Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Kidney Stone Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10201681/

  Kidney stone disease (KSD) (alternatively nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) is a global health care problem that affects people in almost all of developed and developing countries. […] Although effective therapeutic modalities are available, preventive strategies for both new and recurrent stones are required to reduce physical and financial burdens of KSD. […] To prevent kidney stone formation, its etiology and risk factors should be first considered. […] Important roles of fluid intake (2.5-3.0 L/d), diuresis (2.0-2.5 L/d), lifestyle and habit modifications (for example, maintain normal body mass index, fluid compensation for working in high-temperature environment, and avoid cigarette smoking), and dietary management [for example, sufficient calcium at 1000-1200 mg/d, limit sodium at 2 or 3-5 g/d of sodium chloride (NaCl), limit oxalate-rich foods, avoid vitamin C and vitamin D supplements, limit animal proteins to 0.8-1.0 g/kg body weight/d but increase plant proteins in patients with calcium and uric acid stone and those with hyperuricosuria, increase proportion of citrus fruits, and consider lime powder supplementation] are summarized.

• #2 Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p490.html

  Kidney stones are a common disorder, with an annual incidence of eight cases per 1,000 adults. […] All patients with kidney stones should be screened for risk of stone recurrence with medical history, basic laboratory evaluation, and imaging. […] Lifestyle modifications such as increased fluid intake should be recommended for all patients, and thiazide diuretics, allopurinol, or citrates should be prescribed for patients with recurrent calcium stones. […] Patients at high risk of stone recurrence should be referred for additional metabolic assessment, which can serve as a basis for tailored preventive measures. […] Patients should increase daily fluid intake to 2.5 to 3 L per day to prevent recurrence of kidney stones. […] Thiazide diuretics, potassium citrate, or allopurinol should be prescribed after recurrence of calcium stones, even in the absence of metabolic abnormalities.

• #3 Preventing kidney stones from forming – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/preventing-kidney-stones

  Kidney stones are common, affecting about 12% of the U.S. population. […] Nearly 50% of people who have developed kidney stones will develop another stone in 10 years if they do not take steps to prevent a recurrence. This usually includes a combination of lifestyle changes and medications. […] You may reduce your risk of kidney stones if you: Drink water throughout the day. People with a history of kidney stones should drink enough fluids to pass about 80 oz., or 2.5 liters, of urine every day. This is the most effective therapy available to prevent future kidney stones. […] Eat fewer oxalate-rich foods. Switching to a diet low in oxalates can reduce your risk of calcium oxalate stones. […] Continue eating calcium-rich foods, but use caution with calcium supplements. Calcium in food can actually lower your risk of kidney stones.

• #4

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-stones/prevention/

  The best way to prevent kidney stones is to make sure you drink plenty of water each day to avoid becoming dehydrated. […] To prevent stones returning, you should aim to drink up to 3 litres (5.2 pints) of fluid throughout the day, every day. […] Keeping your urine clear helps to stop waste products getting too concentrated and forming stones. […] Drinks like tea, coffee and fruit juice can count towards your fluid intake, but water is the healthiest option and is best for preventing kidney stones developing. […] Depending on the type of stones you have, your doctor may advise you to cut down on certain types of food. […] But do not make any changes to your diet without speaking to your doctor first.

• #5 Kidney Stone Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10201681/

  This review provides comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge on strategies to prevent KSD. These include increased fluid intake and diuresis, lifestyle and habit modifications, dietary management, and uses of natural bioactive products, medications, bacterial eradication, and probiotics. […] Increased fluid intake to maintain hydration status and to reduce urinary concentration is a long-standing and well-recognized recommendation for KSD prevention. […] The AUA, EAU, CUA, and UAA consistently recommend to maintain the urine output 2.0-2.5 L/d with a fluid intake at 2.5-3.0 L/d. […] Therefore, the large-volume water intake is generally an initial strategy for KSD prevention. […] Weight loss to maintain the normal body mass index (BMI) is recommended by the EAU and UAA to reduce risk of KSD.

• #6 Kidney Stones: Medical Mangement Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/kidney-stones-medical-mangement-guideline

  The purpose of the clinical guideline on Medical Management of Kidney Stones is to provide a clinical framework for the diagnosis, prevention and follow-up of adult patients with kidney stones based on the best available published literature. Topics covered include evaluation, diet therapy, pharmacologic therapy, and follow-up. […] The purpose of this guideline is to provide a clinical framework for the diagnosis, prevention and follow-up of adult patients with kidney stones based on the best available published literature. […] Clinicians should recommend to all stone formers a fluid intake that will achieve a urine volume of at least 2.5 liters daily. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Clinicians should counsel patients with calcium stones and relatively high urinary calcium to limit sodium intake and consume 1,000-1,200 mg per day of dietary calcium. (Standard; Evidence Strength Grade: B)

• #7 How to Prevent Kidney Stones | UCI Health | Orange County, CA

  https://www.ucihealth.org/medical-services/conditions/kidney-stones-disease/kidney-stone-prevention

  Here are some general dietary tips recommended by our urologists: […] All patients with stones should drink three liters a day of fluid (about ten 10-ounce glasses/day). This is the BEST way to lower your risk of forming new stones. […] Excess sodium increases your risk of kidney stone formation. […] Five servings of fruits and vegetables daily are recommended for people who form kidney stones. […] If you develop cystine or calcium oxalate stones and your urines uric acid is high, our urologists may advise that you eat less animal protein (50grams/day), especially red meat. […] Make sure you are ingesting a normal amount of calcium (usually 1 gram a day). […] If increasing your fluid intake and altering your diet do not prevent recurrent stones, our urologists may, based on your 24-hour urine collection, give you medications to further reduce your risk of recurrence.

• #7 How to Prevent Kidney Stones | UCI Health | Orange County, CA

  https://www.ucihealth.org/medical-services/conditions/kidney-stones-disease/kidney-stone-prevention

  If you suffer from kidney stones, our specialists with the UCI Health Center for Urological Care not only diagnose and treat them, they also will help you prevent a recurrence. […] There are a number of things you can do to prevent kidney stones from forming in the first place, including changes in diet. […] Once we find out why you are forming stones, our team will give you a personalized plan to prevent new stone formation in the future. […] It is important to know there is no one-size-fits-all treatment for preventing kidney stones. Everyone is different. You may be advised to change your diet and/or take medications to avoid getting another stone. […] Based on the type of stone you have, your current health issues, age and nutrition needs, our urologists may be able to suggest how to prevent future stones.

• #8 Six Easy Ways to Prevent Kidney Stones | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/six-easy-ways-to-prevent-kidney-stones

  Don’t Underestimate Your Sweat. […] One of the best measures you can take to avoid kidney stones is to drink plenty of water, leading you to urinate a lot. So, be sure to keep well hydrated, especially when engaging in exercise or activities that cause a lot of sweating. […] Moderating intake of these foods may be beneficial for people who form calcium oxalate stones, the leading type of kidney stones. […] It is important to eat and drink calcium and oxalate-rich foods together during a meal. In doing so, oxalate and calcium are more likely to bind to one another in the stomach and intestines before the kidneys begin processing, making it less likely that kidney stones will form. […] Don’t reduce the calcium. Work to cut back on the sodium in your diet and to pair calcium-rich foods with oxalate-rich foods.

• #9 Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p490.html

  Measures to prevent recurrence of kidney stones include lifestyle modifications, citrate supplementation, and medications. […] The most important lifestyle modification to prevent recurrent kidney stones is to increase fluid intake to 2.5 to 3 L per day to guarantee diuresis of 2 to 2.5 L per day and a urine specific gravity lower than 1.010. […] Decreasing intake of carbonated drinks, especially those acidified with phosphoric acid (e.g., colas), further reduces risk of stone recurrence. […] Overall, a balanced diet is ideal for preventing stone recurrence. […] Thiazide diuretics, allopurinol, and citrate supplementation are effective in preventing calcium stones that recur despite lifestyle modification, even in the absence of hyperuricemia, urinary acidosis, hypocitraturia, or hyperuricosuria. […] Citrate supplementation is used not only for calcium stones, but also for uric acid (urine pH target 6.0 to 7.5 or greater) and cystine stones (urine pH target of 7.0 to 7.5 or greater).

• #10 Dr. Siegel: How to Prevent Kidney Stones

  https://www.bouldermedicalcenter.com/how-to-prevent-another-kidney-stone/

  Kidney stones are painful. […] To make matters worse, up to 50 percent will have another stone within ten years. […] While it is impossible to prevent a patient from making another stone, some strategies reduce the risk. […] However, prevention is not a one-size-fits-all strategy, and following up with a urologist for a thorough evaluation is critical. […] The most important recommendation to prevent another kidney stone is to drink more water. Every stone former should drink enough water to produce at least 2.5 liters (83 ounces) of urine per day. […] Research shows that for every 200 mL (6.7 ounces) consumed, the risk of stone disease decreases by 13%. […] American Urological Association guidelines recommend a low sodium diet of 2000-3000 mg and a moderate calcium intake of 1000-1200 mg daily.

• #10 Dr. Siegel: How to Prevent Kidney Stones

  https://www.bouldermedicalcenter.com/how-to-prevent-another-kidney-stone/

  Controlling oxalate in your diet is also essential. […] Citrate also helps to prevent stone formation. […] A diet rich in fruits and vegetables and adding fresh lemon can add considerable citrate to urine chemistry. […] A final recommendation is to reduce the intake of animal protein. […] In summary, the most crucial dietary modification to prevent kidney stones is to drink more water. […] Second, eat a balanced diet with lots of fruit and vegetables to increase your citrate levels. […] Third, reduce your consumption of animal protein. […] By following these recommendations and seeing a urologist when appropriate, we hope to keep you from a visit to the emergency room.

• #11 Kidney Stone Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10201681/

  Dietary modifications may correct these metabolic abnormalities, lower KSD risk, and prevent new and recurrent kidney stones. […] Patients with calcium stone should consume sufficient dietary calcium at 1000-1200 mg/d. […] Limiting sodium intake in patients with calcium stones to 2 g/d (35 g/d of NaCl). […] Limiting oxalate-rich foods, such as spinach, soy products, nuts, almonds, potatoes (particularly skin part), beets, navy beans, raspberries, and dates, in patients with CaOx kidney stones. […] Avoidance of cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke should be recommended to prevent KSD, but stronger evidence is still required. […] The use of thiazides is recommended for recurrent calcium stone formers and those with hypercalciuria. […] Alkaline citrate, particularly potassium citrate, is recommended to alkalinize urine in patients with recurrent calcium stones, hypocitraturia, uric acid stones, and cystine stones. […] Supplementation of probiotics, such as O. formigenes, Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and B. subtilis, to reduce intestinal oxalate absorption seems to be beneficial for kidney stone prevention.

• #12 Kidney Stone Diet Plan and Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-stone-diet-plan-and-prevention

  Learn about managing kidney stones with a specialized diet. Discover the role of hydration, types of kidney stones, and dietary tips for prevention. […] One of the best things you can do to avoid kidney stones is to drink plenty of water every day. This will help make sure that you urinate frequently to avoid any build up of calcium or uric acid. […] There is no single diet plan for stone prevention. Most diet recommendations are based on stone types and individualized for each person. […] Limiting intake of these foods may be beneficial for people who form calcium oxalate stones which is the leading type of kidney stone. […] Don’t reduce the calcium in your diet. Work to cut back on the sodium in your diet and to pair calcium-rich foods with oxalate-rich foods. […] Extra sodium causes you to lose more calcium in your urine. Sodium and calcium share the same transport in the kidney so if you eat high sodium foods it will increase calcium leakage in the urine.

• #13 How to Prevent Kidney Stones: 9 Ways

  https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-health/how-to-prevent-kidney-stones

  Kidney stone prevention […] Theres no one sure way to prevent kidney stones, especially if you have a family history of the condition. A combination of diet and lifestyle changes, as well as some medications, may help reduce your risk. […] Drinking more water is the best way to prevent kidney stones. If you dont drink enough, your urine output will be low. Low urine output means your urine is more concentrated and less likely to dissolve urine salts that cause stones. […] The most common type of kidney stone is the calcium oxalate stone, leading many people to believe they should avoid eating calcium. The opposite is true. Low-calcium diets may increase your kidney stone risk and your risk of osteoporosis. […] A high-salt diet increases your risk of calcium kidney stones. […] Eating less salt helps keep urine calcium levels lower. The lower the urine calcium, the lower the risk of developing kidney stones. […] Some kidney stones are made of oxalate, a natural compound found in foods that binds with calcium in the urine to form kidney stones. Limiting oxalate-rich foods may help prevent the stones from forming. […] Foods high in animal protein are acidic and may increase urine acid. High urine acid may cause both uric acid and calcium oxalate kidney stones. […] Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) supplementation may cause kidney stones, especially in men. […] If you have recurrent stones, talk to your doctor about what role medication can play in your prevention plan. […] If youre prone to certain types of kidney stones, certain medications can help control the amount of that material present in your urine. […] Your best bet for preventing kidney stones is staying hydrated and making certain dietary changes. […] If you have a condition that increases your risk of kidney stones, such as inflammatory bowel disease, persistent urinary tract infection, or obesity, talk to your doctor about ways to manage it to decrease your kidney stone risk.

• #14 Kidney stones – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755

  Keep eating calcium-rich foods, but use caution with calcium supplements. Calcium in food doesn’t have an effect on your risk of kidney stones. […] Ask your healthcare professional to refer you to a dietitian. The dietitian can help you make an eating plan that lowers your risk of kidney stones. […] Medicines can control the amount of minerals and salts in the urine. They may be helpful in people who form certain kinds of stones. The type of medicine that your healthcare professional prescribes depends on the kind of kidney stones you have.

• #14 Kidney stones – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20355755

  If you’ve had more than one kidney stone, your healthcare professional can show you ways to prevent more. This may involve making diet changes, taking medicine or both. […] Prevention of kidney stones may include a mix of lifestyle changes and medicines. […] You may lower your risk of kidney stones if you: […] Drink water throughout the day. This is the most important lifestyle change you can make. If you’ve had kidney stones before, your healthcare professional may tell you to drink enough fluids to pass about 2.1 quarts (2 liters) of urine a day or more. […] Eat fewer oxalate-rich foods. If you tend to form calcium oxalate stones, your healthcare professional may recommend limiting foods rich in oxalates. […] Choose a diet low in sodium and animal protein. Lower the amount of sodium you eat. And choose protein sources that don’t come from meat or fish, such as legumes.

• #15 Preventing Kidney Stones | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/kidney-stones/prevention

  One of the most successful ways to avoid new or recurring kidney stones is by changing your diet. […] One of the best ways to prevent kidney stones is to drink more fluid, which dilutes your urine and prevents kidney stones from forming and growing. […] Our doctors recommend that you limit the amount of animal-based protein you eat to six to eight ounces of beef, pork, poultry, or fish per day. […] You can reduce the amount of sodium you eat by limiting or avoiding fast food, salty snacks, and packaged, processed, or canned foods. […] Unless you require a calcium supplement for a specific medical reason, such as conditions like osteopenia or osteoporosis, our doctors recommend that you obtain calcium from food instead of supplements. […] If you have been diagnosed with calcium oxalate kidney stones, your doctor may recommend that you limit your intake of foods that contain higher amounts of oxalate, such as beets, black pepper, black tea, chocolate, nuts, potatoes, rhubarb, soy products, and spinach.

• #16 Kidney Stone Prevention Tips – Preventing Kidney Stones | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/urology/services/kidney-stones/prevention

  Limit salt/sodium intake to no more than 2,300 milligrams a day. Sodium causes the kidneys to excrete more calcium, which increases the chance of developing kidney stones. […] Adjust calcium supplementation, which can affect formation of calcium oxalate stones. […] Reduce animal protein to no more than six ounces a day. […] Avoid foods high in oxalate. […] Consult a dietician for more individualized advice.

• #16 Kidney Stone Prevention Tips – Preventing Kidney Stones | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/urology/services/kidney-stones/prevention

  Approximately two-thirds of patients who have had one kidney stone are at risk for developing another in the future. […] Because of this high rate of recurrence, Mount Sinai physicians recommend a metabolic evaluation which includes stone analysis, blood, and urinary testing. […] This evaluation can identify the source of problem in more than 90 percent of patients and can help us determine how you might be able to prevent future kidney stones. […] While there is no guaranteed way to prevent stones from forming (heredity does play a role), you can reduce your risk by modifying your diet. […] Here are some steps that you can take. […] Increase fluid intake to about two to three liters per day, depending on your activity level and rate of perspiration. Water is best, though citrus drinks such as lemonade and orange juice have also been shown to help prevent kidney stones.

• #17 Lots of water, small dietary changes can help prevent kidney stones, UTSW expert says: Newsroom – UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas

  https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/articles/year-2023/june-prevent-kidney-stones.html

  People who have had a kidney stone should drink at least 2 liters (8 cups) and ideally 3 liters (12 cups) of water per day. […] Adding citrus juice, such as lemon or lime, to water can be helpful because it contains citrate, which binds to calcium to help block stone formation. […] Limit sodium intake: A high-sodium diet increases the amount of calcium in urine, which can trigger kidney stones in people who are susceptible. […] Eat calcium-rich foods: It may seem counterintuitive to recommend calcium when most kidney stones are partially composed of calcium. […] Cut back on meat: Eating too much animal protein can increase your risk of developing stones. […] Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables: This can help prevent the formation of stones by increasing urinary citrate, the naturally occurring acid that keeps calcium from sticking together in urine and forming stones. […] Monitor oxalate intake: Oxalate is found in many healthy foods, such as spinach, beets, nuts, wheat germ, rhubarb, and soy, but it also can contribute to kidney stone formation.

• #18 How to pass a kidney stone & 5 tips to prevent them – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/5-things-can-help-take-pass-kidney-stones-2018030813363

  Even though kidney stones can be common and recur once you’ve had them, there are simple ways to help prevent them. Here are some strategies that can help: […] A meta-analysis from the National Kidney Foundation found that people who produced 2 to 2.5 liters of urine daily were 50% less likely to develop kidney stones than those who produced less. It takes about 8 to 10 8-ounce glasses (about 2 liters total) of water daily to produce that amount. […] Good sources include yogurt, soy products, beans, lentils and seeds. Dietary calcium binds oxalate in the intestines, so less gets absorbed and lower concentrations end up in urine. […] Citrate, a salt in citric acid, binds to calcium and helps block stone formation. „Studies have shown that drinking 1/2 cup of lemon juice concentrate diluted in water each day, or the juice of two lemons, can increase urine citrate and likely reduce kidney stone risk,” says Dr. Eisner.

• #19 Kidney Stones Prevention – Urology Associates of the Central Coast

  https://www.urologyslo.com/services/kidney-stones-prevention/

  There are many factors that can contribute to the development of kidney stones. These include hereditary factors (stones tend to run in families), metabolic disorders (such as intestinal malabsorption or prior bariatric surgery) and dietary factors. Dietary factors are the most modifiable risk factor so it is what we focus on in preventing kidney stones. […] The most important dietary factor to prevent kidney stones is hydration. People with kidney stones should drink 3-4 liters of water daily unless they have a medical condition that requires a restriction of daily fluid intake. Having less concentrated urine from staying hydrated prevents crystal deposition that results in kidney stone formation and growth. […] In general, eating more fruits and vegetables and less animal protein also reduces the risk of kidney stone development. Adding citrate to your diet also helps prevent crystal formation in the urine. Lemon, lime, orange and melons are rich in citrate. Citrate can also be found in over the counter drinks including crystal light drink packets. If you have recurrent kidney stones and low citrate in the urine, your provider may prescribe a daily citrate supplement (pill) that would be taken 2-3 times per day.

• #20 Kidney Stone Diet Plan and Prevention | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-stone-diet-plan-and-prevention

  To prevent uric acid stones, cut down on high-purine foods such as red meat, organ meats, beer/alcoholic beverages, meat-based gravies, sardines, anchovies and shellfish. […] Drink plenty of fluid: 2-3 quarts/day […] Limit foods with high oxalate content […] Eat enough dietary calcium […] Avoid extra calcium supplements […] Eat a moderate amount of protein […] Avoid high salt intake […] Avoid high doses of vitamin C supplements.

• #21 Preventative Medicine for Kidney Stones — Walnut Creek Naturopathic

  https://www.walnutcreeknaturopathic.com/blog/preventative-medicine-for-kidney-stones

  Therefore, some experts advise eating a high-calcium (or at least normal-calcium) diet, rather than a low-calcium diet as many conventional doctors still suggest. […] Therefore, please do not avoid taking vitamin C, as it has many beneficial qualities and has not been shown to cause kidney stones in humans. […] Caution must be advised when supplementing with vitamin D, as large doses may increase urinary levels of calcium, thereby increasing the risk of kidney stones. […] There are a variety of herbs used both for prevention and treatment of kidney stones. […] As always, this list is merely suggestive of some of the treatment options available for the prevention of kidney stones.

• #22 Treatment and Prevention of Kidney Stones: An Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/1201/p1234.html

  Measures to prevent kidney stones include dietary modifications, nutritional supplements, and medications, depending on the specific type of kidney stone and urine characteristics. […] For prevention of calcium oxalate, cystine, and uric acid stones, urine should be alkalinized. […] For prevention of calcium phosphate and struvite stones, urine should be acidified. […] To prevent kidney stones, medication use should be evaluated and modified as needed. […] Patients with kidney stones should be counseled on stone-specific dietary interventions. […] Urine pH is an important factor in the production of kidney stones. […] Kidney stones are a risk factor for chronic kidney disease and progression to end-stage renal disease. […] Obesity contributes to risk of kidney stones more than dietary factors. […] Weight loss may improve or undermine management of kidney stones, depending on how it is achieved. […] Increased dietary fructose has been associated with up to a 38 percent higher risk of kidney stones.

• #23 Six Easy Ways to Prevent Kidney Stones | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/six-easy-ways-to-prevent-kidney-stones

  Research conducted by Dr. Jhagroo shows that those with kidney stones do not always heed the advice of their nephrologists and urinary specialists. About 15% of kidney stone patients didn’t take prescribed medications and 41% did not follow the nutritional advice that would keep stones from recurring. Without the right medications and diet adjustments, stones can come back, and recurring kidney stones also could be an indicator of other problems, including kidney disease. […] It’s important to consider dietary remedies alongside prescription medications. […] To prevent uric acid stones, cut down on high-purine foods such as red meat, organ meats, and shellfish, and follow a healthy diet that contains mostly vegetables and fruits, whole grains, and low fat dairy products. Limit sugar-sweetened foods and drinks, especially those that contain high fructose corn syrup. Limit alcohol because it can increase uric acid levels in the blood and avoid crash diets for the same reason. Eating less animal-based protein and eating more fruits and vegetables will help decrease urine acidity and this will help reduce the chance for stone formation.

• #24 Prevention

  https://www.mykidneystone.com/en-US/basics/prevention.html

  How to prevent another kidney stone Once you have a kidney stone, you have a 50% chance of getting another within the next five years. Stones also increase your risk of developing chronic kidney disease, which means keeping future stones at bay is a vital part of staying healthy. When talking to your doctor about your treatment plan, make sure prevention is part of the discussion. […] Drinking plenty of fluids is the best way to keep a kidney stone from forming. Your doctor may recommend you drink two to three liters of water (or other pH-neutral drinks) every day. […] Other steps your doctor may suggest to prevent another kidney stone: Adapt your diet to include more vegetables, fibers and fruits while limiting animal proteins and reducing your sodium intake. Maintain a healthy weight. Adopt a healthier lifestyle by exercising two or three times per week and avoiding stress. Take medicine to reduce your risk, if your doctor advises it.

• #25

  https://journals.lww.com/kidney360/fulltext/2023/09000/the_optimal_length_of_pharmacological_prophylaxis.19.aspx

  An empiric approach to patients with kidney stone was recently proposed, considering kidney stone prophylaxis tailored to stone composition even in first stone formers, without a metabolic investigation and demonstration that the disease is recurrent. […] Thus, such cases may deserve long-term medical treatment that generally coincides with prophylaxis of new stones (potassium citrate, thiazides, and allopurinol) for prevention of kidney damage, either alone or in addition to specific treatments. […] Such holistic evaluation provides patients with kidney stone the necessary prolonged/life-long preventive treatment with the sufficient authority to overcome possible reluctance to chronic therapy while also strengthening patient engagement, a key feature considering that making patients accept a prescribed regimen can be difficult because treatment benefits are not always obvious between symptomatic stone episodes.

• #26 Kidney Stones: Medical Mangement Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/kidney-stones-medical-mangement-guideline

  Clinicians should counsel patients with calcium oxalate stones and relatively high urinary oxalate to limit intake of oxalate-rich foods and maintain normal calcium consumption. (Expert Opinion) […] Clinicians should encourage patients with calcium stones and relatively low urinary citrate to increase their intake of fruits and vegetables and limit non-dairy animal protein. (Expert Opinion) […] Clinicians should offer thiazide diuretics to patients with high or relatively high urine calcium and recurrent calcium stones. (Standard; Evidence Strength Grade B) […] Clinicians should offer potassium citrate therapy to patients with recurrent calcium stones and low or relatively low urinary citrate. (Standard; Evidence Strength Grade B) […] Clinicians should offer allopurinol to patients with recurrent calcium oxalate stones who have hyperuricosuria and normal urinary calcium. (Standard; Evidence Strength Grade B)

• #27 Empiric Treatment for Kidney Stones: A Simplified Guide to Calcium Stone Prevention – American Urological Association

  https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2022/march-2022/empiric-treatment-for-kidney-stones-a-simplified-guide-to-calcium-stone-prevention

  Thiazide diuretics work by blocking the sodium chloride cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule. […] Recent studies have called into question the efficacy of personalized treatments for calcium-based kidney stone disease. […] Empiric diet and lifestyle recommendations accompanied with preventative medications can significantly reduce the risk of stone disease, decrease the burden on patients and save significant health care costs.

• #28 Kidney stone disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease

  Maintenance of dilute urine by means of vigorous fluid therapy is beneficial in all forms of kidney stones, so increasing urine volume is a key principle for the prevention of kidney stones. […] Taking calcium citrate tablets during or after meals containing high oxalate foods may be useful if dietary calcium cannot be increased by other means as in those with lactose intolerance. […] Aside from vigorous oral hydration and eating more dietary calcium, other prevention strategies include avoidance of higher doses of supplemental vitamin C and restriction of oxalate-rich foods such as leaf vegetables, rhubarb, soy products and chocolate. […] The mainstay for medical management of uric acid stones is alkalinization (increasing the pH) of the urine. […] One of the recognized medical therapies for prevention of stones is the thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics, such as chlorthalidone or indapamide. […] For people with hyperuricosuria and calcium stones, allopurinol is one of the few treatments that have been shown to reduce kidney stone recurrences.

• #29

  https://step1.medbullets.com/evidence/22150656

  The incidence of nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is rising worldwide, especially in women and with increasing age. […] Preventing recurrence is largely specific to the type of stone (e.g., calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, cystine, struvite [magnesium ammonium phosphate], and uric acid stones); however, even when the stone cannot be retrieved, urine pH and 24-hour urine assessment provide information about stone-forming factors that can guide prevention. […] Managing diet, medication use, and nutrient intake can help prevent the formation of kidney stones. […] For prevention of calcium oxalate, cystine, and uric acid stones, urine should be alkalinized by eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables, taking supplemental or prescription citrate, or drinking alkaline mineral waters. […] For prevention of calcium phosphate and struvite stones, urine should be acidified; cranberry juice or betaine can lower urine pH.

• #30 Kidney Stones: Medical Mangement Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/kidney-stones-medical-mangement-guideline

  Clinicians should obtain a single 24-hour urine specimen for stone risk factors within six months of the initiation of treatment to assess response to dietary and/or medical therapy. (Expert Opinion) […] Clinicians should obtain periodic blood testing to assess for adverse effects in patients on pharmacological therapy. (Standard; Evidence Strength Grade: A) […] Clinicians should monitor patients with struvite stones for reinfection with urease-producing organisms and utilize strategies to prevent such occurrences. (Expert Opinion) […] Clinicians should periodically obtain follow-up imaging studies to assess for stone growth or new stone formation based on stone activity (plain abdominal imaging, renal ultrasonography or low dose computed tomography [CT]). (Expert Opinion)

• #31

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00301528

  Lowering supersaturation with respect to struvite and carbonate apatite is the most important prophylactic measure in patients with infection-induced kidney stone disease. This is best achieved by combining culture-specific antibiotics with urinary acidification. […] Urinary infection with non-urease-producing Escherichia coli, probably promoting struvite particle formation, must be eradicated. Possible measures for improving urothelial anti-adherence properties or reducing bacterial adherence are discussed.

• #32 Utilizing bacterial factors for kidney stone prevention | Nature Reviews Nephrology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneph.2016.158

  O. formigenes is an anaerobic bacterium that exclusively metabolizes oxalate in the intestinal tract and has been shown to induce colonic oxalate secretion in rodents. […] Maintaining O. formigenes colonization in the absence of high exogenous oxalate levels is problematic, underscoring the need to identify O. formigenes-derived bioactive factors that exert effects similar to the live bacteria, and might have significant potential for clinical application, says Hassan. […] O. formigenes bioactive factors retain their biological activity and can effectively reduce urinary oxalate excretion in mice.

• #33 Stone Prevention Clinic | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/adult-urology/stone-prevention-clinic

  The Stone Prevention Clinic is held on the 2nd Thursday and Friday of each month for patients who are prone to kidney stones. Patients who have had more than two kidney stones are likely to develop them again during their lifetimes. Our team is committed to not only treating the kidney stones, but preventing their recurrence and growth. […] In order to prevent the formation of new stones, we perform a complete medical, metabolic, nutritional and lifestyle assessment. This evaluation includes not only analysis of actual kidney stones, but also blood and urine tests to determine the exact risk factors for the formation of new stones. The data and evaluation are incorporated into an individual treatment plan. The vast majority of our patients take medication to help prevent stone formation. In addition, depending on stone composition, doctors can make dietary recommendations, such as foods to avoid in the future, and set up nutritional guidelines that fit the patient’s lifestyle. […] Together with our urologists, the goal of the Stone Prevention Clinic is to develop an individualized strategy for the most effective way to treat the stones and then develop a course of treatment that will prevent the stones from recurring.

• #34 Kidney stones – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355759

  Drinking as much as 2 to 3 quarts (1.8 to 3.6 liters) a day likely will keep your urine dilute and may prevent stones from forming. […] Collecting the urine appropriately is key to make changes in your treatment plan to prevent new stones from forming. […] Your healthcare professional uses this information to find out what’s causing your kidney stones and to form a plan to prevent more kidney stones. […] What’s the chance that I’ll develop another kidney stone? How can I prevent kidney stones in the future?

• #35 Kidney Stone Prevention

  https://www.hannibalregional.org/services/nephrology/kidney-stone-prevention/

  Have you ever experienced a kidney stone? If so, there’s a significant likelihood of recurrence. In fact, approximately 50% of individuals who have had kidney stones will experience another episode within seven years, unless preventative steps are taken. […] Your dietary choices significantly influence your susceptibility to kidney stones. Engage in discussions with your healthcare provider or a dietitian to explore strategies for mitigating this risk. They may suggest: […] Hydration: Increasing water intake is crucial. […] Moderating animal protein consumption. […] Limiting foods abundant in sugar and sodium. […] Restricting intake of oxalate-rich foods, particularly if prone to calcium oxalate stones. Examples include spinach, rhubarb, wheat bran, tree nuts, and peanuts. […] Maintaining a healthy weight.

• #36 Kidney Stone Prevention Program | Children’s Hospital Pittsburgh

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/nephrology/programs-services/kidney-stone-prevention-program

  Kidney stones are on the rise in children. This is a serious concern because the incidence of a kidney stone is highly predictive of recurring kidney stones. […] The goal is to combine stone removal with the ability develop an optimal therapy for preventing future stones. […] Most important, our renal dietitian provides dietary interventions via telemedicine to make sure patients are doing all they can to prevent this painful and debilitating condition from coming back.

• #37 Kidney Stone Prevention: Is There a Role for Complementary and Alternative Medicine?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/4/877

  The most common, non-pharmacological tool for the prevention of any kind of kidney stones, independently of composition, remains fluid therapy. Fluid intake was found to be inversely related to the risk of kidney stones, with a relative risk of 0.71 in men and of 0.61–0.68 in women. A large intake of water is effective in reducing the risk of stone recurrences, provided that it induces a urine volume greater than 2 L per day. […] Thus, dietary and lifestyle changes represent an important strategy for the prevention of kidney stone recurrences and cardiovascular damage. A decalogue summarizing general health counseling to kidney stone patients was reported by D’Alessandro et al. as follows: maintain urinary volume over 2 L/day; limit salt intake to 6 g/day; limit animal protein intake; prefer proteins from vegetable sources; do not avoid milk, yogurt, and fresh cheeses; consume plant foods avoiding foods with high oxalate content; reduce/do not increase fat body mass; limit the intake of simple sugars, cholesterol, and saturated fats; prefer complex carbohydrates and olive oil; promote regular physical activity.

• #38 Kidney Stone Prevention | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/centers-services/kidney-stone-center/kidney-stone-prevention

  The Kidney Stone Center team considers factors like genetics, age, test results, other health issues and diet to determine potential causes of stones. […] Considering each patients case, our team collaborates to develop medical and dietary plans to help prevent stones in the future. […] Our team also partners with our patients primary care physicians during and after treatment to ensure a level of care coordination that promotes the long-term health of the patient and the prevention of kidney stones. […] Nutrition is integral to the treatment and prevention of stones, as diet is one of several key factors that can promote or prevent stone formation. […] Maintaining proper hydration is one of the most important things a person can do to prevent stone formation. Up to 12 glasses of water a day can help to flush away the substances that form stones in the kidneys.

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