Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dwarfism – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dwarfism/symptoms-causes/syc-20371969

  Dwarfism is short stature that results from a genetic or medical condition. Dwarfism generally is defined as an adult height of 4 feet, 10 inches (147 cm) or less. Symptoms other than short stature vary greatly across the range of dwarfism conditions. Most people with dwarfism have conditions that cause short stature with body parts that aren’t the same size as one another. Usually, this means that a person has an average-sized trunk and very short limbs. But some people may have a very short trunk and short limbs. Those limbs are larger than the rest of the body. In these people, the head is large compared with the body. The most common cause of dwarfism is a condition called achondroplasia, which causes disproportionately short stature. This condition usually results in: An average-sized trunk. Short arms and legs, with particularly short upper arms and upper legs. Short fingers, often with a wide separation between the middle and ring fingers. Limited mobility at the elbows. A large head in relation to the rest of the body, with a prominent forehead and a flattened bridge of the nose. Bowed legs that get worse. Swayed lower back that gets worse. An adult height of 4 feet, 1 inch (125 cm) for women and 4 feet 4 inches (132 cm) for men. Signs may include: A very short trunk. A short neck. Shortened arms and legs. Average-sized hands and feet. A broad, rounded chest. Slightly flattened cheekbones. An opening in the roof of the mouth, also called a cleft palate. Changes in hip structure that result in thighbones turning inward. A foot that’s twisted or out of shape. Neck bones that are not stable. Hunching curvature of the upper spine that gets worse over time. Swayed lower back that gets worse over time. Vision and hearing problems. Arthritis and problems moving joints. Adult height ranging from 3 feet (91 cm) to just over 4 feet (122 cm). Proportionate dwarfism results from medical conditions present at birth or that occur in early childhood that limit overall growth and development. The head, trunk and limbs are all small, but they’re small to the same degree. Because these conditions affect overall growth, poor development of one or more body systems is possible. Growth hormone deficiency is a fairly common cause of proportionate dwarfism. It occurs when the pituitary gland doesn’t make enough growth hormone. Symptoms of disproportionate dwarfism often are present at birth or in early infancy. Proportionate dwarfism may not be seen at first.

• #2 Dwarfism (Skeletal Dysplasia) & Other Causes of Short Stature

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17862-skeletal-dysplasia-dwarfism-and-other-causes-of-short-stature

  Dwarfism (skeletal dysplasia) is a medical term that covers hundreds of conditions that affect the growth of bone and/or cartilage, and the size of a persons arms, legs, abdomen and head. An adult with dwarfism is less than 4 feet, 10 inches tall. Treatment manages symptoms and leads to a normal lifespan for many types. […] Dwarfism (a form of skeletal dysplasia) is an umbrella medical term that includes hundreds of conditions that affect the growth of bone and/or cartilage, resulting in short stature. People with this condition are usually less than 4 feet 10 inches (1.47 meters) tall as an adult. […] Dwarfism (skeletal dysplasia) affects bone growth in your body. The most common bones that dwarfism affects are the long bones in the arms and legs, but it can affect other bones, including those in your abdomen and head. Symptoms of dwarfism can affect other parts of your body and lead to long-term health problems, like weak muscle tone or frequent infections.

• #3 Dwarfism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism

  Dwarfism is a condition of people and animals marked by unusually small size or short stature. In humans, it is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than 147 centimetres (4 ft 10 in), regardless of sex; the average adult height among people with dwarfism is 120 centimetres (4 ft). Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by either short limbs or a short torso. In cases of proportionate dwarfism, both the limbs and torso are unusually small. Intelligence is usually normal, and most people with it have a nearly normal life expectancy. People with dwarfism can usually bear children, although there are additional risks to the mother and child depending upon the underlying condition. […] Dwarfism has been defined as having an adult height of less than 147 centimetres (4 ft 10 in), or alternatively, having a height of at least two standard deviations less than the mean of an individual’s population, considering age, sex, and ancestry. There is a wide range of physical characteristics. Variations in individuals are identified by diagnosing and monitoring the underlying disorders. There may not be any complications outside adapting to their size. Short stature is a common replacement of the term 'dwarfism’, especially in a medical context. However, those with mild skeletal dysplasias may not be affected by dwarfism. In some cases of untreated hypochondroplasia, males grow up to 165 cm (5 feet 5 inches). Though that is short in a relative context, it does not fall into the extreme ranges of the growth charts.

• #4 Dwarfism | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dwarfism

  Dwarfism is a condition where a person is unusually short 147cm or shorter. […] There are 2 main types of dwarfism proportionate short stature and disproportionate short stature. […] People with proportionate dwarfism usually have a medical condition that affects their overall growth and development. […] They are usually slow to grow and have delayed sexual development. […] People with disproportionate dwarfism often have an average-sized torso with short arms and legs. […] They often have a large head. […] Most people with disproportionate dwarfism have normal intelligence. […] Other signs and symptoms vary across the spectrum of disorders. […] Most people with dwarfism don’t have serious health problems and have a normal life expectancy. […] Complications of dwarfism can vary greatly.

• #5 Dwarfism | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/dwarfism

  Symptoms other than short stature vary greatly across the range of dwarfism conditions. […] Most people with dwarfism have conditions that cause short stature with body parts that aren’t the same size as one another. Usually, this means that a person has an average-sized trunk and very short limbs. But some people may have a very short trunk and short limbs. Those limbs are larger than the rest of the body. In these people, the head is large compared with the body. […] The most common cause of dwarfism is a condition called achondroplasia, which causes disproportionately short stature. This condition usually results in: An average-sized trunk. Short arms and legs, with particularly short upper arms and upper legs. Short fingers, often with a wide separation between the middle and ring fingers. Limited mobility at the elbows. A large head in relation to the rest of the body, with a prominent forehead and a flattened bridge of the nose. Bowed legs that get worse. Swayed lower back that gets worse. An adult height of 4 feet, 1 inch (125 cm) for women and 4 feet 4 inches (132 cm) for men.

• #6 Most Common Causes and Types of Dwarfism

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-many-types-of-dwarfism-are-there-2860725

  Dwarfism occurs when a person has a short stature. It usually results in an adult height of four feet, 10 inches or shorter. For children, this means being below the height growth curve for their age. This would be less than the third percentile, meaning that 97% of children are taller at the same age. […] Most of the conditions are genetic or inherited at birth. They are also noticeable once the baby is born. […] Achondroplasia makes up 70% of all cases of dwarfism. It affects about one of every 25,000 to 30,000 newborns. […] With achondroplasia, there is a problem with the gene that allows the body to change cartilage to bone while growing. This often affects the long bones. […] People with this type of dwarfism have: A relatively long trunk, Short arms and legs, Short hands and fingers, with the ring and middle fingers spreading away from each other, A disproportionately large head with a prominent forehead, Bowed legs, A curved spine.

• #7 Achondroplasia: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/achondroplasia/

  As affected individuals age, they may experience a potentially serious complication of achondroplasia called spinal stenosis. Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal that can pinch (compress) the upper part of the spinal cord. Spinal stenosis causes with pain, tingling, and weakness in the legs that can make walking difficult. […] An uncommon but serious complication of achondroplasia in early childhood is stenosis of the hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord comes out of brain (foramen magnum). This complication can cause compression of the brain stem, which can lead to pauses in breathing during sleep (sleep apnea) or a condition known as hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is a buildup of fluid in the brain that can lead to increased head size and related brain abnormalities. […] Achondroplasia is the most common type of short-limbed dwarfism. The condition occurs in 1 in 15,000 to 40,000 newborns.

• #7 Achondroplasia: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/achondroplasia/

  Achondroplasia is the most common form of short-limbed dwarfism. […] All people with achondroplasia have short stature. Without treatment, the average height of an adult male with achondroplasia is 131 centimeters (4 feet, 4 inches), and the average height for adult females is 124 centimeters (4 feet, 1 inch). Characteristic features of achondroplasia include an average-size trunk, short arms and legs with particularly short upper arms and thighs, limited range of motion at the elbows, and an enlarged head (macrocephaly) with a prominent forehead. […] Health problems commonly associated with achondroplasia include obesity and recurrent ear infections. […] In childhood, individuals with the condition usually develop a pronounced and permanent sway of the lower back (lordosis) and bowed legs. Some affected people also develop abnormal front-to-back curvature of the spine (kyphosis) and back pain.

• #8 Dwarfism | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/dwarfism

  Another cause of disproportionate dwarfism is a rare condition called spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDC). Signs may include: A very short trunk. A short neck. Shortened arms and legs. Average-sized hands and feet. A broad, rounded chest. Slightly flattened cheekbones. An opening in the roof of the mouth, also called a cleft palate. Changes in hip structure that result in thighbones turning inward. A foot that’s twisted or out of shape. Neck bones that are not stable. Hunching curvature of the upper spine that gets worse over time. Swayed lower back that gets worse over time. Vision and hearing problems. Arthritis and problems moving joints. Adult height ranging from 3 feet (91 cm) to just over 4 feet (122 cm). […] Proportionate dwarfism results from medical conditions present at birth or that occur in early childhood that limit overall growth and development. The head, trunk and limbs are all small, but they’re small to the same degree. Because these conditions affect overall growth, poor development of one or more body systems is possible.

• #9 Dwarfism | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/dwarfism

  Growth hormone deficiency is a fairly common cause of proportionate dwarfism. It occurs when the pituitary gland doesn’t make enough growth hormone. This hormone is needed for typical childhood growth. […] Symptoms of disproportionate dwarfism often are present at birth or in early infancy. Proportionate dwarfism may not be seen at first. See your child’s healthcare professional if you are worried about your child’s growth or overall development.

• #10 Achondroplasia: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22183-achondroplasia

  Achondroplasia is a bone growth disorder that results in dwarfism due to a genetic mutation in the arms and legs. Achondroplasia occurs when cartilage tissue doesn’t develop in the bones of your arms and legs. This genetic disorder leads to short-limb dwarfism with the upper parts of arms and legs shorter than the lower portions of those limbs (rhizomelic shortening). […] Infants born with achondroplasia normally have weak muscle tone (hypotonia), which could delay motor skill development. There is also a high risk of spinal cord compression and upper respiratory blockages among infants, which increases the risk of health complications. […] It is common for people with achondroplasia to have breathing problems, recurrent ear infections and be prone to obesity. […] All children with achondroplasia should be carefully monitored regularly by a healthcare provider to treat or prevent any symptoms that may arise.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Dwarfism-Characteristics.aspx

  The condition dwarfism or restricted growth is typically characterized by short stature, with an adult height of less than 4 feet 10 inches (147 cm). […] Over 200 different disorders exist that can cause restricted growth and aside from short stature, symptoms vary considerably depending on the cause of the condition. […] Typical features of this condition include: […] Poorly mobile elbows. […] Bowed legs. […] Large head with flat nose bridge and high forehead. […] Curved lower spine (lordosis). […] Balance problems. […] Osteoarthritis of the bones and joints. […] Sleep apnea causing snoring and interrupted sleep. […] Excess fluid in the brain cavities (hydrocephalus). […] Average height is around 4 feet or 122 cm. […] Signs of this condition include: […] Slow growth rate for age. […] Delayed or absent sexual development. […] Height below the third percentile. […] Low blood sugar level.

• #12 Achondroplasia: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/achondroplasia

  Achondroplasia is a bone growth disorder that causes disproportionate dwarfism. Dwarfism is defined as a condition of short stature as an adult. People with achondroplasia are short in stature with a normal sized torso and short limbs. Its the most common type of disproportionate dwarfism. […] At birth, a child with this condition will likely have: a short stature thats significantly below average for age and sex; short arms and legs, especially the upper arms and thighs, in comparison to body height; short fingers in which the ring and middle fingers may also point away from each other; a disproportionately large head compared to the body; an abnormally large, prominent forehead; an underdeveloped area of the face between the forehead and upper jaw. […] Health problems an infant may have include: decreased muscle tone, which can cause delays in walking and other motor skills; apnea, which involves brief periods of slowed breathing or breathing that stops; hydrocephalus, or water on the brain; spinal stenosis, which is a narrowing of the spinal canal that can compress the spinal cord.

• #13

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/dwarfism/symptoms-causes

  Dwarfism describes a person who is short in stature, with an adult height of 147 cm or less. Dwarfism may be due to a genetic or medical condition. […] The signs and symptoms of dwarfism depend on the type of dwarfism: […] The most common type of disproportionate short-limbed dwarfism is achondroplasia, which is associated with the following symptoms: Bow legs, which may develop progressively; Large head with a prominent forehead and flat nose bridge; Abnormal spinal anatomy and curvature leading to spinal issues; Short fingers with wide spaces between the middle and ring fingers; Delayed motor milestones despite normal intelligence; Standing height below the third percentile, although sitting height may be normal. […] The symptoms of disproportionate dwarfism caused by SEDC include: Cleft palate; Hip deformities; Short trunk and neck; Adult height ranging from 91- 122 cm; Shortened arms and legs with average-sized hands and feet; Back and spinal problems such as hunching or lower back swaying; Foot deformities such as flat feet or misshapen feet; Arthritis and other joint movement problems; Digestive and stomach issues; Vision and hearing issues. […] The symptoms of proportionate dwarfism include: Slower growth rate than expected for age; Poor development of one or more body systems; Height below the third percentile on standard paediatric growth charts; Delayed or no sexual development during the teen years; Subnormal intelligence.

• #14 Dwarfism: Types, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/children/dwarfism-causes-treatments

  Dwarfism Symptoms […] Along with short stature, dwarfism has many other symptoms that can vary depending the type it is. […] Symptoms of disproportionate dwarfism may include: Adults typically about 4 feet tall, average-size torso and very short limbs, especially in the upper halves of arms and legs, short fingers, wide spaces between the middle and ring fingers, limited elbow mobility, disproportionately large head, prominent forehead, flattened bridge of the nose, bowing of legs that worsens over time, swaying of the back that worsens over time. […] Symptoms of proportionate dwarfism include a smaller head, arms, and legs. But all are in proportion with each other. Organ systems may be smaller too. Other signs of proportionate dwarfism in children are: slower growth rate than expected for their age, height lower than the third percentile on standard charts for age, delayed or no sexual development during the teen years.

• #15 Dwarfism (Skeletal Dysplasia) & Other Causes of Short Stature

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17862-skeletal-dysplasia-dwarfism-and-other-causes-of-short-stature

  The most common symptom of dwarfism (a form of skeletal dysplasia) is short stature. A person diagnosed with any type of dwarfism will almost always have a height below 4 feet 10 inches, or 1.47 meters, as an adult. Short stature is more noticeable during puberty and adulthood rather than during childhood. […] Symptoms of dwarfism can include: Bowed legs. Flat nasal bridge (bony area at the top of the nose). Large head. Prominent forehead. Short arms and legs. Short fingers and toes. Wide hands and feet. […] Symptoms of dwarfism can sometimes lead to additional health concerns due to abnormal bone growth, including: A buildup of fluid around the brain (hydrocephalus). Compressed nerves. Curved spine (scoliosis). Ear infections or hearing problems. Knee and ankle pain. Sleep apnea. […] Although theres no cure for dwarfism (skeletal dysplasia), many people of short stature have a normal life span and good health with treatment to address their symptoms. There are potential symptoms of the condition that could take a toll on your child and your family, especially if their abnormal bone growth requires multiple surgeries. Your healthcare provider will work closely with you and your child to make sure they receive the treatment they need to live a full and healthy life. […] For many forms of dwarfism, people diagnosed have a normal life expectancy with treatment to manage their symptoms. Other forms, unfortunately, have a shorter lifespan.

• #16 Achondroplasia: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22183-achondroplasia

  What are the symptoms of achondroplasia? Bones are shortened (thigh, upper arm). Short hands and feet. Large separation between third and fourth fingers. Maximum height of 4-ft. Head larger than normal. Prominent forehead. Flat nose. Delayed development in infants (sitting, crawling, walking). […] What are the long-term effects of achondroplasia on your body? Back and leg pain. Breathing problems (apnea). Obesity. Recurring ear infections. Curved spine. Bowed legs. Excess fluid on your brain (hydrocephalus). Obstructive sleep apnea. […] There is no specific treatment for achondroplasia other than managing symptoms. Monitoring height, weight and head circumference is recommended during early diagnosis in infants to track growth progress. […] Staying regular with checkups during infancy and throughout childhood can prevent many symptoms of achondroplasia from occurring.

• #17 Dwarfism | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/dwarfism

  Dwarfism is a disorder characterised by shorter than normal skeletal growth. It can be genetic. […] The characteristics of achondroplasia include: a trunk of relatively normal length, disproportionately short arms and legs, bowed legs, reduced joint mobility in the elbow, other joints that seem overly flexible, or 'double jointed’, because of loose ligaments, shortened hands and feet, a large head, a flat mid-face, crowded teeth, because of small upper jaw, a prominent forehead, a flattened bridge of the nose. […] Children with achondroplasia face a number of difficulties, including: breathing difficulties including snoring and sleep apnoea (the regular cessation of breathing during sleep), caused by narrowed nasal passages, ear infections caused by narrowed Eustachian tubes (tubes leading from the ears to the throat) and nasal passages, bowed legs the legs are initially straight, but over time (in some cases) they become bowed once the child starts walking, increased lumbar lordosis a backward curve in the lower spine, reduced muscle strength the child has softer muscle tone than normal, and needs to be adequately supported until the muscle groups are ready to support the neck and spine, hydrocephalus the child has an increased risk of hydrocephalus (one in 100), which is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid inside the skull that can lead to head enlargement, narrow foramen magnum the child has a smaller than normal opening at the base of the skull (foramen magnum), where the spinal cord begins. This can sometimes press against the brain stem and cause symptoms including apnoea (cessation of breathing) and neurological signs.

• #19 Dwarfism | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/dwarfism

  Problems faced by adults with achondroplasia can include: nerve compression the nerves in the lower back or lumbar region are squashed, which can cause symptoms such as numbness or tingling in the legs, obesity most adults experience difficulties in maintaining a healthy weight for their height, crowded teeth the upper jaw is typically small, which causes the teeth to overcrowd, higher risk pregnancies pregnant women with achondroplasia need expert antenatal care. Caesarean section is the usual mode of delivery.

• #20 Dwarfism

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/d/dwarfism2/?section=Symptoms

  Growth hormone deficiency is a relatively common cause of proportionate dwarfism. It occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce an adequate supply of growth hormone, which is essential for normal childhood growth. Signs include: height below the third percentile on standard pediatric growth charts, growth rate slower than expected for age, delayed or no sexual development during the teen years. […] Signs and symptoms of disproportionate dwarfism are often present at birth or in early infancy. Proportionate dwarfism may not be immediately apparent. […] Complications of dwarfism-related disorders can vary greatly, but some complications are common to a number of conditions. […] The characteristic features of the skull, spine and limbs shared by most forms of disproportionate dwarfism result in some common problems: delays in motor skills development, such as sitting up, crawling and walking, frequent ear infections and risk of hearing loss, bowing of the legs, difficulty breathing during sleep (sleep apnea), pressure on the spinal cord at the base of the skull, excess fluid around the brain (hydrocephalus), crowded teeth, progressive severe hunching or swaying of the back with back pain or problems breathing, narrowing of the channel in the lower spine (spinal stenosis), resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and subsequent pain or numbness in the legs, arthritis, weight gain that can further complicate problems with joints and the spine and place pressure on nerves.

• #21 Dwarfism

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/d/dwarfism2/?section=Symptoms

  With proportionate dwarfism, problems in growth and development often result in complications with poorly developed organs. For example, heart problems that often occur with Turner syndrome can have a significant effect on health. An absence of sexual maturation associated with growth hormone deficiency or Turner syndrome affects both physical development and social functioning.

• #22 Dwarfism – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dwarfism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371975

  Surgical procedures that may correct problems in people with disproportionate dwarfism include: […] Regular checkups and ongoing care by a healthcare professional familiar with dwarfism can make quality of life better. […] Disproportionate dwarfism usually is seen at birth or early in infancy. Proportionate dwarfism may not be diagnosed until later in childhood or the teenage years if your child isn’t growing at an expected rate. […] It’s important to take your child to all regularly scheduled well-baby visits and annual appointments throughout childhood. These visits are a chance for your child’s healthcare professional to track growth, note delays in expected growth, and find other problems in other areas of development and health.

• #23 Dwarfism – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dwarfism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371975

  Your pediatrician likely will look at several factors to learn about your child’s growth and find out whether your child has a dwarfism-related condition. […] Some conditions that cause dwarfism can cause various problems with development and growth, as well as medical complications. […] The goal of treatment is to keep you doing what you want to do independently. Most dwarfism treatments don’t increase stature, but they may correct or ease problems caused by complications. […] In 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vosoritide, known by the brand name Voxzogo, to improve growth in children who have the most common type of dwarfism. […] For people with dwarfism due to low levels of growth hormones, treatment with shots of a synthetic version of the hormone may increase final height.

• #24 Achondroplasia Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.nemours.org/conditions-treatments/achondroplasia/about-achondroplasia.html

  Achondroplasia causes disproportionate short stature. Specifically, the limbs (arms and legs) are small when compared to the trunk. […] The average adult height is 52″ in men and 49″ in women with achondroplasia. Individuals with achondroplasia have average intelligence and can lead very rich and productive lives. […] Almost all infants with achondroplasia have thoraco-lumbar kyphosis (TLK), which is a pooching out in the lower back. TLK is thought to be caused by the larger head size and low muscle tone in children who are not yet walking. It improves without treatment in 90% of children with achondroplasia after they get good trunk control and begin to walk. […] After a child is a good walker, individuals with achondroplasia develop exaggerated lumbar lordosis, also called sway back.

• #25 Achondroplasia Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.nemours.org/conditions-treatments/achondroplasia/about-achondroplasia.html

  The spinal canal is smaller than typical in achondroplasia. […] Sleep disordered breathing (apnea) is common in achondroplasia. In a large cohort, as many as 38% of children with achondroplasia had severe apnea. […] Obstructive apnea results from the blockage of airflow into and out of the lungs with appropriate respiratory drive. This is the most common type of apnea in achondroplasia because of the midface retrusion and hypotonia of the pharyngeal muscles. […] Symptoms of obstructive apnea can include tiredness, irritability, and daytime sleepiness. […] Spinal stenosis in the lumbar spine is relatively common in adults with achondroplasia, though it can occur at any age. […] Symptoms include activity-related leg pain that is relieved by squatting down, tingling, feeling of pins and needles, or numbness in the feet, weakness of the legs, or rarely, disturbances in control of bladder or bowel function. […] Diminishing motor milestones, decreased endurance, apnea, or any neurological symptoms should be evaluated by an experienced medical provider.

• #26 Dwarfism (Restricted Growth): Types and Causes

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/restricted-growth-dwarfism

  The outlook (or prognosis) entirely depends on the underlying condition. Overall, most people with dwarfism have no major medical problems, and live full and healthy normal lives. […] Life expectancy is normal in achondroplasia. However, some of the conditions which cause dwarfism can have associated medical issues which can significantly affect abilities and health.

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