clinical Associations, Comorbidities, and Management Principles | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
    https://jcadonline.com/comprehensive-management-of-molluscum-contagiosum/
    Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is an infection caused by a benign, double-strand DNA virus of the Poxviridae family. This article reviews diagnostic methods and available treatment options for MC, with an emphasis on risk factors and comorbidities. MC presenting with its distinctive morphologic characteristics of the lesions is, typically, a straightforward clinical diagnosis. Most MC lesions are smooth, small, well-defined, skin-colored or light pink papules with central umbilication. A dermatoscope may be used to better identify the characteristic features of an MC papule in cases where the individual lesions are very small in size. Occasionally, a biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis, especially in immunocompromised patients presenting with atypical-appearing lesions. […] It is important to note that MC papules can resemble verruca plana (flat warts), especially early in the course of infection when the papules are small, flat, and pale in color, as opposed to their usual domed appearanceclinicians are encouraged to be thorough in their assessments, to avoid misdiagnosis and delaying appropriate treatment.
  • #2 Molluscum contagiosum – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/molluscum-contagiosum/
    Diagnosis is primarily clinical; dermoscopy can aid visualization. […] If there is diagnostic uncertainty, consider: Skin biopsy: Molluscum bodies on histopathology confirm the diagnosis. […] NAAT testing (if available). […] Atypical or extensive spread: Consider evaluation for underlying immunocompromising conditions (e.g., HIV testing). […] Genital lesions in sexually active patients: Screen for other STIs. […] Genital lesions in children are usually caused by autoinoculation and do not necessarily indicate sexual abuse.
  • #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Molluscum-Contagiosum-Diagnosis.aspx
    Molluscum contagiosum is a viral, self-limited infection of the skin caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus, which is a pox virus. This condition is quite common, and it accounts for approximately one percent of all diagnoses in dermatology. […] As molluscum lesions are usually characteristic and pathognomonic of the disease, clinical examination and evaluation are pivotal steps in diagnosing it. […] A more definite diagnosis can be established by performing a histological examination of biopsied or curetted lesions, especially in more complex cases or those that are not clinically straightforward. […] A demonstration of acidophilic, uniform bodies (also known as Henderson-Paterson bodies) is highly specific for molluscum contagiosum. […] Nevertheless, biopsy is invasive, costly and more time-consuming than cytologic sampling (sometimes referred to as in-office squash preparation).
  • #2 Molluscum contagiosum: Causes and treatment — DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/molluscum-contagiosum
    Molluscum contagiosum is usually recognised by its characteristic clinical appearance or on dermatoscopy. White molluscum bodies can often be expressed from the centre of the papules. […] Sometimes, the diagnosis is made on skin biopsy. Histopathology shows characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
  • #2 Molluscum contagiosum virus detection | Public Health Ontario
    https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Molluscum-contagiosum-Virus-detection
    Molluscum contagiosum testing is no longer available at PHO Laboratory. Samples requesting molluscum contagiosum will be forwarded to the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg. Samples will be tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) […] For laboratory diagnosis of infection, Molluscum contagiosum DNA must be detected by PCR.
  • #2 Molluscum contagiosum – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/310
    Molluscum contagiosum is a common infection in children and young adults and is usually acquired through direct skin-to-skin contact. Diagnosis is clinical in the majority of cases. […] Anogenital molluscum should prompt a full sexual health screen. […] Key diagnostic factors include the presence of risk factors and a pearly papule with a central dell. […] Other diagnostic factors include surrounding erythema, facial or groin distribution of lesions, pruritus, atopic dermatitis, and sleep disturbance. […] Investigations to consider include dermoscopy, curettage biopsy, haematoxylin and eosin staining, and a full sexual health screen including an HIV test.
  • #2 Molluscum Contagiosum | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/molluscum-contagiosum-pro
    These are not usually required and diagnosis is made on clinical grounds based on the appearance of lesions. […] Molecular methods such as PCR are available but are not generally used in clinical practice. […] If there are widespread lesions, consider investigation for immunosuppression. […] Referral to a GUM clinic may be indicated if it is thought that it may have been transmitted through sexual contact, for screening for other sexually transmitted infections.
  • #2 Molluscum Contagiosum | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/molluscum-contagiosum
    Molluscum contagiosum is usually diagnosed based on a medical history and physical examination of your child. […] Because the lesions are unique, the condition can typically be diagnosed through a simple physical examination. Additional tests are not routinely needed for diagnosis.
  • #2 Molluscum Contagiosum Differential Diagnoses
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/910570-differential
    The cutaneous manifestations of other opportunistic infections, such as cutaneous cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and aspergillosis, may mimic molluscum contagiosum and must be ruled out in immunocompromised hosts. […] Histologic or microscopic confirmation of molluscum contagiosum is indicated in patients who are immunocompromised because several life-threatening opportunistic infections may clinically mimic molluscum contagiosum. […] Conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum include the following: […] Differential diagnoses to consider in patients with AIDS include the following:
  • #2 Molluscum contagiosum: Causes, symptoms & treatment
    https://healthymale.org.au/mens-health/molluscum-contagiosum
    Your doctor will usually diagnose molluscum contagiosum based on how the spots look and your answers to their questions. […] If you notice any spots or lumps on your genitals, see your doctor so they can make an accurate diagnosis and rule out anything serious. […] It’s a good idea to get checked for other sexually transmitted diseases if you have molluscum contagiosum on or around your genitals. […] Are there any tests I need to rule out anything serious?
  • #2 Molluscum Contagiosum – Verrica Pharmaceuticals
    https://verrica.com/keypublication_groups/molluscum-contagiosum/
    Diagnosis was completed by Pediatrics (49%), Family Practice (37%), Dermatology (34%), Infectious Disease (23%), and/or Emergency Room (21%). […] Many patients do not receive treatment, and those that do receive treatment are likely to use more than one modality in attempt to clear the infection. […] Patients with molluscum contagiosum and their parents need to be given accurate information about the expected natural history of the disorder. […] Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection that is becoming an increasing problem in sexually active individuals and in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. […] Although molluscum contagiosum lesions are generally self-limiting, it may take 6 months to 5 years for lesions to disappear. […] Many clinicians recommend treatment of genital molluscum contagiosum lesions to reduce the risk of sexual transmission, prevent autoinoculation, and increase patient quality of life.
  • #2 Molluscum Treatment | Mid-County Dermatology, St. Louis
    https://www.midcountyderm.com/molluscum-contagiosum
    To diagnose molluscum contagiosum, our St. Louis dermatology team primarily relies on visual examination of the characteristic skin lesions. The distinctive appearance of the bumps helps in identifying the condition. However, in some cases, additional diagnostic methods may be employed to confirm the presence of MCV (Molluscum Contagiosum Virus). […] Visual examination is often the first step in diagnosing molluscum contagiosum. Doctors carefully observe the skin lesions to look for specific characteristics that are typical of this viral infection. These include small, dome-shaped bumps with a central dimple or indentation, usually flesh-colored or pearly white in appearance. […] In certain situations where there is doubt about the diagnosis or if other skin conditions need to be ruled out, a dermatologist may perform a biopsy. During a biopsy, a small sample of tissue is taken from one of the lesions and sent to a laboratory for analysis. This procedure helps to definitively confirm the presence of MCV.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13671-020-00289-z
    Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a self-limited cutaneous viral infection that most commonly affects children and immunocompromised populations. This review provides an update on the clinical manifestations, risk, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this frequently encountered infection. […] Optimal management strategies for MC remain unclear due to the multitude of proposed therapies, lack of high-quality evidence, and uncertain benefit of intervention for uncomplicated disease. Aside from watchful waiting, destructive therapies such as cantharidin and curettage are among the best studied methods and remain the treatment of choice for most patients. […] This Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials investigating treatment of MC in immunocompetent patients found (a) moderate to high-quality evidence that 5% imiquimod is no more effective than its vehicle and (b) that there is insufficient data to provide evidence-based recommendations regarding the best treatment for MC.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13671-020-00289-z
    This study found that cantharidin use was associated with higher rates of complete lesion clearance and reduction in MC lesion count compared to placebo. The authors advocate for shorter treatment intervals (every 3 weeks) and longer application time (6 hours). […] This small, double-blind, randomized, comparative trial found both 15% KOH and 10% KOH to be superior to placebo in treating MC, with 10% KOH being better tolerated by patients.
  • #2 Update on Molluscum Contagiosum
    https://www.bstquarterly.com/article/update-on-molluscum-contagiosum/
    YCANTH is the first and only clinically proven treatment option formulated specifically to treat molluscum contagiosum. […] The efficacy of Ycanth was established in two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. […] While most otherwise healthy patients will heal on their own, those with weakened immune systems need quick diagnosis and treatment, and YCANTH is an effective solution that meets this critical need.
  • #2 Molluscum Contagiosum | Dermatology Associates
    https://www.mydermatologyassociates.com/molluscum-contagiosum/
    They may scrape off a small portion of the infected skin and test it under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis. […] Your doctor will discuss the best treatment option with you during your appointment. […] Treatment may be recommended for those with a chronic skin condition, such as eczema, those with the infection in their genital area, those with a weakened immune system and multiple lesions, and those with molluscum contagiosum that produces bothersome side effects and symptoms. […] In people with a healthy immune system, molluscum contagiosum usually resolves without treatment, though some individuals may require treatment from their dermatologist. […] Once the lesions disappear, the virus is no longer present in the body, and it cannot be spread to others or to other parts of your body.
  • #3 Symptoms, Causes & Diagnosis of Molluscum Contagiosum.
    https://www.advanceskinhairclinic.com/blog/what-is-molluscum-contagiosum-symptoms-causes-diagnosis
    Molluscum Contagiosum is a skin infection caused by the virus Molluscum Contagiosum. It produces benign raised bumps, or lesions, on the upper layers of your skin. The small bumps are usually painless. They disappear on their own and rarely leave scars when theyre left untreated. The length of time the virus lasts varies for each person, but the bumps can remain from two months to four years. […] Diagnosis: Because the skin bumps caused by molluscum contagiosum have a distinct appearance, your doctor often can diagnose the infection by merely looking at the affected area. A skin scraping or BIOPSY can confirm the diagnosis. […] It’s usually unnecessary to treat molluscum contagiosum, but you should always have your doctor examine any skin lesions that last longer than a few days. A confirmed diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum will rule out other causes for the lesions, such as skin cancer, chickenpox, or warts.
  • #3 Molluscum Contagiosum: What it is, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12175-molluscum-contagiosum
    Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that causes one or many raised, pearl-like bumps (papules) on your skin. […] A healthcare provider will diagnose the molluscum contagiosum infection after performing a physical exam and asking questions to understand more about your symptoms. Your provider will also take a complete medical history. The appearance of the bump(s) or papule(s) on your skin will lead to a diagnosis. […] A skin biopsy can help confirm a diagnosis, where your provider will remove a small sample of the papule from your skin to examine it under a microscope.
  • #3 Molluscum Treatment | Mid-County Dermatology, St. Louis
    https://www.midcountyderm.com/molluscum-contagiosum
    To diagnose molluscum contagiosum, our St. Louis dermatology team primarily relies on visual examination of the characteristic skin lesions. The distinctive appearance of the bumps helps in identifying the condition. However, in some cases, additional diagnostic methods may be employed to confirm the presence of MCV (Molluscum Contagiosum Virus). […] Visual examination is often the first step in diagnosing molluscum contagiosum. Doctors carefully observe the skin lesions to look for specific characteristics that are typical of this viral infection. These include small, dome-shaped bumps with a central dimple or indentation, usually flesh-colored or pearly white in appearance. […] In certain situations where there is doubt about the diagnosis or if other skin conditions need to be ruled out, a dermatologist may perform a biopsy. During a biopsy, a small sample of tissue is taken from one of the lesions and sent to a laboratory for analysis. This procedure helps to definitively confirm the presence of MCV.
  • #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Molluscum-Contagiosum-Diagnosis.aspx
    Such expressions are then smeared on a slide, which is left unstained or stained with Giemsa, Wright, Gram, 10% potassium hydroxide or Papanicolaou stains to demonstrate large, brick-shaped inclusion bodies. […] Immunohistochemical methods that use polyclonal antibodies allow recognition of molluscum contagiosum virus in fixed tissue, while in situ hybridization for the genetic material (DNA) of the virus has also been used. […] Today, parents of affected children often use the Internet in order to self-assess and diagnose molluscum contagiosum in their children. […] Therefore the appropriate awareness of distinctive cytological features of molluscum contagiosum significantly aids in correctly diagnosing the condition even in clinically unsuspected cases.
  • #3 Molluscum contagiosum – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum
    Diagnosis is typically based on the appearance of the lesions. […] Histologically, molluscum contagiosum is characterized by molluscum bodies (also known as Henderson-Patterson bodies) in the epidermis, above the stratum basale, which consist of cells with abundant large granular eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (accumulated virions) and a small nucleus that has been pushed to the periphery. […] Because molluscum contagiosum usually resolves without treatment and treatment options can cause discomfort to children, initial recommendations are often to simply wait for the lesions to resolve on their own. […] Of the treatments available, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials suggested that there is no difference between treatments in short term improvement, and no single treatment is significantly better than natural resolution of the condition. […] When treatment has resulted in the elimination of all bumps, the infection has been effectively cured and will not reappear unless the person is reinfected.
  • #3 Molluscum contagiosum – Symptoms, Causes & Diagnosis
    https://clarewellclinics.co.uk/genital-dermatology/molluscum-contagiosum/
    Molluscum contagiosum can be diagnosed clinically in over 99% of cases. Your clinician will take a history, examine your skin, and will be able to provide a diagnosis without needing any additional investigations or tests. […] In certain situations, your clinician might diagnose your condition based solely on your medical history without a physical examination. In such instances, the clinician may request you to submit photographs of the lesions to facilitate the diagnosis. […] If there is uncertainty in diagnosis or concern about potential precancerous or cancerous changes in the skin, a skin biopsy may be recommended. This involves taking a sample of the abnormal skin under anesthesia, which is then sent to a laboratory for microscopic examination. […] Molecular testing, specifically polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can also be utilised to identify the genetic material of the Molluscum contagiosum virus. While rarely employed in practice, it may be beneficial in cases where the diagnosis is unclear, and lesions could be caused by another infective agent such as Herpes simplex virus (HSV) or Human papillomavirus (HPV).
  • #3 Molluscum contagiosum | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/molluscum-contagiosum
    Molluscum contagiosum can be mistaken for genital warts or pimples. […] If you notice any unusual skin lesions, see your doctor or health professional for an accurate diagnosis. […] There is no test for molluscum contagiosum. It is diagnosed through a physical examination by looking at the appearance of the lesions. […] If you have molluscum contagiosum, your health professional may recommend tests for other STIs.

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