Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition that begins in childhood that makes it difficult to perform motor skills. […] Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a chronic condition that begins in childhood that causes difficulties with motor (movement) skills and coordination. […] Dyspraxia can cause a wide range of issues with movement and coordination. […] When its not used in the context of childhood developmental coordination disorder, the term dyspraxia has a broader meaning. […] Healthcare providers may also use the term dyspraxia to describe movement difficulties that happen later in life because of damage to your brain, such as from a stroke or brain injury. […] Researchers arent sure of the exact cause of dyspraxia. But being born pre-term (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) and having a low birth weight put children at higher risk for having dyspraxia. […] Theres no cure for dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), but different types of therapies, such as occupational therapy and physical therapy, can help children and adults with dyspraxia improve their motor skills and coordination.

• #2 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s etiology is not fully understood, but research has provided insights into potential factors contributing to the condition. […] For example, studies suggest that DCD may be related to abnormal neurological maturation processes, including the under-activation of motor learning-associated brain regions and altered development of motor and sensory pathways. […] Psychological factors may also play a role. […] Studies show that children with DCD tend to present with abnormal brain activation patterns and white matter connections on functional MRI. […] DCD is hypothesized to have a genetic predisposition. However, the specific genes that may be linked to this condition have not been identified as shared genetic susceptibility with various neuropsychiatric disorders may lead to erroneous DNA analysis results.

• #3 Dyspraxia/DCD Ireland – Adults with Dyspraxia/DCD

  https://www.dyspraxia.ie/Adults-with-Dyspraxia-DCD

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) also commonly known as dyspraxia is a lifelong condition that contrary to some beliefs is not a condition that is 'grown out of’. The main indicators in children can be identified in fine and gross motor skill coordination difficulties. However, indicators of Dyspraxia in Adults are varied and are very often masked by adults who have spent many years adapting to a society that has not recognised or understood what DCD/dyspraxia is. […] For many years DCD/dyspraxia was referred to as 'Clumsy Child Syndrome’. It wasnt until the late 1980’s that the term DCD was recognised and a more common understanding of the condition was agreed. There are entire generations of adults with DCD who were never identified and who never received the supports they required to reach their true potential in life.

• #4 Dyspraxia/DCD Teens – Dyspraxia DCD America

  https://www.dyspraxiadcdamerica.org/dyspraxia-dcd-teens/

  While it was once believed that children with DCD would outgrow their motor difficulties, evidence suggests that these difficulties persist into adolescence and adulthood. […] A formal diagnosis will use criteria for Code 315.4 Developmental Coordination Disorder from The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) or for Code 6A04 Developmental Motor Coordination Disorder (Developmental Dyspraxia) in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), the global standard for diagnostic health information. […] Symptoms were present early in life. […] Difficulties with motor skills are not better explained by other medical conditions such as intellectual disability, neurological conditions or visual impairment.

• #5 Dyspraxia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151951

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects coordination and movement. Healthcare professionals typically refer to this condition as developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] DCD is a neurological disorder that affects a persons balance, coordination, and motor skills, including the following types of movement: […] Scientists do not yet know what causes DCD. Experts believe the condition may occur when motor neurons (the nerve cells that control a persons muscles) do not develop correctly. If motor neurons cannot form proper connections for any reason, the brain will take much longer to process data. […] According to the Disability and Dyslexia Service at the Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom, studies suggest that DCD may be caused by an immaturity of neuron development in the brain, rather than by any specific brain damage.

• #6 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia is a lifelong developmental coordination disorder that affects gross and fine motor skills, and sometimes cognitive function. […] Dyspraxia is a brain-based motor disorder. It affects fine and gross motor skills, motor planning, and coordination. […] The exact cause of dyspraxia isn’t known, and there may not be a single cause. […] According to experts at Queen Mary University of London, research suggests it could have to do with variations in the way neurons in the brain develop. This affects the way the brain sends messages to the rest of the body. […] That could be why it’s hard to plan a series of movements and then carry them out successfully.

• #7 Dyspraxia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151951

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects coordination and movement. Healthcare professionals typically refer to this condition as developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] DCD is a neurological disorder that affects a persons balance, coordination, and motor skills, including the following types of movement: […] Scientists do not yet know what causes DCD. Experts believe the condition may occur when motor neurons (the nerve cells that control a persons muscles) do not develop correctly. If motor neurons cannot form proper connections for any reason, the brain will take much longer to process data. […] According to the Disability and Dyslexia Service at the Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom, studies suggest that DCD may be caused by an immaturity of neuron development in the brain, rather than by any specific brain damage.

• #8 What is Dyspraxia? – Disability and Dyslexia Service

  https://www.qmul.ac.uk/disability-and-dyslexia-service/dyslexia/whatisdyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia, also known as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), is thought to affect up to 10% of the population and up to 2% severely. […] Dyspraxia/DCD can run in families. […] For the majority of those with the condition there is no known cause, however, current research suggests that it is the unresponsive or varied development of neurones in the brain, rather than brain damage, which form the foundations of dyspraxia. People with dyspraxia have no clinical neurological abnormality to explain their condition.

• #9 Developmental coordination disorder – Causes of dyspraxia | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/developmental-coordination-disorder/causes-of-dyspraxia

  Little is known about the cause of dyspraxia, a type of developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia may be caused by motor neurones in the brain not developing properly. […] It is thought that motor neurones in people with dyspraxia fail to form proper connections and are less effective at transmitting electrical signals from the brain to the muscles. […] Although it is not known what causes dyspraxia, there may be a link between dyspraxia and: being born prematurely (before week 37 of pregnancy), being born with a low birth weight, having a family history of dyspraxia, the mother drinking alcohol, smoking or taking illegal drugs while pregnant, which is increasingly being reported.

• #10 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s etiology is not fully understood, but research has provided insights into potential factors contributing to the condition. […] For example, studies suggest that DCD may be related to abnormal neurological maturation processes, including the under-activation of motor learning-associated brain regions and altered development of motor and sensory pathways. […] Psychological factors may also play a role. […] Studies show that children with DCD tend to present with abnormal brain activation patterns and white matter connections on functional MRI. […] DCD is hypothesized to have a genetic predisposition. However, the specific genes that may be linked to this condition have not been identified as shared genetic susceptibility with various neuropsychiatric disorders may lead to erroneous DNA analysis results.

• #11 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s etiology is not fully understood, but research has provided insights into potential factors contributing to the condition. […] For example, studies suggest that DCD may be related to abnormal neurological maturation processes, including the under-activation of motor learning-associated brain regions and altered development of motor and sensory pathways. […] Psychological factors may also play a role. […] Studies show that children with DCD tend to present with abnormal brain activation patterns and white matter connections on functional MRI. […] DCD is hypothesized to have a genetic predisposition. However, the specific genes that may be linked to this condition have not been identified as shared genetic susceptibility with various neuropsychiatric disorders may lead to erroneous DNA analysis results.

• #12 Developmental Coordination Disorder in Adults

  https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/adults/developmentalcoordinationdisorder

  Developmental coordination disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 5% of adults. […] It is hypothesized that children with developmental coordination disorder may have cerebellar dysfunction due to their difficulty automating motor skills. Developmental coordination disorder is more common following prenatal exposure to alcohol and in preterm and low birth weight children. […] This disorder often co-occurs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), specific learning disabilities, and autism spectrum disorder.

• #13 Developmental Coordination Disorder: Causes & Remedies

  https://www.verywellmind.com/developmental-coordination-disorder-causes-and-remedies-5220409

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition. Otherwise known as dyspraxia, this disorder affects the development of motor skills and functions. […] Despite an increase in dyspraxia research, there is yet to be a conclusive agreement on the causes of this condition. One suggestion claims that children with dyspraxia experience challenges with the cerebellum—a part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination. […] Certain risk factors like premature births and low birth weight may increase the odds of dyspraxia. Research also suggests that postnatal exposure to steroids can be responsible for a child’s difficulties with motor coordination. […] Male children are more likely to live with this disorder. It is believed by some estimates that boys are 1.7 times more likely to live with dyspraxia than girls.

• #14 Developmental coordination disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia, or simply dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired coordination of physical movements as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body. […] A diagnosis of DCD is reached only in the absence of other neurological impairments such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease. […] It is thought to affect about 5% of the population. […] Evidence from research and clinical practice indicates that DCD is not just a physical disorder, and there may be deficits in executive functions, behavioural organisation and emotional regulation that extend beyond the motor impairments and which are independent of diagnoses of co-morbidities.

• #15 Dyspraxia (developmental co-ordination disorder) in adults

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia-in-adults/

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), is a common disorder that affects movement and co-ordination. […] It’s not known what causes dyspraxia. You may be at a higher risk of developing it if you were born prematurely. […] Dyspraxia is more common in men and often runs in families.

• #16 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/dyspraxia-developmental-co-ordination-disorder

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common condition which mainly affects motor co-ordination – the way the body organises and carries out movement-related tasks. […] Dyspraxia seems to run in families, so it seems to have a genetic component – the way your child is 'made’. This suggests that, in some children, a less effective development of the motor nerves may be something that is pre-programmed into their genes. […] Premature babies, particularly those of very low birth weight, seem to be at greater risk of dyspraxia. […] There is evidence that exposure to high levels of alcohol, or to illegal drugs during pregnancy, can cause dyspraxia. […] Dyspraxia may also be acquired later in life through injury or illness – for example, as a result of a stroke or a head injury. This type of dyspraxia is not called DCD, as this term refers specifically to the developmental condition, although it can cause similar symptoms.

• #17 Essential Guide For Managing Dyspraxia in Adults

  https://www.medicinesteam.co.uk/post/dyspraxia-in-adults

  Gender: Research indicates that dyspraxia is more prevalent in men than in women. The reasons for this gender disparity are not fully understood, but it may be linked to differences in brain development and hormonal influences. […] Low Birth Weight: Babies with a low birth weight may have a higher risk of developing dyspraxia, possibly due to developmental challenges faced in the womb or immediately after birth. […] Environmental Factors: Although less clearly defined, certain environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal health issues or exposure to toxins, might contribute to the risk of dyspraxia.

• #18 Developmental Coordination Disorder: Causes & Remedies

  https://www.verywellmind.com/developmental-coordination-disorder-causes-and-remedies-5220409

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition. Otherwise known as dyspraxia, this disorder affects the development of motor skills and functions. […] Despite an increase in dyspraxia research, there is yet to be a conclusive agreement on the causes of this condition. One suggestion claims that children with dyspraxia experience challenges with the cerebellum—a part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination. […] Certain risk factors like premature births and low birth weight may increase the odds of dyspraxia. Research also suggests that postnatal exposure to steroids can be responsible for a child’s difficulties with motor coordination. […] Male children are more likely to live with this disorder. It is believed by some estimates that boys are 1.7 times more likely to live with dyspraxia than girls.

• #19 Dyspraxia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/understanding-dyspraxia-and-sensory-processing-disorder-spd

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental (brain development) disorder that affects your motor skills and coordination. […] The precise cause of dyspraxia is unclear, but experts believe it may be due to variations in how the neurons in the brain develop. […] However, there are some known risk factors for the disorder: Males are affected by dyspraxia up to 4 times as often as females, according to a 2007 study. Low birth weight and premature birth are also significant risk factors for the development of dyspraxia. A 2021 study found some genes that could reveal information about the biology of dyspraxia.

• #20 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes & Expert Treatment Solution

  https://www.1specialplace.com/treatments-for-adults/dyspraxia

  Boys are thought to experience dyspraxia three to four times more frequently than girls. […] Developmental coordination deficits may be associated with risk factors such as early birth, low birth weight, pregnant mothers who use drugs or alcohol, and a history of developmental coordination issues in the family. […] It is common for children who suffer from dyspraxia to also experience symptoms from other disorders that overlap. […] These other disorders don’t entail the same fine and gross motor skill deficits as dyspraxia, although sharing some similar symptoms.

• #21 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s etiology is not fully understood, but research has provided insights into potential factors contributing to the condition. […] For example, studies suggest that DCD may be related to abnormal neurological maturation processes, including the under-activation of motor learning-associated brain regions and altered development of motor and sensory pathways. […] Psychological factors may also play a role. […] Studies show that children with DCD tend to present with abnormal brain activation patterns and white matter connections on functional MRI. […] DCD is hypothesized to have a genetic predisposition. However, the specific genes that may be linked to this condition have not been identified as shared genetic susceptibility with various neuropsychiatric disorders may lead to erroneous DNA analysis results.

• #22 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s etiology is not fully understood, but research has provided insights into potential factors contributing to the condition. […] For example, studies suggest that DCD may be related to abnormal neurological maturation processes, including the under-activation of motor learning-associated brain regions and altered development of motor and sensory pathways. […] Psychological factors may also play a role. […] Studies show that children with DCD tend to present with abnormal brain activation patterns and white matter connections on functional MRI. […] DCD is hypothesized to have a genetic predisposition. However, the specific genes that may be linked to this condition have not been identified as shared genetic susceptibility with various neuropsychiatric disorders may lead to erroneous DNA analysis results.

• #23 Dyspraxia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/dyspraxia-8672399

  Dyspraxia is considered a congenital (present at birth) or neurodevelopmental problem with several different potential causes. It could develop due to genetic, environmental, or impaired brain development. […] Several genetic changes have been associated with dyspraxia. De novo genetic changes are those that occur for the first time in the affected person’s genes. These changes were not present in their parents’ genes and were not inherited. […] Many of the genes linked to dyspraxia occur in only a small number of people and have not been found in their parents, suggesting that these are de novo changes. Risk factors for these genetic changes have not been identified.

• #24 Dyspraxia (developmental co-ordination disorder) in adults

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia-in-adults/

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), is a common disorder that affects movement and co-ordination. […] It’s not known what causes dyspraxia. You may be at a higher risk of developing it if you were born prematurely. […] Dyspraxia is more common in men and often runs in families.

• #25 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition that begins in childhood that makes it difficult to perform motor skills. […] Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a chronic condition that begins in childhood that causes difficulties with motor (movement) skills and coordination. […] Dyspraxia can cause a wide range of issues with movement and coordination. […] When its not used in the context of childhood developmental coordination disorder, the term dyspraxia has a broader meaning. […] Healthcare providers may also use the term dyspraxia to describe movement difficulties that happen later in life because of damage to your brain, such as from a stroke or brain injury. […] Researchers arent sure of the exact cause of dyspraxia. But being born pre-term (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) and having a low birth weight put children at higher risk for having dyspraxia. […] Theres no cure for dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), but different types of therapies, such as occupational therapy and physical therapy, can help children and adults with dyspraxia improve their motor skills and coordination.

• #26

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/d/article/dyspraxia(adults)/

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), is a common disorder that affects your movement and co-ordination. […] It is not known what causes dyspraxia, but you may be at a higher risk of developing it if you were born prematurely. […] Dyspraxia is more common in men and often runs in families.

• #27 Dyspraxia: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151951

  A child may have an increased risk of developing DCD if they: were born prematurely, have a low birth weight, have a family history of DCD, have a birthing parent who used drugs or consumed alcohol during pregnancy. […] Researchers have not yet found the causes of DCD, but factors such as premature birth, low birth weight, and family history of the condition can increase a childs risk of developing it.

• #28 Essential Guide For Managing Dyspraxia in Adults

  https://www.medicinesteam.co.uk/post/dyspraxia-in-adults

  Gender: Research indicates that dyspraxia is more prevalent in men than in women. The reasons for this gender disparity are not fully understood, but it may be linked to differences in brain development and hormonal influences. […] Low Birth Weight: Babies with a low birth weight may have a higher risk of developing dyspraxia, possibly due to developmental challenges faced in the womb or immediately after birth. […] Environmental Factors: Although less clearly defined, certain environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal health issues or exposure to toxins, might contribute to the risk of dyspraxia.

• #29 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/dyspraxia-developmental-co-ordination-disorder

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common condition which mainly affects motor co-ordination – the way the body organises and carries out movement-related tasks. […] Dyspraxia seems to run in families, so it seems to have a genetic component – the way your child is 'made’. This suggests that, in some children, a less effective development of the motor nerves may be something that is pre-programmed into their genes. […] Premature babies, particularly those of very low birth weight, seem to be at greater risk of dyspraxia. […] There is evidence that exposure to high levels of alcohol, or to illegal drugs during pregnancy, can cause dyspraxia. […] Dyspraxia may also be acquired later in life through injury or illness – for example, as a result of a stroke or a head injury. This type of dyspraxia is not called DCD, as this term refers specifically to the developmental condition, although it can cause similar symptoms.

• #30 Dyspraxia – Support for neurological conditions | The Brain Charity

  https://www.thebraincharity.org.uk/condition/dyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia is a common condition that impacts physical coordination and spatial awareness, making it challenging for individuals to perform everyday tasks. […] Its not clear what causes dyspraxia. Research suggests that it may be linked to differences in how neurons in the brain develop and communicate. […] Dyspraxia often runs in families, and it is more common in men, hinting at possible genetic factors, though specific genes have not been identified. […] Several risk factors have been linked to an increased likelihood of developing dyspraxia, including: Premature birth: Being born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. […] Low birth weight: Babies born with a low weight are more likely to be dyspraxic. […] Family history: A genetic predisposition may exist, although the exact genetic pathways are unclear. […] Maternal substance abuse during pregnancy: Exposure to alcohol or illegal drugs in utero may contribute to dyspraxia.

• #31 Developmental Coordination Disorder: Causes & Remedies

  https://www.verywellmind.com/developmental-coordination-disorder-causes-and-remedies-5220409

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition. Otherwise known as dyspraxia, this disorder affects the development of motor skills and functions. […] Despite an increase in dyspraxia research, there is yet to be a conclusive agreement on the causes of this condition. One suggestion claims that children with dyspraxia experience challenges with the cerebellum—a part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination. […] Certain risk factors like premature births and low birth weight may increase the odds of dyspraxia. Research also suggests that postnatal exposure to steroids can be responsible for a child’s difficulties with motor coordination. […] Male children are more likely to live with this disorder. It is believed by some estimates that boys are 1.7 times more likely to live with dyspraxia than girls.

• #32 Dyspraxia: Signs, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/dyspraxia-signs-symptoms-treatment

  Since researchers don’t know what causes dyspraxia, no one knows if there’s a way to prevent it. While good prenatal care that helps reduce the risk of having a premature delivery or a baby with a low birth weight may lower the risk, even children who were delivered at full term at a healthy weight can have the condition.

• #33 Developmental coordination disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

  People with developmental coordination disorder sometimes have difficulty moderating the amount of sensory information that their body is constantly sending them, so as a result these dyspraxic people may be prone to sensory overload and panic attacks. […] Moderate to extreme difficulty doing physical tasks is experienced by some people with dyspraxia, and fatigue is common because so much energy is expended trying to execute physical movements correctly. […] Some dyspraxic people have hypotonia, low muscle tone, which can also detrimentally affect balance. […] DCD is known to co-occur with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Most common is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with an estimated 50% of people with ADHD also having DCD and vice versa. […] However, a person with DCD is unlikely to have all of these conditions.

• #34 Developmental coordination disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

  People with developmental coordination disorder sometimes have difficulty moderating the amount of sensory information that their body is constantly sending them, so as a result these dyspraxic people may be prone to sensory overload and panic attacks. […] Moderate to extreme difficulty doing physical tasks is experienced by some people with dyspraxia, and fatigue is common because so much energy is expended trying to execute physical movements correctly. […] Some dyspraxic people have hypotonia, low muscle tone, which can also detrimentally affect balance. […] DCD is known to co-occur with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Most common is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with an estimated 50% of people with ADHD also having DCD and vice versa. […] However, a person with DCD is unlikely to have all of these conditions.

• #35 ADHD vs. dyspraxia: Balancing the struggle with coordination and focus

  https://www.getinflow.io/post/dyspraxia-and-adhd

  Dyspraxia is a condition that receives less attention than ADHD but also causes clumsiness and cognitive issues similar to ADHD. […] Dyspraxia, or developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a condition that affects one’s ability to plan, coordinate, and execute physical movements. […] Dyspraxia is often misperceived as dyslexia (when someone struggles with processing written information, working memory, and visual processing skills). […] It’s widely misunderstood and misdiagnosed, but DCD affects up to 6% of children and continues to affect adults as they age. […] Studies show that DCD is comorbid with ADHD in up to 50% of dyspraxia cases. […] While movement and coordination issues are shared traits, ADHDers are likely to experience them due to impulsivity and inattention not because of a developmental coordination problem. […] Dyspraxics (people with dyspraxia) can have these same motor issues but feel like there’s no explanation for its cause; they lack motor coordination in all areas of their life.

• #36 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Dyspraxia can exist on its own, but if you have it, there are a number of other conditions which can co-occur alongside, such as: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Dyslexia, Autism, Dyscalculia (a condition which causes difficulty learning or understanding maths), Depression or anxiety. […] Dyspraxia’s concurrence with autism and ADHD is quite high because it is part of the neurodiversity paradigm.

• #37 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Dyspraxia can exist on its own, but if you have it, there are a number of other conditions which can co-occur alongside, such as: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Dyslexia, Autism, Dyscalculia (a condition which causes difficulty learning or understanding maths), Depression or anxiety. […] Dyspraxia’s concurrence with autism and ADHD is quite high because it is part of the neurodiversity paradigm.

• #38 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Dyspraxia can exist on its own, but if you have it, there are a number of other conditions which can co-occur alongside, such as: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Dyslexia, Autism, Dyscalculia (a condition which causes difficulty learning or understanding maths), Depression or anxiety. […] Dyspraxia’s concurrence with autism and ADHD is quite high because it is part of the neurodiversity paradigm.

• #39 Living with Dyspraxia & Finding your Dream Job | Recite Me

  https://reciteme.com/us/news/living-with-dyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects fine or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] The causes are not clear. One thought is that it is caused by disruption to how messages from the brain are transmitted to the body. This, therefore, results in problems with coordination and balance and difficulties with gross and fine motor skills. […] It affects a person’s ability to learn sequences of movements and why they experience coordination difficulties. […] There can also be co-occurring difficulties that can have a serious impact on daily life and lead to social and emotional difficulties. […] Individuals with dyspraxia have higher rates of self-esteem and are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression. […] Dyspraxia has a lot of overlap with other neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g. Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, Tourettes), and people with dyspraxia may have more than one of these. […] The integration of assistive tools such as Recite Me’s Assistive Technology Toolbar across a recruiter’s website removes the substantial barriers disabled people experience during the recruitment process.

• #40 Developmental Coordination Disorder – Professor Amanda Kirby – ACAMH

  https://www.acamh.org/blog/developmental-coordination-disorder-professor-amanda-kirby/

  There is a psychological and physical impact of having DCD which is really important to consider. […] When youre diagnosing DCD, there are some key things that we need to think of. […] 90% of the diagnosis is going to be history here. […] More than one diagnosis can be given so you can have DCD plus ADHD, plus ASD, plus dyslexia plus Tourette syndrome, and actually thats quite often the picture.

• #41 Understanding the mechanisms of cognitive impairments in developmental coordination disorder | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2013192

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is characterized as a neurodevelopmental disability in which a child’s motor coordination difficulties significantly interfere with activities of daily life or academic achievement. […] In recent studies, the main cause for the symptoms of DCD is believed to be the sensorimotor dysfunction produced by pathology in the central nervous system. […] Furthermore, more recent epidemiological studies report that DCD usually coincides with other developmental disorders—for example, attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] Population-based studies indicate that cognitive impairments are commonly accompanying conditions in DCD, and children with DCD may usually have at least one such disorder. […] Given the high degree of overlap among these above-mentioned developmental disorders, the common causes shared between sensorimotor dysfunction and cognitive impairments have garnered the increasing interest of developmental neurobiologists as well as clinical pediatricians over the past decades.

• #42 Understanding the mechanisms of cognitive impairments in developmental coordination disorder | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2013192

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is characterized as a neurodevelopmental disability in which a child’s motor coordination difficulties significantly interfere with activities of daily life or academic achievement. […] In recent studies, the main cause for the symptoms of DCD is believed to be the sensorimotor dysfunction produced by pathology in the central nervous system. […] Furthermore, more recent epidemiological studies report that DCD usually coincides with other developmental disorders—for example, attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] Population-based studies indicate that cognitive impairments are commonly accompanying conditions in DCD, and children with DCD may usually have at least one such disorder. […] Given the high degree of overlap among these above-mentioned developmental disorders, the common causes shared between sensorimotor dysfunction and cognitive impairments have garnered the increasing interest of developmental neurobiologists as well as clinical pediatricians over the past decades.

• #43 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Dyspraxia (not to be confused with dyslexia), commonly known among healthcare professionals as developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a form of neurodiversity that affects a persons physical coordination. […] There are a number of theories about the causes of dyspraxia, but ultimately it is a condition that a person has from birth as a result of a disruption in the way messages are transmitted between the brain and the body, which affects their fine and/or gross motor coordination. […] There are a number of risk factors which are thought to increase the chances of developing dyspraxia, including premature birth, a low birth weight, or a family history of dyspraxia or other coordination difficulties. […] Its important to note that dyspraxia is something you are born with, and you cannot develop it as a result of a brain injury or illness.

• #44 Eastwick Schools – DCD dyspraxia

  https://eastwickschools.uk/DCD-dyspraxia/

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] The cause of this disruption is not yet clear. But, being born early and having a low birth weight both raise the risk. […] Dyspraxia is not caused by illness or injury. It is something you are born with and lasts throughout your life.

• #45 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition that begins in childhood that makes it difficult to perform motor skills. […] Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a chronic condition that begins in childhood that causes difficulties with motor (movement) skills and coordination. […] Dyspraxia can cause a wide range of issues with movement and coordination. […] When its not used in the context of childhood developmental coordination disorder, the term dyspraxia has a broader meaning. […] Healthcare providers may also use the term dyspraxia to describe movement difficulties that happen later in life because of damage to your brain, such as from a stroke or brain injury. […] Researchers arent sure of the exact cause of dyspraxia. But being born pre-term (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) and having a low birth weight put children at higher risk for having dyspraxia. […] Theres no cure for dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), but different types of therapies, such as occupational therapy and physical therapy, can help children and adults with dyspraxia improve their motor skills and coordination.

• #46 Dyspraxia | Neurosolution Clinic

  https://neurosolution.ca/en/dyspraxia/

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects motor coordination and planning. […] The exact cause of dyspraxia remains unclear. However, there’s an observed increased risk in individuals who were born before their due dates. Dyspraxia appears to be more prevalent in males and can often be a condition that is seen within family lines. […] Outside the realm of childhood developmental coordination disorder, “dyspraxia” encompasses a wider scope. Medical professionals might apply the term “dyspraxia” to reference movement challenges that emerge in adulthood due to brain damage, for instance, following a stroke or a brain injury. This condition is often termed as acquired dyspraxia.

• #47 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/dyspraxia-developmental-co-ordination-disorder

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common condition which mainly affects motor co-ordination – the way the body organises and carries out movement-related tasks. […] Dyspraxia seems to run in families, so it seems to have a genetic component – the way your child is 'made’. This suggests that, in some children, a less effective development of the motor nerves may be something that is pre-programmed into their genes. […] Premature babies, particularly those of very low birth weight, seem to be at greater risk of dyspraxia. […] There is evidence that exposure to high levels of alcohol, or to illegal drugs during pregnancy, can cause dyspraxia. […] Dyspraxia may also be acquired later in life through injury or illness – for example, as a result of a stroke or a head injury. This type of dyspraxia is not called DCD, as this term refers specifically to the developmental condition, although it can cause similar symptoms.

• #48 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the planning and coordination of fine and gross motor skills. […] Dyspraxia can cause life-long challenges with memory, judgment, perception, information processing, and other cognitive skills. […] Another term for this condition is developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia can also affect a persons ability to participate in activities like team sports, or self-care routines like shaving and applying makeup. This is because dyspraxia affects balance, coordination, and motor planning. […] For these reasons, receiving the right support and accommodations is essential for people with dyspraxia. Ongoing dyspraxia symptoms may become more manageable when an effective treatment plan is in place. […] According to the Dyspraxia Foundation, The best way to treat dyspraxia is to find the most effective therapy to address each symptom.

• #49 Dyspraxia: Signs, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/dyspraxia-signs-symptoms-treatment

  Dyspraxia is one of many neurodevelopmental disorders that affect how your neurological (nerve) system and brain function. Most people call it just dyspraxia, but the official diagnosis is developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Researchers haven’t found a direct cause for dyspraxia but there are theories. Some researchers believe that the neurological system doesn’t fully mature in people who have dyspraxia but they don’t know why. Other research shows that dyspraxia could be genetic or there might be psychological factors. […] Dyspraxia doesn’t come with the same complications as diseases like diabetes, but having dyspraxia can cause other issues. This could include having difficulty managing behavior, completing tasks, or doing things that many people take for granted, such as dressing quickly or eating without spilling.

• #50 Dyspraxia: Types, Symptoms and Causes – LD Network

  https://ldnetwork.org/learning-difficulty/dyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a learning difficulty that affects an individuals fine and gross motor skills, speech, and coordination. […] The root cause of dyspraxia lies in the brain processing and transmitting neural messages that govern motor functions. […] The precise cause of dyspraxia remains uncertain. Nonetheless, research suggests a connection to the development of motor neurons, which are responsible for controlling muscles. Dyspraxia is part of neurodiversity and a neurotype. […] Besides this, other potential factors have been associated with dyspraxia, such as genetic components, premature birth, and low birth weight. […] Its important to recognise that dyspraxia is complex and likely influenced by a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. In-depth research is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the causes and mechanisms driving dyspraxia, which will ultimately contribute to more effective treatments and support strategies.

• #51 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia is a lifelong developmental coordination disorder that affects gross and fine motor skills, and sometimes cognitive function. […] Dyspraxia is a brain-based motor disorder. It affects fine and gross motor skills, motor planning, and coordination. […] The exact cause of dyspraxia isn’t known, and there may not be a single cause. […] According to experts at Queen Mary University of London, research suggests it could have to do with variations in the way neurons in the brain develop. This affects the way the brain sends messages to the rest of the body. […] That could be why it’s hard to plan a series of movements and then carry them out successfully.

• #52 Developmental Coordination Disorder: Causes & Remedies

  https://www.verywellmind.com/developmental-coordination-disorder-causes-and-remedies-5220409

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition. Otherwise known as dyspraxia, this disorder affects the development of motor skills and functions. […] Despite an increase in dyspraxia research, there is yet to be a conclusive agreement on the causes of this condition. One suggestion claims that children with dyspraxia experience challenges with the cerebellum—a part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination. […] Certain risk factors like premature births and low birth weight may increase the odds of dyspraxia. Research also suggests that postnatal exposure to steroids can be responsible for a child’s difficulties with motor coordination. […] Male children are more likely to live with this disorder. It is believed by some estimates that boys are 1.7 times more likely to live with dyspraxia than girls.

• #53 City Research Online – Oculomotor differences in adults with and without probable developmental coordination disorder

  https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/33488/

  Adults with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), sometimes referred to as dyspraxia, experience difficulties in motor development and coordination, which impacts on all aspects of their daily lives. […] Surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms underlying the difficulties they experience in the motor domain. […] This suggests that adults with pDCD have problems with saccadic inhibition and maintaining attention on a visual target. […] An awareness of the impact of atypical oculomotor control in activities of daily living across the lifespan would support clearer understanding of the causes and impacts of these difficulties for those with DCD.

• #54 Dyspraxia/DCD Ireland – Adults with Dyspraxia/DCD

  https://www.dyspraxia.ie/Adults-with-Dyspraxia-DCD

  While indicators of DCD/dyspraxia are varied they may include challenges in some or multiple of the more common areas: Skills of everyday independent living and organising ones day e.g. dressing, shaving, applying makeup, cooking, timekeeping. Difficulty with fine motor skills, such as writing, typing, or using small objects. Challenges with balance, coordination, and tasks requiring motor skills, like playing sports or driving. Distorted sense of direction. Difficulty distinguishing right from left, north from south etc. Learning new skills and remembering information, which can affect work and home life. Social challenges, including functioning in social situations and dealing with emotions. Co-occurrence with other conditions, such as ADHD, dyslexia, or autism spectrum disorder. Fatigue due to the extra physical and mental effort required to carry out actions that others manage easily. Inadequate grasp. Difficulty using tools and domestic implements, locks and keys. Over- or under-sensitive to touch. Can result in dislike of being touched and/or aversion to over-loose or tight clothing tactile defensiveness. Over- or under-sensitive to smell and taste, temperature and pain. Lack of awareness of body position in space and spatial relationships. Can result in bumping into and tripping over things and people, dropping and spilling things.

• #55 Developmental Coordination Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder

  The root cause of developmental coordination disorder is unknown. Like other neurodevelopmental disorders, current evidence points to a combination of genes and environment. Those born into families with a history of DCD are at greater risk, and prenatal developmental setbacks such as being born early or being small for one’s gestational age appear to play a substantial role in the later development of DCD. […] Researchers also know that there is a consistent problem with rhythmic coordination and timing among children with developmental coordination disorder, as well as deficits in executive functioning that affect working memory, inhibition, and attention. Researchers have noted that dysfunction in these areas mimics that of ADHD and that the disorders frequently co-occur, suggesting a potential overlap between the two conditions, though the exact connection between the two remains the subject of debate.

• #56 Developmental Coordination Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder

  The root cause of developmental coordination disorder is unknown. Like other neurodevelopmental disorders, current evidence points to a combination of genes and environment. Those born into families with a history of DCD are at greater risk, and prenatal developmental setbacks such as being born early or being small for one’s gestational age appear to play a substantial role in the later development of DCD. […] Researchers also know that there is a consistent problem with rhythmic coordination and timing among children with developmental coordination disorder, as well as deficits in executive functioning that affect working memory, inhibition, and attention. Researchers have noted that dysfunction in these areas mimics that of ADHD and that the disorders frequently co-occur, suggesting a potential overlap between the two conditions, though the exact connection between the two remains the subject of debate.

• #57 The overlap between dyspraxia, dyslexia and ADHD – Psychiatry-UK

  https://psychiatry-uk.com/the-overlap-between-dyspraxia-dyslexia-and-adhd/

  DCD is a condition that affects physical coordination. What this means is that the selection, timing and spatial awareness of activity-based movements and coordination are affected. In the general population, DCD affects up to 6 10% of the population, with up to 2% severely affected. […] In adults, especially those who have managed to improve their coordination, DCD often causes issues more related to the cognitive or thinking aspects of dyspraxia. These can include difficulty structuring information, poor organisational skills and timekeeping, and sometimes even limited social skills. In adults who have not managed to improve their coordination, dyspraxia can make them appear to move clumsily. […] Beyond issues with coordination, DCD can cause issues with many areas of daily living; these issues include dressing or preparing meals, learning new things, remembering information, time management and organisation skills and social situations. In many cases, this causes significant issues with daily life.

• #58 Developmental Coordination Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder

  The root cause of developmental coordination disorder is unknown. Like other neurodevelopmental disorders, current evidence points to a combination of genes and environment. Those born into families with a history of DCD are at greater risk, and prenatal developmental setbacks such as being born early or being small for one’s gestational age appear to play a substantial role in the later development of DCD. […] Researchers also know that there is a consistent problem with rhythmic coordination and timing among children with developmental coordination disorder, as well as deficits in executive functioning that affect working memory, inhibition, and attention. Researchers have noted that dysfunction in these areas mimics that of ADHD and that the disorders frequently co-occur, suggesting a potential overlap between the two conditions, though the exact connection between the two remains the subject of debate.

• #59 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the planning and coordination of fine and gross motor skills. […] Dyspraxia can cause life-long challenges with memory, judgment, perception, information processing, and other cognitive skills. […] Another term for this condition is developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia can also affect a persons ability to participate in activities like team sports, or self-care routines like shaving and applying makeup. This is because dyspraxia affects balance, coordination, and motor planning. […] For these reasons, receiving the right support and accommodations is essential for people with dyspraxia. Ongoing dyspraxia symptoms may become more manageable when an effective treatment plan is in place. […] According to the Dyspraxia Foundation, The best way to treat dyspraxia is to find the most effective therapy to address each symptom.

• #60 Developmental coordination disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

  People with developmental coordination disorder sometimes have difficulty moderating the amount of sensory information that their body is constantly sending them, so as a result these dyspraxic people may be prone to sensory overload and panic attacks. […] Moderate to extreme difficulty doing physical tasks is experienced by some people with dyspraxia, and fatigue is common because so much energy is expended trying to execute physical movements correctly. […] Some dyspraxic people have hypotonia, low muscle tone, which can also detrimentally affect balance. […] DCD is known to co-occur with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Most common is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with an estimated 50% of people with ADHD also having DCD and vice versa. […] However, a person with DCD is unlikely to have all of these conditions.

• #61 Dyspraxia/DCD Ireland – Adults with Dyspraxia/DCD

  https://www.dyspraxia.ie/Adults-with-Dyspraxia-DCD

  While indicators of DCD/dyspraxia are varied they may include challenges in some or multiple of the more common areas: Skills of everyday independent living and organising ones day e.g. dressing, shaving, applying makeup, cooking, timekeeping. Difficulty with fine motor skills, such as writing, typing, or using small objects. Challenges with balance, coordination, and tasks requiring motor skills, like playing sports or driving. Distorted sense of direction. Difficulty distinguishing right from left, north from south etc. Learning new skills and remembering information, which can affect work and home life. Social challenges, including functioning in social situations and dealing with emotions. Co-occurrence with other conditions, such as ADHD, dyslexia, or autism spectrum disorder. Fatigue due to the extra physical and mental effort required to carry out actions that others manage easily. Inadequate grasp. Difficulty using tools and domestic implements, locks and keys. Over- or under-sensitive to touch. Can result in dislike of being touched and/or aversion to over-loose or tight clothing tactile defensiveness. Over- or under-sensitive to smell and taste, temperature and pain. Lack of awareness of body position in space and spatial relationships. Can result in bumping into and tripping over things and people, dropping and spilling things.

• #62 Developmental coordination disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

  People with developmental coordination disorder sometimes have difficulty moderating the amount of sensory information that their body is constantly sending them, so as a result these dyspraxic people may be prone to sensory overload and panic attacks. […] Moderate to extreme difficulty doing physical tasks is experienced by some people with dyspraxia, and fatigue is common because so much energy is expended trying to execute physical movements correctly. […] Some dyspraxic people have hypotonia, low muscle tone, which can also detrimentally affect balance. […] DCD is known to co-occur with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Most common is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with an estimated 50% of people with ADHD also having DCD and vice versa. […] However, a person with DCD is unlikely to have all of these conditions.

• #63 Developmental coordination disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

  People with developmental coordination disorder sometimes have difficulty moderating the amount of sensory information that their body is constantly sending them, so as a result these dyspraxic people may be prone to sensory overload and panic attacks. […] Moderate to extreme difficulty doing physical tasks is experienced by some people with dyspraxia, and fatigue is common because so much energy is expended trying to execute physical movements correctly. […] Some dyspraxic people have hypotonia, low muscle tone, which can also detrimentally affect balance. […] DCD is known to co-occur with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Most common is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with an estimated 50% of people with ADHD also having DCD and vice versa. […] However, a person with DCD is unlikely to have all of these conditions.

• #64 Understanding the mechanisms of cognitive impairments in developmental coordination disorder | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2013192

  In summary, accumulated studies indicate that multiple diffuse, rather than specific, brain areas may be involved in DCD children, which consequently bring them about a wide range of cognitive impairments (e.g., attention-deficit and/or language disorder) except sensorimotor difficulties. […] Collectively, synaptic transmission and plasticity implicated in motor learning and other cognitive components probably interplay between sensorimotor and cognition in normal and DCD children, which needs to be proven in future.

• #65 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2066137/

  There is an argument for avoiding labels and instead providing a brief, practical description of a child’s coordination difficulties together with any comorbid problems. […] Early diagnosis, treatment and educational support are important. Failure to diagnose and address the motor and other commonly associated (comorbid) features seen in children with DCD may have major consequences in adult life, including unemployment, psychiatric disorders, substance misuse, poor interpersonal skills and criminality. […] Longitudinal studies have shown deficits in motor skills persisting into adolescence and adulthood. […] Importantly, early intervention may enable the child to overcome some of the difficulties or to adopt strategies that make them manageable. […] The terminology of coordination disorders has been confused, but in practice dyspraxia and DCD should be regarded as synonymous; DCD is the authors’ preferred term. […] DCD should only be diagnosed once an underlying neurological disorder has been considered and excluded and in the presence of nonprogressive coordination difficulties arising in early life and falling distinctly outside the age-related norms using appropriate assessments.

• #66 Developmental coordination disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia, or simply dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired coordination of physical movements as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body. […] A diagnosis of DCD is reached only in the absence of other neurological impairments such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease. […] It is thought to affect about 5% of the population. […] Evidence from research and clinical practice indicates that DCD is not just a physical disorder, and there may be deficits in executive functions, behavioural organisation and emotional regulation that extend beyond the motor impairments and which are independent of diagnoses of co-morbidities.

• #67 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2066137/

  There is an argument for avoiding labels and instead providing a brief, practical description of a child’s coordination difficulties together with any comorbid problems. […] Early diagnosis, treatment and educational support are important. Failure to diagnose and address the motor and other commonly associated (comorbid) features seen in children with DCD may have major consequences in adult life, including unemployment, psychiatric disorders, substance misuse, poor interpersonal skills and criminality. […] Longitudinal studies have shown deficits in motor skills persisting into adolescence and adulthood. […] Importantly, early intervention may enable the child to overcome some of the difficulties or to adopt strategies that make them manageable. […] The terminology of coordination disorders has been confused, but in practice dyspraxia and DCD should be regarded as synonymous; DCD is the authors’ preferred term. […] DCD should only be diagnosed once an underlying neurological disorder has been considered and excluded and in the presence of nonprogressive coordination difficulties arising in early life and falling distinctly outside the age-related norms using appropriate assessments.

• #68 Developmental coordination disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

  The exact proportion of people with the disorder is unknown since the disorder can be difficult to detect due to a lack of specific laboratory tests, thus making diagnosis of the condition one of elimination of all other possible causes/diseases. […] DCD is a lifelong neurological condition that is expected to be as common in males as it is in females. […] There is no cure for the condition. Instead, it is managed through therapy.

• #69 Developmental Coordination Disorder – Professor Amanda Kirby – ACAMH

  https://www.acamh.org/blog/developmental-coordination-disorder-professor-amanda-kirby/

  There is a psychological and physical impact of having DCD which is really important to consider. […] When youre diagnosing DCD, there are some key things that we need to think of. […] 90% of the diagnosis is going to be history here. […] More than one diagnosis can be given so you can have DCD plus ADHD, plus ASD, plus dyslexia plus Tourette syndrome, and actually thats quite often the picture.

• #70 Dyspraxia/DCD Ireland – Adults with Dyspraxia/DCD

  https://www.dyspraxia.ie/Adults-with-Dyspraxia-DCD

  The Adult Developmental Coordination Disorders/Dyspraxia Checklist (ADC)1 is a self-report questionnaire that can be used to identify adults who may have DCD/dyspraxia. The checklist asks questions about an individuals history of coordination problems, as well as their current ability to perform everyday tasks. You can complete the checklist on the link above for greater clarity on whether you may have DCD/dyspraxia.

• #71 Dyspraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23963-dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition that begins in childhood that makes it difficult to perform motor skills. […] Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a chronic condition that begins in childhood that causes difficulties with motor (movement) skills and coordination. […] Dyspraxia can cause a wide range of issues with movement and coordination. […] When its not used in the context of childhood developmental coordination disorder, the term dyspraxia has a broader meaning. […] Healthcare providers may also use the term dyspraxia to describe movement difficulties that happen later in life because of damage to your brain, such as from a stroke or brain injury. […] Researchers arent sure of the exact cause of dyspraxia. But being born pre-term (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) and having a low birth weight put children at higher risk for having dyspraxia. […] Theres no cure for dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder), but different types of therapies, such as occupational therapy and physical therapy, can help children and adults with dyspraxia improve their motor skills and coordination.

• #72 Developmental coordination disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

  The exact proportion of people with the disorder is unknown since the disorder can be difficult to detect due to a lack of specific laboratory tests, thus making diagnosis of the condition one of elimination of all other possible causes/diseases. […] DCD is a lifelong neurological condition that is expected to be as common in males as it is in females. […] There is no cure for the condition. Instead, it is managed through therapy.

• #73 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the planning and coordination of fine and gross motor skills. […] Dyspraxia can cause life-long challenges with memory, judgment, perception, information processing, and other cognitive skills. […] Another term for this condition is developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia can also affect a persons ability to participate in activities like team sports, or self-care routines like shaving and applying makeup. This is because dyspraxia affects balance, coordination, and motor planning. […] For these reasons, receiving the right support and accommodations is essential for people with dyspraxia. Ongoing dyspraxia symptoms may become more manageable when an effective treatment plan is in place. […] According to the Dyspraxia Foundation, The best way to treat dyspraxia is to find the most effective therapy to address each symptom.

• #74 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Other therapies for dyspraxia may include occupational therapy, physical therapy, eye vision therapy, psychological therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. […] Dyspraxia can be diagnosed or identified by a medical doctor. Other professionals may also assess and treat developmental coordination disorder.

• #75 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Other therapies for dyspraxia may include occupational therapy, physical therapy, eye vision therapy, psychological therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. […] Dyspraxia can be diagnosed or identified by a medical doctor. Other professionals may also assess and treat developmental coordination disorder.

• #76 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Other therapies for dyspraxia may include occupational therapy, physical therapy, eye vision therapy, psychological therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. […] Dyspraxia can be diagnosed or identified by a medical doctor. Other professionals may also assess and treat developmental coordination disorder.

• #77 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Other therapies for dyspraxia may include occupational therapy, physical therapy, eye vision therapy, psychological therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. […] Dyspraxia can be diagnosed or identified by a medical doctor. Other professionals may also assess and treat developmental coordination disorder.

• #78 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Other therapies for dyspraxia may include occupational therapy, physical therapy, eye vision therapy, psychological therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. […] Dyspraxia can be diagnosed or identified by a medical doctor. Other professionals may also assess and treat developmental coordination disorder.

• #79 Dyspraxia – Treatment for Kids and Adults in Pikesville, MD

  https://neuroclics.com/dyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia is a common developmental coordination disorder (DCD) that affects fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] Dyspraxia hinders the brains ability to wholly transmit neural messages. […] Our focus isnt just on symptoms but on delving into the root causes of ones academic and social challenges. […] NeuroClics offers specialized exercises crafted to help build brain connections and enhance coordination, making us an optimal choice for Dyspraxia treatment in adults and children.

• #80 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2066137/

  There is an argument for avoiding labels and instead providing a brief, practical description of a child’s coordination difficulties together with any comorbid problems. […] Early diagnosis, treatment and educational support are important. Failure to diagnose and address the motor and other commonly associated (comorbid) features seen in children with DCD may have major consequences in adult life, including unemployment, psychiatric disorders, substance misuse, poor interpersonal skills and criminality. […] Longitudinal studies have shown deficits in motor skills persisting into adolescence and adulthood. […] Importantly, early intervention may enable the child to overcome some of the difficulties or to adopt strategies that make them manageable. […] The terminology of coordination disorders has been confused, but in practice dyspraxia and DCD should be regarded as synonymous; DCD is the authors’ preferred term. […] DCD should only be diagnosed once an underlying neurological disorder has been considered and excluded and in the presence of nonprogressive coordination difficulties arising in early life and falling distinctly outside the age-related norms using appropriate assessments.

• #81 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2066137/

  There is an argument for avoiding labels and instead providing a brief, practical description of a child’s coordination difficulties together with any comorbid problems. […] Early diagnosis, treatment and educational support are important. Failure to diagnose and address the motor and other commonly associated (comorbid) features seen in children with DCD may have major consequences in adult life, including unemployment, psychiatric disorders, substance misuse, poor interpersonal skills and criminality. […] Longitudinal studies have shown deficits in motor skills persisting into adolescence and adulthood. […] Importantly, early intervention may enable the child to overcome some of the difficulties or to adopt strategies that make them manageable. […] The terminology of coordination disorders has been confused, but in practice dyspraxia and DCD should be regarded as synonymous; DCD is the authors’ preferred term. […] DCD should only be diagnosed once an underlying neurological disorder has been considered and excluded and in the presence of nonprogressive coordination difficulties arising in early life and falling distinctly outside the age-related norms using appropriate assessments.

• #82 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2066137/

  There is an argument for avoiding labels and instead providing a brief, practical description of a child’s coordination difficulties together with any comorbid problems. […] Early diagnosis, treatment and educational support are important. Failure to diagnose and address the motor and other commonly associated (comorbid) features seen in children with DCD may have major consequences in adult life, including unemployment, psychiatric disorders, substance misuse, poor interpersonal skills and criminality. […] Longitudinal studies have shown deficits in motor skills persisting into adolescence and adulthood. […] Importantly, early intervention may enable the child to overcome some of the difficulties or to adopt strategies that make them manageable. […] The terminology of coordination disorders has been confused, but in practice dyspraxia and DCD should be regarded as synonymous; DCD is the authors’ preferred term. […] DCD should only be diagnosed once an underlying neurological disorder has been considered and excluded and in the presence of nonprogressive coordination difficulties arising in early life and falling distinctly outside the age-related norms using appropriate assessments.

• #83 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the planning and coordination of fine and gross motor skills. […] Dyspraxia can cause life-long challenges with memory, judgment, perception, information processing, and other cognitive skills. […] Another term for this condition is developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia can also affect a persons ability to participate in activities like team sports, or self-care routines like shaving and applying makeup. This is because dyspraxia affects balance, coordination, and motor planning. […] For these reasons, receiving the right support and accommodations is essential for people with dyspraxia. Ongoing dyspraxia symptoms may become more manageable when an effective treatment plan is in place. […] According to the Dyspraxia Foundation, The best way to treat dyspraxia is to find the most effective therapy to address each symptom.

• #84 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the planning and coordination of fine and gross motor skills. […] Dyspraxia can cause life-long challenges with memory, judgment, perception, information processing, and other cognitive skills. […] Another term for this condition is developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia can also affect a persons ability to participate in activities like team sports, or self-care routines like shaving and applying makeup. This is because dyspraxia affects balance, coordination, and motor planning. […] For these reasons, receiving the right support and accommodations is essential for people with dyspraxia. Ongoing dyspraxia symptoms may become more manageable when an effective treatment plan is in place. […] According to the Dyspraxia Foundation, The best way to treat dyspraxia is to find the most effective therapy to address each symptom.

• #85 What is Dyspraxia in Adults? | Symptoms & Personality Traits

  https://www.highspeedtraining.co.uk/hub/how-does-dyspraxia-affect-adults/

  The condition not only impacts coordination and movement, but there can also be social, emotional and processing difficulties too. […] It is important to be mindful of the impact conditions such as dyspraxia can have on an individual’s mental health. […] For many, a diagnosis may never be made or even sought and they may live with a lack of understanding as to why they feel out of step and face challenges in areas of their lives others around them seem to manage without difficulty. […] Even those with a diagnosis may feel frustrated with themselves and in certain situations. […] It should never be assumed that a person with dyspraxia will be unable to achieve in the workplace. […] There are many adults who have dyspraxia that have developed their own strategies for working effectively in a variety of settings.

• #86 What is Dyspraxia in Adults? | Symptoms & Personality Traits

  https://www.highspeedtraining.co.uk/hub/how-does-dyspraxia-affect-adults/

  The condition not only impacts coordination and movement, but there can also be social, emotional and processing difficulties too. […] It is important to be mindful of the impact conditions such as dyspraxia can have on an individual’s mental health. […] For many, a diagnosis may never be made or even sought and they may live with a lack of understanding as to why they feel out of step and face challenges in areas of their lives others around them seem to manage without difficulty. […] Even those with a diagnosis may feel frustrated with themselves and in certain situations. […] It should never be assumed that a person with dyspraxia will be unable to achieve in the workplace. […] There are many adults who have dyspraxia that have developed their own strategies for working effectively in a variety of settings.

• #87 What is Dyspraxia in Adults? | Symptoms & Personality Traits

  https://www.highspeedtraining.co.uk/hub/how-does-dyspraxia-affect-adults/

  Living with the condition often promotes qualities in individuals that every employer wants in their workforce determination, persistence, ingenuity, and a hard-working nature. […] For some people with dyspraxia, additional support may be required to help them reach their full potential. […] Dyspraxia can affect anyone, with the symptoms and their severity being individual to each person.

• #88 What is Dyspraxia in Adults? | Symptoms & Personality Traits

  https://www.highspeedtraining.co.uk/hub/how-does-dyspraxia-affect-adults/

  Living with the condition often promotes qualities in individuals that every employer wants in their workforce determination, persistence, ingenuity, and a hard-working nature. […] For some people with dyspraxia, additional support may be required to help them reach their full potential. […] Dyspraxia can affect anyone, with the symptoms and their severity being individual to each person.

• #89 Living with Dyspraxia & Finding your Dream Job | Recite Me

  https://reciteme.com/us/news/living-with-dyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects fine or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] The causes are not clear. One thought is that it is caused by disruption to how messages from the brain are transmitted to the body. This, therefore, results in problems with coordination and balance and difficulties with gross and fine motor skills. […] It affects a person’s ability to learn sequences of movements and why they experience coordination difficulties. […] There can also be co-occurring difficulties that can have a serious impact on daily life and lead to social and emotional difficulties. […] Individuals with dyspraxia have higher rates of self-esteem and are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression. […] Dyspraxia has a lot of overlap with other neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g. Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, Tourettes), and people with dyspraxia may have more than one of these. […] The integration of assistive tools such as Recite Me’s Assistive Technology Toolbar across a recruiter’s website removes the substantial barriers disabled people experience during the recruitment process.

• #90 Dyspraxia: Types, Symptoms and Causes – LD Network

  https://ldnetwork.org/learning-difficulty/dyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a learning difficulty that affects an individuals fine and gross motor skills, speech, and coordination. […] The root cause of dyspraxia lies in the brain processing and transmitting neural messages that govern motor functions. […] The precise cause of dyspraxia remains uncertain. Nonetheless, research suggests a connection to the development of motor neurons, which are responsible for controlling muscles. Dyspraxia is part of neurodiversity and a neurotype. […] Besides this, other potential factors have been associated with dyspraxia, such as genetic components, premature birth, and low birth weight. […] Its important to recognise that dyspraxia is complex and likely influenced by a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. In-depth research is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the causes and mechanisms driving dyspraxia, which will ultimately contribute to more effective treatments and support strategies.

• #91 Dyspraxia: Types, Symptoms and Causes – LD Network

  https://ldnetwork.org/learning-difficulty/dyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a learning difficulty that affects an individuals fine and gross motor skills, speech, and coordination. […] The root cause of dyspraxia lies in the brain processing and transmitting neural messages that govern motor functions. […] The precise cause of dyspraxia remains uncertain. Nonetheless, research suggests a connection to the development of motor neurons, which are responsible for controlling muscles. Dyspraxia is part of neurodiversity and a neurotype. […] Besides this, other potential factors have been associated with dyspraxia, such as genetic components, premature birth, and low birth weight. […] Its important to recognise that dyspraxia is complex and likely influenced by a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. In-depth research is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the causes and mechanisms driving dyspraxia, which will ultimately contribute to more effective treatments and support strategies.

• #92 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – Symptoms

  https://www.jagrutirehab.org/disorder/dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd.html

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also called Dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has an adverse effect on the motor development and learning abilities of an individual. […] Scientists are unsure about the exact cause of the problem. However, the underdevelopment of neurons is linked to the origin of the problem. […] Due to this improper connection between motor neurons, data processing by the brain gets slower. It affects the coordination and motor skills of an individual. […] This neurone immaturity is likely because of hereditary causes impacting genes. […] Other factors like pregnancy issues, premature birth, and low weight at birth can also lead to the underdevelopment of neurons.

• #93 Developmental coordination disorder – Causes of dyspraxia | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/developmental-coordination-disorder/causes-of-dyspraxia

  Little is known about the cause of dyspraxia, a type of developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia may be caused by motor neurones in the brain not developing properly. […] It is thought that motor neurones in people with dyspraxia fail to form proper connections and are less effective at transmitting electrical signals from the brain to the muscles. […] Although it is not known what causes dyspraxia, there may be a link between dyspraxia and: being born prematurely (before week 37 of pregnancy), being born with a low birth weight, having a family history of dyspraxia, the mother drinking alcohol, smoking or taking illegal drugs while pregnant, which is increasingly being reported.

• #94 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Dyspraxia can exist on its own, but if you have it, there are a number of other conditions which can co-occur alongside, such as: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Dyslexia, Autism, Dyscalculia (a condition which causes difficulty learning or understanding maths), Depression or anxiety. […] Dyspraxia’s concurrence with autism and ADHD is quite high because it is part of the neurodiversity paradigm.

• #95 Developmental Coordination Disorder – Professor Amanda Kirby – ACAMH

  https://www.acamh.org/blog/developmental-coordination-disorder-professor-amanda-kirby/

  It is a lifelong condition and its been recognised by international organisations. […] The persons coordination difficulties affect functioning in everyday activities, including the classroom, at work and the leisure activities. […] About 60 to 70% of individuals continue to have some but varied difficulties or challenges into adulthood. […] The approach that most researchers and clinicians are taking in this field is really to take the international classification of Disability and Health, World Health Organization approach and really thinking about impairment. […] Comorbidity is one term thats used, but the one thats used much more frequently these days is co-occurrence. […] We also see an increased prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression, personality disorders, substance misuse,

• #96 Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2066137/

  There is an argument for avoiding labels and instead providing a brief, practical description of a child’s coordination difficulties together with any comorbid problems. […] Early diagnosis, treatment and educational support are important. Failure to diagnose and address the motor and other commonly associated (comorbid) features seen in children with DCD may have major consequences in adult life, including unemployment, psychiatric disorders, substance misuse, poor interpersonal skills and criminality. […] Longitudinal studies have shown deficits in motor skills persisting into adolescence and adulthood. […] Importantly, early intervention may enable the child to overcome some of the difficulties or to adopt strategies that make them manageable. […] The terminology of coordination disorders has been confused, but in practice dyspraxia and DCD should be regarded as synonymous; DCD is the authors’ preferred term. […] DCD should only be diagnosed once an underlying neurological disorder has been considered and excluded and in the presence of nonprogressive coordination difficulties arising in early life and falling distinctly outside the age-related norms using appropriate assessments.

• #97 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the planning and coordination of fine and gross motor skills. […] Dyspraxia can cause life-long challenges with memory, judgment, perception, information processing, and other cognitive skills. […] Another term for this condition is developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia can also affect a persons ability to participate in activities like team sports, or self-care routines like shaving and applying makeup. This is because dyspraxia affects balance, coordination, and motor planning. […] For these reasons, receiving the right support and accommodations is essential for people with dyspraxia. Ongoing dyspraxia symptoms may become more manageable when an effective treatment plan is in place. […] According to the Dyspraxia Foundation, The best way to treat dyspraxia is to find the most effective therapy to address each symptom.

• #98 Dyspraxia: Types, Symptoms and Causes – LD Network

  https://ldnetwork.org/learning-difficulty/dyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a learning difficulty that affects an individuals fine and gross motor skills, speech, and coordination. […] The root cause of dyspraxia lies in the brain processing and transmitting neural messages that govern motor functions. […] The precise cause of dyspraxia remains uncertain. Nonetheless, research suggests a connection to the development of motor neurons, which are responsible for controlling muscles. Dyspraxia is part of neurodiversity and a neurotype. […] Besides this, other potential factors have been associated with dyspraxia, such as genetic components, premature birth, and low birth weight. […] Its important to recognise that dyspraxia is complex and likely influenced by a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. In-depth research is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the causes and mechanisms driving dyspraxia, which will ultimately contribute to more effective treatments and support strategies.

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