Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the planning and coordination of fine and gross motor skills. […] Dyspraxia can cause life-long challenges with memory, judgment, perception, information processing, and other cognitive skills. […] Another term for this condition is developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia can also affect a persons ability to participate in activities like team sports, or self-care routines like shaving and applying makeup. This is because dyspraxia affects balance, coordination, and motor planning. […] For these reasons, receiving the right support and accommodations is essential for people with dyspraxia. Ongoing dyspraxia symptoms may become more manageable when an effective treatment plan is in place. […] According to the Dyspraxia Foundation, The best way to treat dyspraxia is to find the most effective therapy to address each symptom. […] Dyspraxia can be diagnosed or identified by a medical doctor. Other professionals may also assess and treat developmental coordination disorder.

• #2 Neuroimaging Findings for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Adults: Critical Evaluation and Future Directions | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70459

  Approximately 75% of those diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) exhibit motor problems in adulthood. Neuroimaging studies promise to reveal the endophenotypes of mature brain systems affected by DCD. Neuroimaging results revealed: functional abnormalities in the prefrontal, frontal and occipital regions, superior parietal lobe and cerebellum; structural white matter abnormalities in the corticospinal tract, internal capsule and inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi; significantly reduced interhemispheric cortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex (hPMC); lack of increased hPMC activity during a motor imagery task and a reduced leftwards brain asymmetry for speech. These results suggest complex endophenotypes for adults with DCD (DCDAs). […] Until recently, motor-coordination difficulties in childhood were thought to be typically outgrown in adulthood. However, it is estimated that approximately 75% of those diagnosed with DCD will continue to exhibit motor problems into adulthood.

• #3 Developmental dyspraxia/developmental coordination disorder (DCD) resources | Tertiary Education Commission

  https://www.tec.govt.nz/oritetanga-learner-success/new-oritetanga-tertiary-success-for-everyone/resources-to-help-support-your-learners/neurodiversity-resources/dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-resources

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as developmental dyspraxia in Aotearoa New Zealand, is a neurodivergent condition affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] Dyspraxia/DCD is distinct from other motor disorders such as cerebral palsy and stroke. The range of intellectual ability of people with dyspraxia/DCD is similar to the general population. Dyspraxia/DCD persists into adulthood, but the negative impacts can be minimised with effective strategies and support. […] Individuals may vary widely in how their difficulties present. This may change over time depending on environmental demands (eg, starting off in tertiary education or training; examination times; the type of course they are taking; the demands of that course; the type of assignments given) and life experiences.

• #4 WHAT IS DYSPRAXIA/DCD?

  https://ceril.net/index.php/articulos?id=569

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as Dyspraxia in the UK and Ireland, is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] DCD is distinct from other motor disorders such as cerebral palsy and stroke. […] An individuals co-ordination difficulties may affect participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment. […] Many of these difficulties will continue on into adulthood while they also struggle with learning some independent living skills, driving a car and managing education and employment. […] There may be a range of co-occurring difficulties which can also have serious negative impacts on daily life, these include social emotional difficulties, challenges with planning and organisation, as well as problems with time management, all of which may impact an adult’s education or employment experience.

• #5 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/dyspraxia-developmental-co-ordination-disorder

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common condition which mainly affects motor co-ordination – the way the body organises and carries out movement-related tasks. […] Dyspraxia may also be acquired later in life through injury or illness – for example, as a result of a stroke or a head injury. […] Dyspraxia is thought to be a problem with the way the connections develop between some of the nerve pathways in the brain. […] Our ability to learn new tasks (and to form new connections) is greatest in childhood; however, in children with dyspraxia, it is thought that the fifth step in this process, involving connections to the motor neurons, develops at a slower rate. […] Dyspraxia affects learning; both children and adults can become discouraged if not given the support that they need to learn effectively.

• #6 Dyspraxia – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia is a neurological (brain) condition. […] Its also called developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] The causes of dyspraxia arent well understood. […] It is thought to be caused by a problem with the way connections develop between the nerves in the brain. […] There seems to be a strong genetic link children with dyspraxia tend to have a parent with dyspraxia. […] Its also linked to complications during pregnancy and birth.

• #7 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s etiology is not fully understood, but research has provided insights into potential factors contributing to the condition. […] For example, studies suggest that DCD may be related to abnormal neurological maturation processes, including the under-activation of motor learning-associated brain regions and altered development of motor and sensory pathways. […] Studies show that children with DCD tend to present with abnormal brain activation patterns and white matter connections on functional MRI. […] DCD is hypothesized to have a genetic predisposition. […] CDC arises from aberrant processes in various parts of the cerebral cortex. […] Cerebellar abnormalities have also been implicated, particularly structural variations like gray matter volume changes and altered activation patterns.

• #8 Dyspraxia – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia is a neurological (brain) condition. […] Its also called developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] The causes of dyspraxia arent well understood. […] It is thought to be caused by a problem with the way connections develop between the nerves in the brain. […] There seems to be a strong genetic link children with dyspraxia tend to have a parent with dyspraxia. […] Its also linked to complications during pregnancy and birth.

• #9 Pathogenetic Insights into Developmental Coordination Disorder Reveal Substantial Overlap with Movement Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/12/1625

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by non-progressive central motor impairments. Mild movement disorder features have been observed in DCD. Until now, the etiology of DCD has been unclear. Recent studies suggested a genetic substrate in some patients with DCD, but comprehensive knowledge about associated genes and underlying pathogenetic mechanisms is still lacking. […] We identified 12 genes associated with DCD in the literature, which are ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system throughout brain development. These genes are involved in cellular processes, neural signaling, and nervous system development. There was a remarkable overlap (62%) in pathogenetic mechanisms between DCD-associated genes and genes linked with movement disorders. Our findings suggest that some patients might have a genetic etiology of DCD, which could be considered part of a pathogenetic movement disorder spectrum.

• #10 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s etiology is not fully understood, but research has provided insights into potential factors contributing to the condition. […] For example, studies suggest that DCD may be related to abnormal neurological maturation processes, including the under-activation of motor learning-associated brain regions and altered development of motor and sensory pathways. […] Studies show that children with DCD tend to present with abnormal brain activation patterns and white matter connections on functional MRI. […] DCD is hypothesized to have a genetic predisposition. […] CDC arises from aberrant processes in various parts of the cerebral cortex. […] Cerebellar abnormalities have also been implicated, particularly structural variations like gray matter volume changes and altered activation patterns.

• #11 Neuroimaging Findings for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Adults: Critical Evaluation and Future Directions | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70459

  Approximately 75% of those diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) exhibit motor problems in adulthood. Neuroimaging studies promise to reveal the endophenotypes of mature brain systems affected by DCD. Neuroimaging results revealed: functional abnormalities in the prefrontal, frontal and occipital regions, superior parietal lobe and cerebellum; structural white matter abnormalities in the corticospinal tract, internal capsule and inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi; significantly reduced interhemispheric cortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex (hPMC); lack of increased hPMC activity during a motor imagery task and a reduced leftwards brain asymmetry for speech. These results suggest complex endophenotypes for adults with DCD (DCDAs). […] Until recently, motor-coordination difficulties in childhood were thought to be typically outgrown in adulthood. However, it is estimated that approximately 75% of those diagnosed with DCD will continue to exhibit motor problems into adulthood.

• #12 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s etiology is not fully understood, but research has provided insights into potential factors contributing to the condition. […] For example, studies suggest that DCD may be related to abnormal neurological maturation processes, including the under-activation of motor learning-associated brain regions and altered development of motor and sensory pathways. […] Studies show that children with DCD tend to present with abnormal brain activation patterns and white matter connections on functional MRI. […] DCD is hypothesized to have a genetic predisposition. […] CDC arises from aberrant processes in various parts of the cerebral cortex. […] Cerebellar abnormalities have also been implicated, particularly structural variations like gray matter volume changes and altered activation patterns.

• #13 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s etiology is not fully understood, but research has provided insights into potential factors contributing to the condition. […] For example, studies suggest that DCD may be related to abnormal neurological maturation processes, including the under-activation of motor learning-associated brain regions and altered development of motor and sensory pathways. […] Studies show that children with DCD tend to present with abnormal brain activation patterns and white matter connections on functional MRI. […] DCD is hypothesized to have a genetic predisposition. […] CDC arises from aberrant processes in various parts of the cerebral cortex. […] Cerebellar abnormalities have also been implicated, particularly structural variations like gray matter volume changes and altered activation patterns.

• #14 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  The right superior parietal lobule is responsible for accurate motor task performance. […] Developmental dyspraxia initially presents with poor motor coordination and clumsiness in completing age-appropriate motor tasks. […] Neurodevelopmental tasks aim to tune the nervous system to the environment. […] Motor development disturbances may bias an individual’s perception of the environment and their body’s boundaries. […] The condition’s effect on a child’s development is critical.

• #15 Motor Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/motor-disorders/

  Some signs of dyspraxia include clumsiness, poor posture, poor handwriting, and low self esteem. […] Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia, or simply dyspraxia, is a chronic neurological disorder beginning in childhood. It is also known to affect planning of movements and coordination as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body. […] A diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is then reached only in the absence of other neurological impairments like cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinsons disease. […] The mechanism appears to involve dysfunction in neural circuits between the basal ganglia and related structures in the brain.

• #16 Developmental Coordination Disorder (315.4) – Abnormal Psychology

  https://fscj.pressbooks.pub/abnormalpsychology/chapter/developmental-coordination-disorder-315-4/

  Children that exhibit Developmental Coordination Disorder has trouble with motor skills development that affects the whole child because some of the associated conditions may include sensory integration disorder, specific language impairment, and also mixed expressive-receptive language disorder. […] Developmental Coordination Disorder in adults is the same as with children where they have difficulty in motor skills such as hand-eye coordination. […] The etiology is unclear but it is believed that it is caused by neuronal damage at the cellular level in the receptor system and/or neurotransmitter.

• #17 What Is Dyspraxia?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects physical coordination. […] Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a condition in which children do not develop appropriate motor abilities for their age. […] Dyspraxia’s actual etiology is unknown, and there may be more than one. It could be related to differences in the way neurons in the brain form, which impacts the communication of the brain with the rest of the body. […] Coordinated movement is a complex process involving different nerves and various parts of the brain. Any miscommunication in this process could lead to movement and coordination difficulties. […] Dyspraxia has no bearing on the level of intelligence. […] Dyspraxia is a problem of developmental coordination. General and fine motor abilities and cognitive abilities are all affected by this lifelong disorder. […] Dyspraxia does not have a cure, but it can be effectively controlled. […] Dyspraxia can make driving difficult because it impairs gross and fine motor skills, decision-making, navigation, the ability to physically handle the vehicle, and the ability to judge speed and distance.

• #18 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/dyspraxia-developmental-co-ordination-disorder

  Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common condition which mainly affects motor co-ordination – the way the body organises and carries out movement-related tasks. […] Dyspraxia may also be acquired later in life through injury or illness – for example, as a result of a stroke or a head injury. […] Dyspraxia is thought to be a problem with the way the connections develop between some of the nerve pathways in the brain. […] Our ability to learn new tasks (and to form new connections) is greatest in childhood; however, in children with dyspraxia, it is thought that the fifth step in this process, involving connections to the motor neurons, develops at a slower rate. […] Dyspraxia affects learning; both children and adults can become discouraged if not given the support that they need to learn effectively.

• #19 Pathogenetic Insights into Developmental Coordination Disorder Reveal Substantial Overlap with Movement Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/12/1625

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by non-progressive central motor impairments. Mild movement disorder features have been observed in DCD. Until now, the etiology of DCD has been unclear. Recent studies suggested a genetic substrate in some patients with DCD, but comprehensive knowledge about associated genes and underlying pathogenetic mechanisms is still lacking. […] We identified 12 genes associated with DCD in the literature, which are ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system throughout brain development. These genes are involved in cellular processes, neural signaling, and nervous system development. There was a remarkable overlap (62%) in pathogenetic mechanisms between DCD-associated genes and genes linked with movement disorders. Our findings suggest that some patients might have a genetic etiology of DCD, which could be considered part of a pathogenetic movement disorder spectrum.

• #20 Pathogenetic Insights into Developmental Coordination Disorder Reveal Substantial Overlap with Movement Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/12/1625

  Our data show the association of 12 genes with DCD in the literature. These 12 DCD-associated genes are ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system throughout brain development and are mainly involved in cellular processes, neural signaling, and nervous system development. These results are supportive of a genetic substrate in a subgroup of patients with DCD. Furthermore, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of the DCD-associated genes overlap substantially (62%) with those of several movement disorders, including ataxia, chorea, dystonia and/or myoclonus. This implies that the genetic substrate of DCD could be regarded as part of a broader pathogenetic movement disorder spectrum.

• #21 Pathogenetic Insights into Developmental Coordination Disorder Reveal Substantial Overlap with Movement Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/12/1625

  Our data show the association of 12 genes with DCD in the literature. These 12 DCD-associated genes are ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system throughout brain development and are mainly involved in cellular processes, neural signaling, and nervous system development. These results are supportive of a genetic substrate in a subgroup of patients with DCD. Furthermore, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of the DCD-associated genes overlap substantially (62%) with those of several movement disorders, including ataxia, chorea, dystonia and/or myoclonus. This implies that the genetic substrate of DCD could be regarded as part of a broader pathogenetic movement disorder spectrum.

• #22 Dyspraxia and Epilepsy – The Defeating Epilepsy Foundation

  https://www.defeatingepilepsy.org/living-with-epilepsy-series/dyspraxia-and-epilepsy/

  Dyspraxia is also significantly co-occurring with epilepsy, with one-third of children with active epilepsy being diagnosed with the condition. A possible explanation for the relationship between DCD and epilepsy includes gene deletion, precisely 16p11.2, a common genetic marker for neurodevelopmental disabilities. 16p11.2 mutations can generate varying levels of delays and impairments in terms of language, social skills, and maladaptive behaviors, including epilepsy and developmental coordination disorder, the latter of which is present in a significant portion of carriers, 32-58%. […] Further research directed toward exploring genetic and environmental causes is needed to understand the presence of epileptiform activity in the brains of individuals with developmental coordination disorder.

• #23 FAB: The Role of Fatty Acids in Dyspraxia / DCD

  https://library.fabresearch.org/viewItem.php?id=6712

  Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder (DCD) shows substantial overlap with other developmental and psychiatric conditions both within individuals and within families notably dyslexia, ADHD and autistic spectrum disorders, but also mood disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This indicates some common predisposing factors at the biological level. The proposal considered here is that these could involve aspects of fatty acid metabolism. […] Increasing evidence indicates that the predisposition to dyspraxia and related conditions may involve mild constitutional inefficiencies of fatty acid metabolism that increase the usual dietary requirements for HUFA. These could include (a) poor EFA-HUFA conversion, (b) difficulties in incorporating HUFA into brain cell membranes and/or (c) unusually high rates of HUFA breakdown and loss, although there are other possible mechanisms.

• #24 FAB: The Role of Fatty Acids in Dyspraxia / DCD

  https://library.fabresearch.org/viewItem.php?id=6712

  Many features associated with dyspraxia are consistent with HUFA deficiencies or imbalances. These include the core difficulties with motor coordination, attention and sensory processing, as well as the excess of males affected, proneness to allergic or autoimmune conditions, disturbances in temperature regulation and sleep, and irregularities of mood. […] There is already some experimental evidence for fatty acid abnormalities in ADHD, dyslexia and the autistic spectrum. Although dyspraxia has never been examined or factored out in studies of these conditions (which all overlap), no studies of dyspraxia per se have yet been reported – although these are now underway. […] If fatty acid deficiencies are a contributory factor in these developmental conditions, then dietary supplementation with HUFA might be of benefit.

• #25 ADHD vs. dyspraxia: Balancing the struggle with coordination and focus

  https://www.getinflow.io/post/dyspraxia-and-adhd

  Dyspraxia is a condition that receives less attention than ADHD but also causes clumsiness and cognitive issues similar to ADHD. […] Dyspraxia is a developmental condition that affects motor movement and coordination. It’s widely misunderstood and often misdiagnosed as ADHD. […] Dyspraxia can also be referred to as DCD or developmental coordination disorder. […] Dyspraxia often co-occurs with ADHD, but the two conditions are separate. […] Dyspraxia, or developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a condition that affects one’s ability to plan, coordinate, and execute physical movements. […] Dyspraxia is often misperceived as dyslexia (when someone struggles with processing written information, working memory, and visual processing skills). […] It’s widely misunderstood and misdiagnosed, but DCD affects up to 6% of children and continues to affect adults as they age.

• #26 ADHD vs. dyspraxia: Balancing the struggle with coordination and focus

  https://www.getinflow.io/post/dyspraxia-and-adhd

  Studies show that DCD is comorbid with ADHD in up to 50% of dyspraxia cases. […] While movement and coordination issues are shared traits, ADHDers are likely to experience them due to impulsivity and inattention not because of a developmental coordination problem. […] Dyspraxics (people with dyspraxia) can have these same motor issues but feel like there’s no explanation for its cause; they lack motor coordination in all areas of their life.

• #27 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  The importance of early diagnosis In school, children with poor fine motor skills such as handwriting and scissor skills are typically picked up in the early school grades. However, children that exhibit ADHD and DCD are often not picked up, as the teachers are more preoccupied with the inattention and/or hyperactivity behaviors and overlook the fine motor issues. […] In Sweden, the term DAMPdeficit of attention, motor planning, and perceptionis used to describe the combination of ADHD and DCD. […] We know that ADHD rarely occurs alone and that most children with ADHD will have at least one other diagnosis such as dyslexia, anxiety, sleep disorder, and so forth. About fifty percent of children diagnosed with ADHD will have co-occurring DCD but many go unrecognized. […] It is important to recognize these motor difficulties because children with DCD are more likely to develop academic and behavioral problems, demonstrate low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety, and they are at greater risk of becoming overweight.

• #28 Dyspraxia – The Sound Learning Centre

  https://www.thesoundlearningcentre.co.uk/diagnosis/dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia or Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) is also often linked to problems of language, perception and thought. […] An underlying cause of dyspraxia is often an unpractised and immature vestibular system (the balance mechanism located in the inner ear). It mediates other systems in the body including proprioception (our ability to know where our body is in space) and binocularity (our eyes working together as a team). Imbalances in these or other sensory systems, or the retention of reflexes (automatic reactions), may all be implicated in dyspraxia. […] Motor co-ordination and spatial awareness difficulties often continue into adulthood to affect academic and non academic function. For instance they may find it difficult acquiring new skills such as learning to drive a car.

• #29 Autism, Dyspraxia, or Both? — Stephanie Bethany | Autistic Adult

  https://www.stephaniebethany.com/blog/autism-dyspraxia-or-both

  According to their findings, autism coordination issues were more linked to visual processing and auditory processing sensitivity while developmental coordination disorder was more linked to spatial processing. […] Basically, they found a difference in the speed and type of movements that occurred in DCD vs ASD. […] The final paper we will look at notes that having motor deficits in ASD is not the same as having DCD as well. […] They point out a major difference in that those with DCD don’t just have a delay in early motor skills which may be something seen often in ASD, but also have „severe problems with acquisition of later motor skills.” […] In conclusion, research shows that ASD and DCD are two distinct things, but that those with ASD do typically have high rates of motor deficits, although not always meeting criteria for comorbid DCD.

• #30 Autism, Dyspraxia, or Both? — Stephanie Bethany | Autistic Adult

  https://www.stephaniebethany.com/blog/autism-dyspraxia-or-both

  According to their findings, autism coordination issues were more linked to visual processing and auditory processing sensitivity while developmental coordination disorder was more linked to spatial processing. […] Basically, they found a difference in the speed and type of movements that occurred in DCD vs ASD. […] The final paper we will look at notes that having motor deficits in ASD is not the same as having DCD as well. […] They point out a major difference in that those with DCD don’t just have a delay in early motor skills which may be something seen often in ASD, but also have „severe problems with acquisition of later motor skills.” […] In conclusion, research shows that ASD and DCD are two distinct things, but that those with ASD do typically have high rates of motor deficits, although not always meeting criteria for comorbid DCD.

• #31 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Symptoms can manifest in a myriad of ways which is why case-by-case examination is needed to identify the unique challenges and strengths that someone presents. […] Dyspraxia can exist on its own, but if you have it, there are a number of other conditions which can co-occur alongside, such as: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Dyslexia, Autism, Dyscalculia (a condition which causes difficulty learning or understanding maths), Depression or anxiety. […] Dyspraxia’s concurrence with autism and ADHD is quite high because it is part of the neurodiversity paradigm.

• #32 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Dyspraxia (not to be confused with dyslexia), commonly known among healthcare professionals as developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a form of neurodiversity that affects a persons physical coordination. […] There are a number of theories about the causes of dyspraxia, but ultimately it is a condition that a person has from birth as a result of a disruption in the way messages are transmitted between the brain and the body, which affects their fine and/or gross motor coordination. […] Its important to note that dyspraxia is something you are born with, and you cannot develop it as a result of a brain injury or illness. […] Adults with dyspraxia often encounter difficulties with fine motor skills, spatial awareness, organisation, and planning, leading to a range of challenges in their personal and professional lives.

• #33 Neuroimaging Findings for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Adults: Critical Evaluation and Future Directions | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70459

  Impaired motor skills in DCDAs, crucial for daily activities, have been found to be associated with lower quality of life satisfaction, difficulties with sleep, higher levels of fatigue, low self-esteem, depression, higher anxiety, difficulties with interpersonal relationships, negative outcomes of education and employment, low participation in daily life and negative consequences, but a greater ability to use coping strategies than earlier in life. […] DCD, similar to other neurodevelopmental disorders, poses a public health concern, but the neuropathological mechanisms underlying DCD are unknown. […] DCD manifests as a complex neurodevelopmental disorder in DCDAs. DCDAs unresolved motor problems from childhood persist into adulthood and are associated with functional and structural brain abnormalities.

• #34 Developmental Coordination Disorder | Behaviour Help

  https://behaviourhelp.com/a-z-conditions-disorders/developmental-coordination-disorder

  Developmental Coordination disorder (DCD) is also referred to as Dyspraxia and is defined as a disorder which affects a wide range of sensory or motor skills, encompassing both movement and coordination. […] DCD is present across the lifetime, with symptoms first emerging in childhood. DCD can also co-occur with other diagnosis, particularly Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Dyslexia. […] The motor skills deficit in Criterion A significantly and persistently interferes with activities of daily living appropriate to chronological age (e.g., self-care and self-maintenance) and impacts academic/school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure, and play. […] The difficulties associated with DCD are multi-factorial and can affect a range of everyday living skills, impacting education, extra-curricular activities and employment.

• #35 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  The right superior parietal lobule is responsible for accurate motor task performance. […] Developmental dyspraxia initially presents with poor motor coordination and clumsiness in completing age-appropriate motor tasks. […] Neurodevelopmental tasks aim to tune the nervous system to the environment. […] Motor development disturbances may bias an individual’s perception of the environment and their body’s boundaries. […] The condition’s effect on a child’s development is critical.

• #36 Dyspraxia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/dyspraxia-developmental-co-ordination-disorder

  Dyspraxia can cause social and emotional difficulties as well as problems with self-organisation. […] Dyspraxia is not an illness and it won’t get worse in the way that some illnesses do. However, because it can affect children in different ways at different stages in their lives, it may have more impact at some stages than at others. […] If dyspraxia is diagnosed and treated as early as possible in a child’s life, they will have a greater chance of improvement. […] Some children with dyspraxia will continue to have difficulties with co-ordination, organisation and learning as adults.

• #37 Developmental dyspraxia/developmental coordination disorder (DCD) resources | Tertiary Education Commission

  https://www.tec.govt.nz/oritetanga-learner-success/new-oritetanga-tertiary-success-for-everyone/resources-to-help-support-your-learners/neurodiversity-resources/dyspraxia-developmental-coordination-disorder-resources

  Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as developmental dyspraxia in Aotearoa New Zealand, is a neurodivergent condition affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] Dyspraxia/DCD is distinct from other motor disorders such as cerebral palsy and stroke. The range of intellectual ability of people with dyspraxia/DCD is similar to the general population. Dyspraxia/DCD persists into adulthood, but the negative impacts can be minimised with effective strategies and support. […] Individuals may vary widely in how their difficulties present. This may change over time depending on environmental demands (eg, starting off in tertiary education or training; examination times; the type of course they are taking; the demands of that course; the type of assignments given) and life experiences.

• #38 Case Study | Personal Journeys of Living with Dyspraxia

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/care/case-study-personal-journeys-living-dyspraxia/

  Dyspraxia, also known as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), is a neurological condition that affects motor coordination and planning. It impacts a person’s ability to perform movements smoothly, affecting tasks like writing, tying shoelaces, or even more complex activities such as riding a bike or playing sports. Unlike other motor disabilities, dyspraxia doesn’t result from muscle problems but rather from how the brain processes and coordinates movement. […] The exact cause of dyspraxia isn’t fully understood, but it is thought to involve differences in how the brain processes information and coordinates physical actions. It may have a genetic component, and it is often diagnosed in childhood, though it can persist into adulthood. […] Dyspraxia often affects executive functioning, making it hard to plan, prioritise or complete tasks on time. Individuals might struggle with understanding how long activities take, leading to lateness or incomplete work.

• #39 WHAT IS DYSPRAXIA/DCD?

  https://ceril.net/index.php/articulos?id=569

  Children with multiple conditions are at greatest risk for developing behavioral difficulties over time. […] DSM-5 classifies DCD as a discrete motor disorder under the broader heading of neurodevelopmental disorders. […] The specific DSM-5 criteria for DCD are as follows: Acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills are below what would be expected at a given chronologic age and opportunity for skill learning and use; difficulties are manifested as clumsiness (eg, dropping or bumping into objects) and as slowness and inaccuracy of performance of motor skills (eg, catching an object, using scissors, handwriting, riding a bike, or participating in sports). […] The motor skills deficit significantly or persistently interferes with activities of daily living appropriate to the chronologic age (eg, self-care and self-maintenance) and impacts academic/school productivity, prevocational and vocational activities, leisure, and play.

• #40 WHAT IS DYSPRAXIA/DCD?

  https://ceril.net/index.php/articulos?id=569

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as Dyspraxia in the UK and Ireland, is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] DCD is distinct from other motor disorders such as cerebral palsy and stroke. […] An individuals co-ordination difficulties may affect participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment. […] Many of these difficulties will continue on into adulthood while they also struggle with learning some independent living skills, driving a car and managing education and employment. […] There may be a range of co-occurring difficulties which can also have serious negative impacts on daily life, these include social emotional difficulties, challenges with planning and organisation, as well as problems with time management, all of which may impact an adult’s education or employment experience.

• #41 WHAT IS DYSPRAXIA/DCD?

  https://ceril.net/index.php/articulos?id=569

  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), also known as Dyspraxia in the UK and Ireland, is a common disorder affecting fine and/or gross motor coordination in children and adults. […] DCD is distinct from other motor disorders such as cerebral palsy and stroke. […] An individuals co-ordination difficulties may affect participation and functioning of everyday life skills in education, work and employment. […] Many of these difficulties will continue on into adulthood while they also struggle with learning some independent living skills, driving a car and managing education and employment. […] There may be a range of co-occurring difficulties which can also have serious negative impacts on daily life, these include social emotional difficulties, challenges with planning and organisation, as well as problems with time management, all of which may impact an adult’s education or employment experience.

• #42 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Symptoms can manifest in a myriad of ways which is why case-by-case examination is needed to identify the unique challenges and strengths that someone presents. […] Dyspraxia can exist on its own, but if you have it, there are a number of other conditions which can co-occur alongside, such as: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Dyslexia, Autism, Dyscalculia (a condition which causes difficulty learning or understanding maths), Depression or anxiety. […] Dyspraxia’s concurrence with autism and ADHD is quite high because it is part of the neurodiversity paradigm.

• #43 Key Things You Need To Know About Dyspraxia In Adults – Augmentive

  https://augmentive.io/blog/dyspraxia-adults

  Symptoms can manifest in a myriad of ways which is why case-by-case examination is needed to identify the unique challenges and strengths that someone presents. […] Dyspraxia can exist on its own, but if you have it, there are a number of other conditions which can co-occur alongside, such as: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Dyslexia, Autism, Dyscalculia (a condition which causes difficulty learning or understanding maths), Depression or anxiety. […] Dyspraxia’s concurrence with autism and ADHD is quite high because it is part of the neurodiversity paradigm.

• #44 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  The importance of early diagnosis In school, children with poor fine motor skills such as handwriting and scissor skills are typically picked up in the early school grades. However, children that exhibit ADHD and DCD are often not picked up, as the teachers are more preoccupied with the inattention and/or hyperactivity behaviors and overlook the fine motor issues. […] In Sweden, the term DAMPdeficit of attention, motor planning, and perceptionis used to describe the combination of ADHD and DCD. […] We know that ADHD rarely occurs alone and that most children with ADHD will have at least one other diagnosis such as dyslexia, anxiety, sleep disorder, and so forth. About fifty percent of children diagnosed with ADHD will have co-occurring DCD but many go unrecognized. […] It is important to recognize these motor difficulties because children with DCD are more likely to develop academic and behavioral problems, demonstrate low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety, and they are at greater risk of becoming overweight.

• #45 Diagnostic criteria for Dyspraxia

  https://dyspraxiauk.com/diagnostic-criteria

  Coordinated motor skills difficulties cause significant and persistent limitations in functioning (e.g., in activities of daily living, school work, and vocational and leisure activities). […] The effects of dyspraxia are different from person to person, and usually include sensory processing difficulties (e.g. hypersensitive to sound, light or touch) and several, or most of the following: […] Depression is common in adults with dyspraxia. […] On the other hand, people with Dyspraxia are often intelligent, creative, good problem solvers, direct in speech, original thinkers, hard working and, if their needs are met and have a lot to offer a school, college or work place.

• #46 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  The importance of early diagnosis In school, children with poor fine motor skills such as handwriting and scissor skills are typically picked up in the early school grades. However, children that exhibit ADHD and DCD are often not picked up, as the teachers are more preoccupied with the inattention and/or hyperactivity behaviors and overlook the fine motor issues. […] In Sweden, the term DAMPdeficit of attention, motor planning, and perceptionis used to describe the combination of ADHD and DCD. […] We know that ADHD rarely occurs alone and that most children with ADHD will have at least one other diagnosis such as dyslexia, anxiety, sleep disorder, and so forth. About fifty percent of children diagnosed with ADHD will have co-occurring DCD but many go unrecognized. […] It is important to recognize these motor difficulties because children with DCD are more likely to develop academic and behavioral problems, demonstrate low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety, and they are at greater risk of becoming overweight.

• #47 What Is Dyspraxia?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/dyspraxia

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects physical coordination. […] Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a condition in which children do not develop appropriate motor abilities for their age. […] Dyspraxia’s actual etiology is unknown, and there may be more than one. It could be related to differences in the way neurons in the brain form, which impacts the communication of the brain with the rest of the body. […] Coordinated movement is a complex process involving different nerves and various parts of the brain. Any miscommunication in this process could lead to movement and coordination difficulties. […] Dyspraxia has no bearing on the level of intelligence. […] Dyspraxia is a problem of developmental coordination. General and fine motor abilities and cognitive abilities are all affected by this lifelong disorder. […] Dyspraxia does not have a cure, but it can be effectively controlled. […] Dyspraxia can make driving difficult because it impairs gross and fine motor skills, decision-making, navigation, the ability to physically handle the vehicle, and the ability to judge speed and distance.

• #48 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the planning and coordination of fine and gross motor skills. […] Dyspraxia can cause life-long challenges with memory, judgment, perception, information processing, and other cognitive skills. […] Another term for this condition is developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia can also affect a persons ability to participate in activities like team sports, or self-care routines like shaving and applying makeup. This is because dyspraxia affects balance, coordination, and motor planning. […] For these reasons, receiving the right support and accommodations is essential for people with dyspraxia. Ongoing dyspraxia symptoms may become more manageable when an effective treatment plan is in place. […] According to the Dyspraxia Foundation, The best way to treat dyspraxia is to find the most effective therapy to address each symptom. […] Dyspraxia can be diagnosed or identified by a medical doctor. Other professionals may also assess and treat developmental coordination disorder.

• #49 Case Study | Personal Journeys of Living with Dyspraxia

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/care/case-study-personal-journeys-living-dyspraxia/

  The challenges of living with dyspraxia can have a profound emotional and psychological impact, including low self-esteem, social interactions difficulties, and emotional well-being issues. […] Dyspraxia can create unpredictable challenges, but individuals often become highly adaptable, learning to switch approaches when faced with obstacles. […] Early identification and intervention are crucial in addressing dyspraxia. When children receive help early on, they can develop coping strategies and receive the support needed to build their confidence and skills. […] Managing dyspraxia requires lifelong learning, as individuals continually develop and refine coping mechanisms to handle challenges in different settings.

• #50 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  Occupational and physical therapists (OTs and PTs) are educated and trained in analyzing motor skill development and in determining the ability of a child to cope with the demands and activities of everyday life. […] These recommendations may include strategies or accommodations to assist with tasks at home, at school, or in the community; modifications to the child’s environment, ways to promote physical activity and increase participation, guidelines on choosing community leisure and sports activities that are matched to the child’s interest and abilities; and assistance with setting appropriate expectations to ensure success. […] If a child is experiencing particular difficulties or demonstrating secondary emotional and behavioral problems, the therapist may work individually with a child. […] An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) may be needed for some, while others may benefit from simple classroom support using the MATCH approach.

• #51 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  Occupational and physical therapists (OTs and PTs) are educated and trained in analyzing motor skill development and in determining the ability of a child to cope with the demands and activities of everyday life. […] These recommendations may include strategies or accommodations to assist with tasks at home, at school, or in the community; modifications to the child’s environment, ways to promote physical activity and increase participation, guidelines on choosing community leisure and sports activities that are matched to the child’s interest and abilities; and assistance with setting appropriate expectations to ensure success. […] If a child is experiencing particular difficulties or demonstrating secondary emotional and behavioral problems, the therapist may work individually with a child. […] An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) may be needed for some, while others may benefit from simple classroom support using the MATCH approach.

• #52 Case Study | Personal Journeys of Living with Dyspraxia

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/care/case-study-personal-journeys-living-dyspraxia/

  The challenges of living with dyspraxia can have a profound emotional and psychological impact, including low self-esteem, social interactions difficulties, and emotional well-being issues. […] Dyspraxia can create unpredictable challenges, but individuals often become highly adaptable, learning to switch approaches when faced with obstacles. […] Early identification and intervention are crucial in addressing dyspraxia. When children receive help early on, they can develop coping strategies and receive the support needed to build their confidence and skills. […] Managing dyspraxia requires lifelong learning, as individuals continually develop and refine coping mechanisms to handle challenges in different settings.

• #53 Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603724/

  DCD’s etiology is not fully understood, but research has provided insights into potential factors contributing to the condition. […] For example, studies suggest that DCD may be related to abnormal neurological maturation processes, including the under-activation of motor learning-associated brain regions and altered development of motor and sensory pathways. […] Studies show that children with DCD tend to present with abnormal brain activation patterns and white matter connections on functional MRI. […] DCD is hypothesized to have a genetic predisposition. […] CDC arises from aberrant processes in various parts of the cerebral cortex. […] Cerebellar abnormalities have also been implicated, particularly structural variations like gray matter volume changes and altered activation patterns.

• #54 Neuroimaging Findings for Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in Adults: Critical Evaluation and Future Directions | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70459

  Approximately 75% of those diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) exhibit motor problems in adulthood. Neuroimaging studies promise to reveal the endophenotypes of mature brain systems affected by DCD. Neuroimaging results revealed: functional abnormalities in the prefrontal, frontal and occipital regions, superior parietal lobe and cerebellum; structural white matter abnormalities in the corticospinal tract, internal capsule and inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi; significantly reduced interhemispheric cortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex (hPMC); lack of increased hPMC activity during a motor imagery task and a reduced leftwards brain asymmetry for speech. These results suggest complex endophenotypes for adults with DCD (DCDAs). […] Until recently, motor-coordination difficulties in childhood were thought to be typically outgrown in adulthood. However, it is estimated that approximately 75% of those diagnosed with DCD will continue to exhibit motor problems into adulthood.

• #55 Pathogenetic Insights into Developmental Coordination Disorder Reveal Substantial Overlap with Movement Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/12/1625

  Our data show the association of 12 genes with DCD in the literature. These 12 DCD-associated genes are ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system throughout brain development and are mainly involved in cellular processes, neural signaling, and nervous system development. These results are supportive of a genetic substrate in a subgroup of patients with DCD. Furthermore, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of the DCD-associated genes overlap substantially (62%) with those of several movement disorders, including ataxia, chorea, dystonia and/or myoclonus. This implies that the genetic substrate of DCD could be regarded as part of a broader pathogenetic movement disorder spectrum.

• #56 Motor Disorders | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/motor-disorders/

  Some signs of dyspraxia include clumsiness, poor posture, poor handwriting, and low self esteem. […] Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia, or simply dyspraxia, is a chronic neurological disorder beginning in childhood. It is also known to affect planning of movements and coordination as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body. […] A diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is then reached only in the absence of other neurological impairments like cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinsons disease. […] The mechanism appears to involve dysfunction in neural circuits between the basal ganglia and related structures in the brain.

• #57 Case Study | Personal Journeys of Living with Dyspraxia

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/care/case-study-personal-journeys-living-dyspraxia/

  The challenges of living with dyspraxia can have a profound emotional and psychological impact, including low self-esteem, social interactions difficulties, and emotional well-being issues. […] Dyspraxia can create unpredictable challenges, but individuals often become highly adaptable, learning to switch approaches when faced with obstacles. […] Early identification and intervention are crucial in addressing dyspraxia. When children receive help early on, they can develop coping strategies and receive the support needed to build their confidence and skills. […] Managing dyspraxia requires lifelong learning, as individuals continually develop and refine coping mechanisms to handle challenges in different settings.

• #58 The Double Whammy: ADHD + DCD – CHADD

  https://chadd.org/attention-article/the-double-whammy-adhd-dcd/

  Occupational and physical therapists (OTs and PTs) are educated and trained in analyzing motor skill development and in determining the ability of a child to cope with the demands and activities of everyday life. […] These recommendations may include strategies or accommodations to assist with tasks at home, at school, or in the community; modifications to the child’s environment, ways to promote physical activity and increase participation, guidelines on choosing community leisure and sports activities that are matched to the child’s interest and abilities; and assistance with setting appropriate expectations to ensure success. […] If a child is experiencing particular difficulties or demonstrating secondary emotional and behavioral problems, the therapist may work individually with a child. […] An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) may be needed for some, while others may benefit from simple classroom support using the MATCH approach.

• #59 Dyspraxia in Adults: Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.expressable.com/learning-center/adults/dyspraxia-in-adults-signs-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Dyspraxia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the planning and coordination of fine and gross motor skills. […] Dyspraxia can cause life-long challenges with memory, judgment, perception, information processing, and other cognitive skills. […] Another term for this condition is developmental coordination disorder (DCD). […] Dyspraxia can also affect a persons ability to participate in activities like team sports, or self-care routines like shaving and applying makeup. This is because dyspraxia affects balance, coordination, and motor planning. […] For these reasons, receiving the right support and accommodations is essential for people with dyspraxia. Ongoing dyspraxia symptoms may become more manageable when an effective treatment plan is in place. […] According to the Dyspraxia Foundation, The best way to treat dyspraxia is to find the most effective therapy to address each symptom. […] Dyspraxia can be diagnosed or identified by a medical doctor. Other professionals may also assess and treat developmental coordination disorder.

• #60 Dyspraxia and Epilepsy – The Defeating Epilepsy Foundation

  https://www.defeatingepilepsy.org/living-with-epilepsy-series/dyspraxia-and-epilepsy/

  Dyspraxia is also significantly co-occurring with epilepsy, with one-third of children with active epilepsy being diagnosed with the condition. A possible explanation for the relationship between DCD and epilepsy includes gene deletion, precisely 16p11.2, a common genetic marker for neurodevelopmental disabilities. 16p11.2 mutations can generate varying levels of delays and impairments in terms of language, social skills, and maladaptive behaviors, including epilepsy and developmental coordination disorder, the latter of which is present in a significant portion of carriers, 32-58%. […] Further research directed toward exploring genetic and environmental causes is needed to understand the presence of epileptiform activity in the brains of individuals with developmental coordination disorder.

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