Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Developmental Coordination Disorder – Miracle Babies

  https://www.miraclebabies.org.au/adulthood-developmental-coordination-disorder

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is classified as a motor disability in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). […] Much of the research concerning the impact of living with this motor disability has focused on children; however, there is now a general recognition that DCD is a lifelong condition, with three quarters of children going on to experience difficulties in adulthood. […] Individuals who are diagnosed with DCD have difficulties with the learning of and the execution of effective and efficient motor skills, which can significantly impact upon a range of activities of daily living. […] These difficulties exist in the absence of an underlying physical or neurological condition, intellectual delay or visual impairment. […] Difficulties with both gross and/or fine motor skills described in childhood are reported to continue into adulthood and can have a negative impact on academic and vocational performance.

• #1 Dyspraxia/DCD Ireland – What is Dyspraxia/DCD?

  https://www.dyspraxia.ie/What-is-Dyspraxia-DCD

  Dyspraxia or Developmental Co-ordination disorder is more common than you would think with research showing that „The prevalence of dyspraxia in school-age populations is about 6% (or 1 in 20 people) and 10% of the overall population” (Farmer et al 2017). […] Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD), also known as Dyspraxia in Ireland and the UK, is a common disorder affecting fine or gross motor co-ordination in children and adults. […] A person with dyspraxia does not 'outgrow’ the condition as used to be thought but learns the skills to adapt and manage motor coordination and executive planning challenges. […] Many people with dyspraxia report challenges with planning and organisation and time management, all of which can detrimentally impact upon their participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment. […] It is relatively common for people with dyspraxia to experience other co-occurring conditions which can further impact on daily life. The most commonly occurring conditions include ADHD, ASD, Dyslexia, Dysgraphia and social and emotional difficulties.

• #1 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Dyspraxia (not to be confused with dyslexia), commonly known among healthcare professionals as developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a form of neurodiversity that affects a persons physical coordination. The information on dyspraxia mostly focuses on children since the condition is typically first noticed during childhood, however it can affect adults too. The signs of dyspraxia in adults include issues with posture, balance and movement, which we will go into more detail on later. […] Dyspraxia affects around 5-6% of children and around 10% of the overall population (with varying degrees of severity). Interestingly, dyspraxia is more often found in males than in females, though females are usually older when the signs are identified. […] Adults with dyspraxia often encounter difficulties with fine motor skills, spatial awareness, organisation, and planning, leading to a range of challenges in their personal and professional lives. Simple tasks like tying shoelaces, using utensils, or even driving can become complex feats to overcome.

• #1 5 Things to know about dyspraxia in adults

  https://www.readandspell.com/us/dyspraxia-in-adults

  Its estimated that one in ten adults is dyspraxic. Some estimates suggest up to 10% of the population has dyspraxia. It is more commonly found in men than in women and researchers suspect there is a genetic component, but no dyspraxia gene has yet been isolated. Despite its prevalence, dyspraxia is not well understood by the general public and is less commonly diagnosed than specific learning disabilities like dyslexia and ADHD. This means working adults may be less willing to disclose their disability to employers and can have a harder time gaining access to the help and support they need. […] Dyspraxia is commonly identified alongside dyslexia some reports even suggest that half of dyslexic children exhibit symptoms characteristic of dyspraxia. Attention difficulties and dyspraxia may also co-present, as can dyspraxia and autism spectrum disorder.

• #1 What is Dyspraxia/DCD? – Dyspraxia DCD America

  https://www.dyspraxiadcdamerica.org/what-is-dyspraxia-dcd/

  Dyspraxia/DCD affects 5 to 6% of the population (Blank et al., 2019). […] This means that more than 1 in 20 Americans are affected and it impacts almost 20 million people in the United States. […] Despite being almost as common as ADHD and more common than Autism, it is unfamiliar to many parents, teachers, and healthcare professionals in the United States. […] Although Dyspraxia/DCD is under-recognized throughout the world, the United States is significantly behind other countries. […] DCD is the formal term healthcare professionals use because it is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) as code 315.4. […] Developmental Dyspraxia is in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), but in the US we mainly use the DSM-5 for a diagnosis. […] Thus, DCD begins in childhood and continues to affect individuals at every age and stage of life. […] DCD may be the best term to use for medical insurance purposes as well as for conversations with school when advocating for your child or yourself.

• #1 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/148754

  DCD’s prevalence ranges between 1.8% and 6%. The condition is 7 times more common in boys than girls. Edwards et al found that prematurity and low birth weight are the strongest risk factors (odds ratio 6.3, 95% CI 4.4-9.0) for developing DCD. The disorder has increased prevalence among lefthanded or ambidextrous children, suggesting possible incomplete lateralization. […] Langevin et al also reported that DCD co-occurred with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 30% to 50% of cases, indicating a common neural substrate underlying attention and motor disorders. This co-occurrence may have both etiologic and diagnostic implications. […] DCD in adults usually presents more heterogeneously and often results from failure to recognize subtle symptoms during childhood. Adults with DCD tend to experience motor challenges with estimating distances. Such impairments may manifest, for example, when driving or crossing the road. Adults also report difficulty with executive functioning, attention, and learning new skills. DCD may lead to medical problems such as anxiety, low self-esteem, OCD, ASD, schizophrenia, and metabolic syndrome in adults.

• #1 Harnessing real-life experiences: the development of guidelines to communicate research findings on Developmental Coordination Disorder/dyspraxia | Research Involvement and Engagement | Full Text

  https://researchinvolvement.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40900-024-00611-0

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, affects 5-15% of school-aged children and significantly impacts a child’s ability to learn motor skills and perform everyday activities efficiently and effectively. […] DCD persists into adulthood, impacting motor as well as emotional and behavioural status. […] Despite the continued increase in research in the field of DCD, awareness of DCD remains poor even though it has higher prevalence rates when compared to, for example, autism spectrum disorder. […] DCD also frequently co-occurs with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. […] In many cases DCD persists well into adolescence and adulthood, with 50% to 70% of children continuing to have motor difficulties. […] Despite a prevalence rate equivalent to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and higher than autism spectrum disorder, DCD is less well understood in wider society by doctors, teachers, employers and the general public.

• #1 Dyspraxia (developmental co-ordination disorder) in adults

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia-in-adults/

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), is a common disorder that affects movement and co-ordination. […] Dyspraxia is more common in men and often runs in families. […] There is no cure for dyspraxia but there are therapies that can help with daily living.

• #1 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – Symptoms

  https://www.jagrutirehab.org/disorder/dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd.html

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also called Dyspraxia, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has an adverse effect on the motor development and learning abilities of an individual. […] Symptoms majorly persist into adolescence and adulthood and can be managed through therapies. […] In India, mild dyspraxia affects almost 50% of children, whereas 6% are severe cases. Globally, 5-10% of the population is affected with the disorder, with boys being diagnosed 2-3 times more often. […] Adults with dyspraxia feel more fatigued than usual due to the extra effort put into performing simple tasks like tying shoelaces, locking up doors, and so on. […] There is a lack of spatial awareness, and an adult with DCD can be seen bumping into other people. […] Patients lack emotional and appropriate behavioural skill sets. This makes it difficult to act normally in a social setting.

• #1 Gender and age differences in the presentation of at-risk or probable Developmental Coordination Disorder in adults – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34139601/

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also called Dyspraxia, is a common Neurodevelopmental Disorder (NDD) that affects motor coordination with a marked impact on both academic and day-to-day living activities. […] To consider age and gender differences in the presentation of at-risk and probable DCD. […] Women with at-risk (n = 186, 16.6%) or probable DCD (n = 643, 56.6%) reported significantly greater gross motor and non-motor difficulties and significantly greater impact on activities and participation, whereas men with at-risk (n = 58, 16.3%) or probable (n = 177, 49.9%), DCD reported significantly greater fine motor difficulties. […] Emerging adults (aged 16-25 years) with at-risk (n = 65, 14.3%) or probable (n = 293, 64.3%) DCD reported significantly greater non-motor difficulty than adults (aged 26-60+ years) with at-risk (n = 179, 17.5%) or probable (n = 518, 50.8%) DCD.

• #1 Neuroimaging Findings for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Adults: Critical Evaluation and Future Directions | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70459

  DCD, similar to other neurodevelopmental disorders, poses a public health concern, but the neuropathological mechanisms underlying DCD are unknown. […] The results suggest that DCDAs unresolved motor problems from childhood persist into adulthood and are associated with functional and structural brain abnormalities, revealing DCD as a complex developmental disorder with abnormalities across different brain regions.

• #1 What is Dyspraxia? – Disability and Dyslexia Service

  https://www.qmul.ac.uk/disability-and-dyslexia-service/dyslexia/whatisdyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia, also known as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), is thought to affect up to 10% of the population and up to 2% severely. […] Dyspraxia/DCD can run in families. […] Dyspraxia/DCD is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] This condition is formally recognised by international organisations including the World Health Organisation. […] Individuals may vary in how their difficulties present; these may change over time depending on environmental demands and life experience, and will persist into adulthood. […] An individuals coordination difficulties may affect participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment. […] In adulthood many of these difficulties will continue, as well as learning new skills at home, in education and work, such as driving a car and DIY. […] There may be a range of co-occurring difficulties which can also have serious negative impacts on daily life. […] These include social emotional difficulties as well as problems with time management, planning and organisation and these may impact an adults education or employment experiences.

• #1 WHAT IS DYSPRAXIA/DCD?

  https://ceril.net/index.php/articulos?id=569

  The currently available data are insufficient to permit clear definition of the parameters of motor coordination difficulties in children. […] In 1996, Fox and Lent reported that in contrast to the common belief that children grow out of motor coordination difficulties, such difficulties in fact tend to linger if no intervention takes place. […] Children with multiple conditions are at greatest risk for developing behavioral difficulties over time. […] DSM-5 classifies DCD as a discrete motor disorder under the broader heading of neurodevelopmental disorders. […] The specific DSM-5 criteria for DCD are as follows: Acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills are below what would be expected at a given chronologic age and opportunity for skill learning and use; difficulties are manifested as clumsiness (eg, dropping or bumping into objects) and as slowness and inaccuracy of performance of motor skills (eg, catching an object, using scissors, handwriting, riding a bike, or participating in sports).

• #1 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  It is not uncommon for parents or educators to be told that a child will grow out of their difficulties. However, studies have now shown quite conclusively that most children do not outgrow their problems. While children do learn to perform certain motor tasks well, they will continue to have difficulty with new, age-appropriate tasks. It is important to recognize these motor difficulties because children with DCD are more likely to develop academic and behavioral problems, demonstrate low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety, and they are at greater risk of becoming overweight. […] The role of therapists Occupational and physical therapists (OTs and PTs) are educated and trained in analyzing motor skill development and in determining the ability of a child to cope with the demands and activities of everyday life. […] Help at school Educators and parents need to work together to ensure that the child with DCD and ADHD experiences success at school. An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) may be needed for some, while others may benefit from simple classroom support using the MATCH approach.

• #1 Developmental Coordination Disorder – Miracle Babies

  https://www.miraclebabies.org.au/adulthood-developmental-coordination-disorder

  DCD does not affect intelligence, but may make learning new skills more difficult. […] Adults with dyspraxia may have developed coping strategies to find ways around everyday tasks they find difficult. […] Some people also find staying fit helps their co-ordination, reduces feelings of fatigue and helps with potential weight gain. […] Although there is no cure for this disorder, there are therapies to help adults cope.

• #1 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Despite the prevalence of dyspraxia in adults, there remains a significant lack of awareness and understanding in society. Many individuals with dyspraxia face stigma and misconceptions, which further compounds their struggles. […] Dyspraxia can exist on its own, but if you have it, there are a number of other conditions which can co-occur alongside, such as: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Dyslexia, Autism, Dyscalculia (a condition which causes difficulty learning or understanding maths), Depression or anxiety. […] Dyspraxia’s concurrence with autism and ADHD is quite high because it is part of the neurodiversity paradigm. You see a large combination of dyspraxia and dyslexia with autism and ADHD. […] People with dyspraxia can live an otherwise healthy lifestyle, and although certain things in daily life may be more challenging, they can work alone, with loved ones, or with a specialist to find coping strategies that can make things easier.

• #1 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  Developmental coordination disorder is a common condition that co-occurs with ADHD. About fifty percent of school-age students with ADHD also have DCD; yet this often goes unrecognized, and students miss out on the help that could be available to them. […] In Sweden, the term DAMPdeficit of attention, motor planning, and perceptionis used to describe the combination of ADHD and DCD. They have been studying this for many years, and the outcomes of students followed from the age of seven to twenty-two years showed that the combination of ADHD and DCD was the most important predictor of poor psychosocial functioning in early adulthood. This research suggests that it is important to screen for these disorders early in order to start therapies promptly. […] We know that ADHD rarely occurs alone and that most children with ADHD will have at least one other diagnosis such as dyslexia, anxiety, sleep disorder, and so forth. About fifty percent of children diagnosed with ADHD will have co-occurring DCD but many go unrecognized.

• #1 Recent study reveals reduced maths performance of adults with Dyspraxia | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/09/240917130338.htm

  Dyspraxia, also known as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), can have a bigger impact on adult mathematical performance than previously thought, according to new research from the University of Surrey. […] DCD is a prevalent neurodevelopmental movement condition affecting approximately 5% of the population. […] Despite its high prevalence, DCD remains poorly understood, particularly in adults. […] Previous research has highlighted that children with DCD tend to have lower maths performance compared to their neurotypical peers. […] However, until now, no studies have examined the maths performance of adults with DCD, a crucial gap in understanding this condition’s lifelong impact. […] The research team investigated the influence of cognitive (working memory) and emotional (maths anxiety) factors on the maths performance of adults with and without DCD.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10882-021-09815-8

  Although it is now widely accepted that developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) persists into adolescence and adulthood, few studies have assessed the concept of Quality of Life (QOL) within the adult DCD population. […] The current study explored the relationships between QOL and motor coordination, and QOL and three individual subtypes of avoidance within an adult DCD sample. […] A hierarchal multiple regression revealed that all three types of avoidance behaviors were significant predictors of QOL scores, while levels of motor coordination did not significantly predict scores of QOL. […] These results highlight the need for clinicians to develop interventions to help reduce avoidance behavior and social impairment, in order to improve QOL within the DCD adult population. […] Although there has been extensive research conducted assessing the difficulties faced on a daily basis by individuals with DCD within the children and adolescent populations in recent years, the developmental course and outcomes of DCD into adulthood remains relatively unexplored.

• #1 Developmental Coordination Disorder – Miracle Babies

  https://www.miraclebabies.org.au/adulthood-developmental-coordination-disorder

  Clinical feedback from adults living with DCD suggests that they continue to have difficulties with balance and safe functional mobility. […] It is estimated that this disorder affects approximately 5% of the population, and the prevalence is higher amongst people who were born preterm. […] Adults with dyspraxia may also have social and emotional difficulties, as well as problems with time management, planning and personal organisation. […] DCD is a condition only really recognised in the last 20 years or so. […] This means there could be many adults with dyspraxia who were not diagnosed as children. […] It is more common in men, and often runs in families. […] It is not known what causes DCD, but some children born prematurely and small for gestational age have a higher risk of having this disorder.

• #1

  https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ijot-08-2024-0033/full/html

  There is evidence that adults with DCD can have difficulties in the area of executive function (Blank et al., 2019), specifically in the areas of planning and prospective memory (Mayes et al., 2023). […] The lack of a pathway for the assessment of DCD in adults impacts this research as, in the majority of studies, participants did not have a formal diagnosis and thus can only be legitimately placed in a probable DCD group. […] The aim of this scoping review was to discover which assessments are used in studies involving adults with DCD to determine whether those adults have DCD or probable DCD in relation to the three criteria that occupational therapists can assess. […] The ADC was the most commonly used assessment in research to assign participants to a DCD group and has potential to be used to gather data on two of these criteria, i.e. the impact of the motor performance problems on self-care, productivity and leisure, and whether these types of problems have been present since childhood.

• #1 Dyspraxia/DCD Adults – Dyspraxia DCD America

  https://www.dyspraxiadcdamerica.org/dyspraxia-dcd-adults/

  Especially for Americans, it is likely that there are many adults who have never been formally diagnosed but may identify as having Dyspraxia/DCD. […] Adults with DCD are at higher risk for social, emotional, academic, psychiatric and professional problems. […] Adults can seek a formal diagnosis but it is more challenging to get than it is for a child. The primary reason for that is that there is no diagnostic tool for adults over 21 that physicians can use. […] A diagnosis will include the following: Interviewing the individual and their family members to gather information about the individuals history of coordination problems. […] There is no cure, however there are therapies and treatments available to help an individual in reaching their goals and full potential.

• #1

  https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ijot-08-2024-0033/full/html

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a life-long condition, but the diagnostic process for adults has not been formally established. […] The EACD produced criteria for a diagnosis of DCD in adults which are based on the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) criteria with some amendments. […] There is no existing assessment protocol for assessing adults for DCD (Mayes et al., 2024); thus, if a person has not been diagnosed in childhood, it can be very difficult to get a diagnosis in adulthood. […] Having DCD in adulthood presents a myriad of challenges in addition to the obvious issues with motor coordination and resultant impact on occupational performance which are inherent in the diagnosis. […] The DCD group had the highest rates of anxiety and depression, and it was postulated that these problems with emotional regulation may have been the contributing factor to the levels of fatigue.

• #1 Neuroimaging Findings for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Adults: Critical Evaluation and Future Directions | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70459

  Approximately 75% of those diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) exhibit motor problems in adulthood. […] Until recently, motor-coordination difficulties in childhood were thought to be typically outgrown in adulthood. However, it is estimated that approximately 75% of those diagnosed with DCD will continue to exhibit motor problems into adulthood. […] Impaired motor skills in DCDAs, crucial for daily activities, have been found to be associated with lower quality of life satisfaction, difficulties with sleep, higher levels of fatigue, low self-esteem, depression, higher anxiety, difficulties with interpersonal relationships, negative outcomes of education and employment, low participation in daily life and negative consequences, but a greater ability to use coping strategies than earlier in life.

• #1 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – Symptoms

  https://www.jagrutirehab.org/disorder/dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-dcd.html

  Communication is impaired, which can cause frustration as the patient is sometimes not able to share his or her feelings. […] Psychological disorders are like any other physiological disorder. A person can realise his or her full potential with the help of regular therapies and treatment plans. Consistent counselling sessions work most effectively. […] There is no particular treatment or medication for treating dyspraxia. Therapists and medical health professionals suggest various therapies like physical therapy, occupational therapy, and so on, depending on the severity of the symptoms.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10882-021-09815-8

  Findings from studies assessing the symptoms and implications of DCD within the adolescent and adult DCD populations suggests that many of the deficits and difficulties experienced in childhood DCD, such as poor motor coordination and organisational skills, still remain. […] Research suggests that such difficulties can impair individuals in many aspects of everyday life such as; organisational skills, driving and retaining employment status. […] Studies assessing levels of participation exhibited by individuals with DCD have yielded evidence suggesting that children with DCD engage in significantly less participation behavior than their neurotypical peers. […] The current study aimed to further the current DCD literature by examining: (1) whether levels of motor coordination has a direct relationship on QOL and (2) whether levels of avoidance behaviors are directly associated with QOL in adults with DCD.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10882-021-09815-8

  Higher scores of the second BADS subscale, Work/School Impairment, were also found to be associated with lower scores of QOL within both the complete DCD adult sample, and those above the borderline only. […] The current study provides evidence to suggest that such avoidant behavior exhibited during childhood in school may persist into adulthood, negatively affecting their education, work responsibilities and QOL. […] The results did not provide evidence to suggest that motor coordination has a direct impact on QOL. […] Overall, the findings from this study highlight the need for further research exploration of the concept of avoidance behavior within the DCD adult population in order to develop effective intervention treatments which can be utilised by clinicians to improve the QOL of adults with DCD.

• #1 Recent study reveals reduced maths performance of adults with Dyspraxia | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/09/240917130338.htm

  Given the lifelong nature of DCD and the crucial importance of strong numeracy skills for everyday activities (such as financial planning, cooking, and time management), the insights gained from this research will undeniably make an invaluable contribution to the existing literature. […] This research not only advances our understanding of the cognitive challenges faced by adults with Dyspraxia but also underscores the need for tailored educational approaches. […] Our findings advocate for a more nuanced view of cognitive support, moving beyond traditional methods to address the specific needs of adults with DCD.

• #1

  https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ijot-08-2024-0033/full/html

  The measurement of motor skill is limited by the lack of a norm-referenced tool for the adult population (Mayes et al., 2024). […] DCD persists into adulthood, and thus there is a need to have an assessment process for the adult population. […] The ADC and the MABC-3 are potential assessments that could form part of an assessment pathway for adults for DCD in the European context. […] It has been established that DCD persists into adulthood (Blank et al., 2019), and thus the pathway could be piloted with people diagnosed in childhood to ascertain its effectiveness.

• #1

  https://impact.ref.ac.uk/CaseStudies/CaseStudy.aspx?Id=27324

  The Adult Developmental coordination disorder Checklist (ADC) is the first screening tool developed specifically to identify the difficulties experienced by adults with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). […] DCD was previously regarded as a childhood disorder. However, increasing evidence suggests that the motor difficulties experienced persist into adulthood. […] Although it is acknowledged that the impairments associated with DCD continue into adulthood, there was limited research into their impact on everyday living and no standardised screening tools for evaluating or characterising the functional deficits present. […] The development of the ADC was a collaborative project between The Dyscovery Centre, David Sugden (University of Leeds) and Sara Rosenblum (University of Haifa).

• #1

  https://impact.ref.ac.uk/CaseStudies/CaseStudy.aspx?Id=27324

  The Adult Developmental coordination disorder Checklist (ADC) is routinely used in the day-to-day clinical activity of The Dyscovery Centre, having an impact on clinical decisions for 60 clients since its publication in September 2010. […] The ADC is currently used as a screening tool by Student Support Services in several universities in the UK and Ireland. […] The ADC has been used in research projects in the UK and internationally to screen adult participants including: Oxford Brooks University, Eastern Michigan University, the Radbound University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, and Hpital de la Salptire.

• #1

  https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/dyslexia/neurodiversity-and-co-occurring-differences/dyspraxia

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] DCD is distinct from other motor disorders such as cerebral palsy and stroke. […] Individuals may vary in how their difficulties present; these may change over time depending on environmental demands and life experience, and will persist into adulthood. […] An individuals coordination difficulties may affect participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment. […] In adulthood many of these difficulties will continue, as well as learning new skills at home, in education and work, such as driving a car and DIY.

• #1 Harnessing real-life experiences: the development of guidelines to communicate research findings on Developmental Coordination Disorder/dyspraxia | Research Involvement and Engagement | Full Text

  https://researchinvolvement.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40900-024-00611-0

  This has led to a call for action to raise awareness of DCD, driven by frustrations from parents about the lack of awareness amongst professionals and the general public. […] It is hoped that through this collaborative process the translation of research findings will become more accessible to the wider DCD community. […] Community dissemination should therefore involve a two-way dialogue that enables community interpretation to form part of an iterative research process. […] It is however hoped that, by introducing a reciprocal relationship to ensure the sharing of research findings in accessible formats, a broader understanding of DCD will be enhanced and it will encourage the community to participate in research studies to facilitate higher quality research and foster greater trust between researchers and the community.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10882-021-09815-8

  The current study attempts to help fill this gap in the literature by assessing whether levels of engagement in avoidance behaviors directly influences QOL within this population. […] The results of a qualitative study conducted by Mandich et al. (2003) suggests that the QOL of children with DCD is negatively affected as a result of motor deficits, difficulties in social participation and activities of daily living. […] Studies of adolescents and adults have yielded similar results with many researchers suggesting that motor co-ordination deficits, levels of participation and avoidance of certain social situations, among other factors, effects QOL within the DCD population. […] The findings from the current study are the first to provide evidence to suggest that adults with DCD engage in more avoidance behavior than their neurotypical counterparts and that such avoidance behaviors are directly associated with QOL.

• #1 Recent study reveals reduced maths performance of adults with Dyspraxia | University of Surrey

  https://www.surrey.ac.uk/news/recent-study-reveals-reduced-maths-performance-adults-dyspraxia

  This research not only advances our understanding of the cognitive challenges faced by adults with Dyspraxia but also underscores the need for tailored educational approaches. […] Our findings advocate for a more nuanced view of cognitive support, moving beyond traditional methods to address the specific needs of adults with DCD.

• #2 Neuroimaging Findings for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Adults: Critical Evaluation and Future Directions | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70459

  Approximately 75% of those diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) exhibit motor problems in adulthood. […] Until recently, motor-coordination difficulties in childhood were thought to be typically outgrown in adulthood. However, it is estimated that approximately 75% of those diagnosed with DCD will continue to exhibit motor problems into adulthood. […] Impaired motor skills in DCDAs, crucial for daily activities, have been found to be associated with lower quality of life satisfaction, difficulties with sleep, higher levels of fatigue, low self-esteem, depression, higher anxiety, difficulties with interpersonal relationships, negative outcomes of education and employment, low participation in daily life and negative consequences, but a greater ability to use coping strategies than earlier in life.

• #2 What is Dyspraxia? – Disability and Dyslexia Service

  https://www.qmul.ac.uk/disability-and-dyslexia-service/dyslexia/whatisdyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia, also known as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), is thought to affect up to 10% of the population and up to 2% severely. […] Dyspraxia/DCD can run in families. […] Dyspraxia/DCD is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] This condition is formally recognised by international organisations including the World Health Organisation. […] Individuals may vary in how their difficulties present; these may change over time depending on environmental demands and life experience, and will persist into adulthood. […] An individuals coordination difficulties may affect participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment. […] In adulthood many of these difficulties will continue, as well as learning new skills at home, in education and work, such as driving a car and DIY. […] There may be a range of co-occurring difficulties which can also have serious negative impacts on daily life. […] These include social emotional difficulties as well as problems with time management, planning and organisation and these may impact an adults education or employment experiences.

• #2 Harnessing real-life experiences: the development of guidelines to communicate research findings on Developmental Coordination Disorder/dyspraxia | Research Involvement and Engagement | Full Text

  https://researchinvolvement.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40900-024-00611-0

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, affects 5-15% of school-aged children and significantly impacts a child’s ability to learn motor skills and perform everyday activities efficiently and effectively. […] DCD persists into adulthood, impacting motor as well as emotional and behavioural status. […] Despite the continued increase in research in the field of DCD, awareness of DCD remains poor even though it has higher prevalence rates when compared to, for example, autism spectrum disorder. […] DCD also frequently co-occurs with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. […] In many cases DCD persists well into adolescence and adulthood, with 50% to 70% of children continuing to have motor difficulties. […] Despite a prevalence rate equivalent to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and higher than autism spectrum disorder, DCD is less well understood in wider society by doctors, teachers, employers and the general public.

• #2 Essential Guide For Managing Dyspraxia in Adults

  https://www.medicinesteam.co.uk/post/dyspraxia-in-adults

  Dyspraxia, or developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a neurological condition affecting movement and coordination. […] Adults with dyspraxia may struggle with tasks requiring balance, fine motor skills, and coordination, such as driving, writing, or dressing. […] Dyspraxia affects approximately 10% of the population, yet it remains largely under the radar. […] Understanding the risk factors associated with dyspraxia can help in early identification and management of the condition. […] While there is no cure for dyspraxia, various therapies and strategies can help manage the condition and improve quality of life. […] Living with dyspraxia as an adult presents unique challenges, but understanding the condition and implementing effective strategies can lead to a more fulfilling life. […] By recognising symptoms, seeking appropriate medical advice, individuals with dyspraxia can enhance their coordination, improve daily functioning, and achieve their personal and professional goals.

• #2 What is Dyspraxia/DCD? – Dyspraxia DCD America

  https://www.dyspraxiadcdamerica.org/what-is-dyspraxia-dcd/

  Dyspraxia/DCD affects 5 to 6% of the population (Blank et al., 2019). […] This means that more than 1 in 20 Americans are affected and it impacts almost 20 million people in the United States. […] Despite being almost as common as ADHD and more common than Autism, it is unfamiliar to many parents, teachers, and healthcare professionals in the United States. […] Although Dyspraxia/DCD is under-recognized throughout the world, the United States is significantly behind other countries. […] DCD is the formal term healthcare professionals use because it is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) as code 315.4. […] Developmental Dyspraxia is in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), but in the US we mainly use the DSM-5 for a diagnosis. […] Thus, DCD begins in childhood and continues to affect individuals at every age and stage of life. […] DCD may be the best term to use for medical insurance purposes as well as for conversations with school when advocating for your child or yourself.

• #2 Dyspraxia (developmental co-ordination disorder) in adults

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia-in-adults/

  Dyspraxia, also known as developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), is a common disorder that affects movement and co-ordination. […] Dyspraxia is more common in men and often runs in families. […] There is no cure for dyspraxia but there are therapies that can help with daily living.

• #2 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Dyspraxia (not to be confused with dyslexia), commonly known among healthcare professionals as developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a form of neurodiversity that affects a persons physical coordination. The information on dyspraxia mostly focuses on children since the condition is typically first noticed during childhood, however it can affect adults too. The signs of dyspraxia in adults include issues with posture, balance and movement, which we will go into more detail on later. […] Dyspraxia affects around 5-6% of children and around 10% of the overall population (with varying degrees of severity). Interestingly, dyspraxia is more often found in males than in females, though females are usually older when the signs are identified. […] Adults with dyspraxia often encounter difficulties with fine motor skills, spatial awareness, organisation, and planning, leading to a range of challenges in their personal and professional lives. Simple tasks like tying shoelaces, using utensils, or even driving can become complex feats to overcome.

• #2 Developmental Coordination Disorder – Miracle Babies

  https://www.miraclebabies.org.au/adulthood-developmental-coordination-disorder

  Clinical feedback from adults living with DCD suggests that they continue to have difficulties with balance and safe functional mobility. […] It is estimated that this disorder affects approximately 5% of the population, and the prevalence is higher amongst people who were born preterm. […] Adults with dyspraxia may also have social and emotional difficulties, as well as problems with time management, planning and personal organisation. […] DCD is a condition only really recognised in the last 20 years or so. […] This means there could be many adults with dyspraxia who were not diagnosed as children. […] It is more common in men, and often runs in families. […] It is not known what causes DCD, but some children born prematurely and small for gestational age have a higher risk of having this disorder.

• #2

  https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/dyslexia/neurodiversity-and-co-occurring-differences/dyspraxia

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] DCD is distinct from other motor disorders such as cerebral palsy and stroke. […] Individuals may vary in how their difficulties present; these may change over time depending on environmental demands and life experience, and will persist into adulthood. […] An individuals coordination difficulties may affect participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment. […] In adulthood many of these difficulties will continue, as well as learning new skills at home, in education and work, such as driving a car and DIY.

• #2 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  It is not uncommon for parents or educators to be told that a child will grow out of their difficulties. However, studies have now shown quite conclusively that most children do not outgrow their problems. While children do learn to perform certain motor tasks well, they will continue to have difficulty with new, age-appropriate tasks. It is important to recognize these motor difficulties because children with DCD are more likely to develop academic and behavioral problems, demonstrate low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety, and they are at greater risk of becoming overweight. […] The role of therapists Occupational and physical therapists (OTs and PTs) are educated and trained in analyzing motor skill development and in determining the ability of a child to cope with the demands and activities of everyday life. […] Help at school Educators and parents need to work together to ensure that the child with DCD and ADHD experiences success at school. An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) may be needed for some, while others may benefit from simple classroom support using the MATCH approach.

• #2 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/dyspraxia-developmental-co-ordination-disorder

  Dyspraxia is a common condition which mainly affects motor co-ordination – the way the body organises and carries out movement-related tasks. It can also affect other activities, including speech. Dyspraxia occurs in children and adults. […] Dyspraxia may also be acquired later in life through injury or illness – for example, as a result of a stroke or a head injury. This type of dyspraxia is not called DCD, as this term refers specifically to the developmental condition, although it can cause similar symptoms. […] The symptoms of dyspraxia in adults are very variable. They may include the following problems with motor skills: People with dyspraxia may be clumsy, and less able than average at motor tasks, such as sports that require the use of a ball, or other co-ordination skills. […] Dyspraxia affects learning; both children and adults can become discouraged if not given the support that they need to learn effectively. […] Some children with dyspraxia will continue to have difficulties with co-ordination, organisation and learning as adults. Other children, particularly if their dyspraxia was less severe, will improve as they mature, and learn (and are taught) how to overcome their difficulties.

• #2 5 Things to know about dyspraxia in adults

  https://www.readandspell.com/us/dyspraxia-in-adults

  Its estimated that one in ten adults is dyspraxic. Some estimates suggest up to 10% of the population has dyspraxia. It is more commonly found in men than in women and researchers suspect there is a genetic component, but no dyspraxia gene has yet been isolated. Despite its prevalence, dyspraxia is not well understood by the general public and is less commonly diagnosed than specific learning disabilities like dyslexia and ADHD. This means working adults may be less willing to disclose their disability to employers and can have a harder time gaining access to the help and support they need. […] Dyspraxia is commonly identified alongside dyslexia some reports even suggest that half of dyslexic children exhibit symptoms characteristic of dyspraxia. Attention difficulties and dyspraxia may also co-present, as can dyspraxia and autism spectrum disorder.

• #2 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s prevalence ranges between 1.8% and 6%. The condition is 7 times more common in boys than girls. Edwards et al found that prematurity and low birth weight are the strongest risk factors (odds ratio 6.3, 95% CI 4.4-9.0) for developing DCD. The disorder has increased prevalence among lefthanded or ambidextrous children, suggesting possible incomplete lateralization. […] Langevin et al also reported that DCD co-occurred with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 30% to 50% of cases, indicating a common neural substrate underlying attention and motor disorders. This co-occurrence may have both etiologic and diagnostic implications.

• #2 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  Developmental coordination disorder is a common condition that co-occurs with ADHD. About fifty percent of school-age students with ADHD also have DCD; yet this often goes unrecognized, and students miss out on the help that could be available to them. […] In Sweden, the term DAMPdeficit of attention, motor planning, and perceptionis used to describe the combination of ADHD and DCD. They have been studying this for many years, and the outcomes of students followed from the age of seven to twenty-two years showed that the combination of ADHD and DCD was the most important predictor of poor psychosocial functioning in early adulthood. This research suggests that it is important to screen for these disorders early in order to start therapies promptly. […] We know that ADHD rarely occurs alone and that most children with ADHD will have at least one other diagnosis such as dyslexia, anxiety, sleep disorder, and so forth. About fifty percent of children diagnosed with ADHD will have co-occurring DCD but many go unrecognized.

• #2 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Despite the prevalence of dyspraxia in adults, there remains a significant lack of awareness and understanding in society. Many individuals with dyspraxia face stigma and misconceptions, which further compounds their struggles. […] Dyspraxia can exist on its own, but if you have it, there are a number of other conditions which can co-occur alongside, such as: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Dyslexia, Autism, Dyscalculia (a condition which causes difficulty learning or understanding maths), Depression or anxiety. […] Dyspraxia’s concurrence with autism and ADHD is quite high because it is part of the neurodiversity paradigm. You see a large combination of dyspraxia and dyslexia with autism and ADHD. […] People with dyspraxia can live an otherwise healthy lifestyle, and although certain things in daily life may be more challenging, they can work alone, with loved ones, or with a specialist to find coping strategies that can make things easier.

• #2 Recent study reveals reduced maths performance of adults with Dyspraxia | University of Surrey

  https://www.surrey.ac.uk/news/recent-study-reveals-reduced-maths-performance-adults-dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia, also known as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), can have a bigger impact on adult mathematical performance than previously thought, according to new research from the University of Surrey. […] DCD is a prevalent neurodevelopmental movement condition affecting approximately 5% of the population. […] Despite its high prevalence, DCD remains poorly understood, particularly in adults. […] However, until now, no studies have examined the maths performance of adults with DCD, a crucial gap in understanding this condition’s lifelong impact. […] Adults with DCD demonstrated lower working memory and maths performance and reported higher levels of maths anxiety compared to adults without DCD. […] Further analysis showed that the maths performance of adults with DCD was more strongly linked to working memory than the neurotypical population.

• #2 Dyspraxia/DCD Ireland – What is Dyspraxia/DCD?

  https://www.dyspraxia.ie/What-is-Dyspraxia-DCD

  Dyspraxia or Developmental Co-ordination disorder is more common than you would think with research showing that „The prevalence of dyspraxia in school-age populations is about 6% (or 1 in 20 people) and 10% of the overall population” (Farmer et al 2017). […] Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD), also known as Dyspraxia in Ireland and the UK, is a common disorder affecting fine or gross motor co-ordination in children and adults. […] A person with dyspraxia does not 'outgrow’ the condition as used to be thought but learns the skills to adapt and manage motor coordination and executive planning challenges. […] Many people with dyspraxia report challenges with planning and organisation and time management, all of which can detrimentally impact upon their participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment. […] It is relatively common for people with dyspraxia to experience other co-occurring conditions which can further impact on daily life. The most commonly occurring conditions include ADHD, ASD, Dyslexia, Dysgraphia and social and emotional difficulties.

• #2 Dyspraxia/DCD Adults – Dyspraxia DCD America

  https://www.dyspraxiadcdamerica.org/dyspraxia-dcd-adults/

  Especially for Americans, it is likely that there are many adults who have never been formally diagnosed but may identify as having Dyspraxia/DCD. […] Adults with DCD are at higher risk for social, emotional, academic, psychiatric and professional problems. […] Adults can seek a formal diagnosis but it is more challenging to get than it is for a child. The primary reason for that is that there is no diagnostic tool for adults over 21 that physicians can use. […] A diagnosis will include the following: Interviewing the individual and their family members to gather information about the individuals history of coordination problems. […] There is no cure, however there are therapies and treatments available to help an individual in reaching their goals and full potential.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10882-021-09815-8

  The current study attempts to help fill this gap in the literature by assessing whether levels of engagement in avoidance behaviors directly influences QOL within this population. […] The results of a qualitative study conducted by Mandich et al. (2003) suggests that the QOL of children with DCD is negatively affected as a result of motor deficits, difficulties in social participation and activities of daily living. […] Studies of adolescents and adults have yielded similar results with many researchers suggesting that motor co-ordination deficits, levels of participation and avoidance of certain social situations, among other factors, effects QOL within the DCD population. […] The findings from the current study are the first to provide evidence to suggest that adults with DCD engage in more avoidance behavior than their neurotypical counterparts and that such avoidance behaviors are directly associated with QOL.

• #2 Developmental Coordination Disorder – Miracle Babies

  https://www.miraclebabies.org.au/adulthood-developmental-coordination-disorder

  DCD does not affect intelligence, but may make learning new skills more difficult. […] Adults with dyspraxia may have developed coping strategies to find ways around everyday tasks they find difficult. […] Some people also find staying fit helps their co-ordination, reduces feelings of fatigue and helps with potential weight gain. […] Although there is no cure for this disorder, there are therapies to help adults cope.

• #2

  https://impact.ref.ac.uk/CaseStudies/CaseStudy.aspx?Id=27324

  The Adult Developmental coordination disorder Checklist (ADC) is the first screening tool developed specifically to identify the difficulties experienced by adults with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). […] DCD was previously regarded as a childhood disorder. However, increasing evidence suggests that the motor difficulties experienced persist into adulthood. […] Although it is acknowledged that the impairments associated with DCD continue into adulthood, there was limited research into their impact on everyday living and no standardised screening tools for evaluating or characterising the functional deficits present. […] The development of the ADC was a collaborative project between The Dyscovery Centre, David Sugden (University of Leeds) and Sara Rosenblum (University of Haifa).

• #2

  https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ijot-08-2024-0033/full/html

  There is evidence that adults with DCD can have difficulties in the area of executive function (Blank et al., 2019), specifically in the areas of planning and prospective memory (Mayes et al., 2023). […] The lack of a pathway for the assessment of DCD in adults impacts this research as, in the majority of studies, participants did not have a formal diagnosis and thus can only be legitimately placed in a probable DCD group. […] The aim of this scoping review was to discover which assessments are used in studies involving adults with DCD to determine whether those adults have DCD or probable DCD in relation to the three criteria that occupational therapists can assess. […] The ADC was the most commonly used assessment in research to assign participants to a DCD group and has potential to be used to gather data on two of these criteria, i.e. the impact of the motor performance problems on self-care, productivity and leisure, and whether these types of problems have been present since childhood.

• #2 Recent study reveals reduced maths performance of adults with Dyspraxia | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/09/240917130338.htm

  Given the lifelong nature of DCD and the crucial importance of strong numeracy skills for everyday activities (such as financial planning, cooking, and time management), the insights gained from this research will undeniably make an invaluable contribution to the existing literature. […] This research not only advances our understanding of the cognitive challenges faced by adults with Dyspraxia but also underscores the need for tailored educational approaches. […] Our findings advocate for a more nuanced view of cognitive support, moving beyond traditional methods to address the specific needs of adults with DCD.

• #2 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/148754

  DCD’s prevalence ranges between 1.8% and 6%. The condition is 7 times more common in boys than girls. Edwards et al found that prematurity and low birth weight are the strongest risk factors (odds ratio 6.3, 95% CI 4.4-9.0) for developing DCD. The disorder has increased prevalence among lefthanded or ambidextrous children, suggesting possible incomplete lateralization. […] Langevin et al also reported that DCD co-occurred with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 30% to 50% of cases, indicating a common neural substrate underlying attention and motor disorders. This co-occurrence may have both etiologic and diagnostic implications. […] DCD in adults usually presents more heterogeneously and often results from failure to recognize subtle symptoms during childhood. Adults with DCD tend to experience motor challenges with estimating distances. Such impairments may manifest, for example, when driving or crossing the road. Adults also report difficulty with executive functioning, attention, and learning new skills. DCD may lead to medical problems such as anxiety, low self-esteem, OCD, ASD, schizophrenia, and metabolic syndrome in adults.

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