Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Type 1 diabetes in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355306

  Type 1 diabetes in children is a condition in which your child’s body no longer produces an important hormone (insulin). […] The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. But in most people with type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses mistakenly destroys insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role in this process. […] Once the islet cells of the pancreas are destroyed, your child produces little or no insulin. Insulin performs the critical job of moving sugar (glucose) from the bloodstream to the body’s cells for energy. […] Without enough insulin, sugar builds up in your child’s bloodstream. This can cause life-threatening complications if left untreated.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441918/

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that leads to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells which in turn causes insufficient insulin production, resulting in hyperglycemia. […] Both genetic and environmental contributions lead to immune-mediated loss of beta cell function resulting in hyperglycemia and life-long insulin dependence. […] A „triggering” insult (e.g., maternal and intrauterine environment, exposure to viruses, host microbiome, diet and many other factors are thought to contribute to disease susceptibility) is suspected to initiate a process that recruits antigen-presenting cells to transport beta cell self-antigens to autoreactive T cells. […] Through failures of self-tolerance, these T cells mediate beta-cell killing and inflammation leading to insulinopenia and symptomatic diabetes.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21500-type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes develops when your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys cells in your pancreas that make insulin. This destruction can happen over months or years, ultimately resulting in a total lack (deficiency) of insulin. […] Although scientists don’t yet know the exact cause of Type 1 diabetes, they believe there’s a strong genetic component. The risk of developing the disease with no family history is approximately 0.4%. If your biological mother has Type 1 diabetes, your risk is 1% to 4%, and your risk is 3% to 8% if your biological father has it. If both of your biological parents have Type 1 diabetes, your risk of developing the condition is as high as 30%. […] Scientists believe that certain factors, such as a virus or environmental toxins, can trigger your immune system to attack cells in your pancreas if you have a genetic predisposition for developing Type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/endocrine-disorders-in-children/diabetes-mellitus-in-children-and-adolescents

  Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta-cells, causing complete lack of insulin; it accounts for two thirds of new cases in children and can occur at any age. […] Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency due to a complex interaction among many genetic and environmental factors (particularly obesity); it is increasing in frequency in children and occurs after puberty. […] In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas produces little to no insulin because of autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells, possibly triggered by an environmental exposure in genetically susceptible people. […] Inherited susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is determined by multiple genes (60 risk loci have been identified). […] About 85% of people newly diagnosed with type 1 do not have a family history of type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Research spotlight – what causes Type 1 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/our-research/about-our-research/hot-topics/what-causes-type-1

  Our immune system normally protects us against infection and illness. But in Type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin the hormone responsible for regulating levels of glucose in the blood. […] Scientists believe that our environment plays a role in the development of Type 1 diabetes, in combination with these high risk genes. […] Several viruses have been associated with Type 1 diabetes, but one type of virus, called Human Enteroviruses (HEVs), have the strongest body of evidence. […] Studies have shown that the gut microbiome in children with Type 1 diabetes is different compared to children without Type 1. […] Scientists have questioned whether our diet during childhood could influence our risk of Type 1 diabetes. […] Hygiene, pollutants, vaccines, maternal age, psychological stress and seasonal variation have all been put forward as possible environmental factors involved in Type 1 diabetes. […] The take home message: the full picture is still unclear. We still dont fully understand whether one, or a combination, of these factors causes someone at high risk of Type 1 diabetes to actually develop the condition.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes: Causes and development

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/basic-principles/causes-and-development.html

  In addition to genetic factors, environmental influences play an important role in the development of type 1 diabetes. But it is not yet known exactly which environmental influences these are. There is evidence that viral infections may trigger the autoimmune process. The gut microbiome and nutrition in infants may also play a role. […] The following environmental factors in particular are suspected to increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes: Early infection with coxsackieviruses, which can trigger respiratory diseases in children. Infections with rubella or mumps viruses are also suspected of promoting type 1 diabetes. The viruses can damage the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Feeding food containing gluten to infants before they are 4 months old also appears to increase the risk of type 1 diabetes. Gluten is a specific protein in cereals and is found in bakery products or food made of wheat, spelt, oats, rye, barley and other types of cereals. There is evidence that vitamin D deficiency and lack of sun exposure are associated with an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Birth by C-section in children who are genetically predisposed also appears to increase the risk of actually developing type 1 diabetes. Presumably, the composition of the intestinal flora also has an influence on the development of type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441918/

  Recently, preclinical stages of type 1 diabetes have been recognized. Stage 1 is defined by the presence of beta cell autoimmunity, but normal glucose-handling, stage 2 is defined by abnormal glucose handling but no overt symptoms, and finally stage 3 is defined by clinically-apparent symptoms of insulinopenia. Progression through these stages may take years. […] Although the pre-clinical staging is not usually clinically relevant, research focusing on interventions in the pre-clinical groups may prove to delay or prevent the onset of type 1 diabetes.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011

  We don’t know what exactly causes type 1 diabetes. We believe that it is an auto-immune disorder where the body mistakenly destroys insulin producing cells in the pancreas. […] Different factors, such as genetics and some viruses, may cause type 1 diabetes. […] The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body’s own immune system which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses destroys the insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. […] Some factors that can raise your risk for type 1 diabetes include: Family history. Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly higher risk of developing the condition. Genetics. Having certain genes increases the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Geography. The number of people who have type 1 diabetes tends to be higher as you travel away from the equator. Age. Type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, but it appears at two noticeable peaks. The first peak occurs in children between 4 and 7 years old. The second is in children between 10 and 14 years old.

• #1 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK498653/

  Diabetes risk and time to diabetes in relatives of patients directly correlates with the number of different autoantibodies present. […] The pathogenesis of T1DM has been extensively studied, but the exact mechanism involved in the initiation and progression of -cell destruction is still unclear. […] The presentation of beta cell-specific autoantigens by antigen- presenting cells (APC) [macrophages or dendritic cells (DC)] to CD4+ helper T cells in association with MHC class II molecules is considered to be the first step in the initiation of the disease process. […] The process of destruction of -cells is chronic in nature, often beginning during infancy and continuing over the many months or years that follow.

• #1 Type 1 diabetes: Causes and development

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/basic-principles/causes-and-development.html

  The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes ultimately destroys the beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the beta cells do not produce enough insulin and are eventually no longer able to produce insulin at all. Therefore, sugar and thus important energy for the body can no longer be released from the blood and supplied into the cells of the organs. Therefore, the blood sugar level rises. Insulin must then be injected to provide the body with the vital hormone. […] With type 1 diabetes, this then destroys the islet cells. The responsible antibodies are called islet auto-antibodies. […] Years before diabetes develops, antibodies against certain parts of the beta cells or insulin itself can be identified. Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed when 2 or more of these autoantibodies are detected.

• #1 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK498653/

  The incidence and prevalence of T1DM vary by age, season, geographic location, and within different racial and ethnic groups. […] However, first presentation of T1DM actually is as common in adulthood as it is in childhood and is characterized by a milder course in adults; the term LADA, (Latent, Auto-immune, Diabetes of Adults) is used to describe this entity. […] A seasonal variation in the incidence of T1DM is also observed; the majority of new cases of T1DM are diagnosed mostly in autumn and winter. […] This rising incidence of T1DM in children across the world in a short period of time clearly cannot be explained by genetic factors. […] Analytical epidemiological studies suggest that environmental risk factors, operating early in life, might be contributing to the increasing trend in incidence of T1DM.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes: Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/diabetes-type-1

  Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition that occurs when your body makes little to no insulin. […] Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. This means the body attacks the cells that make insulin. […] The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Experts believe you get certain genes from your parents that make type 1 diabetes more likely. These genes are not enough to give you diabetes. Something in the environment starts the process. We do not know what this is. The process may happen long before you get diabetes. […] We do know type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. This means the bodys immune system mistakenly gets rid of the cells that make insulin. […] Children, teens and young adults diagnosed with type 1 diabetes did nothing wrong to cause diabetes. Theres nothing they could have done to prevent it. Theres no way to spread diabetes, either.

• #1 Epidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-type-1-diabetes-mellitus-in-children-and-adolescents

  Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood, is caused by insulin deficiency following destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. […] T1DM remains the most common form of diabetes in childhood, despite the increasing rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. The body’s immune system does not recognize the cells in the pancreas that make insulin (beta cells) and attacks and destroys these cells. As a result, the body is unable to produce enough insulin, a hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in the blood. […] To help distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, your child’s doctor may also check for autoantibodies in the blood that are common in type 1 diabetes. […] Even with careful management, type 1 diabetes can put your child at risk of some serious complications that require prompt medical attention. These include hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis. […] Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening condition that can result from low insulin and high blood sugar. Without insulin, the body is deprived of glucose for energy and starts breaking down fat for fuel. This releases toxins into the blood faster than the kidneys can get rid of them.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uq2734

  Type 1 diabetes starts because the body’s immune system destroys those beta cells. So people who have type 1 diabetes can’t make their own insulin. […] Risk factors for type 1 diabetes include: Family history. A family history of type 1 diabetes increases the chance of a person having autoantibodies such as islet cell antibodies. These antibodies attack the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. But a family history of type 1 diabetes doesn’t mean that someone will definitely have the disease. […] Presence of autoantibodies in the blood. People who have both a family history of type 1 diabetes and two or more autoantibodies in their blood are likely to get type 1 diabetes. If a person has family members with type 1 diabetes, the person can be tested to look for autoantibodies. […] High blood sugar occurs when the sugar (glucose) level in the blood rises above your child’s target range. It can happen if your child: Misses a dose of insulin or diabetes medicine.

• #1 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  Diabetes (referred to medically as diabetes mellitus) is a chronic and potentially life-threatening condition characterised by the body losing its ability to produce insulin or beginning to produce or use insulin less efficiently. […] Until recently, almost all children and teenagers with diabetes were diagnosed as having type 1 diabetes. […] Now younger people are also being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes due to: strong family histories, increasing rates of obesity, being overweight. […] Having type 1 diabetes increases the risk of developing an eating disorder and parents should be aware of this. […] Some teenagers will manipulate their insulin doses in an attempt to lose weight or avoid weight gain. This can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (accumulation of dangerous substances called ketones in the blood and urine), which is life threatening.

• #1 Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/health-care-providers/clinical-practice-guidelines/chapter-34

  DKA can be prevented through earlier recognition and initiation of insulin therapy. […] Risk is increased in children with poor metabolic control or previous episodes of DKA, peripubertal and adolescent girls, children on CSII or long-acting basal insulin analogues, ethnic minorities, and children with psychiatric disorders and those with difficult family circumstances. […] Clinical autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) occurs in 15% to 30% of individuals with type 1 diabetes. […] Celiac disease can be identified in 4% to 9% of children with type 1 diabetes, but in 60% to 70% of these children, the disease is asymptomatic.

• #1 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK498653/

  In this chapter, we review the etiology and pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), with particular emphasis on the most common immune mediated form. […] The increase in understanding of the pathogenesis of T1DM has made it possible to consider interventions to slow the autoimmune disease process in an attempt to delay or even prevent the onset or slow the progression of hyperglycemia. […] Current investigations will determine if antigen-based therapies can in fact abrogate ongoing autoimmunity via immuno-stimulation and ultimately prevent diabetes in humans without the risks of general immunosuppression. […] Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) comprises several diseases of the pancreatic cells which lead to an absolute insulin deficiency. This is usually considered to be the result of an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic cells (type 1A).

• #1 Type 1 diabetes: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000305.htm

  Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age. It is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults. […] The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. It is an autoimmune disorder. This is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. In people with type 1 diabetes, an infection or another trigger causes the body to mistakenly attack the beta cells in the pancreas that make insulin. The tendency to develop autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, can be inherited from your parents. […] Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented currently. This is a very active area of research. In 2019, a study using an injectable medicine was able to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in high-risk children. There is no screening test for type 1 diabetes in people who have no symptoms. However, antibody testing can identify children at higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes if they have first-degree relatives (sibling, parent) with type 1 diabetes.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21500-type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes develops when your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys cells in your pancreas that make insulin. This destruction can happen over months or years, ultimately resulting in a total lack (deficiency) of insulin. […] Although scientists don’t yet know the exact cause of Type 1 diabetes, they believe there’s a strong genetic component. The risk of developing the disease with no family history is approximately 0.4%. If your biological mother has Type 1 diabetes, your risk is 1% to 4%, and your risk is 3% to 8% if your biological father has it. If both of your biological parents have Type 1 diabetes, your risk of developing the condition is as high as 30%. […] Scientists believe that certain factors, such as a virus or environmental toxins, can trigger your immune system to attack cells in your pancreas if you have a genetic predisposition for developing Type 1 diabetes.

• #2 Type 1 diabetes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011

  We don’t know what exactly causes type 1 diabetes. We believe that it is an auto-immune disorder where the body mistakenly destroys insulin producing cells in the pancreas. […] Different factors, such as genetics and some viruses, may cause type 1 diabetes. […] The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body’s own immune system which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses destroys the insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. […] Some factors that can raise your risk for type 1 diabetes include: Family history. Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly higher risk of developing the condition. Genetics. Having certain genes increases the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Geography. The number of people who have type 1 diabetes tends to be higher as you travel away from the equator. Age. Type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, but it appears at two noticeable peaks. The first peak occurs in children between 4 and 7 years old. The second is in children between 10 and 14 years old.

• #2 Type 1 diabetes in children | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/type-1-diabetes-children

  Type 1 diabetes in children is a condition in which your child’s body no longer produces an important hormone (insulin). […] The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. But in most people with type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses mistakenly destroys insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role in this process. […] Once the islet cells of the pancreas are destroyed, your child produces little or no insulin. Insulin performs the critical job of moving sugar (glucose) from the bloodstream to the body’s cells for energy. […] Sugar enters the bloodstream when food is digested. Without enough insulin, sugar builds up in your child’s bloodstream. This can cause life-threatening complications if left untreated.

• #2 Recognizing Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Babies

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/might-my-child-have-type-1-diabetes

  Researchers have found more than 50 genes that seem to contribute to the risk of type 1 diabetes in children. But one specific group of genes called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system seems to contribute about 40% of this risk. […] If you have the genetic predisposition for type 1 diabetes, you won’t necessarily develop it because you also need an environmental trigger. Experts don’t really know for sure what this environmental trigger is, but it’s likely to be a combination of factors. Such factors include: The substances your mom was exposed to while you were developing as a fetus in her uterus, The viruses you’ve been exposed to since you were born, Your microbiome all the helpful bacteria and fungi that live in and on your body, What your regular diet is like. […] Eventually, after most of your beta cells have been killed off by the autoantibodies, you will start to develop high blood sugars because you can’t make enough insulin to keep it in balance. Although you likely won’t have symptoms until your blood sugar has been high for awhile. […] It can take years from the time you develop autoantibodies to when you begin having high blood sugar. Although the process can be fast, too. It’s more likely to be a fast process in children.

• #2 Type 1 diabetes – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes is partially caused by genetics, and family members of type 1 diabetics have a higher risk of developing the disease themselves. In the general population, the risk of developing type 1 diabetes is around 1 in 250. For someone whose parent has type 1 diabetes, the risk rises to 19%. If a sibling has type 1 diabetes, the risk is 67%. If someone’s identical twin has type 1 diabetes, they have a 30-70% risk of developing it themselves. […] Type 1 diabetes is caused by the destruction of beta cells, the only cells in the body that produce insulin, and the consequent progressive insulin deficiency.

• #2 The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Web Site

  https://teddy.epi.usf.edu/

  Most of the new cases of type 1 diabetes occur in children who have no family history of the disease. […] Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common and serious long-term diseases in children. […] T1D occurs when special cells in the pancreas, called beta cells, are destroyed by the body’s own immune system. […] Research tells us that children who get diabetes have certain kind of genes. Other children who have these genes are at higher risk for getting diabetes. However, not all children who are higher risk get diabetes. We think that something happens that „triggers” or causes a child with higher risk genes to actually get diabetes. It is the purpose of this study to try and find out what are the triggers that cause children to get diabetes.

• #2 Type 1 diabetes: Causes and development

  https://www.diabinfo.de/en/living-with-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/basic-principles/causes-and-development.html

  In addition to genetic factors, environmental influences play an important role in the development of type 1 diabetes. But it is not yet known exactly which environmental influences these are. There is evidence that viral infections may trigger the autoimmune process. The gut microbiome and nutrition in infants may also play a role. […] The following environmental factors in particular are suspected to increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes: Early infection with coxsackieviruses, which can trigger respiratory diseases in children. Infections with rubella or mumps viruses are also suspected of promoting type 1 diabetes. The viruses can damage the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Feeding food containing gluten to infants before they are 4 months old also appears to increase the risk of type 1 diabetes. Gluten is a specific protein in cereals and is found in bakery products or food made of wheat, spelt, oats, rye, barley and other types of cereals. There is evidence that vitamin D deficiency and lack of sun exposure are associated with an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Birth by C-section in children who are genetically predisposed also appears to increase the risk of actually developing type 1 diabetes. Presumably, the composition of the intestinal flora also has an influence on the development of type 1 diabetes.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes in Children – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Complications & Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/type-1-diabetes-in-children.htm

  Type 1 diabetes in children is perceived as a chronic immune-mediated disease. It results from an autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic cells. The scientists suggest that the HLA genes explain approximately one-half of the genetic susceptibility for this disease. […] Studies suggest that environmental stresses (specifically childhood obesity) increase insulin demand, thereby overloading islet cells and accelerating -cell damage. […] Viral infections have also been implicated in the etiology of T1D. Enteroviruses, rotavirus or other either may have a cytotoxic effect or trigger an autoimmune process leading gradually to -cell destruction. […] Early introduction of cow’s milk proteins has been found to be a subsequent risk of -cell autoimmunity and clinical disease. The American report also suggests that both early and late exposure to cereals is associated with an increased risk of -cell autoimmunity. According to a Diabetes Prediction and Prevention project (DIPP) study, early introduction of fruits and berries as well as of roots is associated with increased risk for advanced -cell autoimmunity.

• #2 The Causes Of Type 1 Diabetes: What To Look Out For

  https://londondiabetes.com/news-and-events/causes-type-1-diabetes/

  Researchers have found HEVs in people who have recently developed type 1 diabetes and in those who had the condition for a longer time. We don’t yet know how the viral infection triggers diabetes, but there are a few theories: […] During the COVID-19 pandemic, doctors identified increasing new cases of diabetes; There is some evidence that the coronavirus might trigger diabetes in some people or make the condition worse in people living with the disease. […] Some research suggests that there have been more type 1 diabetes diagnoses in children in 2020 compared to previous years. […] Scientists have linked viruses, like HEVs, with type 1 diabetes. Experts have postulated that the coronavirus may also act as a trigger. […] It is believed that children who develop type 1 diabetes have different gut microbiomes than those without diabetes.

• #2 Diabetes type 1 | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-type-1

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that attacks the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin, causing the pancreas to stop producing insulin. […] The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown and there is no cure. […] Something in the environment, such as a virus, triggers the immune system to attack the beta cells of the pancreas. […] The Rotavirus has been linked with the development of type 1 diabetes. […] Other research has shown that Vitamin D supplementation can be protective against developing type 1 diabetes and that Vit D deficiency may increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. […] Most people diagnosed with type 1 diabetes have no other relative with the condition. However, if you have a mum or dad, brother or sister with type 1 diabetes, you do have a higher chance of developing type 1 diabetes. Also, if you or a family member has another autoimmune condition such as coeliac or thyroid disease your risk of developing type 1 diabetes increases.

• #2 The Causes Of Type 1 Diabetes: What To Look Out For

  https://londondiabetes.com/news-and-events/causes-type-1-diabetes/

  The picture is far from clear- but experts believe that type 1 diabetes develops due to an environmental trigger in combination with one or more of the risky genes. […] Hygiene, pollutants, vaccines, maternal age, psychological stress and seasonal variation have all been put forward as possible environmental factors involved in Type 1 diabetes.

• #2

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/chronic/Pages/Diabetes-Mellitus-Type-1-Diabetes.aspx

  Type 1 diabetes happens when the body cannot make enough of the hormone insulin. […] However, with type 1 diabetes, the immune system becomes confused; it mistakenly attacks and destroys these beta cells, treating them as if they were harmful germs. […] Type 1 diabetes also has a presymptomatic phase, where children will have signs of an autoimmune attack against the beta cells but will not have symptoms of diabetes. […] For a child diagnosed with diabetes, islet autoantibodies indicate type 1 diabetes. […] While type 1 diabetes cannot yet be fully prevented, newer medications can help delay its onset in certain high-risk individuals.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Causes, Symptoms and Complications PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Numbe

  https://www.pacehospital.com/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-and-complications

  Several risk factors may increase the likelihood that a person may acquire type 1 diabetes, that includes […] Age: Young individuals and children (less than 14 years) are more prone to develop type 1 diabetes. The initial peak might occur between the ages of 4 and 7 years. The second occurs in youngsters aged 10 to 14 years. […] Family history: The developing of type 1 diabetes risk is higher in people who have a parent or sibling with the condition. The risk is increased if both parents have type 1 diabetes. […] Genetics: The presence of specific genes may increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. […] Viral exposure: The autoimmune destruction of islet cells may be triggered by the presence of viral infections (enterovirus infection). […] Prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus is not possible as it is mainly caused by the destruction of the pancreas (beta cells of Langerhans) by the body’s immune system.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/type-1-diabetes

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. The body’s immune system does not recognize the cells in the pancreas that make insulin (beta cells) and attacks and destroys these cells. As a result, the body is unable to produce enough insulin, a hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in the blood. […] To help distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, your child’s doctor may also check for autoantibodies in the blood that are common in type 1 diabetes. […] Even with careful management, type 1 diabetes can put your child at risk of some serious complications that require prompt medical attention. These include hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis. […] Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening condition that can result from low insulin and high blood sugar. Without insulin, the body is deprived of glucose for energy and starts breaking down fat for fuel. This releases toxins into the blood faster than the kidneys can get rid of them.

• #2 Genetics of Diabetes | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/genetics-diabetes

  In many people, the development of type 1 diabetes seems to take many years. In experiments that follow relatives of people with type 1 diabetes, researchers have found that most of those who later got diabetes had certain autoantibodies, or proteins that destroy bacteria or viruses (antibodies „gone bad” that attack the body’s own tissues), in their blood for years before they are diagnosed.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes in Children | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthwise/type-1-diabetes-children

  Type 1 diabetes starts because the body’s immune system destroys those beta cells. So people who have type 1 diabetes can’t make their own insulin. […] Type 1 diabetes starts because the body’s immune system destroys those beta cells. So people who have type 1 diabetes can’t make their own insulin. […] Risk factors for type 1 diabetes include: Family history. A family history of type 1 diabetes increases the chance of a person having autoantibodies such as islet cell antibodies. These antibodies attack the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. But a family history of type 1 diabetes doesn’t mean that someone will definitely have the disease. […] Presence of autoantibodies in the blood. People who have both a family history of type 1 diabetes and two or more autoantibodies in their blood are likely to get type 1 diabetes. If a person has family members with type 1 diabetes, the person can be tested to look for autoantibodies.

• #2 Causes and Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes – Genetics & Viruses

  https://www.diabetes.co.uk/causes-of-type1-diabetes.html

  Researchers have hypothesised that whilst some people have a genetic predisposition to type 1 diabetes, there is likely to be an environmental factor that triggers the initial development of type 1 diabetes. Some of the possible triggers that have been suggested include viral infection, vaccines, low levels of vitamin D, and increased insulin demand. […] Associations have been found between type 1 diabetes and a number of different viruses. Of these, enteroviruses have attracted the most interest from researchers. […] Another theory put forward is that childhood vaccinations could increase the chances of developing type 1 diabetes. […] A link between vitamin D and type 1 diabetes has been drawn. Researchers have noted that countries with the highest incidences of type 1 diabetes tend to be located further from the equator.

• #2 Type 1 Diabetes in Children – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441918/

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that leads to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells which in turn causes insufficient insulin production, resulting in hyperglycemia. […] Both genetic and environmental contributions lead to immune-mediated loss of beta cell function resulting in hyperglycemia and life-long insulin dependence. […] A „triggering” insult (e.g., maternal and intrauterine environment, exposure to viruses, host microbiome, diet and many other factors are thought to contribute to disease susceptibility) is suspected to initiate a process that recruits antigen-presenting cells to transport beta cell self-antigens to autoreactive T cells. […] Through failures of self-tolerance, these T cells mediate beta-cell killing and inflammation leading to insulinopenia and symptomatic diabetes.

• #2 What causes type 1 diabetes? | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/type-1-diabetes/causes

  Its normal to wonder if something youve done could have caused your type 1 diabetes or a childs type 1 diabetes. But theres nothing you could have done to prevent it. […] We dont know the exact cause of type 1 diabetes. Family history can increase your risk, as there are a number of genes linked to type 1 diabetes. But we know genes on their own don’t cause diabetes, because most people with type 1 don’t have a family history of it at all. Scientists think some things in the environment, like viruses, play a role in triggering type 1 diabetes and are doing research all the time to find out more. […] Like type 1 diabetes in adults, we dont know the exact cause of type 1 diabetes in children. As with adults, the insulin-producing cells that are found in the pancreas stop working. […] Type 1 diabetes is not thought to be caused by what you eat or drink. And theres nothing you can do to prevent the condition developing. […] Type 1 diabetes is thought to develop due to a combination of genetics and other factors which are not yet fully understood. But we dont know more than that. There is nothing to indicate that lifestyle plays a part.

• #2 Diabetes in children and teenagers: Symptoms and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/284974

  Type 1 diabetes is much more common in young people than type 2 diabetes. However, the rates of both types in young people are increasing. […] Type 1 diabetes in children, previously called juvenile diabetes, occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce insulin. […] People can develop type 1 diabetes at any age, from early childhood to adulthood, but the average age at diagnosis is 13 years. An estimated 85% of all type 1 diagnoses take place in people aged under 20 years. […] The rates of type 2 diabetes are increasing along with increases in childhood obesity. […] Over 75% of children with type 2 diabetes have a close relative who has it, either due to genetics or shared lifestyle habits. […] Without treatment, type 2 diabetes appears to progress faster in young people than in adults. […] Type 2 diabetes in children often occurs with obesity, which may contribute to these higher risks. Obesity affects the body’s ability to use insulin, leading to abnormal blood sugar levels. […] It is not currently possible to prevent type 1 diabetes, but type 2 diabetes is largely preventable.

• #2 Understanding Type 1 Diabetes | ADA

  https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/type-1

  Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. […] When you have type 1 diabetes, your immune system mistakenly treats the beta cells in your pancreas that create insulin as foreign invaders and destroys them. […] Most of the time, type 1 diabetes is diagnosed in young people, but it can develop in anyone at any age. Scientists and researchers today aren’t sure how to prevent type 1 diabetes or what triggers it. […] Sometimes children can be in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) when they are diagnosed with diabetes. […] Type 1 diabetes doesn’t develop only in children. […] If you have a family history of type 1 diabetes, your health care provider may suggest screening for type 1 diabetes. […] Second, there are emerging treatments and clinical trials that seek to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in those who are at high risk. […] It is important to be sure that your diagnosis is correct because that will determine your treatment plan, allowing you to manage your diabetes and prevent its complications.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uq2734

  A child who has type 1 diabetes may grow and mature more slowly. During puberty, this can delay normal sexual development. It may also delay the start of menstruation. […] Complications include eye, kidney, heart, blood vessel, and nerve disease. If blood sugar levels stay high, children are more likely to show early signs of these problems, especially eye and kidney disease.

• #2 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  Diabetes (referred to medically as diabetes mellitus) is a chronic and potentially life-threatening condition characterised by the body losing its ability to produce insulin or beginning to produce or use insulin less efficiently. […] Until recently, almost all children and teenagers with diabetes were diagnosed as having type 1 diabetes. […] Now younger people are also being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes due to: strong family histories, increasing rates of obesity, being overweight. […] Having type 1 diabetes increases the risk of developing an eating disorder and parents should be aware of this. […] Some teenagers will manipulate their insulin doses in an attempt to lose weight or avoid weight gain. This can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (accumulation of dangerous substances called ketones in the blood and urine), which is life threatening.

• #2 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  Disordered eating, along with blood glucose levels that are not in the target range, can also increase the risk of long-term complications, such as damage to the eyes and kidneys. […] If you think your child has an eating disorder or is overly concerned about their body image and weight, talk to their diabetes treating team or dietitian about appropriate counselling and support.

• #2 Type 1 diabetes: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000305.htm

  Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age. It is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults. […] The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. It is an autoimmune disorder. This is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. In people with type 1 diabetes, an infection or another trigger causes the body to mistakenly attack the beta cells in the pancreas that make insulin. The tendency to develop autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, can be inherited from your parents. […] Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented currently. This is a very active area of research. In 2019, a study using an injectable medicine was able to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in high-risk children. There is no screening test for type 1 diabetes in people who have no symptoms. However, antibody testing can identify children at higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes if they have first-degree relatives (sibling, parent) with type 1 diabetes.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2022/01000/type_1_diabetes_mellitus_in_pediatric_age_group__a.5.aspx

  Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrinological abnormality found in children. The incidence of T1DM has steadily increased in nearly all parts of the world. Both genetic susceptibility and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis. It is caused due to either decreased or absent insulin production in the body due to multiple etiologies. […] Diabetes in children includes various causes of diabetes ranging from genetic basis, environmental, drugs or chemical induced, and infections. Still, all lead to loss of -cell mass and functions, leading to impairment of effective glucose utilization. […] The etiology of type 1 diabetes is broadly divided into immune-mediated and idiopathic. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large region of genes that regulates the immune function of the body. It is subcategorized into human leukocyte antigen (HLA) classes I, II, III, and IV genes. Around 50% of genetic variations in these MHC regions risk the development of type 1 diabetes. One major region associated is the binding of HLA proteins to peptides of antigens and their presentation to T-cells. Among these, HLA class II is linked most with the susceptibility to develop the disease.

• #3 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Causes, Symptoms and Complications PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Numbe

  https://www.pacehospital.com/type-1-diabetes-mellitus-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-and-complications

  Type 1 diabetes meaning […] Diabetes mellitus type 1 also called as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, an autoimmune disease resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, leading to low or no insulin production. Insulin is a necessary hormone that regulates protein, glucose, lipid, and mineral metabolism, as well as growth. […] The causes of diabetes mellitus type 1 include the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreatic islets. The pinpoint reason for beta cells damage is idiopathic (unknown), but researchers believe that there is a genetic predisposition (hereditary) with a strong relationship with specific HLA (DR and DQ) alleles, specifically DRB103-DQB10201 and DRB 10401-DQB10302H. […] Without a family history, the risk of having type 1 diabetes is about 0.4%, while the risk is between 1% to 4% in children of afflicted mothers, 3% to 8% in children of affected fathers, and as high as 30% in children of both affected parents.

• #3 The Causes Of Type 1 Diabetes: What To Look Out For

  https://londondiabetes.com/news-and-events/causes-type-1-diabetes/

  Frustratingly, we don’t know precisely why type 1 diabetes develops. However, scientists are working hard to uncover the causes of type 1 diabetes, and researchers have discovered factors that can increase your risk of developing the condition. […] A tendency to develop type 1 diabetes can run in families. But the genetics of diabetes is not straightforward. There isn’t a single diabetes gene that is handed down from parent to child. Instead, many genes can increase your individual risk of developing diabetes. […] Type 1 diabetes is becoming more common, with the numbers rising too rapidly to be caused by genetic changes alone. Scientists believe that environmental factors may be causing this increase in type 1 diabetes in people genetically vulnerable to the condition. […] Viral infections can trigger type 1 diabetes. Many viruses have been associated with the condition; however, Human Enteroviruses or HEVs have been investigated the most.

• #3 Diabetes Risk Factors | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/risk-factors/index.html

  Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). No one knows how to prevent type 1 diabetes. Known risk factors include: […] Family history: Having a parent, brother, or sister with type 1 diabetes. […] Age: You can get type 1 diabetes at any age, but it usually develops in children, teens, or young adults. […] In the United States, White people are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes than African American and Hispanic or Latino people.

• #3 Causes of type 1 diabetes | Breakthrough T1D UK

  https://breakthrought1d.org.uk/knowledge-support/about-type-1-diabetes/causes-of-type-1-diabetes/

  While 90 per cent of people who develop type 1 diabetes have no family connection with the condition, genetic factors can pre-dispose people to developing type 1 diabetes. […] Certain genes are associated with type 1 diabetes risk. However, having these genes alone is not enough to cause someone to develop type 1 diabetes. It is thought that an additional environmental trigger causes type 1 diabetes to develop. […] Type 1 diabetes does not develop because of your lifestyle. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. Diet and activity levels have nothing to do with whether you develop type 1 diabetes or not.

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