Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Scrotal masses might be: A buildup of fluids. The growth of irregular tissue. Swollen, inflamed or hardened parts inside the scrotum. […] Many health conditions can cause a scrotal mass or an unusual change in the scrotum. These include: Testicular cancer. This is cancer that starts in the testicles. It often causes a painless lump or swelling in the scrotum. But some people with testicular cancer don’t have any symptoms. See your doctor or other health care professional if you notice a new lump in your scrotum. […] Spermatocele. This fluid-filled sac in the scrotum is often above the testicle. It tends to be painless. And usually, it’s not cancer. A spermatocele also is known as a spermatic cyst or epididymal cyst. […] Epididymitis. This is when the coiled tube at the back of the testicle, called the epididymis, becomes inflamed. Often, epididymitis is caused by an infection with bacteria. For instance, bacterial infections that spread through sex, such as chlamydia, can cause it. Less often, a virus can lead to epididymitis.

• #2 Lump On Testicle (Scrotal Mass): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21026-scrotal-masses

  Lumps or swelling on your testicles (scrotal masses) are usually benign. But in rare cases, they may be a sign of cancer. They can also be a sign of other conditions, including an infection, hernia or swollen vein. A testicular lump can be a symptom of other medical conditions, most of which aren’t serious. Most scrotal masses are benign (not cancerous). However, some testicle lumps can affect fertility. In some cases, they can even be a sign of a serious condition, such as testicular cancer. […] The most common causes of testicular lumps include: Epididymitis, Hydroceles, Inguinal hernia, Orchitis, Spermatoceles, Testicular cancer, Varicoceles. […] Testicular cancer warning signs include: A lump on your testicle, Your testicle swells or becomes larger, Pain in your testicle or scrotum, A feeling of heaviness in your scrotum.

• #2 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Risk factors for epididymitis include amiodarone use, bicycle riding, obstruction of the bladder, prolonged sitting, trauma, and urogenital abnormalities. […] Hydroceles are typically painless, but large accumulations may be uncomfortable. […] A varicocele is abnormal dilation of the pampiniform plexus, either caused by incompetence of the gonadal vein valves or external compression of the gonadal vein. […] Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor diagnosed in men between 15 and 34 years of age, and usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule that is often but not necessarily painless. […] Risk factors include an undescended testicle, a personal or family history of testicular cancer, HIV infection, and carcinoma in situ of the testis.

• #3 Scrotal masses

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20303982

  Scrotal masses might be: […] Many health conditions can cause a scrotal mass or an unusual change in the scrotum. These include: […] Testicular cancer. This is cancer that starts in the testicles. It often causes a painless lump or swelling in the scrotum. […] Spermatocele. This fluid-filled sac in the scrotum is often above the testicle. It tends to be painless. And usually, it’s not cancer. […] Epididymitis. This is when the coiled tube at the back of the testicle, called the epididymis, becomes inflamed. […] Orchitis. This is when inflammation, which can include pain and swelling, affects the testicle. […] Hydrocele. This is when extra fluid collects between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. […] Hematocele. This is a buildup of blood between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle.

• #3 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Risk factors for epididymitis include amiodarone use, bicycle riding, obstruction of the bladder, prolonged sitting, trauma, and urogenital abnormalities. […] Hydroceles are typically painless, but large accumulations may be uncomfortable. […] A varicocele is abnormal dilation of the pampiniform plexus, either caused by incompetence of the gonadal vein valves or external compression of the gonadal vein. […] Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor diagnosed in men between 15 and 34 years of age, and usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule that is often but not necessarily painless. […] Risk factors include an undescended testicle, a personal or family history of testicular cancer, HIV infection, and carcinoma in situ of the testis.

• #4 Painless Scrotal Mass – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/painless-scrotal-mass

  A painless scrotal mass is often noticed by the patient but may be an incidental finding on routine physical examination. […] There are several causes of a painless scrotal mass but the most common include the following: Hydrocele, Nonincarcerated inguinal hernia, Varicocele (present in up to 20% of adult men). […] Less common causes include spermatocele, hematocele, fluid overload, and occasionally testicular cancer. Testicular cancer is the most concerning cause of a painless scrotal mass. Although it is rare compared with the other listed causes, it is the most common solid cancer in men aged 40 years; because it responds well to treatment, prompt recognition is important. […] A solid mass, one that does not transilluminate, or the presence of both mandates evaluation for testicular cancer. […] The cause of a hydrocele must be determined.

• #5 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Risk factors for epididymitis include amiodarone use, bicycle riding, obstruction of the bladder, prolonged sitting, trauma, and urogenital abnormalities. […] Hydroceles are typically painless, but large accumulations may be uncomfortable. […] A varicocele is abnormal dilation of the pampiniform plexus, either caused by incompetence of the gonadal vein valves or external compression of the gonadal vein. […] Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor diagnosed in men between 15 and 34 years of age, and usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule that is often but not necessarily painless. […] Risk factors include an undescended testicle, a personal or family history of testicular cancer, HIV infection, and carcinoma in situ of the testis.

• #6 Testicular Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563159/

  Testicular cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men aged 15 to 45 years. Etiology is multifactorial, comprising various genetic and environmental factors. […] Complex environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development of testicular cancer; common risk factors include cryptorchidism, family history of testicular cancer, personal history of testicular cancer in the contralateral testis, age, and ethnicity. […] Both genetic and environmental factors have been studied in the development of testicular cancers. […] Epidemiological risk factors: They include cryptorchidism, decreased spermatogenesis evidenced by sub- or infertility, disorders of sexual development, familial history of testicular tumors among first-degree relatives, the presence of a contralateral tumor or germ-cell neoplasia in-situ (GCNIS), etc.

• #7 Testicular Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563159/

  The most common environmental risk factors for testicular cancers can be summarized as below: Cryptorchidism 24 fold increase in risk. […] Family history relative risk increased 610 fold in brothers or sons of affected man. […] Infections – Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Parvovirus B-19, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] High maternal estrogen levels. […] Genetic risk factors: Multiple genetic changes have been described in the etiology of testicular cancer. The isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 12 (i12p) is pathognomonic of all types of adult germ cell tumors (GCTs), as well as GCNIS. […] Genetic polymorphisms in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene and the risk of testicular cancer (TC) have also been described. […] Dysregulation in the pluripotent program of fetal germ cells is thought to be responsible for the development of GCNIS and germ cell neoplasia.

• #8 Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12183-testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer develops when cells multiply faster than usual, eventually forming a lump or tumor. Researchers aren’t sure what causes cells to behave this way. They do know that the cells that become testicular cancer are usually germ cells. […] Several factors may increase your testicular cancer risk. Risk factors don’t cause testicular cancer, but they may increase its likelihood of developing. […] Risk factors for testicular cancer include: Age: Testicular cancer most commonly affects people between ages 15 and 35. Undescended testicles: Testicles form in the abdomen of a fetus during pregnancy and usually drop into the scrotum before birth. Testicles that don’t drop are called undescended testicles and may require surgery. Being born with this condition may increase your testicular cancer risk, even if you have surgery. Race and ethnicity: Testicular cancer is more common among non-Hispanic whites in the United States and Europe. Personal or family history: You may be more likely to develop testicular cancer if a biological parent or sibling had it. Certain inherited genetic conditions, like Klinefelter Syndrome, may also increase your risk. Having testicular cancer in one testicle increases your likelihood of developing a second cancer in the other testicle. Infertility: Some of the same factors that cause male infertility may also be related to the development of testicular cancer. More research is needed to understand the connection.

• #9 Risks and causes of testicular cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/testicular-cancer/risks-causes

  We don’t know what causes most cases of testicular cancer. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. […] There is an increased risk of testicular cancer in people with undescended testicles. […] If left untreated, GCNIS can develop into cancer within 5 years in about 50 out of 100 (about 50%) of the men who have it. […] Brothers or sons of men who have had testicular cancer have an increased risk of getting this cancer. […] If you have had testicular cancer already, there is a small increased risk of developing cancer in the other testicle. […] Men who are born with an abnormality of the penis and urethra have an increased risk of developing testicular cancer. […] People with HIV or AIDS have an increased risk of testicular cancer. […] In the UK, white men have a higher risk of testicular cancer than men from other ethnic groups.

• #10 Testicular cancer in young men – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/young-mans-disease-testicular-cancer

  The risk of many types of cancer increases with age. […] However, testicular cancer is considered a „young man’s disease” because people under 45 are at the greatest risk. […] It’s unclear why testicular cancer develops. It starts when something triggers changes to the DNA of testicle cells, which causes the cells to grow and multiply quickly. […] There’s no way to prevent testicular cancer, but these factors increase the risk: Family history, Undescended testicle, HIV infection, Sex chromosome abnormalities. […] Broadly, there are two categories of testicular cancer: Seminoma and Nonseminoma.

• #11 Testicular Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563159/

  The most common environmental risk factors for testicular cancers can be summarized as below: Cryptorchidism 24 fold increase in risk. […] Family history relative risk increased 610 fold in brothers or sons of affected man. […] Infections – Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Parvovirus B-19, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] High maternal estrogen levels. […] Genetic risk factors: Multiple genetic changes have been described in the etiology of testicular cancer. The isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 12 (i12p) is pathognomonic of all types of adult germ cell tumors (GCTs), as well as GCNIS. […] Genetic polymorphisms in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene and the risk of testicular cancer (TC) have also been described. […] Dysregulation in the pluripotent program of fetal germ cells is thought to be responsible for the development of GCNIS and germ cell neoplasia.

• #12 Testicular Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563159/

  Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) showed evidence of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers known to have an association with an increased risk of developing testicular cancer, in particular at 15q21.3. […] However, current genetic studies have not revealed any evidence for a major single high-penetrance gene known to cause increased testicular cancer susceptibility.

• #13 What Causes Testicular Cancer? | Causes of Testicular Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  The exact cause of most testicular cancers is not known. But scientists have found that the disease is linked with a number of other conditions. A great deal of research is being done to learn more about the causes. […] Cancers can be caused by changes in chromosomes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. […] Most testicular cancer cells have extra copies of a part of chromosome 12 (called isochromosome 12p or i12p). Some testicular cancers have changes in other chromosomes as well, or even abnormal numbers of chromosomes (often too many). Scientists are studying these DNA and chromosome changes to learn more about which genes are affected and how this might lead to testicular cancer.

• #14 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Orchitis. This is when inflammation, which can include pain and swelling, affects the testicle. Usually, it’s due to an illness caused by a virus, most often mumps. […] Hydrocele. This is when extra fluid collects between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. Most often, there’s a small amount of fluid in this space. But the excess fluid of a hydrocele can lead to a painless swelling of the scrotum. In adults, a hydrocele can happen because of an imbalance in the amounts of fluid made or absorbed. Often, this is due to an injury or infection in the scrotum. In babies, a hydrocele tends to happen because an opening between the stomach area and the scrotum hasn’t properly closed during development. […] Hematocele. This is a buildup of blood between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. An injury, such as a direct hit to the testicles, is the most likely cause.

• #15 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Orchitis. This is when inflammation, which can include pain and swelling, affects the testicle. Usually, it’s due to an illness caused by a virus, most often mumps. […] Hydrocele. This is when extra fluid collects between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. Most often, there’s a small amount of fluid in this space. But the excess fluid of a hydrocele can lead to a painless swelling of the scrotum. In adults, a hydrocele can happen because of an imbalance in the amounts of fluid made or absorbed. Often, this is due to an injury or infection in the scrotum. In babies, a hydrocele tends to happen because an opening between the stomach area and the scrotum hasn’t properly closed during development. […] Hematocele. This is a buildup of blood between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. An injury, such as a direct hit to the testicles, is the most likely cause.

• #16 Scrotal Mass: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://manhattanmedicalarts.com/conditions-symptoms/scrotal-mass

  A lump on your testicle can be caused by different conditions, ranging from harmless to more serious issues like testicular cancer. Here are common lump on testicle causes: […] Testicular cancer appears as a painless lump or swelling. it is caused when cancer cells develop in the tissues of one or both of your testicles. […] An enlarged testicle can happen because of different things like infection (epididymitis, orchitis), fluid buildup (hydrocele), swollen veins (varicocele), injury, or sometimes, testicular cancer. […] Here some commonly swollen testicles cause, like epididymitis or orchitis, trauma or injury to the testicles, testicular torsion (twisting of the spermatic cord), hydrocele (fluid buildup), varicocele (enlarged veins), hernia, or rarely, testicular cancer.

• #17 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Scrotal masses might be: A buildup of fluids. The growth of irregular tissue. Swollen, inflamed or hardened parts inside the scrotum. […] Many health conditions can cause a scrotal mass or an unusual change in the scrotum. These include: Testicular cancer. This is cancer that starts in the testicles. It often causes a painless lump or swelling in the scrotum. But some people with testicular cancer don’t have any symptoms. See your doctor or other health care professional if you notice a new lump in your scrotum. […] Spermatocele. This fluid-filled sac in the scrotum is often above the testicle. It tends to be painless. And usually, it’s not cancer. A spermatocele also is known as a spermatic cyst or epididymal cyst. […] Epididymitis. This is when the coiled tube at the back of the testicle, called the epididymis, becomes inflamed. Often, epididymitis is caused by an infection with bacteria. For instance, bacterial infections that spread through sex, such as chlamydia, can cause it. Less often, a virus can lead to epididymitis.

• #18 Scrotal Masses: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/scrotal-masses

  A spermatocele occurs when a benign and typically painless cyst develops near one of the testicles. […] A varicocele is an enlarged vein in your scrotum. Varicoceles mostly affect the left testicle. […] Testicular cancer starts out as abnormal cells in the testicles and can be a potential cause of scrotal masses.

• #19 Common Causes of a Lump in Your Scrotum and Remedies – Edward Ventures International LLC

  https://balls.co/en-us/blogs/self-care/common-causes-of-a-lump-in-your-scrotum-and-remedies?srsltid=AfmBOoqQ1cQnHqFLkc72JmXghwM2TSeQRXAc3frzieFRP9YvAyVh054h

  Lumps in the scrotum also known as a scrotal mass is a sensitive subject for men, but an important one to talk about. Many men experience scrotal masses at some point in their lives. […] Scrotal masses can happen for many reasons. This may be alarming to some but is not a cause for concern. […] Varicocele usually doesn’t have any symptoms, but since these conditions develop over time, you should seek medical attention if you experience any of the following: […] Testicular torsion is a sudden, often painful condition that occurs when the testicle rotates and twists on its spermatic cord. […] An epididymal cyst is a painless scrotal mass in the long, tightly coiled tube that lies above and behind each testicle. […] Spermatocele, also known as a spermatic cyst, is similar to an epididymal cyst a painless swelling in the fluid-filled sac that grows near the top of a testicle, except it also contains sperm cells.

• #20 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Orchitis. This is when inflammation, which can include pain and swelling, affects the testicle. Usually, it’s due to an illness caused by a virus, most often mumps. […] Hydrocele. This is when extra fluid collects between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. Most often, there’s a small amount of fluid in this space. But the excess fluid of a hydrocele can lead to a painless swelling of the scrotum. In adults, a hydrocele can happen because of an imbalance in the amounts of fluid made or absorbed. Often, this is due to an injury or infection in the scrotum. In babies, a hydrocele tends to happen because an opening between the stomach area and the scrotum hasn’t properly closed during development. […] Hematocele. This is a buildup of blood between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. An injury, such as a direct hit to the testicles, is the most likely cause.

• #21 Scrotal Masses: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/scrotal-masses

  A scrotal mass can be a swollen testicle or it can contain fluid or other tissue. Its possible that the mass could be cancerous, but there are also a number of noncancerous causes of a mass in the scrotum. […] Many conditions can cause scrotal masses. […] Orchitis can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection and is commonly associated with the mumps. […] Most cases of epididymitis are caused by a bacterial infection. In people under 35 years old, epididymitis is most often caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as chlamydia. […] A hydrocele occurs when one of the naturally occurring sacs that surrounds each testicle fills with fluid. […] A hematocele is a type of blood clot that occurs when one of the sacs surrounding each testicle fills with blood. Its usually associated with trauma or a prior surgery.

• #22 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Scrotal masses might be: A buildup of fluids. The growth of irregular tissue. Swollen, inflamed or hardened parts inside the scrotum. […] Many health conditions can cause a scrotal mass or an unusual change in the scrotum. These include: Testicular cancer. This is cancer that starts in the testicles. It often causes a painless lump or swelling in the scrotum. But some people with testicular cancer don’t have any symptoms. See your doctor or other health care professional if you notice a new lump in your scrotum. […] Spermatocele. This fluid-filled sac in the scrotum is often above the testicle. It tends to be painless. And usually, it’s not cancer. A spermatocele also is known as a spermatic cyst or epididymal cyst. […] Epididymitis. This is when the coiled tube at the back of the testicle, called the epididymis, becomes inflamed. Often, epididymitis is caused by an infection with bacteria. For instance, bacterial infections that spread through sex, such as chlamydia, can cause it. Less often, a virus can lead to epididymitis.

• #23 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Scrotal masses might be: A buildup of fluids. The growth of irregular tissue. Swollen, inflamed or hardened parts inside the scrotum. […] Many health conditions can cause a scrotal mass or an unusual change in the scrotum. These include: Testicular cancer. This is cancer that starts in the testicles. It often causes a painless lump or swelling in the scrotum. But some people with testicular cancer don’t have any symptoms. See your doctor or other health care professional if you notice a new lump in your scrotum. […] Spermatocele. This fluid-filled sac in the scrotum is often above the testicle. It tends to be painless. And usually, it’s not cancer. A spermatocele also is known as a spermatic cyst or epididymal cyst. […] Epididymitis. This is when the coiled tube at the back of the testicle, called the epididymis, becomes inflamed. Often, epididymitis is caused by an infection with bacteria. For instance, bacterial infections that spread through sex, such as chlamydia, can cause it. Less often, a virus can lead to epididymitis.

• #24 %%title%% %%page%%

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/scrotal-masses-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Scrotal mass can be caused by a wide range of disorders affecting the scrotum of the individual, such as […] Orchitis: It is a viral infection caused due to mumps which leads to inflammation of the testicles. […] Epididymitis: It causes infection in the epididymis and produces inflammation. It is caused by bacteria, especially sexually transmitted infections like chlamydia. […] Hydrocele: The increase in fluid around the testicles increases the size of the scrotum sac and results in swelling of the scrotum. […] Hematocele: It results from any traumatic or prior injury in the testicles that lead to clot formation between the layers of the scrotum surrounding each testicle. […] Spermatocele: It is a painless benign fluid-filled sac in the scrotum, usually above the testicle. […] Varicocele: It is a condition due to enlarged veins within the scrotum.

• #25 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Scrotal and testicular masses can be broadly categorized into painful conditions, which include testicular torsion, torsion of the testicular appendage, and epididymitis, and painless conditions, which include hydrocele, varicocele, and testicular cancer. […] Testicular torsion is defined as a twisting of the spermatic cord around its longitudinal axis, causing venous congestion, reduced arterial blood flow, and eventual ischemia of the testicle. […] Risk factors include a family history of torsion, a hyperactive cremasteric reflex in the setting of cold weather, antecedent trauma, and the bell-clapper deformity (excessive mobility of the testicle due to abnormal anchoring). […] Epididymitis occurs much more frequently than orchitis, is a common cause of scrotal pain, and is usually the result of a bacterial infection; orchitis is usually due to a viral infection such as mumps.

• #26 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Risk factors for epididymitis include amiodarone use, bicycle riding, obstruction of the bladder, prolonged sitting, trauma, and urogenital abnormalities. […] Hydroceles are typically painless, but large accumulations may be uncomfortable. […] A varicocele is abnormal dilation of the pampiniform plexus, either caused by incompetence of the gonadal vein valves or external compression of the gonadal vein. […] Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor diagnosed in men between 15 and 34 years of age, and usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule that is often but not necessarily painless. […] Risk factors include an undescended testicle, a personal or family history of testicular cancer, HIV infection, and carcinoma in situ of the testis.

• #27 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Orchitis. This is when inflammation, which can include pain and swelling, affects the testicle. Usually, it’s due to an illness caused by a virus, most often mumps. […] Hydrocele. This is when extra fluid collects between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. Most often, there’s a small amount of fluid in this space. But the excess fluid of a hydrocele can lead to a painless swelling of the scrotum. In adults, a hydrocele can happen because of an imbalance in the amounts of fluid made or absorbed. Often, this is due to an injury or infection in the scrotum. In babies, a hydrocele tends to happen because an opening between the stomach area and the scrotum hasn’t properly closed during development. […] Hematocele. This is a buildup of blood between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. An injury, such as a direct hit to the testicles, is the most likely cause.

• #28 %%title%% %%page%%

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/scrotal-masses-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Scrotal mass can be caused by a wide range of disorders affecting the scrotum of the individual, such as […] Orchitis: It is a viral infection caused due to mumps which leads to inflammation of the testicles. […] Epididymitis: It causes infection in the epididymis and produces inflammation. It is caused by bacteria, especially sexually transmitted infections like chlamydia. […] Hydrocele: The increase in fluid around the testicles increases the size of the scrotum sac and results in swelling of the scrotum. […] Hematocele: It results from any traumatic or prior injury in the testicles that lead to clot formation between the layers of the scrotum surrounding each testicle. […] Spermatocele: It is a painless benign fluid-filled sac in the scrotum, usually above the testicle. […] Varicocele: It is a condition due to enlarged veins within the scrotum.

• #29 Lumps in the scrotum: Symptoms & Treatment | Healthy Male

  https://healthymale.org.au/mens-health/scrotal-lumps

  Many things can cause lumps on your scrotum including hydrocele, varicocele, warts, cysts and STIs. […] Hydroceles can be caused by injury, infection or inflammation. Very rarely, hydroceles can be a sign of testicular cancer in young men. […] Varicoceles are commonly found in men who have fertility problems, and surgery to fix the varicocele improves fertility in some of these men. […] Epididymitis is caused by infection, irritation or injury of the epididymitis. In younger men, epididymitis usually occurs in association with a sexually transmitted infection. In older men, infections by bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract are more common causes of epididymitis. […] Orchitis is usually accompanied by inflammation of the epididymis (epididymo-orchitis). The mumps virus is a common cause of orchitis but it can be caused by other viruses and bacteria.

• #30 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Varicocele. This happens when the veins inside the scrotum get bigger. Varicocele is more common on the left side of the scrotum due to differences in how blood flows from each side. A varicocele might cause infertility, which is when you can’t get your partner pregnant after a year of unprotected sex. […] Inguinal hernia. This is when part of the small intestine pushes through an opening or weak spot in the tissue that separates the stomach area and groin. It might appear as a mass in the scrotum or higher in the groin. In infants, an inguinal hernia often happens before birth when the passageway from the stomach area to the scrotum doesn’t close. […] Testicular torsion. This is a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. It happens due to a twisting of the spermatic cord. That’s a bundle of blood vessels, nerves and the tube that carries semen from the testicle to the penis. Without prompt treatment, testicular torsion can lead to the loss of the testicle.

• #31 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Risk factors for epididymitis include amiodarone use, bicycle riding, obstruction of the bladder, prolonged sitting, trauma, and urogenital abnormalities. […] Hydroceles are typically painless, but large accumulations may be uncomfortable. […] A varicocele is abnormal dilation of the pampiniform plexus, either caused by incompetence of the gonadal vein valves or external compression of the gonadal vein. […] Testicular cancer is the most common solid tumor diagnosed in men between 15 and 34 years of age, and usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule that is often but not necessarily painless. […] Risk factors include an undescended testicle, a personal or family history of testicular cancer, HIV infection, and carcinoma in situ of the testis.

• #32 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Varicocele. This happens when the veins inside the scrotum get bigger. Varicocele is more common on the left side of the scrotum due to differences in how blood flows from each side. A varicocele might cause infertility, which is when you can’t get your partner pregnant after a year of unprotected sex. […] Inguinal hernia. This is when part of the small intestine pushes through an opening or weak spot in the tissue that separates the stomach area and groin. It might appear as a mass in the scrotum or higher in the groin. In infants, an inguinal hernia often happens before birth when the passageway from the stomach area to the scrotum doesn’t close. […] Testicular torsion. This is a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. It happens due to a twisting of the spermatic cord. That’s a bundle of blood vessels, nerves and the tube that carries semen from the testicle to the penis. Without prompt treatment, testicular torsion can lead to the loss of the testicle.

• #33 Lump on Testicle: 7 Common Causes & How to Treat – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/lump-on-testicle/

  A lump on the testicle can appear due to the accumulation of fluid or blood around the testicle. […] The most common causes of a lump on the testicle include: […] A hydrocele is a small pocket of liquid that can accumulate in the scrotum beside the testicle. […] A varicocele is the most common cause of a testicular lumps. […] Epididymitis occurs when the epididymis, which connects the testicle to the vas deferens, becomes swollen from a bacterial infection. […] Testicular torsion is a very easy problem to identify. […] A spermatocele, also known as an epididymal cyst, consists of a small pocket that forms in the epididymis where the vas deferens connects to the testicle. […] Inguinal hernias emerge when a portion of the intestine is able to pass through weakened abdominal muscles. […] Although this is a more rare situation, the development of testicular cancer can cause the emergence of a small lump in the testicle.

• #34 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Varicocele. This happens when the veins inside the scrotum get bigger. Varicocele is more common on the left side of the scrotum due to differences in how blood flows from each side. A varicocele might cause infertility, which is when you can’t get your partner pregnant after a year of unprotected sex. […] Inguinal hernia. This is when part of the small intestine pushes through an opening or weak spot in the tissue that separates the stomach area and groin. It might appear as a mass in the scrotum or higher in the groin. In infants, an inguinal hernia often happens before birth when the passageway from the stomach area to the scrotum doesn’t close. […] Testicular torsion. This is a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. It happens due to a twisting of the spermatic cord. That’s a bundle of blood vessels, nerves and the tube that carries semen from the testicle to the penis. Without prompt treatment, testicular torsion can lead to the loss of the testicle.

• #35 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Varicocele. This happens when the veins inside the scrotum get bigger. Varicocele is more common on the left side of the scrotum due to differences in how blood flows from each side. A varicocele might cause infertility, which is when you can’t get your partner pregnant after a year of unprotected sex. […] Inguinal hernia. This is when part of the small intestine pushes through an opening or weak spot in the tissue that separates the stomach area and groin. It might appear as a mass in the scrotum or higher in the groin. In infants, an inguinal hernia often happens before birth when the passageway from the stomach area to the scrotum doesn’t close. […] Testicular torsion. This is a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. It happens due to a twisting of the spermatic cord. That’s a bundle of blood vessels, nerves and the tube that carries semen from the testicle to the penis. Without prompt treatment, testicular torsion can lead to the loss of the testicle.

• #36 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Varicocele. This happens when the veins inside the scrotum get bigger. Varicocele is more common on the left side of the scrotum due to differences in how blood flows from each side. A varicocele might cause infertility, which is when you can’t get your partner pregnant after a year of unprotected sex. […] Inguinal hernia. This is when part of the small intestine pushes through an opening or weak spot in the tissue that separates the stomach area and groin. It might appear as a mass in the scrotum or higher in the groin. In infants, an inguinal hernia often happens before birth when the passageway from the stomach area to the scrotum doesn’t close. […] Testicular torsion. This is a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. It happens due to a twisting of the spermatic cord. That’s a bundle of blood vessels, nerves and the tube that carries semen from the testicle to the penis. Without prompt treatment, testicular torsion can lead to the loss of the testicle.

• #37 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Varicocele. This happens when the veins inside the scrotum get bigger. Varicocele is more common on the left side of the scrotum due to differences in how blood flows from each side. A varicocele might cause infertility, which is when you can’t get your partner pregnant after a year of unprotected sex. […] Inguinal hernia. This is when part of the small intestine pushes through an opening or weak spot in the tissue that separates the stomach area and groin. It might appear as a mass in the scrotum or higher in the groin. In infants, an inguinal hernia often happens before birth when the passageway from the stomach area to the scrotum doesn’t close. […] Testicular torsion. This is a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. It happens due to a twisting of the spermatic cord. That’s a bundle of blood vessels, nerves and the tube that carries semen from the testicle to the penis. Without prompt treatment, testicular torsion can lead to the loss of the testicle.

• #38 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Scrotal and testicular masses can be broadly categorized into painful conditions, which include testicular torsion, torsion of the testicular appendage, and epididymitis, and painless conditions, which include hydrocele, varicocele, and testicular cancer. […] Testicular torsion is defined as a twisting of the spermatic cord around its longitudinal axis, causing venous congestion, reduced arterial blood flow, and eventual ischemia of the testicle. […] Risk factors include a family history of torsion, a hyperactive cremasteric reflex in the setting of cold weather, antecedent trauma, and the bell-clapper deformity (excessive mobility of the testicle due to abnormal anchoring). […] Epididymitis occurs much more frequently than orchitis, is a common cause of scrotal pain, and is usually the result of a bacterial infection; orchitis is usually due to a viral infection such as mumps.

• #39

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses

  Inguinal hernia. This is when part of the small intestine pushes through an opening or weak spot in the tissue that separates the stomach area and groin. […] Testicular torsion. This is a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. It happens due to a twisting of the spermatic cord. […] Things that can raise the risk of a scrotal mass include: Undescended testicle. An undescended testicle doesn’t leave the stomach area and move down into the scrotum before birth or in the months afterward. […] Conditions present at birth. Some people are born with irregular changes in the testicles, penis or kidneys. These might raise the risk of a scrotal mass and testicular cancer later in life. […] History of testicular cancer. If you’ve had cancer in one testicle, your risk of getting cancer in the other testicle is higher. Having a parent or a sibling who’s had testicular cancer also raises your risk.

• #40 Scrotal masses | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/scrotal-masses

  Hydrocele. This is when extra fluid collects between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. […] Hematocele. This is a buildup of blood between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. An injury, such as a direct hit to the testicles, is the most likely cause. […] Varicocele. This happens when the veins inside the scrotum get bigger. […] Inguinal hernia. This is when part of the small intestine pushes through an opening or weak spot in the tissue that separates the stomach area and groin. […] Testicular torsion. This is a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. It happens due to a twisting of the spermatic cord. […] Things that can raise the risk of a scrotal mass include: […] Undescended testicle. An undescended testicle doesn’t leave the stomach area and move down into the scrotum before birth or in the months afterward.

• #41 Scrotal Masses: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors and Diagnosis

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/surgery/scrotal-masses-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-and-complications

  Inguinal hernia: This happens when a section of the small intestine pushes through a weak spot or breach in the tissue that separates the stomach from the groin. […] Testicular torsion: The testicle’s blood supply is cut off by this excruciating ailment. […] An increased frequency of scrotal masses may result from the following conditions: […] Testicles not yet descendant: A testicle that has not descended passes through the stomach area and does not enter the scrotum before or in the months after delivery. […] Circumstances that preexist at birth: Congenital anomalies in the kidneys, penis, or testicles can affect certain individuals from birth. […] History of testicular cancer: If you have previously had testicular cancer in one testicle, your chances of developing it in the other testicle are increased.

• #42 Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12183-testicular-cancer

  Testicular cancer develops when cells multiply faster than usual, eventually forming a lump or tumor. Researchers aren’t sure what causes cells to behave this way. They do know that the cells that become testicular cancer are usually germ cells. […] Several factors may increase your testicular cancer risk. Risk factors don’t cause testicular cancer, but they may increase its likelihood of developing. […] Risk factors for testicular cancer include: Age: Testicular cancer most commonly affects people between ages 15 and 35. Undescended testicles: Testicles form in the abdomen of a fetus during pregnancy and usually drop into the scrotum before birth. Testicles that don’t drop are called undescended testicles and may require surgery. Being born with this condition may increase your testicular cancer risk, even if you have surgery. Race and ethnicity: Testicular cancer is more common among non-Hispanic whites in the United States and Europe. Personal or family history: You may be more likely to develop testicular cancer if a biological parent or sibling had it. Certain inherited genetic conditions, like Klinefelter Syndrome, may also increase your risk. Having testicular cancer in one testicle increases your likelihood of developing a second cancer in the other testicle. Infertility: Some of the same factors that cause male infertility may also be related to the development of testicular cancer. More research is needed to understand the connection.

• #43 Scrotal masses | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20303982/

  Some people are born with irregular changes in the testicles, penis or kidneys. These might raise the risk of a scrotal mass and testicular cancer later in life. […] If youve had cancer in one testicle, your risk of getting cancer in the other testicle is higher. Having a parent or a sibling whos had testicular cancer also raises your risk.

• #44 Lumps on Testicles (Scrotal Mass) – Sexologists in Chennai treating Men’s Infertility (Premature Ejaculation, Erection Problems etc) since 28 years

  https://metromaleclinic.com/lumps-on-testicles-scrotal-mass/

  Having a lump on your testicle can be a worrying experience, but the vast majority of lumps are not cancerous and can be easily treated. […] Most lumps on the testicle skin are caused by infections, such as epididymitis, cysts, or other non-cancerous conditions. In rare cases, however, the lump can be caused by a cancerous tumour. […] There are several possible causes of a lump on the testicle. These can include: Epididymal Cysts Epididymal cysts are the most common cause of a lump on the testicle. […] Hydrocele A hydrocele is a collection of fluid in the scrotum that can cause a lump on the testicle. […] Varicocele A varicocele is an enlarged vein in the scrotum that can cause a lump on the testicle. […] Infection An infection in the scrotum can cause a lump on the testicle. […] Tumours Tumours can also cause a lump on the testicle. Tumours can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). […] It is important to be aware of the possibility of scrotal masses in children. […] There is a chance of higher risk for scrotal masses in the long term if a testicle has not descended from the abdominal area into the scrotum before birth, a condition referred to as undescended testicle.

• #45 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Scrotal masses might be: A buildup of fluids. The growth of irregular tissue. Swollen, inflamed or hardened parts inside the scrotum. […] Many health conditions can cause a scrotal mass or an unusual change in the scrotum. These include: Testicular cancer. This is cancer that starts in the testicles. It often causes a painless lump or swelling in the scrotum. But some people with testicular cancer don’t have any symptoms. See your doctor or other health care professional if you notice a new lump in your scrotum. […] Spermatocele. This fluid-filled sac in the scrotum is often above the testicle. It tends to be painless. And usually, it’s not cancer. A spermatocele also is known as a spermatic cyst or epididymal cyst. […] Epididymitis. This is when the coiled tube at the back of the testicle, called the epididymis, becomes inflamed. Often, epididymitis is caused by an infection with bacteria. For instance, bacterial infections that spread through sex, such as chlamydia, can cause it. Less often, a virus can lead to epididymitis.

• #46 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Orchitis. This is when inflammation, which can include pain and swelling, affects the testicle. Usually, it’s due to an illness caused by a virus, most often mumps. […] Hydrocele. This is when extra fluid collects between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. Most often, there’s a small amount of fluid in this space. But the excess fluid of a hydrocele can lead to a painless swelling of the scrotum. In adults, a hydrocele can happen because of an imbalance in the amounts of fluid made or absorbed. Often, this is due to an injury or infection in the scrotum. In babies, a hydrocele tends to happen because an opening between the stomach area and the scrotum hasn’t properly closed during development. […] Hematocele. This is a buildup of blood between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. An injury, such as a direct hit to the testicles, is the most likely cause.

• #47 Scrotal Masses: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/scrotal-masses

  A scrotal mass can be a swollen testicle or it can contain fluid or other tissue. Its possible that the mass could be cancerous, but there are also a number of noncancerous causes of a mass in the scrotum. […] Many conditions can cause scrotal masses. […] Orchitis can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection and is commonly associated with the mumps. […] Most cases of epididymitis are caused by a bacterial infection. In people under 35 years old, epididymitis is most often caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as chlamydia. […] A hydrocele occurs when one of the naturally occurring sacs that surrounds each testicle fills with fluid. […] A hematocele is a type of blood clot that occurs when one of the sacs surrounding each testicle fills with blood. Its usually associated with trauma or a prior surgery.

• #48 Testicular cancer in young men – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/young-mans-disease-testicular-cancer

  The risk of many types of cancer increases with age. […] However, testicular cancer is considered a „young man’s disease” because people under 45 are at the greatest risk. […] It’s unclear why testicular cancer develops. It starts when something triggers changes to the DNA of testicle cells, which causes the cells to grow and multiply quickly. […] There’s no way to prevent testicular cancer, but these factors increase the risk: Family history, Undescended testicle, HIV infection, Sex chromosome abnormalities. […] Broadly, there are two categories of testicular cancer: Seminoma and Nonseminoma.

• #49 What Causes Testicular Cancer? | Causes of Testicular Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  The exact cause of most testicular cancers is not known. But scientists have found that the disease is linked with a number of other conditions. A great deal of research is being done to learn more about the causes. […] Cancers can be caused by changes in chromosomes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. […] Most testicular cancer cells have extra copies of a part of chromosome 12 (called isochromosome 12p or i12p). Some testicular cancers have changes in other chromosomes as well, or even abnormal numbers of chromosomes (often too many). Scientists are studying these DNA and chromosome changes to learn more about which genes are affected and how this might lead to testicular cancer.

• #50 Testicular Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563159/

  The most common environmental risk factors for testicular cancers can be summarized as below: Cryptorchidism 24 fold increase in risk. […] Family history relative risk increased 610 fold in brothers or sons of affected man. […] Infections – Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Parvovirus B-19, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] High maternal estrogen levels. […] Genetic risk factors: Multiple genetic changes have been described in the etiology of testicular cancer. The isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 12 (i12p) is pathognomonic of all types of adult germ cell tumors (GCTs), as well as GCNIS. […] Genetic polymorphisms in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene and the risk of testicular cancer (TC) have also been described. […] Dysregulation in the pluripotent program of fetal germ cells is thought to be responsible for the development of GCNIS and germ cell neoplasia.

• #51 Scrotal masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/symptoms-causes/syc-20352604

  Orchitis. This is when inflammation, which can include pain and swelling, affects the testicle. Usually, it’s due to an illness caused by a virus, most often mumps. […] Hydrocele. This is when extra fluid collects between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. Most often, there’s a small amount of fluid in this space. But the excess fluid of a hydrocele can lead to a painless swelling of the scrotum. In adults, a hydrocele can happen because of an imbalance in the amounts of fluid made or absorbed. Often, this is due to an injury or infection in the scrotum. In babies, a hydrocele tends to happen because an opening between the stomach area and the scrotum hasn’t properly closed during development. […] Hematocele. This is a buildup of blood between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. An injury, such as a direct hit to the testicles, is the most likely cause.

• #52 Scrotal Lumps – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/urology/scrotallumps/

  The key causes of scrotal or testicular lumps are: Hydrocele, Varicocele, Epididymal cyst, Testicular cancer, Epididymo-orchitis, Inguinal hernia, Testicular torsion. […] Hydroceles can be idiopathic, with no apparent cause, or secondary to: Testicular cancer, Testicular torsion, Epididymo-orchitis, Trauma. […] Varicoceles are the result of increased resistance in the testicular vein. Incompetent valves in the testicular vein allow blood to flow back from the testicular vein into the pampiniform plexus. […] Varicoceles that do not disappear when lying down raise concerns about retroperitoneal tumours obstructing the drainage of the renal vein. […] Epididymal cysts are very common in adults, occurring in around 30% of men. Most cases are asymptomatic.

• #53 Scrotal Lumps – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/surgery/urology/scrotallumps/

  The key causes of scrotal or testicular lumps are: Hydrocele, Varicocele, Epididymal cyst, Testicular cancer, Epididymo-orchitis, Inguinal hernia, Testicular torsion. […] Hydroceles can be idiopathic, with no apparent cause, or secondary to: Testicular cancer, Testicular torsion, Epididymo-orchitis, Trauma. […] Varicoceles are the result of increased resistance in the testicular vein. Incompetent valves in the testicular vein allow blood to flow back from the testicular vein into the pampiniform plexus. […] Varicoceles that do not disappear when lying down raise concerns about retroperitoneal tumours obstructing the drainage of the renal vein. […] Epididymal cysts are very common in adults, occurring in around 30% of men. Most cases are asymptomatic.

• #54 Scrotal Masses: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/scrotal-masses

  A scrotal mass can be a swollen testicle or it can contain fluid or other tissue. Its possible that the mass could be cancerous, but there are also a number of noncancerous causes of a mass in the scrotum. […] Many conditions can cause scrotal masses. […] Orchitis can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection and is commonly associated with the mumps. […] Most cases of epididymitis are caused by a bacterial infection. In people under 35 years old, epididymitis is most often caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as chlamydia. […] A hydrocele occurs when one of the naturally occurring sacs that surrounds each testicle fills with fluid. […] A hematocele is a type of blood clot that occurs when one of the sacs surrounding each testicle fills with blood. Its usually associated with trauma or a prior surgery.

• #55 Lumps in the scrotum: Symptoms & Treatment | Healthy Male

  https://healthymale.org.au/mens-health/scrotal-lumps

  Many things can cause lumps on your scrotum including hydrocele, varicocele, warts, cysts and STIs. […] Hydroceles can be caused by injury, infection or inflammation. Very rarely, hydroceles can be a sign of testicular cancer in young men. […] Varicoceles are commonly found in men who have fertility problems, and surgery to fix the varicocele improves fertility in some of these men. […] Epididymitis is caused by infection, irritation or injury of the epididymitis. In younger men, epididymitis usually occurs in association with a sexually transmitted infection. In older men, infections by bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract are more common causes of epididymitis. […] Orchitis is usually accompanied by inflammation of the epididymis (epididymo-orchitis). The mumps virus is a common cause of orchitis but it can be caused by other viruses and bacteria.

• #56 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Scrotal and testicular masses can be broadly categorized into painful conditions, which include testicular torsion, torsion of the testicular appendage, and epididymitis, and painless conditions, which include hydrocele, varicocele, and testicular cancer. […] Testicular torsion is defined as a twisting of the spermatic cord around its longitudinal axis, causing venous congestion, reduced arterial blood flow, and eventual ischemia of the testicle. […] Risk factors include a family history of torsion, a hyperactive cremasteric reflex in the setting of cold weather, antecedent trauma, and the bell-clapper deformity (excessive mobility of the testicle due to abnormal anchoring). […] Epididymitis occurs much more frequently than orchitis, is a common cause of scrotal pain, and is usually the result of a bacterial infection; orchitis is usually due to a viral infection such as mumps.

• #57 Lumps in the scrotum: Symptoms & Treatment | Healthy Male

  https://healthymale.org.au/mens-health/scrotal-lumps

  Testicular torsion can also be caused by vigorous activity or injury. […] Lumps that sit within the scrotum may be caused by an accumulation of fluids, the growth of abnormal tissue, injury, or inflammation due to infection. […] Lumps on the testicle(s) may be caused by injury, infection, birth defects or as a symptom of a more serious underlying health condition, such as testicular cancer.

• #58 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Scrotal and testicular masses can be broadly categorized into painful conditions, which include testicular torsion, torsion of the testicular appendage, and epididymitis, and painless conditions, which include hydrocele, varicocele, and testicular cancer. […] Testicular torsion is defined as a twisting of the spermatic cord around its longitudinal axis, causing venous congestion, reduced arterial blood flow, and eventual ischemia of the testicle. […] Risk factors include a family history of torsion, a hyperactive cremasteric reflex in the setting of cold weather, antecedent trauma, and the bell-clapper deformity (excessive mobility of the testicle due to abnormal anchoring). […] Epididymitis occurs much more frequently than orchitis, is a common cause of scrotal pain, and is usually the result of a bacterial infection; orchitis is usually due to a viral infection such as mumps.

• #59 Scrotal Lumps – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/urology/presentations/scrotal-lumps/

  A scrotal lump is an abnormal mass or swelling within the scrotum. They can originate from either testicular or extra-testicular sources. […] Scrotal lumps may be classified as being either testicular or extra-testicular in origin. […] For the majority of scrotal lumps, an ultrasound scan of the scrotum is the best first line investigation. […] Causes can be divided into extra-testicular and testicular causes. […] Ensure to assess for features of malignancy in all cases of scrotal swelling and send for urgent investigation if suspected.

• #60 Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/scrotal-masses.html

  Scrotal and testicular masses can be broadly categorized into painful conditions, which include testicular torsion, torsion of the testicular appendage, and epididymitis, and painless conditions, which include hydrocele, varicocele, and testicular cancer. […] Testicular torsion is defined as a twisting of the spermatic cord around its longitudinal axis, causing venous congestion, reduced arterial blood flow, and eventual ischemia of the testicle. […] Risk factors include a family history of torsion, a hyperactive cremasteric reflex in the setting of cold weather, antecedent trauma, and the bell-clapper deformity (excessive mobility of the testicle due to abnormal anchoring). […] Epididymitis occurs much more frequently than orchitis, is a common cause of scrotal pain, and is usually the result of a bacterial infection; orchitis is usually due to a viral infection such as mumps.

• #61 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Scrotal masses are caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from benign conditions to those requiring emergent surgical intervention. […] Some causes of scrotal masses require rapid diagnosis and treatment to avoid loss of fertility or other complications. […] Testicular malignancies cause pain in 15% of cases. […] Epididymitis is the most common cause of scrotal pain in adults and is characterized by acute unilateral pain and swelling. […] Testicular cancer usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule. […] Risk factors for testicular cancer include cryptorchidism (undescended testicle), family or personal history of testicular cancer, Klinefelter syndrome, and previous orchitis. […] There is conflicting evidence about the association between varicoceles and male infertility. […] Scrotal skin lesions that are erosive, vascular, hyperkeratotic, or nonhealing, or that change color, or have irregular borders should be biopsied to rule out cancer.

• #62 Painless Scrotal Mass – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/painless-scrotal-mass

  A painless scrotal mass is often noticed by the patient but may be an incidental finding on routine physical examination. […] There are several causes of a painless scrotal mass but the most common include the following: Hydrocele, Nonincarcerated inguinal hernia, Varicocele (present in up to 20% of adult men). […] Less common causes include spermatocele, hematocele, fluid overload, and occasionally testicular cancer. Testicular cancer is the most concerning cause of a painless scrotal mass. Although it is rare compared with the other listed causes, it is the most common solid cancer in men aged 40 years; because it responds well to treatment, prompt recognition is important. […] A solid mass, one that does not transilluminate, or the presence of both mandates evaluation for testicular cancer. […] The cause of a hydrocele must be determined.

• #63 Scrotal Lumps – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/urology/presentations/scrotal-lumps/

  A scrotal lump is an abnormal mass or swelling within the scrotum. They can originate from either testicular or extra-testicular sources. […] Scrotal lumps may be classified as being either testicular or extra-testicular in origin. […] For the majority of scrotal lumps, an ultrasound scan of the scrotum is the best first line investigation. […] Causes can be divided into extra-testicular and testicular causes. […] Ensure to assess for features of malignancy in all cases of scrotal swelling and send for urgent investigation if suspected.

• #64 Extratesticular scrotal mass (differential) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/extratesticular-scrotal-mass-differential?lang=us

  Extratesticular scrotal masses (not arising from testis or epididymis) are mostly mesenchymal in origin and benign. […] Malignant lesions of the scrotum are rare:

• #65 Scrotal mass causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Scrotal_mass_causes

  Scrotal masses may be caused by tumors, injury, trauma, infections. Also the causes depends on the anatomical origin. […] Scrotal mass may be caused by tumor, infection, injury, inflammation, or fluid buildup, which can cause different types of masses. […] Causes by Organ System: Infectious Disease: Mumps, Filariasis, Leprosy, Orchitis, Syphilitic gumma, Tuberculosis, Amebiasis, Epididymitis, Granulomatous epididymitis, Seminal vesiculitis […] Oncologic: Benign: Germ cell tumor, Teratoma, Thecoma, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, Fibroma, Chimney sweeps’ carcinoma, Epididymis cyst, Seminal vesicle cyst, Urethral gland cyst […] Malignant: Germ cell tumor, Seminoma, Embryonal carcinoma, Yolk sac tumor, Choriocarcinoma, Teratoma, Granulosa cell tumor, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, Adenocarcinoma, Mesothelioma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Chimney sweeps’ carcinoma, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma […] Metastatic tumors: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma […] Trauma: Testicular injury, Testicular hematoma, Spermatic cord injury, Fracture of testis.

• #66 Scrotal mass causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Scrotal_mass_causes

  Scrotal masses may be caused by tumors, injury, trauma, infections. Also the causes depends on the anatomical origin. […] Scrotal mass may be caused by tumor, infection, injury, inflammation, or fluid buildup, which can cause different types of masses. […] Causes by Organ System: Infectious Disease: Mumps, Filariasis, Leprosy, Orchitis, Syphilitic gumma, Tuberculosis, Amebiasis, Epididymitis, Granulomatous epididymitis, Seminal vesiculitis […] Oncologic: Benign: Germ cell tumor, Teratoma, Thecoma, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, Fibroma, Chimney sweeps’ carcinoma, Epididymis cyst, Seminal vesicle cyst, Urethral gland cyst […] Malignant: Germ cell tumor, Seminoma, Embryonal carcinoma, Yolk sac tumor, Choriocarcinoma, Teratoma, Granulosa cell tumor, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, Adenocarcinoma, Mesothelioma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Chimney sweeps’ carcinoma, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma […] Metastatic tumors: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma […] Trauma: Testicular injury, Testicular hematoma, Spermatic cord injury, Fracture of testis.

• #67 Lump On Testicle (Scrotal Mass): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21026-scrotal-masses

  Testicular cancer can also cause infertility. Without treatment, it can also be fatal. […] Most lumps on your testicle are harmless. Epididymitis and orchitis may cause: A painful collection of pus (an abscess) in your scrotum, Fluid buildup in your scrotum, Your testicles to shrink, Infertility. […] Some types of conditions that cause testicular lumps may also affect your ability to achieve pregnancy (infertility). […] You can’t prevent some causes of testicular lumps. However, it’s a good idea to regularly check your scrotum or testicles for lumps or any other changes. […] Testicular lumps are a common symptom that can appear in anyone with testicles at different ages. Most scrotal masses aren’t cancer and don’t pose a risk to your health. But they can be alarming, and there’s a chance they could be serious, especially if they appear along with other symptoms. Some masses can cause infertility or even be fatal without a proper diagnosis and necessary treatment.

• #68 Evaluation of Scrotal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0501/p723.html

  Scrotal masses are caused by a variety of disorders, ranging from benign conditions to those requiring emergent surgical intervention. […] Some causes of scrotal masses require rapid diagnosis and treatment to avoid loss of fertility or other complications. […] Testicular malignancies cause pain in 15% of cases. […] Epididymitis is the most common cause of scrotal pain in adults and is characterized by acute unilateral pain and swelling. […] Testicular cancer usually presents as a firm, unilateral nodule. […] Risk factors for testicular cancer include cryptorchidism (undescended testicle), family or personal history of testicular cancer, Klinefelter syndrome, and previous orchitis. […] There is conflicting evidence about the association between varicoceles and male infertility. […] Scrotal skin lesions that are erosive, vascular, hyperkeratotic, or nonhealing, or that change color, or have irregular borders should be biopsied to rule out cancer.

• #69 Lump On Testicle (Scrotal Mass): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21026-scrotal-masses

  Lumps or swelling on your testicles (scrotal masses) are usually benign. But in rare cases, they may be a sign of cancer. They can also be a sign of other conditions, including an infection, hernia or swollen vein. A testicular lump can be a symptom of other medical conditions, most of which aren’t serious. Most scrotal masses are benign (not cancerous). However, some testicle lumps can affect fertility. In some cases, they can even be a sign of a serious condition, such as testicular cancer. […] The most common causes of testicular lumps include: Epididymitis, Hydroceles, Inguinal hernia, Orchitis, Spermatoceles, Testicular cancer, Varicoceles. […] Testicular cancer warning signs include: A lump on your testicle, Your testicle swells or becomes larger, Pain in your testicle or scrotum, A feeling of heaviness in your scrotum.

• #70 Scrotal Lumps, Pain and Swelling: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mens-health/scrotal-lumps-pain-and-swelling

  There are many causes of lumps or pain in the scrotum, including hydrocele, varicocele, and testicular torsion. […] Common causes of pain or swelling in the scrotum include: Torsion of the testis. […] Hydroceles (see Hydrocele in Adults and Hydrocele in Children). […] Varicocele. […] Testicular cancer. […] Other rare or less common causes include: Squamous cell carcinoma. […] Generalised oedema. […] Sebaceous cysts. […] Syphilis. […] Roundworms. […] Henoch-Schnlein purpura. […] Allergic skin rashes. […] Sarcoidosis. […] Hidradenitis suppurativa.

• #71 Scrotal masses | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20303982/

  Lumps in the scrotum have various causes. Even painless lumps should be checked promptly by a health care professional. […] Scrotal masses are lumps or swelling in the scrotum, the bag of skin that holds the testicles. […] Some masses could be cancer. Or they could be caused by another medical condition that affects the health of the testicles and how well they work. […] Many health conditions can cause a scrotal mass or an unusual change in the scrotum. These include: […] Testicular cancer. This is cancer that starts in the testicles. It often causes a painless lump or swelling in the scrotum. […] Spermatocele. This fluid-filled sac in the scrotum is often above the testicle. It tends to be painless. And usually, its not cancer. […] Epididymitis. This is when the coiled tube at the back of the testicle, called the epididymis, becomes inflamed.

• #72 Scrotal masses | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20303982/

  Orchitis. This is when inflammation, which can include pain and swelling, affects the testicle. […] Hydrocele. This is when extra fluid collects between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. […] Hematocele. This is a buildup of blood between the layers of a sac that surrounds each testicle. An injury, such as a direct hit to the testicles, is the most likely cause. […] Varicocele. This happens when the veins inside the scrotum get bigger. […] Inguinal hernia. This is when part of the small intestine pushes through an opening or weak spot in the tissue that separates the stomach area and groin. […] Testicular torsion. This is a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. It happens due to a twisting of the spermatic cord. […] An undescended testicle doesnt leave the stomach area and move down into the scrotum before birth or in the months afterward.

• #73 Testicle Lump: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321980

  Possible causes of testicular lumps include cysts, varicoceles, testicular torsion, and more. […] The majority of lumps found in the testicle are not caused by cancer. Testicle lumps are more commonly caused by fluid collecting, an infection, or swelling of skin or veins. […] A varicocele is a lumpy area caused by swollen veins in the testicles. This is similar to a varicose vein forming in a persons leg. It is not clear what causes a varicocele. […] Fluid collecting around a testicle can cause a swelling known as a hydrocele. […] Testicular torsion is a serious medical condition that needs immediate treatment. This can happen when the cord connected to the testicles twists and cuts off the blood supply. […] Epididymitis is a condition that can cause the epididymis to become painful and swollen.

• #74 Testicular Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563159/

  The most common environmental risk factors for testicular cancers can be summarized as below: Cryptorchidism 24 fold increase in risk. […] Family history relative risk increased 610 fold in brothers or sons of affected man. […] Infections – Human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Parvovirus B-19, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] High maternal estrogen levels. […] Genetic risk factors: Multiple genetic changes have been described in the etiology of testicular cancer. The isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 12 (i12p) is pathognomonic of all types of adult germ cell tumors (GCTs), as well as GCNIS. […] Genetic polymorphisms in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene and the risk of testicular cancer (TC) have also been described. […] Dysregulation in the pluripotent program of fetal germ cells is thought to be responsible for the development of GCNIS and germ cell neoplasia.

• #75 Testicular Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563159/

  Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) showed evidence of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers known to have an association with an increased risk of developing testicular cancer, in particular at 15q21.3. […] However, current genetic studies have not revealed any evidence for a major single high-penetrance gene known to cause increased testicular cancer susceptibility.

• #76 Scrotal masses – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scrotal-masses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352609

  To find out what kind of scrotal mass you have, you may need tests such as: […] Treatment of a scrotal mass mainly depends on its cause. […] Medicines called antibiotics can treat a scrotal mass caused by bacteria, as is often the case with epididymitis. […] If your scrotal mass is caused by cancer that starts in a testicle, you’ll likely see a cancer doctor called an oncologist. […] The main treatment choices include: […] Most cases of early testicular cancer can be cured. And even if the disease spreads beyond the testicle, it still may be curable.

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