Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Fibromuscular dysplasia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352144

  In fibromuscular dysplasia, the muscle and fiber tissues in the arteries thicken, causing the arteries to narrow. This is called stenosis. Narrowed arteries can reduce blood flow to the organs, causing organ damage. The artery to the kidney is called the renal artery. Fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery is shown here, with a „string of beads” appearance. […] Symptoms of fibromuscular dysplasia depend on which artery or arteries are affected. Some people don’t have any symptoms. […] If the arteries to the kidneys are affected, common symptoms include: High blood pressure. Problems with how the kidneys work. […] If the arteries affected supply blood to the brain, symptoms might include: Headache. A pulsing feeling or ringing sound in your ears, called tinnitus. Dizziness. Sudden neck pain. Stroke or transient ischemic attack. […] Treatments are available to control symptoms and help prevent complications, such as stroke. But there is no cure for fibromuscular dysplasia.

• #2 Fibromuscular Dysplasia | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/fibromuscular-disease

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare blood vessel disorder characterized by abnormal fibrous cell growth in the walls of medium- and large-sized arteries, causing them to stiffen and weaken. This can lead to arterial narrowing (stenosis), reducing blood flow to vital organs and increasing the risk of serious complications, such as aneurysms. […] In some cases, fibromuscular disease does not cause symptoms and is detected through an imaging test performed for an unrelated reason. When noticeable symptoms occur, they can vary depending on the severity of the condition and which arteries are affected, such as: […] Symptoms can include headaches (migraine or nonmigraine), dizziness, ringing or whooshing sounds in the ears (pulsatile tinnitus), neck pain and vision problems. Additionally, if blood flow to the brain is disrupted, a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke may occur.

• #3 Fibromuscular Dysplasia | The Foundation to Advance Vascular Cures

  https://www.vascularcures.org/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD) is a medical condition that causes arteries to narrow, enlarge, or tear. FMD leads to other health problems depending on where and how it affects the arteries. […] Symptoms can vary depending on where FMD occurs or how it affects the arteries. […] Some people with fibromuscular dysplasia may not experience symptoms. Any signs and symptoms of FMD depend on which arteries are affected and if there is a narrowing, tearing, or enlargement in those arteries. […] If arteries in the kidneys become narrow or hardened, a person may develop: High blood pressure, Poor kidney function. […] If the arteries connected to the brain are affected, symptoms may include: Headache, Tinnitus (ringing in the ears), Sudden neck pain, Dizziness, Stroke or a mini-stroke called a transient ischemic attack (TIA).

• #4 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of fibromuscular dysplasia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-fibromuscular-dysplasia

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a noninflammatory, nonatherosclerotic disorder that leads to arterial stenosis, occlusion, aneurysm, dissection, and arterial tortuosity. These findings have been observed in nearly every arterial bed. The most frequently involved arteries are the renal and internal carotid arteries, followed by the vertebral, visceral, and external iliac arteries. Disease presentation may vary widely, depending upon the arterial segment involved and the severity of disease. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of FMD in adults are reviewed here. The treatment of FMD and the general evaluation for possible renovascular hypertension and stroke are discussed separately.

• #5 Fibromuscular Dysplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493204/

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare systemic vascular disease, affecting younger women and accounting for 10% to 20% of the cases of renal artery stenosis. FMD classically presents as renovascular hypertension but can also manifest as stroke in young adults. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for a long-term prognosis. […] FMD classically presents as renovascular hypertension but can also manifest as stroke in young adults. […] Hypertension, specifically resistant hypertension, is the most common presentation of renal FMD. Other features of renal FMD include renal artery dissection, flank pain, hematuria, renal infarct, hypokalemia from secondary hyperaldosteronism, and abdominal bruit. […] Diagnosis of renal artery FMD should prompt screening for associated carotid artery lesions to prevent catastrophic complications. Cranio-cervical FMD may be asymptomatic and found incidentally on imaging studies. Clinical manifestations include headache, pulsatile tinnitus, dizziness, cervical artery dissection, neck pain, stroke, Horner syndrome, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and carotid bruit.

• #6 Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD) and Arterial Dissection Clinic | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/heart/depts/fibromuscular-dysplasia-clinic

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is an uncommon vascular disease. Patients with FMD have abnormal cellular growth in the walls of their medium and large arteries. This can cause the arteries with the abnormal growth to look beaded. The arteries may also become narrow (stenosis) and in some cases may develop aneurysms (bulging) or dissections (artery tears). […] The majority (more than 90%) of patients with FMD are women. However, men can also have FMD, and those who do have a higher risk of complications such as aneurysms (bulging) or dissections (tears) in the arteries. […] Most patients follow-up in 6 months to 1 year or as needed. In some cases, patients may be referred for additional vascular procedures, such as angioplasty or vascular surgery or treatment of an aneurysm.

• #7 Fibromuscular dysplasia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromuscular_dysplasia

  Symptoms expressed by FMD patients are largely dependent on the vascular bed(s) affected by the disease. […] In a study from the United States Registry for Fibromuscular Dysplasia, the median age at first symptom was roughly 47 years. […] The main symptoms associated with renal FMD are secondary hypertension and bruits that can be heard with a stethoscope over the abdomen or flanks. […] Complications such as aneurysms, dissections, or occlusion of the renal artery have been associated with renal artery FMD. […] Patients with FMD in the carotid arteries typically present around 50 years of age. […] Symptoms of craniocervical involvement include headaches (mostly migraine), pulsatile tinnitus, dizziness, and neck pain, although patients are often asymptomatic. […] Patients with mesenteric, or intestinal, FMD may experience weight loss or abdominal pain after eating.

• #8 Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Renewed Awareness and New Insights Regarding an Orphan Disease

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2015/02/27/08/54/fibromuscular-dysplasia-renewed-awareness-and-new-insights

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) can manifest as arterial dilatation, stenosis, tortuosity (loops or bends), and beaded-appearing lesions, or even more serious complications such as aneurysm formation or arterial dissections. […] Recent findings from the registry show that FMD can present with a multitude of symptoms, depending on arterial involvement. These symptoms include hypertension (62.8%), headaches (52.4%), pulsatile tinnitus (27.5%), dizziness (26%), cervical bruit (22.2%), and neck pain (22.2%). […] A major problem regarding the care of patients with FMD is the gap in time that exists between onset of symptoms and diagnosis. From the U.S. registry, the mean length of time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 3.6 7.4 years; within a study from Paris, there was a nine-year delay in onset of hypertension and diagnosis in patients with multifocal renal artery FMD.

• #9 Sex and Gender Differences in Fibromuscular Dysplasia | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/sex-and-gender-differences-fibromuscular-dysplasia?language_content_entity=en

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory vascular disease that was once underrecognized and is significantly more prevalent in women than men. […] Complications of FMD can include hypertension, dissection, and stroke. […] Presentation may vary between the sexes, with male patients having an increased frequency of arterial dissection and aneurysms compared with female patients. […] Clinical manifestations vary among affected individuals. Common symptoms include hypertension, headache, pulsatile tinnitus, and dizziness. […] Men are more likely to have serious manifestations, including aneurysm and dissection. […] The most common manifestation of renal artery FMD is hypertension, whereas patients with carotid or vertebral FMD may present with headache, pulsatile tinnitus, transient ischemic attack, neck pain, dissection, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or stroke.

• #10 Fibromuscular Dysplasia | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  Symptoms of FMD vary depending on the arteries involved and how they are affected, including narrowing, dissections (tears) or aneurysms (artery bulges). Symptoms generally relate directly to the area being supplied by the diseased artery. For example, FMD in the renal arteries may cause high blood pressure. FMD in the carotid arteries may cause headaches (especially migraines), neck pain or pulsatile tinnitus (a swooshing sound in the ear). […] Some patients with FMD may have vague symptoms or no symptoms at all and are diagnosed incidentally (for example, when imaging of an artery is done for another reason and FMD is discovered).

• #11 Fibromuscular Dysplasia | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/surgery/services/vascular-surgery/conditions/arterial-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  A rare vascular disease, fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) can affect any artery in your body. The disease causes the blood vessel to narrow (stenosis), develop a bulge (aneurysm), and tear (dissection). Sometimes affected arteries look beaded. FMD generally appears in the arteries leading to the brain or the kidneys. If you are diagnosed with this condition, it may come as a surprise as most people have no symptoms. The condition is usually found by accident while doing an imaging test for something unrelated. […] You may not have any symptoms, but if you do, it will depend on what arteries are affected by the disease. If you have FMD in the arteries leading to your kidneys (renal), you may experience: High blood pressure, Tissue damage in your kidneys (ischemic renal atrophy), Flank pain, Shrinkage of the kidney, Chronic kidney failure (rare).

• #12 Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) | Kidney Care UK

  https://kidneycareuk.org/kidney-disease-information/kidney-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia-fmd/

  FMD does not always cause any symptoms, so it is hard to tell how many people are affected. […] Many people with FMD do not have any symptoms. For those who do, symptoms are usually linked to high blood pressure and include: headaches, breathlessness, blurred vision, sweating, chest pain, dizziness. […] Other symptoms may include: abdominal pain after eating, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), weakness or numbness in the face, cold hands and/or feet. […] FMD rarely causes kidney failure. […] The kidneys are the most common organ to be affected by FMD. A reduction in the blood supply to the kidneys leads to an increase in blood pressure, which can affect how well the kidney is able to work. […] FMD usually shows up as a string of beads on imaging tests of the arteries. […] If it affects the arteries in the neck, the blood supply to the brain may be reduced. This can cause problems ranging from face and neck pain to vision problems and an increased risk of stroke. […] If FMD affects the arteries that supply blood to the limbs, intestine, liver or spleen, it can cause pain and a change in normal function.

• #13 Fibromuscular Dysplasia Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  Symptoms of FMD vary based on the arteries where they are occurring. Many people have no symptoms. […] Some people with FMD have no symptoms. Symptoms depend on the blood vessels involved. […] Even without symptoms, FMD can lead to severe, even life-threatening, complications. It can narrow the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys and brain. […] Symptoms of FMD vary based on the arteries where they are occurring. Many people have no symptoms. […] Kidney (renal) artery FMD symptoms include high blood pressure, abnormal kidney function, flank pain, bruit, headaches, whooshing sounds or ringing in the ears, neck pain, lightheadedness, dizziness or vertigo, and a transient ischemic attack (TIA). […] Abdominal artery FMD symptoms include stomach pain after eating and weight loss.

• #14 Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Symptoms, Treatment, and Life Expectancy

  https://www.healthline.com/health/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  FMD doesnt always cause symptoms. When it does, the symptoms depend on which organs are affected. […] Symptoms of reduced blood flow to the kidneys include: side pain, high blood pressure, shrinkage of the kidney, abnormal kidney function when measured by a blood test. […] Symptoms of reduced blood flow to the brain include: headache, dizziness, neck pain, ringing or swooshing sound in ears, droopy eyelids, uneven-sized pupils, stroke or ministroke. […] Symptoms of reduced blood flow to the abdomen include: stomach pain after eating, unexplained weight loss. […] Symptoms of reduced blood flow to the arms and legs include: pain in the affected limb when walking or running, weakness or numbness, temperature or color changes in the affected limb. […] FMD is usually a life-long condition. However, researchers havent found any evidence that it decreases life expectancy, and many people with FMD live well into their 80s and 90s.

• #15 Symptoms – Fibromuscular Dysplasia

  https://www.fmd-eu.com/what-is-fmd/symptoms/

  Many patients with FMD have no symptoms or signs of the disease present during medical examination. […] When they are present, the signs and symptoms of FMD are dependent on the arteries involved, the organs they serve and the severity and type of lesion (stenosis, dissection or aneurysm). […] FMD-related stenosis of the renal arteries can cause hypertension. FMD of the neck arteries may be detected following investigation into migraine or a whooshing sound in the ears (pulsatile tinnitus). […] Symptoms and signs of FMD in relation to the affected arteries: FMD of the Renal Arteries: Hypertension (Blood Pressure 140/90 mmHg over repeated measurements) Abnormal kidney function (detected by blood test) A decrease in kidney size in one or both kidneys (renal atrophy) Flank pain (caused by a dissection or renal infarction).

• #16

  https://www.fmdsa.org/fmd-info/

  FMD of Renal Arteries (Kidney): High blood pressure [140/90 mmHg], Abnormal kidney function as detected on blood tests, Flank pain from dissection or infarction of the kidney, Kidney failure (rare), Atrophy (shrinkage) of the kidney. […] FMD of Carotid Arteries: Bruit (noise) heard in neck with stethoscope, Swooshing sound in ear, Ringing of the ears, Vertigo (room spinning), Dizziness, Headache, Transient ischemic attack, Stroke, Neck pain, Horners syndrome, Dissection. A person with severe carotid FMD causing severe narrowing or a tear in the carotid or vertebral artery may have neurologic symptoms involving the facial nerves (drooping of the eye lid, unequal size of the pupils, for example), stroke, or transient ischemic attack. […] FMD involving the arteries that supply the intestines, liver and spleen with blood (mesenteric arteries) can result in abdominal pain after eating and unintended weight loss. FMD in the arms and legs can cause limb discomfort with exercise or can lead to unequal blood pressure in the arms.

• #16

  https://www.fmdsa.org/fmd-info/

  Fibromuscular Dysplasia, commonly called FMD, is a disease that causes one or more arteries in the body to have abnormal cell development in the artery wall. As a result, areas of narrowing (called stenosis), aneurysms, or tears (called dissections) may occur. If narrowing or a tear causes a decrease in blood flow through the artery, symptoms may result. Many people with FMD do not have any symptoms or signs on physical examination and are diagnosed by accident during a radiology scan for another problem. […] The signs and/or symptoms that a person with FMD may experience depend on the arteries affected and whether there is evidence narrowing, tears, or aneurysms within those affected arteries. Any pain or clinical sign related to FMD typically comes from the organ that is supplied by that artery. For example, FMD in the renal arteries may cause high blood pressure. FMD in the carotid arteries may cause headaches or a swooshing sound in the ears (called pulsatile tinnitus). Some patients with FMD may have no symptoms at all but are diagnosed with this disease when a physician hears a noise over one of the arteries due to disturbed or turbulent blood flow within the vessel. This noise is known as a bruit.

• #17 FAQs about Fibromuscular Dysplasia

  https://www.massgeneral.org/vascular-center/treatments-and-services/faq-fibromuscular-dysplasia

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is the abnormal development or growth of cells in the walls of the bodys arteries. As a result of this growth, areas of the arteries can thicken, narrow and even enlarge, making it difficult for blood to flow through them. […] Depending on which arteries are affected, FMD can increase the risk of high blood pressure, impaired kidney function, aneurysm, stroke and other complications. FMD affects between 1-5% of Americans, typically women under age 50. […] Many people with FMD do not develop symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they depend on the location of the affected arteries. […] In the renal arteries, FMD can cause: High blood pressure, Shrinkage (atrophy) of the kidney, which is often painless, Impaired kidney function. […] In the carotid arteries, FMD can cause: Dizziness, Ringing in the ears, Headache, Blurred vision or temporary loss of vision, Neck pain, Stroke.

• #18 Fibromuscular dysplasia: Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  FMD can affect different arteries and cause a variety of signs and symptoms. […] A person with FMD may have no symptoms at all. Symptoms will usually depend on which arteries FMD has affected. […] A person who has FMD of a renal artery may have the following signs and symptoms: high blood pressure, pain in the sides, hematuria, or the presence of blood in the urine, disrupted or restricted blood supply to the kidneys, hypokalemia, or low levels of potassium in the blood, abdominal bruit, which is a swishing sound a doctor hears through a stethoscope that they place over the spleen, renal arteries, or abdominal aorta. […] A person who has FMD of the carotid arteries may have the following symptoms: high blood pressure, dizziness, headaches, tinnitus, chest pain, shortness of breath. […] FMD of the carotid arteries may indicate a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA), sometimes called a ministroke. The symptoms of a stroke or TIA are sudden: weakness and numbness, especially on one side of the body, slurred speech, facial droop on one side.

• #19 Fibromuscular Dysplasia | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/surgery/services/vascular-surgery/conditions/arterial-conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  If you have FMD in the arteries leading to your brain (carotid), you may have: Headache, Dizziness, Blurred vision or temporary loss of vision, Pulsating ringing in your ears (pulsile tinnitus), Neck pain, Facial weakness or numbness. […] If FMD is affecting the arteries in your abdomen, you may experience: Abdominal pain after eating, Unintended weight loss. […] If it is in the arteries leading to your heart, you may have chest pain or, less often, a heart attack. You might also experience: Dizziness, Headache, Neck pain, Ringing in the ears (pulsatile tinnitus), Sense that the room is spinning (vertigo), Swooshing sound in your ear, Stroke, Transient ischemic attack. […] There is no known cure for FDM, but we can manage your symptoms. At Mount Sinai, we treat FMD with a combination of medication and surgical procedures. We use medicines to: Prevent stroke and heart attack (e.g., aspirin), Treat high blood pressure, Stop the narrowing of your blood vessels (e.g., angiotensin II receptor blockers), Remove excess fluid from your body (e.g., diuretics), Relax your blood vessels with calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine or nifedipine), Slow your heartbeat and block adrenaline with beta blockers (e.g., metroprolol or atenolol). […] We might also use minimally invasive procedures to open up the artery. Angioplasty does this with a balloon while stent placement uses a mesh tube (called a stent).

• #20 Fibromuscular Dysplasia and Stroke

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/stroke/fibromuscular-dysplasia-and-stroke/31615/

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is an idiopathic, noninflammatory, nonatherosclerotic vascular disease of small- to medium-sized arteries. […] The clinical presentation of FMD depends on the affected vascular bed. In all locations, the 3 most common presenting symptoms include hypertension, headache, and pulsatile tinnitus. The most common presenting symptom of cerebrocervical FMD is pulsatile tinnitus, often described as whooshing in the ear. A carotid bruit may often be auscultated on physical exam, correlating with turbulent flow in the affected cervical arteries. In those affected by cerebrovascular FMD, 70% have headaches, with 30% or more characterized as migraine. People with cerebrocervical FMD may also be diagnosed concomitantly with cervical artery dissection, presenting with or without transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.

• #21 Fibromuscular Dysplasia and Stroke

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/stroke/fibromuscular-dysplasia-and-stroke/31615/

  The observed natural history of FMD in asymptomatic incidentally diagnosed cases is relatively benign. However, in some cases the initial diagnosis of FMD is made in the setting of stroke, which as a manifestation of FMD, is most often because of concomitant cervical artery dissection (CeAD). Compared with the general population, FMD is associated with a higher prevalence of intracranial aneurysms, particularly in women. […] The most common neurologic manifestation of FMD is migraine. Nearly 80% of individuals with cerebrocervical FMD report headaches, most commonly migraine. […] Cervical artery dissection (CeAD) presents with stroke or TIA in approximately 70% of cases, and typically occurs in the first few weeks postdissection. […] The incidence of stroke or TIA is often latent to arterial injury because the intramural hematoma expands and risk of intraluminal thromboembolism rises. As the vessel heals over weeks to months the risk of stroke decreases with an estimated long-term risk of recurrence ranging in incidence from 1% to 3%. […] The incidence of stroke in FMD is primarily associated with CeAD and can be managed conservatively with antiplatelet therapy and avoidance of high-risk cervical exertion.

• #22 Symptoms – Fibromuscular Dysplasia

  https://www.fmd-eu.com/what-is-fmd/symptoms/

  FMD of Neck Arteries (Carotid and Vertebral): Bruit (Vascular murmur) detected by auscultation (listening with a stethoscope) Pulsatile tinnitus (a whooshing sound synchronized with heartbeat) Vertigo /Dizziness Headache/Migraine Short term paralysis (TIA Transient Ischaemic Attack) Stroke (CVA, Cerebrovascular Accident) Neck pain (caused by a dissection) Horners syndrome (a drooping eyelid, and constricted pupil, in cases of dissection). […] Patients diagnosed with FMD are also at a higher risk of cerebral aneurysm. A ruptured aneurysm can be at the origin of bleeding, with possible serious consequences or even death. […] FMD of Digestive Arteries (Mesenteric): Pain after eating (postprandial pain) Unexplained or unintended weight loss. […] FMD of the Arm and Leg Arteries (rare): Differences in BP readings taken from each arm Pain in legs after walking/exercise (intermittent claudication).

• #23

• #24 Fibromuscular Dysplasia and Stroke

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-jan/fibromuscular-dysplasia-and-stroke

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is an idiopathic, noninflammatory, nonatherosclerotic vascular disease of small- to medium-sized arteries. […] The clinical presentation of FMD depends on the affected vascular bed. In all locations, the 3 most common presenting symptoms include hypertension, headache, and pulsatile tinnitus. The most common presenting symptom of cerebrocervical FMD is pulsatile tinnitus, often described as whooshing in the ear. A carotid bruit may often be auscultated on physical exam, correlating with turbulent flow in the affected cervical arteries. In those affected by cerebrovascular FMD, 70% have headaches, with 30% or more characterized as migraine. People with cerebrocervical FMD may also be diagnosed concomitantly with cervical artery dissection, presenting with or without transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.

• #25 Fibromuscular Dysplasia and Stroke

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-jan/fibromuscular-dysplasia-and-stroke

  The median age for incidence of CeAD is in the early 40s, although people with FMD and other connective tissue vasculopathies may be at higher risk in younger ages. Stroke and TIA are associated with CeAD in approximately 70% of cases, and typically occur in the first few weeks postdissection. […] Occurrence of ischemic stroke in individuals with FMD in the absence of associated CeAD or other thromboembolic mechanism remains controversial. Nonetheless, management of acute stroke in patients with FMD should follow standard stroke guidelines. […] Asymptomatic FMD when discovered incidentally has a favorable natural history.

• #26 Carotid Artery Fibromuscular Dysplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538199/

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) of the carotid artery is a non-atherosclerotic and noninflammatory disease that can lead to stenosis and/or aneurysm of medium-sized arteries. FMD most commonly affects middle-aged women; however, it can affect anyone of any age and gender. […] Patients may either be symptomatic or asymptomatic and can vary depending on the involvement of the arterial segment. Most common symptoms are similar to atherosclerotic disease including transient ischemic attack, stroke, and hypertension. Nonspecific symptoms include dizziness, headaches, tinnitus, chest pain and shortness of breath. […] FMD can lead to many complications; however, they only occur in approximately 10% of cases. One such complication is carotid artery dissection leading to ruptures. Others include involvement of the arterial lumen causing a decrease in perfusion and the formation of thrombi which could lead to distal embolization. […] Because the disease has no cure and is progressive, life long follows up is recommended. Often patients require multiple procedures to dilate the blood vessels, but eventually, some patients do develop end-stage renal disease, stroke, and manifestations of peripheral vascular disease.

• #27 Fibromuscular Dysplasia | The Foundation to Advance Vascular Cures

  https://www.vascularcures.org/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  FMD can affect the mesenteric arteries (arteries that connect to the intestines), liver, and spleen, but this is usually less common. If FMD is found in these arteries, people may experience: Abdominal pain after eating, Unexplained or unplanned weight loss. […] FMD in the arms and legs can lead to symptoms such as: Limb discomfort or pain (especially after exercise), Unequal blood pressures in the arms. […] FMD in the heart: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection, or tearing of the coronary artery, especially in women that recently gave birth.

• #28 FAQs about Fibromuscular Dysplasia

  https://www.massgeneral.org/vascular-center/treatments-and-services/faq-fibromuscular-dysplasia

  In the mesenteric arteries, FMD can cause: Abdominal pain after eating, Unintended weight loss. […] In the arteries of the arms and legs, FMD can cause: Discomfort in the affected limb(s) when walking /running. […] Although FMD can be managed successfully, it can reoccur in some patients. For this reason, people with FMD should continue to be monitored by their physicians even after interventional or surgical treatments are completed.

• #29 What Is Fibromuscular Dysplasia? Learn About the Symptoms, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-fibromuscular-dysplasia

  Arteries that supply blood to the intestines. FMD in these arteries can lead to pain after eating and weight loss, but you probably wont have severe symptoms. […] Fibromuscular dysplasia in the arteries of the extremities. Often, you will experience symptoms when you exercise. You will experience pain or blood clotting in the affected limbs. […] The arteries that supply blood to your heart. This type of FMD causes chest pain and heart attacks.

• #30 Fibromuscular dysplasia of mesenteric arteries: a rare cause of multiple bowel resections—a case report and literature review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01702-y

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a type of unexplained nonatherosclerotic vascular disease that usually involves the renal and internal carotid arteries and rarely involves the mesenteric artery. Mesenteric artery FMD is difficult to distinguish from Crohns disease (CD) and Behcets disease (BD) solely based on symptoms. Patients with mesenteric artery FMD can present with an acute abdomen, but case reports of patients who have a long medical history and undergo multiple bowel resections are extremely rare. […] Clinical symptoms of mesenteric FMD, including postprandial abdominal pain, incomplete intestinal obstruction, multiple or focal ulcers of the intestinal mucosa, abdominal distension, and abdominal vascular murmur, with or without fever, are difficult to distinguish from those of CD and BD. Notably, FMD of the mesenteric arteries can lead to multiple bowel resections. However, case reports of patients who have a long medical history and undergo repeated enterectomies are extremely rare.

• #31 Fibromuscular dysplasia of mesenteric arteries: a rare cause of multiple bowel resections—a case report and literature review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01702-y

  FMD involving the mesenteric arteries is fairly rare, and the clinical manifestations of the disease can be postprandial abdominal pain, mesenteric ischaemia, abdominal distension, abdominal vascular murmur, and multiple intestinal mucosa or focal ulcers. Furthermore, continuous or disordered adventitial and periadventitial smooth muscle proliferation can be seen in the histopathological examination of the involved mesenteric arteries and submucosa. It is worth noting that patients with FMD of the mesenteric artery can present with an acute abdomen, but case reports of patients who have a long medical history and undergo multiple bowel resections are rare. […] For patients with mesenteric artery FMD, which usually involves multiple vessels in other organs, surgery may be the best choice to improve the patients quality of life.

• #32 Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD) | The Texas Heart Institute®

  https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/fibromuscular-dysplasia-fmd/

  Brain arteries (Carotid and vertebral arteries): Dizziness, Headache, neck pain, Blurred vision or temporary loss of vision, Pulsating ringing in your ears (tinnitus), Facial weakness or numbness, Signs of stroke or transient ischemic attack. […] Heart arteries (Coronary arteries): Chest pain, Heart attack (rare). […] Abdominal arteries (Mesenteric, celiac, hepatic arteries): Abdominal pain after eating, Unintended weight loss. […] Arteries leading to your extremities (Peripheral arteries): Discomfort when moving your arms, legs, hands or feet, Cold limbs, Weakness, Changes in color or appearance of skin, Numbness.

• #33 Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/fibromuscular-dysplasia-7090721

  FMD symptoms caused by the mesentery arteries that supply the intestines, liver, or spleen may include: Unexplained weight loss, Abdominal pain after eating. […] FMD symptoms caused by arteries in the arms and legs can cause: Arm or leg discomfort with exercise, Unequal blood pressure readings in the arms. […] In some cases, people with FMD have no physical symptoms upon examination.

• #34 Fibromuscular Dysplasia Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  Arm and leg artery symptoms include pain with exercise, a lack of blood flow to the limbs, and discoloration of the fingertips. […] Heart (coronary) artery symptoms include chest pain, heart attack, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). […] Carotid and vertebral artery FMD symptoms include headaches, ringing in the ears, and dizziness.

• #35 Symptoms – Fibromuscular Dysplasia

  https://www.fmd-eu.com/what-is-fmd/symptoms/

  FMD of the Coronary Arteries (the arteries that serve the heart): FMD may be the cause of a dissection (tear) of the coronary arteries. This may cause a reduction in the blood flow which can cause chest pain and even heart attack. Recent studies suggest a high number of women who present with a Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD), often in the absence of other cardiovascular risk factors, suffer from undiagnosed FMD. However, SCAD remains a rare event amongst those primarily diagnosed with FMD. Therefore, screening for Coronary FMD in patients without angina (chest pain) is not recommended.

• #36

  https://www.fmdsa.org/fmd-info/

  FMD can affect the arteries of the heart also called the coronary arteries. Similar to FMD in other arteries, FMD of the coronary arteries can cause abnormal areas of narrowing (stenosis) or tearing (called dissection). Both stenosis and dissection from FMD can lead to reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries, which can cause chest pain or in some people very rarely it can cause heart attack. […] Recently, studies have shown that a high percentage of women who were healthy and who have a sudden tearing of a coronary artery (called Sudden Coronary Artery Dissection or „SCAD”) probably have undiagnosed FMD. SCAD was previously thought to be a separate condition to FMD, but now we are starting to understand that many people have FMD as the main reason for their coronary tear.

• #37 Fibromuscular Dysplasia | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/fibromuscular-disease

  Common warning signs include chest pain and shortness of breath. If blood supply to the heart is significantly reduced, a heart attack may occur. […] The most common symptom is hypertension; in severe cases, reduced blood flow to the kidneys may lead to kidney damage or failure. […] If left untreated, fibromuscular dysplasia can lead to life-threatening complications that warrant emergency medical attention. […] Rapid-onset chest pain and shortness of breath […] Pulsatile tinnitus […] Abrupt spike in high blood pressure (hypertensive crisis) that does not respond to treatment […] Sudden severe headache, confusion or weakness. […] While fibromuscular disease can often be managed with treatment, the condition can have several complications and long-term effects. […] FMD can weaken the arterial walls, increasing the risk of aneurysms.

• #38 Fibromuscular Dysplasia | UK Kidney Association

  https://www.ukkidney.org/rare-renal/patient-information-0/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  There isnt consensus on whether spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is linked to FMD or a separate condition. FMD can be seen in SCAD, it is even very rare to have a SCAD when you have FMD. Symptoms may include: Chest pain, Shortness of breath, Sweating, Nausea. […] If FMD affects the arteries in the neck that supply the brain, this can give rise to neurological problems including stroke, facial and neck pain, tinnitus and visual disturbance. Likewise, artery damage in heart, limbs and intestines disrupt normal function and may give rise to pain. […] FMD is much more common in middle-aged women, but it can occur across the lifespan of both sexes, and very rarely can affect children.

• #39 Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Renewed Awareness and New Insights Regarding an Orphan Disease

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2015/02/27/08/54/fibromuscular-dysplasia-renewed-awareness-and-new-insights

  Recent findings have reported a correlation between FMD and spontaneous coronary artery dissection. These studies illustrated a high occurrence of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) patients with FMD in multiple vascular beds, including the renal, carotid, and iliac arteries. […] There is also a need for increased awareness of FMD and its symptoms to reduce the delay to diagnosis that currently exists so that FMD patients can receive quality care from providers familiar with this uncommon disease.

• #40 Fibromuscular Dysplasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493204/

  Long-term data regarding prognosis in fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is lacking. The American Heart Association states that progression in FMD is unusual, and moreover, it is challenging to accurately assess progressive stenosis. Currently, it is believed that FMD is a benign disorder that is incidentally discovered. Of all the vessels, however, involvement of the cranial nerves carries a grim prognosis in young people. Finally, the disorder is also involved in the dissection of the arteries, which can turn out to be catastrophic.

• #41

• #42 Fibromuscular Dysplasia Treatment & Therapies | FMD Treatment & Management Program in Northeast Ohio | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/vascular-disease/fibromuscular-dysplasia-program/fibromuscular-dysplasia-treatment-and-management

  Two of the most common symptoms affecting patients with FMD are headaches (both migraine and non-migraine type) and pulsatile tinnitus (swooshing sound in ears). For many patients, these symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. […] In general, it is thought that FMD is not a rapidly progressive disease. This means that for most patients, the disease and its symptoms do not tend to worsen over time. Rarely, a patient may develop worsening or new symptoms, and there is a risk of developing a dissection (tear) of an artery over time.

• #43 FAQ on Fibromuscular Dysplasia | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/heart/services/fibromuscular-dysplasia/faqs

  Many patients live long lives with FMD, CvAD, or SCAD; however, as with many diseases, the prognosis depends on catching the disease early. […] To the best of our knowledge, the disease does not appear to progress. However, while a “string of beads” does not progress, other events such as a new dissection may occur. […] Many of the symptoms of FMD (such as high blood pressure, migraine headache, and dizziness) are nonspecific, meaning they can also occur in a large number of other conditions. Some patients have no symptoms at all, thus delaying diagnosis.

• #44 Fibromuscular Dysplasia and Stroke

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-jan/fibromuscular-dysplasia-and-stroke

  The observed natural history of FMD in asymptomatic incidentally diagnosed cases is relatively benign. However, in some cases the initial diagnosis of FMD is made in the setting of stroke, which as a manifestation of FMD, is most often because of concomitant cervical artery dissection (CeAD). Compared with the general population, FMD is associated with a higher prevalence of intracranial aneurysms, particularly in women. […] The most common neurologic manifestation of FMD is migraine. Nearly 80% of individuals with cerebrocervical FMD report headaches, most commonly migraine. […] Cervical Artery Dissection (CeAD). The definition of CeAD is the presence of a mural hematoma in the wall of a cervical (carotid or vertebral) artery resulting from either an intimal tear or direct bleeding within the wall secondary to a ruptured vasa vasorum.

• #45 Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17001-fibromuscular-dysplasia-fmd

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is an uncommon medical condition involving abnormal cell growth in artery walls. The symptoms of FMD vary, depending on the arteries affected (examples include migraines and blood pressure problems). Severe cases can lead to aneurysm and stroke. […] The signs of FMD depend on the arteries affected. Some people with mild cases might not have any symptoms at all. Others might experience symptoms caused by restricted blood flow, such as: […] FMD can cause serious medical problems, such as: […] Many people with FMD have a normal life expectancy. But rarely, an aneurysm can burst and bleed, leading to stroke, permanent nerve damage and sometimes death.

• #46 FAQ’s – Fibromuscular Dysplasia

  https://www.fmd-be.be/faqs/

  The typical patient profile is . a woman aged between 20 and 40 years, diagnosed with hypertension, in the absence of being overweight or a family history of hypertension. Women with FMD often complain of headaches/migraine and pulsatile tinnitus (a whooshing sound) which could signal a cerebrovascular (head/neck arteries) form of FMD. […] The average age at diagnosis of FMD is around 50 yrs. […] It is thought that patients with FMD who smoke may suffer more severe arterial lesions. It is also felt that smoking may increase the risk of progression in existing FMD. […] In the majority of cases, FMD is stable, and if it does progress, it does so slowly. In a minority of cases most notably, but not exclusively in the case of FMD in children and young adults, there can be a rapid progression of the FMD lesions, with sometimes dramatic complications. […] Bilateral renal artery (affecting both renal arteries) or focal FMD (one or several isolated stenosis, not the string of beads type) seem more likely to progress.

• #47 Fibromuscular dysplasia | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-2-28

  The most common clinical presentation of FMD is renovascular hypertension secondary to renal artery involvement. Renal artery stenosis due to FMD may be associated with all stages of hypertension, but it is most commonly detected in patients with stage 2-3 hypertension, or abrupt onset or resistant hypertension, since these are the individuals who undergo the most comprehensive etiological examinations. FMD may be complicated by renal artery dissection and kidney infarction with abrupt flank pain, hematuria and rapidly progressive hypertension. […] Renal artery FMD, mainly of focal or tubular types, may progress to more severe stenosis and rarely to renal artery occlusion. Multivessel FMD may be rapidly progressive, particularly in young children, sometimes in a familial context. Overall, progression of arterial lesions is considered less severe in FMD than in atherosclerotic renal artery stenoses.

• #48 Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Renewed Awareness and New Insights Regarding an Orphan Disease

  https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2015/02/27/08/54/fibromuscular-dysplasia-renewed-awareness-and-new-insights

  Although FMD is not typically a life-threatening disease, the wide array of symptoms can be debilitating and serious. Approximately one in five patients in the registry experienced at least one dissection, of which 72.7% were located in the extracranial carotid arteries. […] Just under 40% of FMD patients have experienced a major vascular event (defined as death, dissection, myocardial infarction [MI], coronary revascularization, transient ischemic attack, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage [SAH], mesenteric ischemia, or renal infarction) upon enrollment in the registry. […] The genetic mechanism underlying FMD is a focus of ongoing research studies in the U.S. and France. Assessment of plasma levels and dermal fibroblasts from 47 individuals with FMD revealed an association with elevated expression of transcription growth factors TGF-1 and TGF-2.

• #49 Fibromuscular dysplasia: Advances in understanding and management | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/11_suppl_2/s45

  Several key findings in recent years have reshaped our understanding of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), an uncommon nonatherosclerotic disease of medium-sized arteries that affects mainly women. […] The disease can affect medium-sized vessels throughout the body. In addition to the typical string-of-beads appearance or focal lesions, manifestations include arterial tortuosity, aneurysm, and dissection. […] The location of diseased segments determines symptoms, which commonly include hypertension, headache, and pulsatile tinnitus. […] The diagnosis of FMD should be suspected in the case of young or middle-aged women presenting with migraine headaches, pulsatile tinnitus, or hypertension and for women with cervical bruits without typical risk factors for atherosclerotic disease. […] A US Registry report notes that FMD patients with a history of smoking had a statistically significant higher rate of aneurysm than those who had never smoked (24.8% vs 18.9%), and there was a trend toward increased prevalence of major vascular events in smokers, including subarachnoid hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack, stroke, mesenteric ischemia, renal infarction, and major coronary event.

• #50 Sex and Gender Differences in Fibromuscular Dysplasia | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/sex-and-gender-differences-fibromuscular-dysplasia?language_content_entity=en

  Despite the overlap of some features with connective tissue disorders, hypertension and headache (migraine type) remain the most common presenting symptoms of FMD in both men and women. […] The clinical course can vary from incidental findings to severe or life-threatening lesions, and depends on a number of factors: primarily, the distribution of vascular bed involvement and lesion severity. […] Dissections and aneurysms are common complications of FMD, occurring in more than 40% of patients with FMD. […] The most clinically significant difference is that men with FMD have a higher frequency of arterial dissection and aneurysms than women with FMD, especially if men are current or former smokers.

• #51 FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA AND ITS VASCULAR IMPLICATIONS WITHOUT NEUROLOGICAL FINDINGS: A CASE REPORT | Published in Journal of Contemporary Chiropractic

  https://journal.parker.edu/article/124973-fibromuscular-dysplasia-and-its-vascular-implications-without-neurological-findings-a-case-report

  One of the significant challenges in managing FMD is the risk of complications such as arterial dissection, aneurysm formation, renovascular hypertension, limb ischemia, or peripheral ulcerations. […] The long-term prognosis of FMD varies depending on the extent of vascular involvement and the presence of complications such as hypertension or stroke. […] The case also raises important considerations regarding the screening and monitoring of FMD in individuals with a family history of the disease.

• #52 Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Causes, Risks, Symptoms, Complications, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://ghealth121.com/treatments/fibromuscular-dysplasia/

  Fibromuscular dysplasia can lead to serious complications, including: High Blood Pressure: Continued narrowing of renal arteries can exacerbate hypertension, potentially leading to heart disease or heart failure. Artery Dissection: The condition can result in tears in the artery walls, a phenomenon known as dissection. A dissection can impede blood flow and may require urgent treatment. Aneurysms: Weakened artery walls can lead to bulging or ballooning, known as aneurysms. A ruptured aneurysm can be life-threatening and necessitates emergency care. Stroke: A tear or rupture in the arteries supplying the brain can lead to stroke, significantly increasing the risk of long-term neurological damage.

• #53 Fibromuscular dysplasia: Advances in understanding and management | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/11_suppl_2/s45

  Both arterial aneurysm and arterial dissection are recognized as manifestations of FMD. […] The most common locations for aneurysm were the extracranial carotid, renal, and intracranial arteries, whereas dissection commonly occurred in the extracranial carotid, vertebral, renal, and coronary arteries. […] The need for vascular intervention (eg, angioplasty or endovascular or surgical aneurysm treatment) is determined primarily by symptoms, with renal artery angioplasty for hypertension the most common FMD-related procedure.

• #54 Fibromuscular Dysplasia Program

  https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/centers-programs/fibromuscular-dysplasia-program

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) affects the arteries. It most commonly involves the renal arteries in the kidneys and the carotid arteries in the neck. We help you manage the symptoms and complications of this nonatherosclerotic, noninflammatory condition. […] FMD can occur in men and women at any age. It typically occurs in women around age 40. […] Hypertension is the most common symptom. Other signs of FMD include: Dizziness, Headaches, Strokes. […] If your FMD affects the renal arteries, you are at risk for renal artery stenosis, elevated blood pressure, and worsening kidney function. […] When FMD impacts the carotid arteries, you could develop carotid artery dissections and stenosis, coronary artery dissections, aneurysms, dissections, and stenosis of other arteries. […] There is no cure for FMD. We create a care plan to manage your symptoms and avoid complications.

• #55 Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) » The Texas Heart Institute

  https://www.texasheartmedical.org/our-specialties/fibromuscular-dysplasia-fmd-2/

  High blood pressure: This is the most common complication. The narrowing of the arteries causes higher pressure on your artery walls, which can lead to further artery damage, heart disease or heart failure. […] One possible complication of FMD is a tear in the wall of your heart arteries (coronary arteries), causing a leak. This is known as arterial dissection or spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). […] FMD can weaken the walls of your arteries, creating a bulge called an aneurysm. If an aneurysm ruptures, it can be a life-threatening emergency. […] If you have a dissected artery leading to your brain or if an aneurysm in an artery to your brain ruptures, you can have a stroke. High blood pressure can also increase your risk of stroke.

• #56 Fibromuscular Dysplasia

  https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/neurological-disorders-az/diseases-a-to-z-from-ninds/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is the abnormal development or growth of cells in the walls of arteries that can cause the vessels to narrow or bulge. […] Some patients experience no symptoms of the disease while others may have high blood pressure, dizziness or vertigo, chronic headache, intracranial aneurysm, ringing in the ears, weakness or numbness in the face, neck pain, or changes in vision. […] Currently there is no cure for FMD. Medicines and angioplasty can reduce the risk of initial or recurrent stroke. In rare cases, FMD-related aneurysms can burst and bleed into the brain, causing stroke, permanent nerve damage, or death.

• #57 Fibromuscular Dysplasia | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/fibromuscular-disease

  Fibromuscular disease often affects the renal arteries, which can cause kidney dysfunction and secondary high blood pressure. […] If FMD affects major arteries that supply vital organs, reduced blood flow can damage those organs. […] Even after treatment, fibromuscular disease may progress, and its symptoms may recur. […] If fibromuscular dysplasia affects the carotid or vertebral arteries, it may reduce blood flow to the brain, increasing the risk of a TIA or stroke.

• #58 Fibromuscular dysplasia | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-2-28

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), formerly called fibromuscular fibroplasia, is a group of nonatherosclerotic, noninflammatory arterial diseases that most commonly involve the renal and carotid arteries. The prevalence of symptomatic renal artery FMD is about 4/1000 and the prevalence of cervicocranial FMD is probably half that. Renovascular hypertension is the most common manifestation of renal artery FMD. Multifocal stenoses with the 'string-of-beads’ appearance are observed at angiography in more than 80% of cases, mostly in women aged between 30 and 50 years; they generally involve the middle and distal two-thirds of the main renal artery and in some case also renal artery branches. Cervicocranial FMD can be complicated by dissection with headache, Horner’s syndrome or stroke, or can be associated with intracerebral aneurysms with a risk of subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage. Stenosis progression in renal artery FMD is slow and rarely leads to ischemic renal failure.

• #59 Fibromuscular dysplasia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromuscular_dysplasia

  FMD affecting the arteries of the head and neck is commonly recognized as a cause of childhood strokes. […] Symptoms may include headaches, insomnia, fatigue, and chest or abdominal pain. […] Kidney failure is a common presentation in infants and children but is uncommon in adults, although it is occasionally the presenting problem in adults with focal disease. […] In some cases, if not managed properly, FMD-related aneurysms can occur and cause bleeding into the brain, resulting in a stroke, permanent nerve damage, or death. […] Those who present with FMD in multiple vascular beds, or focal disease involving multiple branches of the renal arteries, may develop renal artery dissection or progressive renal impairment, therefore having a more difficult and complex prognostic course.

• #60 Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/fibromuscular-dysplasia-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/

  Pulsatile tinnitus, or the sensation of hearing a rhythmic pulsing sound in the ears, affects around 30-40% of FMD patients. […] Dizziness is reported by about 20-30% of FMD patients, particularly those with involvement of the carotid or vertebral arteries. […] Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), also known as mini-strokes, occur in approximately 10-15% of FMD patients. […] Renal artery stenosis, or narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys, is present in up to 75% of FMD patients. […] Stroke is a serious but less common complication of FMD, occurring in about 5-10% of patients. […] Vision changes, such as blurred vision, double vision, or temporary loss of vision, occur in about 10-20% of FMD patients. […] Chest pain occurs in approximately 10-15% of FMD patients, particularly those with involvement of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart.

• #61 Fibromuscular Dysplasia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1161248-clinical

  Long-standing involvement of the renal arteries may lead to a history of hypertension. Rarely, abdominal pains, and even a history of ischemic bowel, may indicate mesenteric or visceral artery involvement. Vascular compromise of the limbs by FMD lesions may cause ischemic symptoms such as intermittent leg claudication. […] The complications of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) can be diverse, notably because it is a systemic vascular disease. […] Any symptoms compatible with ischemia and angiographic findings should prompt consideration of FMD as the underlying etiology. Symptoms include neurologic deficits, angina pectoris, limb claudication, and abdominal pain.

• #62 Fibromuscular dysplasia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/fibromuscular-dysplasia-1?lang=us

  Fibromuscular dysplasia is frequently asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients commonly present with: […] hypertension, or less commonly renal impairment, due to renal artery stenosis […] CNS symptoms (e.g. headache, neck pain, pulsatile tinnitus, Horner syndrome) from transient ischemic attack, stroke, or dissection due to carotid and vertebral artery involvement […] angina, myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death due to coronary artery involvement […] symptoms of mesenteric ischemia (mesenteric infarction is rare due to the formation of collateral supply). […] Asymptomatic cases are only observed but if symptomatic then fibromuscular dysplasia responds well to angioplasty, with high long-term patency rates.

• #63 Science Care’s Team & Fibromuscular Dysplasia

  https://www.sciencecare.com/blog/science-cares-team-fibromuscular-dysplasia

  Fibromuscular Dysplasia, or FMD, is a rare condition that affects the blood vessels. […] When it does, the symptoms can manifest as high blood pressure, pain or organ issues. […] For Madison DeCamp, Donor Services Coordinator, symptoms started shortly after her 21st birthday. When she began to experience blood pressure spikes and abdominal pain, her doctor ordered an ultrasound. […] The scan revealed my renal arteries had been compromised, Madison said. My kidneys were only functioning at 40% due to my arteries twisting and beading which cut off the blood supply. […] Madisons day-to-day life shifted as she began monitoring her blood pressure twice a day, taking blood pressure medication, and going in for renal ultrasounds and CT scans of her brain and heart every six months to monitor her condition. […] I have to avoid strenuous activity because my heart can tear easily, Madison said.

• #64 Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/fibromuscular-dysplasia-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-options/

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare vascular condition characterized by abnormal thickening of certain artery walls. This thickening can lead to narrowing (stenosis), aneurysms, or dissections, which may reduce blood flow to vital organs. […] The progression of FMD varies widely. Some individuals remain asymptomatic for years, while others may develop significant symptoms depending on which arteries are affected. […] Headaches are a common symptom of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), affecting 60-70% of patients. […] Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is one of the most common clinical manifestations of FMD, affecting up to 80% of patients. […] Abdominal pain occurs in about 20-30% of FMD patients, particularly those with involvement of the mesenteric arteries, which supply blood to the intestines.

• #65 Fibromuscular Dysplasia Cypress | Vascular Specialist Houston TX

  https://www.desaivascular.com/fibromuscular-dysplasia-vascular-surgeon-cypress-tx/

• #66 FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA AND ITS VASCULAR IMPLICATIONS WITHOUT NEUROLOGICAL FINDINGS: A CASE REPORT | Published in Journal of Contemporary Chiropractic

  https://journal.parker.edu/article/124973-fibromuscular-dysplasia-and-its-vascular-implications-without-neurological-findings-a-case-report

  The patients pain was initially mild and achy, but pain increased with physical activities such as jogging. […] He also experienced worsening weakness and fatigue in his left lower extremity toward the end of his runs. […] Signs and symptoms in the carotid or vertebral arteries may include dizziness, pulsatile tinnitus, headache, transient ischemic attack, intracerebral hemorrhage, carotid and vertebral arterial dissection, Horners syndrome, or stroke. […] Many of the signs and symptoms of FMD are non-specific, which is 1 reason there can be a 4 to 9-year delay in diagnosis. […] The clinical features vary by which artery is being affected; hypertension is the most common feature when the renal artery is involved. […] The presence of symptoms during exercise suggests possible exercise-induced ischemia.

• #67 Fibromuscular Dysplasia | UK Kidney Association

  https://www.ukkidney.org/rare-renal/patient-information-0/fibromuscular-dysplasia

  Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare condition that causes narrowing (stenosis) and/or enlargement (aneurysm) of the small and medium-sized arteries. […] Some people with fibromuscular dysplasia dont have any symptoms. […] For those that do, the most common symptoms are associated with high blood pressure. However, many people with high blood pressure do not have symptoms in the early stages, and are picked up at a routine health check. When high blood pressure does cause symptoms this can include headaches, breathlessness, blurred vision and dizziness. […] Rarely FMD can cause strokes or chest pain, pain after eating and weight loss, pain weakness or numbness in the neck or limbs. […] Other symptoms can vary depending on which parts of the body are affected. […] FMD can cause a number of complications if left untreated. This includes high blood pressure and tears in the walls of your arteries if you already have FMD present e.g. carotid (neck) arteries. This is called arterial dissection and the symptoms are similar to having a mini stroke or stroke.

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