Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Scrotal masses are lumps or swelling in the scrotum, the bag of skin that holds the testicles. […] Symptoms of scrotal masses vary. Some cause pain and others don’t. It depends on the cause. Symptoms of a scrotal mass might include: An unusual lump. Sudden pain. Dull aching or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. Pain that spreads all over the groin, stomach area or lower back. A tender, swollen or hardened testicle or epididymis (ep-ih-DID-uh-miss). The epididymis is the soft, comma-shaped tube above and behind the testicle that stores and transports sperm. Swelling in the scrotum. A change in color of the skin of the scrotum. Upset stomach or vomiting. […] If an infection causes a scrotal mass, symptoms also might include: Fever. Needing to pee often. Pus or blood in the urine. […] Get emergency medical care if you have sudden pain in your scrotum. Some problems need to be treated right away to help prevent permanent damage to a testicle. […] Not all scrotal masses lead to long-term medical conditions. But any mass that affects the health or function of the testicle can result in: Delayed or poor development during puberty. Infertility.

• #2 Lump On Testicle (Scrotal Mass): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21026-scrotal-masses

  Lumps or swelling on your testicles (scrotal masses) are usually benign. But in rare cases, they may be a sign of cancer. A testicular lump can be a symptom of other medical conditions, most of which aren’t serious. Most scrotal masses are benign (not cancerous). However, some testicle lumps can affect fertility. In some cases, they can even be a sign of a serious condition, such as testicular cancer. […] Testicular lump symptoms depend on their cause and/or the size of your lump. Some types of testicular bumps may cause few or no symptoms and won’t bother you at all. More bothersome symptoms may include: Shrinking testicle (testicular atrophy). Pain or a dull ache in your testicles or scrotum, which may move to other areas of your groin or body. Swelling in your testicles or scrotum. A feeling of heaviness in your scrotum or testicles. Blood in your semen (hematospermia). Fever. Chills. Pain when you pee (dysuria). Nausea and vomiting. Some types of conditions that cause testicular lumps may also affect your ability to achieve pregnancy (infertility).

• #3 What Are Scrotal Masses? Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/men/what-to-scrotal-masses

  Scrotal mass symptoms differ among people. They include: An unusual lump near the testicles […] Pain in the lower back, abdomen, and groin […] Heaviness or dull aching pain in the scrotum […] Sudden pain […] Swelling in the area […] Vomiting or nausea […] Redness in the scrotum […] Swollen, tender, or hard testicles. If the scrotal mass is due to an infection, symptoms may include blood or pus in the urine and fever. You may also urinate more often. If you are young, a scrotal cyst that affects your testicular health seriously could cause delayed development during puberty and infertility.

• #4 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Scrotal and testicular masses can be broadly categorized into painful conditions, which include testicular torsion, torsion of the testicular appendage, and epididymitis, and painless conditions, which include hydrocele, varicocele, and testicular cancer. […] Testicular torsion is a urologic emergency requiring prompt surgical intervention to save the testicle, ideally within six hours of presentation when the salvage rate is about 90%. […] Patients with torsion typically present with severe, acute, unilateral scrotal pain of less than 24 hours’ duration accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and scrotal swelling. […] The affected testicle is usually high-riding and in transverse lie. […] Absence of the ipsilateral cremasteric reflex had an odds ratio of 47.6 for diagnosing torsion in one study.

• #5 Scrotal Masses: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/scrotal-masses

  The symptoms you experience will vary depending on the cause of your scrotal mass. In some cases, there arent any symptoms other than a mass that you can feel with your fingers. […] Other symptoms might include: pain that spreads to your groin, abdomen, or back; sudden pain or a dull ache in your scrotum; a feeling of heaviness in your scrotum; redness of the scrotum; a swollen scrotum; hard or swollen testicles; a swollen, tender epididymis, which is the tube located behind your testicles that stores and transports sperm. […] If your scrotal mass is the result of an infection, you might have a fever and feel you need to urinate more often. There might also be blood or pus in your urine. […] Some causes of scrotal masses dont require immediate attention. However, its generally a good idea to talk with your doctor about any masses in your scrotum.

• #6 Testicular Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p685.html

  Patients with a testicular mass may present with a painless lump or scrotal pain, which can range from severe pain to a dull ache that worsens with exercise. The pain may be localized or may radiate along the spermatic cord into the lower abdomen. […] It is important for family physicians to have a thorough understanding of various benign and pathologic processes in order to render timely, effective treatment. […] Epididymitis is the most common cause of painful swelling of the testis in postpubertal males. A typical history for epididymitis is the gradual development of scrotal pain, with fever, urethral discharge and urinary symptoms. On physical examination, the epididymis is sensitive and may be enlarged and indurated. The presence of edema may cause difficulty in distinguishing the epididymis from the testicle. The scrotum may also be erythematous.

• #7 Testicular cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/symptoms-causes/syc-20352986

  Testicular cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the testicles. […] The first sign of testicular cancer often is a bump or lump on a testicle. The cancer cells can grow quickly. They often spread outside the testicle to other parts of the body. […] Pain, swelling or lumps in your testicle or groin area may be a sign or symptom of testicular cancer or other medical conditions requiring treatment. […] Signs and symptoms of testicular cancer include: A lump or swelling in either testicle, A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, A dull ache in the lower belly or groin, Sudden swelling in the scrotum, Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum. […] Usually testicular cancer only happens in one testicle. […] See your health care provider if you detect any symptoms that last longer than two weeks. These include pain, swelling or lumps in your testicles or groin area. […] In time, the tumor can grow beyond the testicle. Some cells might break away and spread to other parts of the body. Testicular cancer most often spreads to the lymph nodes, liver and lungs. When testicular cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic testicular cancer.

• #8 Symptoms of testicular cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/testicular-cancer/symptoms/

  Testicular cancer usually only affects one testicle, but it can affect both. […] Symptoms of testicular cancer include: a lump or swelling in your testicle, your testicle getting bigger, an ache or pain in your testicle or scrotum (the skin that covers the testicles), your scrotum feeling heavy, firm or hard. […] Non-urgent advice: See a GP if: you have a lump or swelling on one or both of your testicles, one or both of your testicles are getting bigger, your scrotum (the skin that covers the testicles) feels heavy, firm or hard, you have an ache or pain in your scrotum or one or both of your testicles, you notice a change in one of both of your testicles that is not normal for you. […] These symptoms are very common and can be caused by many different conditions. Having them does not definitely mean you have testicular cancer. But it’s important to get them checked by a GP. […] You may get an urgent referral for more tests or to see a specialist in hospital if the GP thinks you have symptoms that could be cancer. This does not definitely mean you have cancer.

• #9 Symptoms of testicular cancer, lump on your testicle | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/symptoms

  The most common symptom of testicular cancer is a lump or swelling in your testicle. […] Testicular symptoms to look out for include: a lump or swelling in part of one testicle, a testicle that gets bigger, a heavy scrotum, discomfort or pain in your testicle or scrotum. […] Your scrotum may feel heavy. Or you might notice that your scrotum feels firmer or harder. […] Testicular cancer is not usually painful. But the first symptom for some men is a sharp pain in the testicle or scrotum.

• #10 Testicular Cancer Signs and Symptoms | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

  Lump or swelling in the testicle. […] Most often, the first symptom of testicular cancer is a lump on the testicle, or the testicle becomes swollen or larger. […] Some testicular tumors might cause pain, but most of the time they don’t. […] Men with testicular cancer can also have a feeling of heaviness or aching in the lower belly (abdomen) or scrotum. […] Even if testicular cancer has spread to other parts of the body, many men might not have symptoms right away. […] But some men might have some of the following: Low back pain, from cancer spread to the lymph nodes (bean-sized collections of immune cells) in back of the belly. […] Shortness of breath, chest pain, or a cough (even coughing up blood) may develop from cancer spread in the lungs. […] Belly pain, either from enlarged lymph nodes or because the cancer has spread to the liver. […] Headaches or confusion, from cancer spread in the brain.

• #11 Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12183-testicular-cancer

  The most common sign of testicular cancer is a painless lump in your testicle. Other symptoms include: […] Swelling or sudden fluid build-up in your scrotum. […] A lump or swelling in either testicle. […] A feeling of heaviness in your scrotum. […] Dull ache in your groin or lower abdomen. […] Pain or discomfort in your scrotum or a testicle. […] A shrinking testicle (testicular atrophy). […] These symptoms can occur with other conditions, too, so dont panic if you notice them. Still, schedule a visit with your provider to be sure. Delays in diagnosis allow cancer cells time to spread, making the disease harder to treat. […] Testicular cancer develops when cells multiply faster than usual, eventually forming a lump or tumor. […] The prognosis for testicular cancer is excellent. This form of cancer is treated successfully in more than 95% of cases. Even people with unfavorable risk factors have, on average, a 50% chance of being cured.

• #12 Symptoms of testicular cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/testicular/signs-and-symptoms

  Testicular cancer may not cause any signs or symptoms in its early stages. Signs and symptoms often appear as the tumour grows and causes changes in the body. […] See your doctor if you have these signs or symptoms: painless lump in the testicle, swelling so the testicle is larger than usual, pain or dull ache in the testicle or scrotum, feeling of heaviness in the scrotum or abdomen, buildup of fluid in the scrotum, pain in the back or abdomen, breast soreness or growth (called gynecomastia), enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, trouble breathing or shortness of breath, cough, sometimes with blood (called hemoptysis), chest pain, trouble swallowing, swelling in the chest, buildup of fluid around the lungs (called pleural effusion), weight loss, signs of puberty in boys, such as the voice getting deeper or growth of facial and body hair, at an earlier age than expected, infertility, headaches.

• #13 Testicular cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/testicular_cancer/testicular-cancer-overview.html

  In some people, testicular cancer does not cause any noticeable symptoms, and it may be found during tests for other conditions. When there are symptoms, the most common ones include a swelling or a lump in the testicle (often painless) or a change in a testicle’s size or shape. […] Occasionally, testicular cancer may cause other symptoms such as: a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, a feeling of unevenness between the testicles, pain or ache in the lower belly (lower abdomen), testicle or scrotum, enlargement or tenderness of the breast tissue, back pain, stomach-aches.

• #14 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  The salvage rate decreases significantly at 12 hours (50%) and 24 hours (10%). […] Testicular cancer often presents as a unilateral, painless mass discovered incidentally. […] Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor diagnosed in men between 15 and 34 years of age, and usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule that is often but not necessarily painless.

• #15 Scrotal masses

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=140&isarticlelink=false&pid=1&gid=001283

  A scrotal mass is a lump or bulge that can be felt in the scrotum. […] Symptoms include: Enlarged scrotum, Painless or painful testicle lump. […] A provider should evaluate all scrotal masses. However, many types of masses are harmless and do not need to be treated unless you are having symptoms. […] Most conditions that cause scrotal masses can be easily treated. Even testicular cancer has a high cure rate if found and treated early. […] Contact your provider if you find a lump or bulge in your scrotum. Any new growth in the testicle or scrotum needs to be checked by your provider to determine if it may be testicular cancer.

• #16 Scrotal Masses – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/scrotal-masses

  A scrotal mass is a lump or bulge that can be felt in the scrotum. […] Symptoms include: Enlarged scrotum, Painless or painful testicle lump. […] A provider should evaluate all scrotal masses. However, many types of masses are harmless and do not need to be treated unless you are having symptoms. […] If the scrotal mass is part of the testicle, it has a higher risk of being cancerous. […] Most conditions that cause scrotal masses can be easily treated. Even testicular cancer has a high cure rate if found and treated early. […] Contact your provider if you find a lump or bulge in your scrotum. Any new growth in the testicle or scrotum needs to be checked by your provider to determine if it may be testicular cancer.

• #17 Lump On Testicle (Scrotal Mass): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21026-scrotal-masses

  Testicular cancer warning signs include: A lump on your testicle. Your testicle swells or becomes larger. Pain in your testicle or scrotum. A feeling of heaviness in your scrotum. […] With proper treatment, symptoms from testicular lumps can resolve. It’s important to seek treatment as soon as you notice any changes to your testicles to avoid any possible complications. […] Most lumps on your testicle are harmless. Epididymitis and orchitis may cause: A painful collection of pus (an abscess) in your scrotum. Fluid buildup in your scrotum. Your testicles to shrink. Infertility. Testicular cancer can also cause infertility. Without treatment, it can also be fatal. […] Testicular lumps are a common symptom that can appear in anyone with testicles at different ages. Most scrotal masses aren’t cancer and don’t pose a risk to your health. But they can be alarming, and there’s a chance they could be serious, especially if they appear along with other symptoms. Some masses can cause infertility or even be fatal without a proper diagnosis and necessary treatment. It’s important to see a healthcare provider as soon as you notice a lump on your testicle.

• #18 Testicular Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p685.html

  Acute orchitis presents with the sudden onset of testicular pain and high fever. Nausea and vomiting are also common. The testis is enlarged, indurated and tender on palpation. […] An inguinal hernia commonly presents as a scrotal mass. An incarcerated hernia cannot be reduced back into the abdominal cavity, while a strangulated hernia has a compromised blood supply. […] A testicular tumor usually presents as a painless mass found by the patient or physician on routine examination. The patient may complain of a dull ache or a sense of scrotal heaviness. […] A hydrocele appears as a painless scrotal swelling that can be transilluminated. The swelling may be small and soft before the patient arises in the morning but worsen throughout the day, becoming large and tense. […] A varicocele is an abnormal tortuosity and dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus and internal spermatic vein. […] A spermatocele usually presents as a painless cystic mass separate from the testis. Typically, a spermatocele is located superior and posterior to the testis, is freely movable and transilluminates easily.

• #19 Lumps in the scrotum: Symptoms & Treatment | Healthy Male

  https://healthymale.org.au/mens-health/scrotal-lumps

  Many things can cause lumps on your scrotum including hydrocele, varicocele, warts, cysts and STIs. […] Just like for any other part of your body, if you experience testicular pain or you notice anything unusual about the appearance of your scrotum or whats inside it, you should make an appointment to see your doctor. […] Most lumps found in the scrotum arent cancer. Cysts on the scrotum filled with fluid are very common, especially as you get older. Varicose veins within the scrotum are also common. […] Hydroceles are usually painless, but they can increase in size and get very large. Hydroceles are not dangerous but they can get in the way or become uncomfortable if get big enough. […] Varicoceles may look or feel like a bag of worms within the scrotum. Varicoceles become increasingly common with age and usually happen on the left side of the scrotum. They can sometimes cause pain but usually, there are no symptoms.

• #20 Testicular cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancer

  The nature of any palpated lump in the scrotum is often evaluated by scrotal ultrasound, which can determine the exact location, size, and some characteristics of the lump, such as cystic vs solid, uniform vs heterogeneous, sharply circumscribed, or poorly defined. […] The five-year survival rate in the United States is about 95%. […] Treatment of testicular cancer is one of the success stories of modern medicine, with sustained response to treatment in more than 90% of cases, regardless of stage.

• #21

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses

  Many health conditions can cause a scrotal mass or an unusual change in the scrotum. […] Not all scrotal masses lead to long-term medical conditions. But any mass that affects the health or function of the testicle can result in: Delayed or poor development during puberty. Infertility. […] Treatment of a scrotal mass mainly depends on its cause. […] If your scrotal mass is caused by cancer that starts in a testicle, you’ll likely see a cancer doctor called an oncologist. The oncologist may recommend treatments based on whether the cancer is in the testicle or has spread to other body parts. Your age and overall health also are factors. […] Most cases of early testicular cancer can be cured. And even if the disease spreads beyond the testicle, it still may be curable. But you’ll need follow-up care to watch for signs that the cancer has come back.

• #22 Testicle Lump: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/testicle-lump

  Your doctor can properly diagnose the cause of a testicular lump. Make an appointment with your doctor if you notice a lump during a self-exam or you’re experiencing the symptoms described above. […] If you’re experiencing symptoms of testicular torsion after an injury, go to an emergency room immediately. If it’s left untreated, testicular torsion can cause testicle death and infertility. […] Testicular torsion requires immediate surgery to untwist your testicle and restore blood flow. Your testicle can die if you don’t get treatment for the torsion within 6 hours. […] Most cases of testicular lumps aren’t serious or cancerous. Testicular cancer is rare. It’s also highly treatable, and it’s curable if you find it early. […] Since it’s difficult to figure out the cause of a testicular lump based on your symptoms alone, it’s important to visit a doctor if you notice any changes. Make an appointment with your doctor if you notice any lumps, swelling, or pain in your testicles.

• #23 Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12183-testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer is curable. While a cancer diagnosis is always serious, the good news about testicular cancer is that it is treated successfully in 95% of cases. If treated early, the cure rate rises to 98%. […] Testicular cancer can be fatal, but this is rare. Still, early detection makes a big difference in your prognosis. The earlier you see your provider and receive a diagnosis, the greater your chances of being cancer-free.

• #24 Testicular lumps and swellings | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive/testicular-lumps-and-swellings/

  Lumps and swellings in the testicles (balls) are relatively common in boys, men and anyone with testicles. […] Go to AE immediately or phone 999 if you have any of these symptoms: sudden, severe pain in a testicle testicle pain along with feeling sick, being sick or pain in your tummy testicle pain that has lasted more than an hour or continues when you’re resting. […] Speak to your GP practice if you have: a lump in your testicles, swollen testicles, a change in the shape of your testicles, a change in the way your testicles feel, 1 testicle that has become bigger than the other, aching or discomfort in your testicles that does not go away. […] If the lump or swelling is painful or very big, your doctor may refer you to a specialist for an operation to drain, shrink or remove it. […] If you experience testicular lumps and swellings, they may be caused by: varicoceles soft lumps that develop gradually above the testicle and on the left side of the scrotum, hydroceles swellings in the scrotum caused by a build-up of fluid, epididymal cysts a small, smooth fluid-filled swelling that slowly develops in the epididymis, epididymo-orchitis inflammation in the epididymis and the testicle caused by bacterial infections, inguinal hernias when fatty tissue or part of the bowel pokes through into the groin, testicular torsion a benign but serious condition caused by the spermatic cord becoming severely twisted, testicular cancer a more serious health condition.

• #25 Lumps in the scrotum: Symptoms & Treatment | Healthy Male

  https://healthymale.org.au/mens-health/scrotal-lumps

  Epididymitis is a painful swelling or inflammation of the epididymis the thin, coiled tube found behind each testicle. Epididymitis is one of the most common causes of pain in the scrotum. […] Orchitis is an inflammation of one or both testicles that causes testicular pain, swelling and redness. […] Testicular torsion causes severe pain, usually in the scrotum, that starts suddenly. […] If you find a lump on your balls and it doesn’t go away after a couple of days, see a doctor as soon as possible. […] No. If you have a painful lump on your testicle see a doctor.

• #26 Testicular cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/testicular-cancer

  In some cases of testicular cancer, your medical team may talk to you about palliative care. Palliative care aims to improve your quality of life by alleviating symptoms of cancer. […] As well as slowing the spread of testicular cancer, palliative treatment can relieve pain and help manage other symptoms. Treatment may include radiation therapy (radiotherapy), chemotherapy or other drug therapies. […] Prognosis means the expected outcome of a disease. An individual’s prognosis depends on the type and stage of cancer as well as their age and general health at the time of diagnosis. You may wish to discuss your prognosis and treatment options with your doctor, but it is not possible for any doctor to predict the exact course of your disease. […] All testicular cancers can be treated and most testicular cancers are successfully treated.

• #27 Testicular Cancer: Symptoms Men Should Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/testicular-cancer-symptoms

  For many men, the first symptom is a painless lump or swelling in one testicle. Other symptoms may include an accumulation of fluid in the scrotum (the sac of skin that covers the testicle) or a dull ache in the groin. […] In the diseases early stages, symptoms can sometimes be subtle. […] These cancers typically grow very quickly. From month to month, there would be a difference that you would notice. […] Symptoms of PTL are similar to those of testicular cancer in younger men and can include a painless lump or bump in the testicle and a heavy feeling in the scrotum. […] If enlarged lymph nodes are detected, the diagnosis is changed to stage II testicular cancer, and the treatment plan is adjusted. However, the prognosis for long-term survival remains very high, at about 95%. […] When the cancer is small and isolated to the testicle, those patients have the best survival and have a much-reduced need for additional surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.

• #28 Painless Scrotal Mass – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/painless-scrotal-mass

  A painless scrotal mass is often noticed by the patient but may be an incidental finding on routine physical examination. […] Scrotal pain and painful scrotal masses or swelling can be caused by testicular torsion, appendiceal torsion, epididymitis, epididymo-orchitis, scrotal abscess, trauma, strangulated inguinal hernias, orchitis, and Fournier gangrene. […] Testicular cancer is the most concerning cause of a painless scrotal mass. Although it is rare compared with the other listed causes, it is the most common solid cancer in men aged 40 years; because it responds well to treatment, prompt recognition is important. […] A nonreducible mass that obscures normal spermatic cord structures suggests an incarcerated inguinal hernia. If a mass is part of or attached to the testis and does not transilluminate, testicular cancer is possible. […] A solid mass, one that does not transilluminate, or the presence of both mandates evaluation for testicular cancer.

• #29 Testicular cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer may cause no symptoms. The most common symptom is a painless swelling or a lump in a testicle or a change in size or shape. […] Less common symptoms include: feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, feeling of unevenness, pain or ache in the lower abdomen, the testicle or scrotum, back pain, enlargement or tenderness of the breast tissue (due to hormones created by cancer cells). […] If found early, testicular cancer is one of the most curable cancers. This is why self-checking is so important. […] Stage 1 means the cancer is found only in the testicle, stage 2 means it has spread to the lymph nodes in the abdomen or pelvis, and stage 3 means the cancer has spread beyond the lymph nodes to other areas of the body such as the lungs and liver. […] If the cancer is found only in the testicle (stage 1), removal of the testicle (orchidectomy) may be the only treatment needed. If the cancer has spread beyond the testicle, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy may be used as well.

• #30 Testicular Cancer | Department of Urology

  https://urology.uw.edu/patient-care/conditions-and-treatments/testicular-cancer

  Most testicular cancer cases are found through a self-examination. […] In about 90% of cases, men have a lump on a testicle that is often painless but slightly uncomfortable, or they may notice testicular enlargement or swelling. […] Men with testicular cancer often report a sensation of heaviness or aching in the lower abdomen or scrotum. […] Even when testicular cancer has spread to other organs, only about 1 man in 4 may experience symptoms related to the metastases prior to diagnosis. Lower back pain is a frequent symptom of later-stage testicular cancer. […] It is important to know that a number of noncancerous conditions, such as testicle injury or infection, can produce symptoms similar to those of testicular cancer. […] Listed below are warning signs that men should watch for: A lump in either testicle; the lump typically is pea-sized, but sometimes it might be as big as a marble or even an egg; Any enlargement of a testicle; A significant shrinking of a testicle; A change in the consistency of a testicle (hardness); A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum; A dull ache in the lower abdomen or in the groin; A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum; Pain or discomfort in a testicle or in the scrotum; Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts.

• #31 What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Testicular Cancer? | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/testicular/what-testicular-cancer/symptoms

  Most cases of testicular cancer are found by patients themselves and 70% of these are at an early stage before the cancer has spread beyond the testicle. […] Knowing your body and recognizing any new or abnormal symptom is important to detecting testicular cancer early. […] See your physician if you experience any of the following: Swelling, pain or discomfort in the scrotum; A lump or swelling in either testicle; Pain or discomfort in a testicle; A change in how a testicle feels; A dull ache or heaviness in your lower abdomen or groin. […] However, any testicular abnormality should be assessed with an ultrasound. […] However, any lump in the scrotum or testicle should be evaluated promptly by a physician and ultrasound exam.

• #32 Testicle Lump: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321980

  Rarely, the lump may be a sign of testicular cancer. […] Regularly checking the testicles for lumps can help spot the early signs of testicular cancer. […] However, if a person notices a lump in one or both testicles, it’s important to talk to a doctor to determine the cause, as it could be an early sign of testicular cancer and several other serious conditions.

• #33 Scrotal Lumps – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/urology/presentations/scrotal-lumps/

  A scrotal lump is an abnormal mass or swelling within the scrotum. They can originate from either testicular or extra-testicular sources. […] In most cases, however, the diagnosis of a scrotal lump can largely be made from clinical examination alone. […] For the majority of scrotal lumps, especially those testicular in origin, an ultrasound scan of the scrotum is the first line investigation. […] Any mass arising from the testes will often need an urgent ultrasound scan to assess for testicular cancer. […] Classically, testicular tumours are described as painless lumps arising from the testis. […] In 5% of patients there is associated testicular pain complicating and delaying formal diagnosis. […] Testicular torsion presents with sudden-onset very severe unilateral scrotal pain, often with associated nausea or vomiting. […] The affected testis is usually extremely tender, raised, and swollen, with a loss of cremasteric reflex. […] Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency and must be acted on immediately, with scrotal exploration and fixation of both testes, to prevent irreversible testicular damage.

• #34 Testicle lump Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/testicle-lump

  A testicle lump is swelling or a growth (mass) in one or both testicles. […] A testicle lump that does not hurt may be a sign of cancer. Most cases of testicular cancer occur in men ages 15 to 40. It can also occur at older or younger ages. […] If you have a lump in your testicle, tell your health care provider right away. A lump on the testicle may be the first sign of testicular cancer. Many men with testicular cancer have been given a wrong diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to go back to your provider if you have a lump that doesn’t go away. […] Contact your provider right away if you notice any unexplained lumps or any other changes in your testicles. […] Tests and treatments depend on the results of the physical exam. A scrotal ultrasound may be done to find the cause of the swelling.

• #35

  https://rms.cornwall.nhs.uk/primary_care_clinical_referral_criteria/rms/primary_care_clinical_referral_criteria/urology/scrotal_mass_suspicious_for_testicular_cancer_and_benign_masses

  This guideline applies to adults aged 16 years and over. Over 2000 new testicular cancers are diagnosed each year in UK. Its the commonest cancer in males aged 16 to 24 years old. The 5-year survival is almost 100%. […] In the absence of red flag features, arrange scrotal ultrasound provided the scrotal swelling is not of acute onset. Arrange urgently if: Diagnostic uncertainty, Persistent, unexplained scrotal symptoms, Hydrocele in 18-40yo, Not possible to distinguish whether scrotal swelling is testicular or extra-testicular, History of trauma and scrotal pain if not requiring emergency assessment, Haematocele does not follow trauma or is longstanding. […] Refer via the Suspected Urology Cancer Fast Track pathway if: Non painful enlargement or change in shape or texture of testis. Imaging suspicious of testicular cancer -request serum -FP, hCG LDH at time of referral.

• #36 Testicular Masses and Tumors | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/testicular-masses-tumors/

  Testicular tumors typically present as a mass that either a patient or doctor recognizes. The tumor may or may not also cause pain or discomfort. A doctor should conduct an exam and potentially an ultrasound of the testicles and scrotum if an abnormality is present. If the doctor detects a mass or tumor, he or she will request evaluation by a urologist. […] Testicular cancer is treatable and has a favorable outlook with most patients being cured. Being cured does require surgery to remove the testicular tumor. […] If X-rays or CT scans show that the tumor has spread outside the testicle, we will likely recommend chemotherapy or surgery, and possibly both. These treatment decisions depend on many factors and will be a personal decision your family makes after discussing it with your child’s care team.

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