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• #1 Kidney stones – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355759

  Treatment for kidney stones varies. It depends on the type of stone and the cause. […] Most small kidney stones don’t require invasive treatment such as surgery. You may be able to pass a small stone by: […] Drinking as much as 2 to 3 quarts (1.8 to 3.6 liters) a day likely will keep your urine dilute and may prevent stones from forming. […] To relieve mild pain, your healthcare professional may recommend pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve). […] Your healthcare professional may give you a medicine to help pass your kidney stone. This type of medicine is known as an alpha blocker. It relaxes the muscles in your ureter. This helps you pass the kidney stone more quickly and with less pain. […] Kidney stones that are too large to pass on their own may need more-extensive treatment. So might stones that cause bleeding, kidney damage or ongoing urinary tract infections. Treatments may include:

• #1 Kidney stones – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355759

  For some kidney stones, your healthcare professional may recommend a treatment called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. […] ESWL uses sound waves to create strong vibrations called shock waves that break the stones into tiny pieces that can be passed in urine. […] A surgery called percutaneous nephrolithotomy involves removing a kidney stone using small telescopes and tools inserted through a small cut in the back or side. […] To remove a smaller stone in your ureter or kidney, your surgeon may use a thin lighted tube called a ureteroscope. […] Some calcium phosphate stones are caused by overactive parathyroid glands. […] Removing the tumor from the gland stops kidney stones from forming.

• #2 Kidney Stones: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15604-kidney-stones

  If you have a small stone that’s likely to pass on its own, your provider will have you monitor your symptoms until it passes in your pee. They might prescribe medications that keep you comfortable and help the stone pass on its own. […] Larger stones need treatment depending on their size, location, whether they’re causing infections or symptoms, and other factors. If you have a large stone or a blockage, or if a stone isn’t passing on its own in a few weeks, your provider will recommend procedures to break up or remove it. […] If you have a kidney stone that can’t pass on its own or is blocking your urinary tract, your provider will recommend a procedure to break up and/or remove the stone. The type of procedure they recommend depends on many factors, including the size and location of the stone. Kidney stone procedures include:

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-stones/treatment/

  Most kidney stones are small enough to be passed out in your pee and can probably be treated at home. […] Small kidney stones may cause pain until you pass them, which can take a few weeks. […] A GP may recommend a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) to help with pain. […] To ease your symptoms, a GP might also recommend drinking plenty of fluids throughout the day, anti-sickness medicine, and alpha-blockers (medicines to help stones pass). […] You might be advised to drink up to 3 litres (5.2 pints) of fluid throughout the day, every day, until the stones have cleared. […] If your kidney stones are causing severe pain, your GP may send you to hospital for tests and treatment. […] If your kidney stones are too big to be passed naturally, they’re usually removed by surgery.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-stones/treatment/

  The main types of surgery for removing kidney stones are shockwave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). […] Your type of surgery will depend on the size and location of your stones. […] SWL involves using ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to pinpoint where a kidney stone is. […] Ultrasound shock waves are then sent to the stone from a machine to break it into smaller pieces so it can be passed in your urine. […] Ureteroscopy involves passing a long, thin telescope called a ureteroscope through the tube urine passes through on its way out of the body (the urethra) and into your bladder. […] The surgeon may either try to gently remove the stone using another instrument, or they may use laser energy to break it up into small pieces so it can be passed naturally in your urine.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-stones/treatment/

  PCNL involves using a thin telescopic instrument called a nephroscope. […] The stone is either pulled out or broken into smaller pieces using a laser or pneumatic energy. […] Complications can occur after the treatment of large kidney stones. […] Possible complications will depend on the type of treatment you have and the size and position of your stones.

• #4 Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p490.html

  Kidney stones are a common disorder, with an annual incidence of eight cases per 1,000 adults. During an episode of renal colic, the first priority is to rule out conditions requiring immediate referral to an emergency department, then to alleviate pain, preferably with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The diagnostic workup consists of urinalysis, urine culture, and imaging to confirm the diagnosis and assess for conditions requiring active stone removal, such as urinary infection or a stone larger than 10 mm. Conservative management consists of pain control, medical expulsive therapy with an alpha blocker, and follow-up imaging within 14 days to monitor stone position and assess for hydronephrosis. […] All patients with kidney stones should be screened for risk of stone recurrence with medical history, basic laboratory evaluation, and imaging. Lifestyle modifications such as increased fluid intake should be recommended for all patients, and thiazide diuretics, allopurinol, or citrates should be prescribed for patients with recurrent calcium stones. Patients at high risk of stone recurrence should be referred for additional metabolic assessment, which can serve as a basis for tailored preventive measures.

• #5 Kidney Stone Treatment & Prevention – Kidney Stones & Urinary Obstruction | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/urology/kidney-stone/kidney-stone-treatment-prevention

  UCLA’s Stone Treatment Center concentrates not only on kidney stone treatment, but also on prevention once the initial stone is removed. […] At UCLA we have a commitment to 24-hour urines and metabolic work-up to prevent future recurrences. We also provide dietary counseling for appropriate diet and nutrition planning to prevent a recurrence of kidney stones. […] One of the best preventative measures against kidney stones is proper fluid intake. It is recommended that you drink at least eight glasses or three liters of water each day in order to pass about 2.6 quarts (2.5 liters) of urine daily. […] All treatment and prevention recommendations will be determined on an individual basis by our kidney stone management team.

• #5 Kidney Stone Treatment & Prevention – Kidney Stones & Urinary Obstruction | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/urology/kidney-stone/kidney-stone-treatment-prevention

  Call 310-794-7700 to learn more about kidney stone treatment at UCLA Health. […] When kidney stones don’t pass by themselves, there are several surgical and medical treatment options. At UCLA’s Stone Treatment Center providing services at our Westwood, Santa Monica and Santa Clarita facilities we offer state-of-the-art and minimally invasive care for kidney stones. […] Surgical options include: […] Non-invasive extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). ESWL involves the use of sound waves to crush the kidney stone into smaller pieces so they can more easily pass into the bladder. […] Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). PCNL uses a small hole and a tube inserted into the patients back to directly remove or break up larger kidney stones. […] Ureteroscopy (URS). URS involves passing a fiberoptic camera up into the ureter and kidney without any incisions, allowing specialists to use delicate instruments to remove or break up smaller stones.

• #5 Kidney Stone Treatment & Prevention – Kidney Stones & Urinary Obstruction | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/urology/kidney-stone/kidney-stone-treatment-prevention

  Pyelolithotomy. This procedure involves the removal of a stone from within the renal pelvis or from the ureter, and can be done as an open or laparoscopic procedure. […] Medical management is available to aid in the passing of some stones and for ongoing kidney stone management of stones. One type of medication, known as alpha blockers, can be prescribed to help pass certain kidney stones by relaxing the muscles in the ureter. Other medications include oral alkalinization used to increase urine pH for uric stones and hypercalciuria for calcium stones. […] As kidney stones have a rate of recurrence of up to 50% at five years, surveillance with imaging modalities is necessary to ensure treatment success or to guide further changes to the treatment plan. […] UCLA’s Stone Treatment Center has state-of-the-art operating rooms that are equipped with the latest technology including ultra-thin flexible and rigid ureteroscopes, high depth digital imaging, and a variety of lasers including Greenlight PVP. UCLAs urologists are fellowship-trained and perform high volume weekly caseloads. As a result, UCLA has a reputation for successful management of difficult stones, and many of our patients are able to go home within an hour or two after surgery.

• #6 Kidney stones – self-care Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/kidney-stones-self-care

  You visited your provider or the hospital because you have a kidney stone. You will need to take self-care steps. Which steps you take depend on the type of stone you have, but they may include: […] Taking medicines to help prevent stones […] Taking medicines to help you pass a stone (anti-inflammatory drugs, alpha-blockers) […] Drinking a lot of fluid is important for treating and preventing all types of kidney stones. Staying hydrated (having enough fluid in your body) will keep your urine diluted. This makes it harder for stones to form. […] Follow these guidelines if you have calcium kidney stones: […] Do not take extra calcium or vitamin D, unless the provider who is treating your kidney stones recommends it. […] Avoid these foods if you have uric acid stones: […] Drink plenty of fluids, particularly water. […] If you are losing weight, lose it slowly. Quick weight loss may cause uric acid stones to form.

• #7 Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p490.html

  Pain relief is the priority in the acute management of renal colic. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ketorolac, 30 to 60 mg intramuscularly) are more effective and have fewer adverse effects than opioids. […] Medical expulsive therapy with alpha blockers (e.g., tamsulosin [Flomax], 0.4 mg per day; doxazosin [Cardura], 4 mg per day) hastens and increases the likelihood of stone passage, reduces pain, and prevents surgical interventions and hospital admissions. […] Thiazide diuretics, allopurinol, and citrate supplementation are effective in preventing calcium stones that recur despite lifestyle modification, even in the absence of hyperuricemia, urinary acidosis, hypocitraturia, or hyperuricosuria.

• #8 Kidney Stone: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-stones

  Treatment is tailored according to the type of stone. Urine can be strained and stones collected for evaluation. […] Drinking six to eight glasses of water a day increases urine flow. People who are dehydrated or have severe nausea and vomiting may need intravenous fluids. […] Pain relief may require narcotic medications. The presence of infection requires treatment with antibiotics. Other medications include: allopurinol (Zyloprim) for uric acid stones, thiazide diuretics to prevent calcium stones from forming, sodium bicarbonate or sodium citrate to make the urine less acidic, phosphorus solutions to prevent calcium stones from forming, ibuprofen (Advil) for pain, acetaminophen (Tylenol) for pain, naproxen sodium (Aleve) for pain. […] Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy uses sound waves to break up large stones so they can more easily pass down the ureters into your bladder.

• #9 Treatment | WakeMed

  https://www.wakemed.org/wakemed-physician-practices/specialties/urology/kidney-stone-center/treatment

  Expectant Management (trying to pass the stone) In general, the larger the stone, the less likely it will be to pass. That being said, many patients are able to successfully pass quite large stones, particularly if they have previously passed stones. […] Pain control: for an acute attack of renal colic. Anti-inflammatories such as motrin and naproxen work well. Frequently narcotic medications are necessary to bring the pain under control […] Anti-nausea medications: renal colic goes hand in hand with nausea and vomiting. This is because the nerves that respond to the higher pressures in the kidney also travel to the stomach and cause the stomach to slow down. Anti-nausea medications can provide relief and rest. […] Medical expulsive therapy: recently certain medications have been proven to help patients pass stones in the mid to lower ureter. Your doctor may have started you on such a medication.

• #9 Treatment | WakeMed

  https://www.wakemed.org/wakemed-physician-practices/specialties/urology/kidney-stone-center/treatment

  Surgical Options Stones larger than 2 cm Stones this large are best treated with a procedure called a Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL). This is performed by using larger telescopes and instruments placed directly through the back and into the kidney. The stone is then broken up and the pieces are sucked out. […] Advantages of PCNL Most effective and efficient way to remove large kidney stones […] Risks of PCNL Risk of bleeding and hematoma around kidney.

• #10 Kidney stones: Learn More – Treatment options for kidney stones – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK348939/

  Uric acid stones can sometimes be dissolved using medication. […] Alpha blockers are believed to make it easier for the stones to pass out of the body. They relax the muscles in the lower part of the bladder. […] According to current research, alpha blockers can help pass stones. An analysis of 67 studies showed this to be true for kidney stones that are about 5 to 10 millimeters in diameter. […] If the stones don’t pass out of the body on their own, doctors can break them up with ultrasound shock waves or remove them in a minor surgical procedure. The most suitable method will mainly depend on how big the stones are, where they are, and what they are made of. […] In ultrasound shock wave therapy, sound waves are used to break up the stones. The stone fragments are then flushed away in the urine. This treatment is also referred to as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).

• #10 Kidney stones: Learn More – Treatment options for kidney stones – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK348939/

  There are two common methods for removing stones through a surgical procedure: ureterorenoscopy (URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL or PNL). […] Ureterorenoscopy (URS): In this method, tiny instruments are moved through the urethra (the passageway that urine flows out of) and bladder with the help of an endoscope, and pushed up into the ureter where the stone is. […] Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL): In this method, an endoscope is moved into the renal pelvis or the kidney through a small cut made on your back. […] Nowadays, more major surgery is only very rarely needed to remove kidney stones. […] Some small studies have tested shock wave therapy and PCNL. In comparison, PCNL was more successful than shock wave therapy. […] Shock wave therapy carries the risk of leaving behind kidney stone fragments that are too big to pass through the ureter.

• #11 Kidney stones: What are your treatment options? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/kidney-stones-what-are-your-treatment-options-2019071817350

  If youve been diagnosed with kidney stones (urolithiasis), you may have several options for treatment. These include medical therapy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL), and ureteroscopy. […] Most evidence suggests that stones less than 10 mm in diameter have a reasonable chance of passing through the urinary tract spontaneously. You may be offered medical expulsive therapy (MET) using an alpha blocker medication, such as tamsulosin. Its important to understand that this is an off-label use of the drug. Rarely, tamsulosin causes a condition called intraoperative floppy iris syndrome that can complicate cataract surgery. […] All shock wave lithotripsy machines deliver shock waves through the skin to the stone in the kidney. Most but not all of the energy from the shock wave is delivered to the stone.

• #11 Kidney stones: What are your treatment options? – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/kidney-stones-what-are-your-treatment-options-2019071817350

  Using ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance, a surgeon gains access to kidney stones through a small incision in the lower back during percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. A power source, such as ultrasound or laser, breaks the stones into fragments, which are flushed out of the kidney through an external tube or internal stent. […] During ureteroscopy, a surgeon places a tube through the urethra and bladder into the ureter, possibly going all the way up into the kidney. Ureteroscopy employs either semirigid or flexible instruments through which the surgeon has an excellent view of everything inside the urethra. The surgeon then uses a power source threaded up through the ureteroscope to fragment the stones under direct visualization. A postoperative stent can be placed for a few days at the discretion of the urologist.

• #12 Treatment for Kidney Stones – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-stones/treatment

  Health care professionals usually treat kidney stones based on their size, location, and what type they are. […] Small kidney stones may pass through your urinary tract without treatment. […] Larger kidney stones or kidney stones that block your urinary tract or cause great pain may need urgent treatment. […] A urologist can remove the kidney stone or break it into small pieces with the following treatments: […] The doctor can use shock wave lithotripsy to blast the kidney stone into small pieces. […] During cystoscopy, the doctor uses a cystoscope to look inside the urethra and bladder to find a stone in your urethra or bladder. […] The doctor uses a thin viewing tool, called a nephroscope, to locate and remove the kidney stone. […] After these procedures, sometimes the urologist may leave a thin flexible tube, called a ureteral stent, in your urinary tract to help urine flow or a stone to pass.

• #13 Kidney stones – Symptoms, causes, types, and treatment | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-stones

  A kidney stone may be treated with shockwave lithotripsy, uteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithomy or nephrolithotripsy. […] The treatment for kidney stones is similar in children and adults. You may be asked to drink a lot of water. Doctors try to let the stone pass without surgery. You may also get medication to help make your urine less acid. But if it is too large, or if it blocks the flow of urine, or if there is a sign of infection, it is removed with surgery. […] Shock-wave lithotripsy is a noninvasive procedure that uses high-energy sound waves to blast the stones into fragments that are then more easily passed out in the urine. In ureteroscopy, an endoscope is inserted through the ureter to retrieve or obliterate the stone. Rarely, for very large or complicated stones, doctors will use percutaneous nephrolithotomy/nephrolithotripsy. […] See a doctor as soon as possible. You may be asked to drink extra fluid in an attempt to flush out the stone out in the urine. If you strain your urine and can save a piece of the stone that has passed, bring it to your doctor. Or, the stone may need to be removed with surgery.

• #14 Kidney Stone Treatment: Shock Wave Lithotripsy | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-stone-treatment-shock-wave-lithotripsy

  Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL) is the most common kidney stone treatment in the U.S., using shock waves to break stones into tiny pieces for easier passage. […] SWL works better with some stones than others. Very large stones cannot be treated this way. […] SWL is more appropriate for some people than others. […] If the stone does not pass on its own, it will require treatment. […] You will be positioned on an operating table. […] The main advantage of this treatment is that it treats kidney stones without an incision. […] After SWL, about 50% of people will be stone free within a month. […] The recovery time is usually fairly brief. […] Drug treatment is being studied with such drugs as such as calcium channel blockers (nifedipine), steroids and alpha-adrenergic blockers. […] When SWL is not appropriate or doesn’t work, some people will need ureteroscopy, a technique that goes through the bladder to reach the stone or percutaneous nephrolithotomy, a technique that goes through a small incision created in your back.

• #15

  https://newsroom.uw.edu/news-releases/new-tech-gives-kidney-stone-patients-options

  Using high-frequency waves, the new treatment pushes smaller stones from the bottom of the kidney toward the ureter. […] A clinical trial at the Kidney Stone Center at UW Medical Center Northwest is testing the ability of ultrasound waves to dislodge and move small fragments left behind after surgery so they can naturally be expelled. […] The ultrasound procedure being tested does not require anesthesia, just one or two clinic visits of about 30 minutes each. Then the fragments have a better chance of clearing, sometimes with a few hours, Sorensen said. […] Sorensens group also is exploring using ultrasound to break larger stones into small pieces, and then use this handheld device to push and expel the fragments to help resolve a painful event. […] Imagine a scenario where you get diagnosed with a stone and you come in and you see us in clinic, and it’s a small or modest-sized stone that we normally would talk about treating with a surgical procedure, but instead we might offer a 30-minute, no-anesthesia procedure to break the stone and move it so it can be expelled, he said. […] Anything we can come up with that is going to be as effective as and less invasive than some of the technologies we have now, and not require anesthesia, I think that’s a really exciting future, he said.

• #16 Kidney Stone Treatment: Shock Wave Lithotripsy | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-stone-treatment-shock-wave-lithotripsy

  In those patients who are thought to be good candidates for this treatment, some 50-75% are found to be free of stones within three months of SWL treatment. […] Most small ureteral stones (less than 1-5 mm in diameter) will pass on their own. […] Treatment is available at many hospitals, outpatient centers and sometimes even in mobile units. […] Often, they can. People who have had more than one kidney stone are likely to form another.

• #17 Kidney Stone Treatment Options – NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/urology/services/kidney-stones/treatment

  Lithotripsy crushes the kidney stone into particles that you can pass through urine. This minimally invasive approach uses a high-energy shock wave generated by a high-voltage energy source that fragments the stone. We use two types of lithotripsy procedures. […] Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) works best on small stones. This noninvasive outpatient treatment uses a high voltage device that generates high-energy shock waves that enter the body through the skin surface without an incision. We focus these shock waves onto the stone which fragments into particles so it can pass through the urine. […] Ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy is a minimally invasive outpatient surgical technique for larger stones that cannot be broken up by ESWL. With this approach, we send a small endoscopic camera through the urethra and urinary bladder into the ureter and/or kidney, then use a Holmium:YAG laser to fragment the stone into particles. We can extract these bits from your body so you do not have to pass them. We have found that this approach is particularly effective for large stones (more than 1cm) that are located in the upper part of the ureter. The procedure is also effective for morbidly obese patients.

• #17 Kidney Stone Treatment Options – NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/urology/services/kidney-stones/treatment

  Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive technique designed to remove multiple or large kidney stones. This procedure requires specialized training and skills and can achieve complete stone removal in a single session through a small sheath that is placed into the kidney from the side, instead of going through the urethra. A camera is inserted through the sheath and the stones are fragmented and removed. Dr. Gupta has created his own procedure called modified PCNL, which achieves the same outcome as regular PCNL, but with a miniaturized incision that is so small it is sutureless, i.e. requires no stitches. He has also pioneered mini-PCNL and tubeless PCNL. These techniques allow removal of stones as small as 1 cm to stones over 10 cm with a very short or no hospital stay, and minimal morbidity.

• #18 Kidney Stones Treatment | Denver | Urology Associates

  https://www.denverurology.com/urology/kidney-stones-treatment/

  The physician may ask the patient to urinate through a strainer that will catch the stone. […] Nonprescription pain medication may be sufficient. […] A doctor can offer advice on appropriate pain medication after an appropriate evaluation. […] Most physicians ask patients to bring a stone they have passed at home in for analysis. […] Some medications are under evaluation which may help the stone pass by relaxing the ureter. […] Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), the most common kidney stone treatment. […] It uses high-energy sound waves to break up kidney stones inside the body. […] It does not require a surgical incision. […] Instead, it breaks stones into smaller pieces which are able to be passed in the urine. […] The treatment takes approximately 1 hour. […] ESWL is usually provided under mild anesthesia, which helps the patient lie still and remain comfortable.

• #19 Get Kidney Stones Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/kidney-stones-treatment

  If you do need treatment, care often includes medications that relax muscles near the ureter, making stones easier to pass. […] We offer: Laser lithotripsy: This treatment is for smaller kidney stones. […] Shock wave lithotripsy: We use this option for small stones. […] Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: You may need this procedure if the stones are too large for laser or shock wave lithotripsy. […] If youre worried about your kidney stones coming back again in the future, we can give you personalized recommendations to reduce the chance youll get them again. […] Whether this is your first kidney stone or youve had them before, our team of providers is ready to help. Well guide you through the treatment process finding the right option for you.

• #19 Get Kidney Stones Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/kidney-stones-treatment

  When you hear that youve got kidney stones, you might immediately think of the pain that can go with them. […] At Cleveland Clinic, we are there to help you get lasting relief. We excel in treating people who have kidney stones that keep coming back (recurrent) and offer every available treatment. […] We take time to get to know you and your medical history. This information helps us find the right treatment options to match your needs. We are often able to stop or slow down the growth of chronic kidney stones with medications. […] We offer advanced options, including laser lithotripsy, which breaks up smaller stones into tiny pieces. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for the removal of complex or large kidney stones. […] Our comprehensive approach lowers the likelihood that your kidney stones will become chronic.

• #20 Kidney Stones Treatment | Atlanta GA | Georgia Urology

  https://www.gaurology.com/specialties/specialty/kidney-stones/

  Ureteroscopy with Laser Lithotripsy: Ureteroscopy uses a small endoscopic instrument called a ureteroscope to access the ureter. Laser energy is used to fragment the stone. This technology allows treating more complex and larger stones, leading to a stone-free rate greater than 95 percent. […] Percutaneous Lithotripsy (PCNL): Tiny instruments are placed directly into the kidney through an access port in the flank. This allows the removal of larger and more complicated stones. PCNL is surgery and requires a hospital stay, but it offers excellent stone-free rates. […] After you have had kidney stones, you are more likely to have them again. Your urologist may make recommendations for prevention based on the specific cause(s) of your stone formation. […] For most patients who do not exhibit significant metabolic abnormalities, the most important measures are to increase fluid intake (water is best) to produce 2.5 liters of urine per day.

• #21 Surgery for Kidney Stones | Division of Urologic Surgery | Washington University in St. Louis

  https://urology.wustl.edu/patient-care/kidney-stones/surgery-for-kidney-stones/

  SWL is highly effective at treating most stones in the kidney and ureter. […] SWL is an outpatient procedure, and one of the preferred treatments for small- to medium-sized stones. […] Ureteroscopy is one of two preferred methods for the treatment of small- to medium-sized kidney stones. […] Ureteroscopy has a high success rate for stones throughout the urinary tract, including some stones that cannot be treated by SWL. […] For exceptionally large or complex kidney stones, or for a large number of small stones in one kidney, the recommended method of treatment is percutaneous nephrolithotomy. […] PCNL is performed by a urologist, typically with the assistance of an interventional radiologist. […] The decision to perform PCNL is generally based upon stone size. […] For large, complex stones, PCNL is the standard of care. […] PCNL is capable of providing excellent clearance of almost any stone, though there are limitations. […] PCNL is safe and effective in the hands of an experienced stone surgeon and is a procedure associated with high patient satisfaction.

• #22 Kidney Stones | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/kidney-stones

  Sometimes it is necessary to remove the stones, depending on your child’s condition and symptoms. […] Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is the most common and least invasive way of treating stones. […] Ureteroscopy is done under general anesthesia. The success rate is very high — upwards of 95 percent. […] Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is used to treat large kidney stones. […] Years ago, almost all stones required open surgery for removal. However, with advances in technology, most stones can now be treated with a less invasive approach. […] At Boston Children’s Hospital, we treat children with kidney stones in our dedicated Kidney Stone Program. […] The best treatment is prevention. Your child will receive a metabolic evaluation to determine if they have risk factors for future kidney stones. We then prescribe individualized treatment plans to prevent new stones from forming, and we monitor your child with urine and blood tests and sometimes ultrasound exams.

• #22 Kidney Stones | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/kidney-stones

  Kidney stones can pass all by themselves, without treatment. Others will need to be removed, which can often be done using a noninvasive method. […] Treatment plans are based on the cause of the stones, but your child’s doctor may prescribe high fluid intake and a low-salt diet to reduce the chances of kidney stone recurrence. The nephrologist may prescribe medications to help prevent stones from forming, such as medications that lower the levels of calcium in the urine or other medications that help substances to dissolve in urine. […] The best treatment will depend on the size, location, number, and composition of your child’s stone. In many cases, stones can pass spontaneously without any treatment — in fact, children can pass stones that are relatively large compared to those that adults can pass. Your child’s doctors may prescribe certain medications that have been shown to increase the chance of a stone passing spontaneously.

• #23

  https://www.laparoscopyhospital.com/forum/forum.php?p=&cat_id=&tid=3666

  Treatment options for a 9 mm kidney stone in the right kidney depend on various factors, including the stone’s composition, location, your overall health, and symptoms. Here are some common treatment options along with their recovery times: 1. Medication Description: Medications like alpha-blockers (e.g., tamsulosin) can help relax the muscles in your ureter, making it easier to pass the stone. Recovery Time: This method may take several weeks to months for the stone to pass naturally. Follow-up is necessary to monitor progress. 2. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) Description: ESWL uses sound waves to break the kidney stone into smaller pieces that can be passed in urine. Recovery Time: Recovery is typically quick, usually a few days. Some discomfort and bruising can occur, and pieces of the stone may take a few weeks to pass completely. 3. Ureteroscopy (URS) Description: A small scope is passed through the urethra and bladder into the ureter to locate and remove the stone or break it into smaller pieces with a laser. Recovery Time: Most people can return to normal activities within 2-3 days. Full recovery may take about a week. 4. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Description: A minimally invasive procedure where a small incision is made in your back to remove the stone directly from the kidney. Recovery Time: Hospital stay of 1-2 days is usually required, with a recovery period of 1-2 weeks. 5. Open Surgery Description: Rarely used today, open surgery involves a larger incision to remove the kidney stone. Recovery Time: Hospital stay of several days is required, and full recovery may take 4-6 weeks. 6. Laser Lithotripsy Description: A laser fiber is used to break up the stone during a ureteroscopy. Recovery Time: Similar to ureteroscopy, with a recovery period of about 1 week.

• #24 Kidney stones | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/kidney-stones

  percutaneous nephrolithotomy for stones larger than 2cm. A small cut is made in your back, then a special instrument is used to remove the kidney stone […] endoscope removal an instrument called an endoscope is inserted into the urethra, passed into the bladder and then to where the stone is located. It allows the doctor to remove the stone or break it up so you can pass it more easily […] surgery if none of these methods is suitable, the stone may need to be removed using traditional surgery. This will require a cut in your back to access your kidney and ureter to remove the stone.

• #25 Kidney stones – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755

  Kidney stones are hard objects made of minerals and salts in urine. They form inside the kidneys. […] Passing kidney stones can be quite painful. But prompt treatment usually helps prevent any lasting damage. Sometimes, the only treatment needed to pass a kidney stone is taking pain medicine and drinking lots of water. Other times, surgery or other treatments may be needed. It depends on size, location and the type of stone you have. […] If you can, try to save your kidney stone if you pass one. Then bring it to your healthcare professional, who can check on what type of kidney stone it is. […] To help prevent calcium stones from forming, your healthcare professional may prescribe a thiazide diuretic or potassium citrate. […] Your healthcare professional may prescribe allopurinol (Zyloprim, Aloprim, others) to lower uric acid levels in your blood and urine.

• #25 Kidney stones – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755

  To prevent struvite stones, your healthcare professional may recommend ways to keep your urine free of bacteria that cause infection. […] A diet that’s lower in sodium and protein may help prevent cystine stones. Your healthcare professional also may recommend that you drink more fluids so that you urinate more.

• #26 Medications & Dietary Changes for Kidney Stones | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/kidney-stones/treatments/medications-dietary-changes-for-kidney-stones

  NYU Langone doctors establish a treatment plan for kidney stones based on your medical history and the type of stone. Its important to remember that after youve had one kidney stone, youre more likely to develop another and may need preventive treatment. […] Depending on the type of kidney stone, your doctor may prescribe medication to help you pass an existing stone or to prevent it from growing. […] Your doctor may prescribe a medication called an alpha blocker to help relax the muscles of the ureterswhich carry urine from the kidneys to the bladderand reduce spasms in these tubes. […] Your doctor may prescribe potassium citrate to help prevent kidney stones from growing larger or returning. […] Your doctor may prescribe a thiazide diuretic, which can reduce the amount of calcium released into the urine.

• #26 Medications & Dietary Changes for Kidney Stones | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/kidney-stones/treatments/medications-dietary-changes-for-kidney-stones

  Occasionally, our doctors prescribe allopurinol to decrease the amount of uric acid produced by the body, in order to prevent the formation of kidney stones. […] Your doctor may recommend that you drink more fluids to help prevent new kidney stones from forming. He or she may also recommend dietary changes, such as decreasing the amount of animal protein in your diet, including beef, chicken, fish, and pork; eating more fruits and vegetables; and increasing your intake of calcium-rich foods. […] Depending on the type of kidney stone you have, you may be asked to limit your intake of foods that are high in oxalate, such as beets, black pepper, black teas, chocolate, nuts, rhubarb, soy products, and spinach.

• #27 Treatment and Prevention of Kidney Stones: An Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1201/p1234.html

  Urine characteristics (e.g., urine pH) should be obtained in patients with kidney stones to guide treatment and prevention. […] Patients with kidney stones should be counseled on stone-specific dietary interventions. […] To prevent kidney stones, medication use should be evaluated and modified as needed. […] Oral hydration and pain management are part of the acute treatment of all stone types. […] For stones measuring 10 mm or less, antispasmodics such as calcium channel blockers and alpha blockers relax the smooth muscle of the ureters and have been shown to hasten stone passage by five to seven days. […] If signs of possible infection are present (e.g., fever, pyuria), initial management should include empiric antibiotics that cover gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci according to local susceptibility patterns.

• #27 Treatment and Prevention of Kidney Stones: An Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1201/p1234.html

  Management and prevention are largely specific to the type of kidney stone. […] Urine pH is an important factor in the production of kidney stones. […] For prevention of calcium oxalate, cystine, and uric acid stones, urine should be alkalinized. […] For prevention of calcium phosphate and struvite stones, urine should be acidified. […] Acupuncture and chiropractic manipulation may ease stone passage in patients with nerve impingement.

• #28 Kidney Stones: Medical Mangement Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/kidney-stones-medical-mangement-guideline

  Clinicians should offer potassium citrate therapy to patients with recurrent calcium stones and low or relatively low urinary citrate. (Standard; Evidence Strength Grade B) […] Clinicians should obtain a single 24-hour urine specimen for stone risk factors within six months of the initiation of treatment to assess response to dietary and/or medical therapy. (Expert Opinion) […] Clinicians should monitor patients with struvite stones for reinfection with urease-producing organisms and utilize strategies to prevent such occurrences. (Expert Opinion) […] Clinicians should periodically obtain follow-up imaging studies to assess for stone growth or new stone formation based on stone activity (plain abdominal imaging, renal ultrasonography or low dose computed tomography [CT]). (Expert Opinion)

• #29 Kidney Stones: Causes, symptoms and treatment options | American Kidney Fund

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/other-kidney-problems/kidney-stones

  During a ureteroscopy, a doctor inserts a long tube-like tool, through the genitals and bladder, into your ureter to take out the stone (if it is small) or break the stone into small pieces (using a laser if it is large) so that it can pass through your urinary tract and out through your urine). […] Sometimes, the size or the location of the stone will require a more serious surgery, known as a percutaneous nephrolithotomy. This procedure involves a tube being inserted into your kidneys through a small incision in your back. This tube will help doctors locate and remove the stone. […] It is very common to develop another kidney stone after your first one. Here are a few steps you can take to prevent forming future kidney stones: […] Certain medicines may be prescribed to help prevent kidney stones. Talk to your healthcare team to learn more about these medicines and if they may be an option for you.

• #30 Kidney Stone Diagnosis and Treatment | Urology | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/services/urology/kidney-stones/diagnosis-and-treatment

  Prevention is a key part of our comprehensive kidney stone treatment program. We work with you to create a plan tailored to your needs. Changes that reduce kidney stone recurrence include: Drinking more fluids: Taking in plenty of fluids, especially water, increases urine production. […] Eating less sodium: Consuming foods with too much salt can decrease urine production and lead to the formation of stones. […] Avoiding sugary drinks: Sugar and high fructose corn syrup (found in sodas and other sweetened drinks) are associated with kidney stone formation. […] Eating less meat: Animal proteins make urine more acidic, leading to uric acid stones. […] Consuming more citrates: Citrus fruits contain high levels of citrates, which can help prevent kidney stones. […] Increasing calcium intake and lowering oxalate intake: Calcium oxalate stones result from too little calcium and too much oxalate in your diet.

• #31 Nephrolithiasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Emergency Management of Renal Colic, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437096-treatment

  A chemical composition analysis of the stone should be performed whenever possible, and information should be provided to motivated patients about possible 24-hour urine testing for long-term nephrolithiasis prophylaxis. […] Medical therapy for stone disease takes both short- and long-term forms. The former includes measures to dissolve the stone (possible only with noncalcium stones) or to facilitate stone passage, and the latter includes treatment to prevent further stone formation. […] In 2016, the American Urological Association/Endourological Society issued general management guidelines for the various presentations of stones that can be managed conservatively. […] The guidelines state that observation with or without medical expulsive therapy (MET) should be offered to patients with uncomplicated distal ureteral stones that are 10 mm or less in diameter.

• #32 What are kidney stones? A UAB expert breaks down the signs, prevention and treatment options for kidney stone disease – UAB News

  https://www.uab.edu/news/health-medicine/what-are-kidney-stones-a-uab-expert-breaks-down-the-signs-prevention-and-treatment-options-for-kidney-stone-disease

  Kidney stone disease is closely associated with various health conditions, including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. […] UAB houses a comprehensive kidney stone clinic that takes a personalized approach to patient care, conducting metabolic and dietary evaluations for everyone. The clinic specializes in kidney stone surgeries, with world-renowned surgeons leading the field. UAB focuses on stone disease as a chronic disease that warrants a thorough and thoughtful workup and individualized treatment plan. […] Staying hydrated is the most important step in preventing kidney stones. […] Shockwave lithotripsy uses energy generated outside the body, which is directed at the stone to break it into smaller fragments. Ureteroscopy and stone removal involves using small cameras that are inserted into the urinary tract to locate the stone. Lasers and baskets are used to break it apart and remove it. Percutaneous nephrostolithotomy involves surgery through the back, using small cameras to access the kidney. It is more invasive and carries a higher risk compared to other methods.

• #33 Kidney Stones | Durham, Raleigh, North Carolina | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/urology/kidney-stones

  Kidney stones don’t always require surgery. We work closely with you to minimize their impact and educate you about preventative options. Small, pain-free kidney stones may be followed conservatively with help from dietary changes, medication, and guidance from your urologist. Larger, complex kidney stones may require surgery for removal. […] Your urologist may recommend medication if you have recurring kidney stones despite dietary changes. Common medicines include potassium citrate, which can alter the acidity of your urine to prevent stones from forming, and thiazide diuretics, which reduce the amount of calcium your kidneys release into the urine. Lifelong use of medications may be recommended to reduce kidney stone formation. […] This minimally invasive outpatient surgery can treat kidney stones, depending on their size and location. During the procedure shock waves pass through the skin to break the stone into smaller, dust-like pieces that pass out of the kidney in urine. You will be sedated.

• #34 Kidney Stones | UC San Diego Health

  https://health.ucsd.edu/care/urology/kidney-stones/

  When kidney stones don’t pass by themselves, surgery might be the best treatment option, along with medical management approaches. […] We use minimally invasive procedures whenever possible. […] This procedure uses energy from sound waves to safely break up stones so they can easily pass into the bladder and out of your body. […] A tiny endoscope is passed through the opening of your urinary tract and guided to the bladder and ureter. […] Your doctor makes a small incision in your back and guides a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope to your kidney to break up and remove the stone. […] We not only aim to treat kidney stones but also to stop them from developing again. […] Our specialists determine the cause of the stone in 97 percent of cases, which helps to discover why your body is forming kidney stones. […] With this information, we can help you take steps to prevent kidney stones. […] In addition to changing your diet and lifestyle, you may need to take medications, such as vitamin supplements, thiazide diuretics and Allopurinol, to minimize your risk of forming stones.

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