Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #2

  http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1876904

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. […] Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation).

• #3 Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes: Causes, Risks, Management

  https://idf.org/about-diabetes/types-of-diabetes/gestational-diabetes/

  17% of live births affected […] In 2021, about 21.1 million live births or 16.7%, had some form of high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) during pregnancy. The condition is more common in low- and middle-income countries with limited access to maternal care. […] Women over 45 are at greater risk of hyperglycaemia during pregnancy, while women with a history of GDM have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes within five to ten years after delivery. […] Early detection of gestational diabetes is crucial for prompt treatment, which can help prevent complications for both mother and baby. Women at high risk of gestational diabetes should be screened during their first prenatal visit. Further recommendations advise screening all pregnant women for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks.

• #4 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  Worldwide, the number of people living with diabetes has more than doubled over the last 20 years, from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014.1 This equates to 8.5% of adults living with diabetes. […] It is estimated that 16.9% of pregnancies globally are affected by hyperglycemia in pregnancy using the WHO criteria, equating to 21.4 million of 127.1 million live births to women.2,3,4,5 The incidence is increasing, attributed by the combination of higher obesity rate, advanced maternal age, and changes in screening and diagnostic criteria.2,6,7,8 […] The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated in 2019 (9th edition) that globally the overall prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy was 15.5% of which 12.8% was GDM, 1.3% was pre-existing diabetes 1.3% and 1.3% was diabetes first detected in pregnancy.9

• #5 Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States and Canada: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06378-2

  An understanding of the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women is essential at local, national and international level so that appropriate health care interventions can be planned, financed and delivered. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis of primary research reporting the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Canada or the United States were carried out according to Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. […] Overall mean prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.78.3); 13.7% (95% CI: 10.717.3) in studies using a one-step screening strategy, and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.46.1) in those using a two-step strategy. […] The meta-analysis suggests a slightly higher prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Canada and the United States, compared to Europe, but highlights the need for standardised protocols for estimating gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence.

• #6 Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States and Canada: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06378-2

  It is thought that around 14% of pregnant women worldwide are affected by GDM but differences in screening approaches and diagnostic criteria result in variable estimates. […] A clear understanding of GDM is essential at local and national level so that health care interventions can be planned, financed and delivered for this group. […] However, there has been no review of prevalence of GDM specifically in the US or Canada. […] The overall mean prevalence of GDM in the meta-analysis including all studies was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.78.3). […] The highest prevalence of GDM was observed when the Carpenter-Coustan criteria were used, and the lowest with the NDDG criteria. […] There was a trend of increasing prevalence estimates the later the data collection period started but the trend according to when the data collection period ended was not significant.

• #7 QuickStats: Percentage of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes, by Maternal Age — National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2016 and 2021 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7201a4.htm

  The percentage of mothers giving birth who received a diagnosis of diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes) increased from 6.0% in 2016 to 8.3% in 2021. Increases in gestational diabetes were seen in each maternal age group, and rates rose steadily with maternal age; in 2021, the rate for mothers aged 40 years (15.6%) was nearly six times as high as the rate for mothers aged 20 years (2.7%). […] National information on gestational diabetes became available for the first time in 2016 and might be underreported.

• #8 Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States and Canada: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06378-2

  An understanding of the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women is essential at local, national and international level so that appropriate health care interventions can be planned, financed and delivered. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis of primary research reporting the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Canada or the United States were carried out according to Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. […] Overall mean prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.78.3); 13.7% (95% CI: 10.717.3) in studies using a one-step screening strategy, and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.46.1) in those using a two-step strategy. […] The meta-analysis suggests a slightly higher prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Canada and the United States, compared to Europe, but highlights the need for standardised protocols for estimating gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence.

• #9 The Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes (16.06.2017)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/190612/The-prevalence-of-gestational-diabetes-a-population-based-analysis-of-a-nationwide-screening-program

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as a glucose tolerance disorder that arises during pregnancy. Estimates of its prevalence vary widely because of varying threshold values. Screening of all pregnant women with a two-step test has been available in Germany since 2012. This study is the first population-based, nationwide analysis of the screening coverage and the resulting one-year prevalence. […] 80.8% of 567 191 pregnant women were screened for GDM. The overall prevalence of GDM was 13.2%. The prevalence rose with age, from 8% to 26% in women aged 45 or older. […] Screening for GDM is comprehensively implemented. The analysis of billing data reveals a relatively high prevalence that accords with estimates in other countries, implying that earlier prevalence figures for Germany were probably underestimates.

• #10 The Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes (16.06.2017)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/190612/The-prevalence-of-gestational-diabetes-a-population-based-analysis-of-a-nationwide-screening-program

  The screening offer for all pregnant women was introduced within the framework of the Maternity Directive of the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss) in 2012. […] The criteria and cutoff values for the diagnosis of GDM differ internationally. Depending on the test strategies used, estimated prevalence rates show considerable variation with an increasing trend over the last decades. […] This study is the first population-based research to evaluate the nationwide implementation of the two-step screening program and the resulting 1-year prevalence for all pregnant women in Germany covered by statutory health insurance. […] Our study found a 1-year prevalence of GDM of 13.2%. […] The GDM prevalence in our study is considerably above the 5% estimated in the Quality Report in Obstetrics for 2015.

• #11 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  In the UK, up to 5% of pregnancies in women are complicated by either pre-existing or gestational diabetes (GDM).7,11 Of this cohort, approximately 87.5% have gestational diabetes, 7.5% type 1 diabetes and 5% type 2 diabetes.7 […] Over the last 17 years a large epidemiological study of over 400,000 pregnancies showed that prevalence of type 1 diabetes increased from 1.56 to 4.09 per 1,000 pregnancies, and type 2 diabetes 2.34 to 10.62 per 1,000 pregnancies.11 […] In Australia, statistics from 2005-2007 show that pre-existing diabetes affects up to 1% of pregnancies, and GDM 5%.1 […] In the US, the prevalence of GDM has been estimated at affecting 7.6% pregnancies between 2007 and 2014. […] Southeast Asia has the highest prevalence of GDM with an estimated prevalence of 23-25%, in addition to its high population prevalence of type 2 diabetes.3,13

• #12 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  In the UK, up to 5% of pregnancies in women are complicated by either pre-existing or gestational diabetes (GDM).7,11 Of this cohort, approximately 87.5% have gestational diabetes, 7.5% type 1 diabetes and 5% type 2 diabetes.7 […] Over the last 17 years a large epidemiological study of over 400,000 pregnancies showed that prevalence of type 1 diabetes increased from 1.56 to 4.09 per 1,000 pregnancies, and type 2 diabetes 2.34 to 10.62 per 1,000 pregnancies.11 […] In Australia, statistics from 2005-2007 show that pre-existing diabetes affects up to 1% of pregnancies, and GDM 5%.1 […] In the US, the prevalence of GDM has been estimated at affecting 7.6% pregnancies between 2007 and 2014. […] Southeast Asia has the highest prevalence of GDM with an estimated prevalence of 23-25%, in addition to its high population prevalence of type 2 diabetes.3,13

• #13 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  In the UK, up to 5% of pregnancies in women are complicated by either pre-existing or gestational diabetes (GDM).7,11 Of this cohort, approximately 87.5% have gestational diabetes, 7.5% type 1 diabetes and 5% type 2 diabetes.7 […] Over the last 17 years a large epidemiological study of over 400,000 pregnancies showed that prevalence of type 1 diabetes increased from 1.56 to 4.09 per 1,000 pregnancies, and type 2 diabetes 2.34 to 10.62 per 1,000 pregnancies.11 […] In Australia, statistics from 2005-2007 show that pre-existing diabetes affects up to 1% of pregnancies, and GDM 5%.1 […] In the US, the prevalence of GDM has been estimated at affecting 7.6% pregnancies between 2007 and 2014. […] Southeast Asia has the highest prevalence of GDM with an estimated prevalence of 23-25%, in addition to its high population prevalence of type 2 diabetes.3,13

• #14 Gestational Diabetes among Jordanian Women: Incidence and Its Associated Factors | TEPHINET

  https://www.tephinet.org/learning/fead/gestational-diabetes-among-jordanian-women-incidence-and-its-associated-factors

  Gestational diabetes (GDM) occurs when woman without diabetes, develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. GDM increases the risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. It affects 39% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied. […] Data on the prevalence and incidence of GDM are lacking in Arab countries including Jordan. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the incidence of GDM and its associated factors among Jordanian women. […] Of the total 21,909 women who gave birth in the selected hospitals, 1.2% of women were diagnosed with GDM. The incidence (3.5%) was significantly much higher in women 35 years compared to that among women aged 20 years (0.4%) and 20-35 years (0.9%). The incidence was significantly higher among women with obesity (3.4%) compared to other women (0.6% for both normal and overweight women). […] The risk of GDM is lower than that reported in many countries of the world. However, higher rates were found among women 35 years old and women with obesity. Pregnant women should be counseled on the importance of moderate physical exercise for the prevention of GDM.

• #15 Community-based Detection and Surveillance of Gestational Diabetes, Bangladesh

  https://www.worlddiabetesfoundation.org/what-we-do/projects/wdf15-0962/

  Bangladesh is one of the top ten countries when it comes to diabetes cases and numbers will only double in the next 20 years. […] The prevalence of gestational diabetes (GDM) ranges from 8.2% in rural Bangladesh to 12.9%. […] Particularly undiagnosed cases of women with diabetes in pregnancy are a key concern in Bangladesh, where the social status of women is low resulting in inequalities regarding healthcare access and nutrition. […] This project will set up a comprehensive community-based GDM detection and surveillance model in 7 randomly selected UHFWCs (Union Health Family Welfare Centres) of Mirzapur Upazila of Tangail District, Bangladesh and corresponding community clinics (35 in total). […] It will evaluate the effectiveness of the model through community healthcare workers based at community clinics in collaboration with family welfare and health assistants (FWA/HA) who will assure linkage of all pregnant mothers with the community clinics for GDM detection and surveillance including identification of pregnant mothers supported by the pregnancy surveillance system.

• #16 Prevalence and determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in India: an analysis of National Family Health Survey Data | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-024-02936-0

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes with its first recognition during pregnancy. GDM is a high-risk maternal and neonatal condition which increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes in mothers and their infants. […] The overall prevalence of GDM in women showed an increase from 0.53% in 201516 to 0.80% in 201920 at the national level, and a similar increase in many states of India was witnessed, with a few exceptions. […] The states of Kerala, Meghalaya, and Goa show a high prevalence of GDM. […] The low prevalence of GDM may not be clinically significant but has negative repercussions on the mother and her child cannot be overlooked. […] GDM heightens the risk of obstetrical complications and adverse foetal outcomes, including preeclampsia, caesarean delivery, stillbirth, macrosomia and hypoglycaemia.

• #17 IJERPH | Special Issue : Gestational Diabetes: Epidemiology around the World

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph/special_issues/gestational_epidemiology

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the mild to severe glucose intolerance emerging later in pregnancy, reflects the underlying diabetes mellitus (DM) in any population. DM is a modern-day plague which kills one human every six seconds; it is an epidemic devouring 12% of the world’s health expenditure and increasing exponentially. Thus, DM is ringing alarm bells for prevention worldwide. GDM—a harbinger of impending future DM—can help to contain this impending disaster if identified, and preventive measures like lifestyle modification are applied effectively after delivery. […] However, worldwide, the data on the epidemiology of gestational diabetes are incongruent. The prevalence varies from 1% to 28%, being confounded by the population ethnicity, the criteria (of the myriad available) used for diagnosis, screening methods, maternal age, weight, and socioeconomic status. An in-depth knowledge of the epidemiology of GDM in different countries and regions will help to understand the disparities and similarities facilitating international comparisons. A snapshot of the epidemiology of GDM in select countries will help us march towards our ultimate goal: decreasing maternal and fetal complications in every pregnancy and DM in the entire population worldwide. […] Papers addressing the epidemiology of GDM (reviews, position papers, brief reports, commentaries) in different countries/continents are invited for this Special Issue.

• #18 Gestational diabetes epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Gestational_diabetes_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of GDM varies from 1% to 14% in different studies. It seems to be more common among Hispanics, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and African-Americans, compared to other races. […] The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus varies widely. It may range from 1% to 14% of all pregnancies. […] The prevalence of GDM showed a 12% increment per year between 1994 to 2002 in one study. The increasing rate over time is possibly due to increases in mean maternal age and weight. […] In another study over a 7 year period, the age and race/ethnicity adjusted prevalence of GDM was 7.5 per 100 in 1999 and 7.4 per 100 in 2005. […] In one study, the ethnical prevalence of GDM was higher in Asian/Pacific Islanders (relative risk=1.97), Hispanic (RR=1.69) and African-American(RR=1.26) than for caucasian women after adjustment for year and maternal age.

• #19 Gestational diabetes epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Gestational_diabetes_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of GDM varies from 1% to 14% in different studies. It seems to be more common among Hispanics, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and African-Americans, compared to other races. […] The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus varies widely. It may range from 1% to 14% of all pregnancies. […] The prevalence of GDM showed a 12% increment per year between 1994 to 2002 in one study. The increasing rate over time is possibly due to increases in mean maternal age and weight. […] In another study over a 7 year period, the age and race/ethnicity adjusted prevalence of GDM was 7.5 per 100 in 1999 and 7.4 per 100 in 2005. […] In one study, the ethnical prevalence of GDM was higher in Asian/Pacific Islanders (relative risk=1.97), Hispanic (RR=1.69) and African-American(RR=1.26) than for caucasian women after adjustment for year and maternal age.

• #20 ‘Alarming’ Rise in Gestational Diabetes in U.S. – News Center

  https://news.feinberg.northwestern.edu/2021/08/23/alarming-rise-in-gestational-diabetes-in-u-s/

  The rate of gestational diabetes has shot up 30 percent in young U.S. women over the past decade and more than doubled in U.S. women who identify as Asian-Indian compared with non-Hispanic White women, reports a new Northwestern Medicine study published in JAMA. […] Gestational diabetes is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease for the mom and child. […] Gestational diabetes is associated with maternal mortality and morbidity, meaning there is a higher risk of women dying in pregnancy and of serious complications during pregnancy and delivery. […] Growing rates and persistent disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality are a major public health concern in the U.S. […] The findings are the most comprehensive and contemporary data available that covers all live births in the U.S.

• #21 Surveillance report on the evolution of gestational diabetes in Quebec | Diabetes Québec

  https://www.diabete.qc.ca/en/surveillance-report-on-the-evolution-of-gestational-diabetes-from-1989-to-2012/

  The Institut national de sant publique du Qubec (INSPQ) published in the fall of 2017 a surveillance report on the evolution of gestational diabetes from 1989 to 2012. […] The prevalence of gestational diabetes tripled over 24 years (from 24.7 to 75.5 cases per 1000 births). This increase affects mothers of all ages, but it is more pronounced in mothers aged 40 and older. […] Gestational diabetes is associated with an increased risk of pre-eclampsia, induction of labor, cesarean section, shoulder dystocia, preterm birth, macrosomia, and jaundice in newborns. Additionally, the neonatal mortality rate has remained stable among babies exposed to gestational diabetes but has decreased among babies not exposed to gestational diabetes.

• #22 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  In the UK, up to 5% of pregnancies in women are complicated by either pre-existing or gestational diabetes (GDM).7,11 Of this cohort, approximately 87.5% have gestational diabetes, 7.5% type 1 diabetes and 5% type 2 diabetes.7 […] Over the last 17 years a large epidemiological study of over 400,000 pregnancies showed that prevalence of type 1 diabetes increased from 1.56 to 4.09 per 1,000 pregnancies, and type 2 diabetes 2.34 to 10.62 per 1,000 pregnancies.11 […] In Australia, statistics from 2005-2007 show that pre-existing diabetes affects up to 1% of pregnancies, and GDM 5%.1 […] In the US, the prevalence of GDM has been estimated at affecting 7.6% pregnancies between 2007 and 2014. […] Southeast Asia has the highest prevalence of GDM with an estimated prevalence of 23-25%, in addition to its high population prevalence of type 2 diabetes.3,13

• #23 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  Worldwide, the number of people living with diabetes has more than doubled over the last 20 years, from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014.1 This equates to 8.5% of adults living with diabetes. […] It is estimated that 16.9% of pregnancies globally are affected by hyperglycemia in pregnancy using the WHO criteria, equating to 21.4 million of 127.1 million live births to women.2,3,4,5 The incidence is increasing, attributed by the combination of higher obesity rate, advanced maternal age, and changes in screening and diagnostic criteria.2,6,7,8 […] The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated in 2019 (9th edition) that globally the overall prevalence of diabetes in pregnancy was 15.5% of which 12.8% was GDM, 1.3% was pre-existing diabetes 1.3% and 1.3% was diabetes first detected in pregnancy.9

• #24 ‘Alarming’ Rise in Gestational Diabetes in U.S. – News Center

  https://news.feinberg.northwestern.edu/2021/08/23/alarming-rise-in-gestational-diabetes-in-u-s/

  Northwestern investigators evaluated data from more than 12.5 million birth certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics for deliveries to individuals at first live birth for ages 15 to 44 in the U.S. between 2011-2019. […] The rise in gestational diabetes for U.S. women is likely linked to poor-quality diet, low levels of physical activity and being obese or overweight, they said. […] Earlier diagnosis in pregnancy is one way to identify risk and intervene sooner, as well as focusing on prevention even before pregnancy, Khan said.

• #25

  https://consensus.app/questions/gestational-diabetes-epidemiology/

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication characterized by glucose intolerance that begins or is first recognized during pregnancy. The prevalence of GDM varies widely across different populations, influenced by factors such as ethnicity, maternal age, and obesity rates. Studies indicate that GDM affects approximately 2-6% of all pregnancies in Europe, with similar trends observed globally. […] Several risk factors have been consistently associated with the development of GDM. These include: Increased body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy is one of the strongest predictors of GDM. Women with a BMI of 30-35 kg/m or higher have a significantly increased risk. […] Women aged 35 years or older are at a higher risk of developing GDM. The interaction between GDM and AMA further exacerbates the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia and polyhydramnios.

• #26 QuickStats: Percentage of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes, by Maternal Age — National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2016 and 2021 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7201a4.htm

  The percentage of mothers giving birth who received a diagnosis of diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes) increased from 6.0% in 2016 to 8.3% in 2021. Increases in gestational diabetes were seen in each maternal age group, and rates rose steadily with maternal age; in 2021, the rate for mothers aged 40 years (15.6%) was nearly six times as high as the rate for mothers aged 20 years (2.7%). […] National information on gestational diabetes became available for the first time in 2016 and might be underreported.

• #27 Gestational Diabetes among Jordanian Women: Incidence and Its Associated Factors | TEPHINET

  https://www.tephinet.org/learning/fead/gestational-diabetes-among-jordanian-women-incidence-and-its-associated-factors

  Gestational diabetes (GDM) occurs when woman without diabetes, develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. GDM increases the risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. It affects 39% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied. […] Data on the prevalence and incidence of GDM are lacking in Arab countries including Jordan. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the incidence of GDM and its associated factors among Jordanian women. […] Of the total 21,909 women who gave birth in the selected hospitals, 1.2% of women were diagnosed with GDM. The incidence (3.5%) was significantly much higher in women 35 years compared to that among women aged 20 years (0.4%) and 20-35 years (0.9%). The incidence was significantly higher among women with obesity (3.4%) compared to other women (0.6% for both normal and overweight women). […] The risk of GDM is lower than that reported in many countries of the world. However, higher rates were found among women 35 years old and women with obesity. Pregnant women should be counseled on the importance of moderate physical exercise for the prevention of GDM.

• #28 Gestational diabetes epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Gestational_diabetes_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of GDM varies from 1% to 14% in different studies. It seems to be more common among Hispanics, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and African-Americans, compared to other races. […] The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus varies widely. It may range from 1% to 14% of all pregnancies. […] The prevalence of GDM showed a 12% increment per year between 1994 to 2002 in one study. The increasing rate over time is possibly due to increases in mean maternal age and weight. […] In another study over a 7 year period, the age and race/ethnicity adjusted prevalence of GDM was 7.5 per 100 in 1999 and 7.4 per 100 in 2005. […] In one study, the ethnical prevalence of GDM was higher in Asian/Pacific Islanders (relative risk=1.97), Hispanic (RR=1.69) and African-American(RR=1.26) than for caucasian women after adjustment for year and maternal age.

• #29 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CFH/DMCAH/Pages/Diabetes/Information-for-Pregnant-Individuals-with-Gestational-Diabetes-Mellitus.aspx

  Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (also known as GDM or Gestational Diabetes) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. Gestational means in pregnancy. Diabetes means having more sugar (glucose) in your blood than your body needs or uses. For most individuals, gestational diabetes begins during the second trimester. In 2018, gestational diabetes or preexisting diabetes was a complication for 11.4 percent of pregnant individuals who gave birth in a California hospital. This number is higher among certain ethnic groups such as African American, Asian American and Pacific Islander, East Indian, Latino/Hispanic and Native American. […] All pregnant individuals should be tested for GDM. This test is called a glucose loading test. If you are at risk for developing gestational diabetes, you should be tested during your first prenatal visit. If your initial test results are normal, there is a second screening test at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy.

• #30

  https://consensus.app/questions/gestational-diabetes-epidemiology/

  Certain ethnic groups have a higher prevalence of GDM, which correlates with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in these populations. […] A family history of diabetes and specific genetic predispositions also contribute to the risk. […] GDM is associated with several short-term complications for both the mother and the newborn. These include higher rates of cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, and macrosomia (large for gestational age infants). Infants born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of neonatal hypoglycemia, jaundice, and respiratory distress syndrome. […] The long-term implications of GDM extend beyond pregnancy. Women with a history of GDM have a substantially increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, with studies indicating that approximately 50% of these women will develop diabetes within 10 years. Additionally, offspring of mothers with GDM are at a higher risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, potentially due to epigenetic changes induced by intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia.

• #31 Prevalence and determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in India: an analysis of National Family Health Survey Data | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-024-02936-0

  GDM is a growing public health concern globally and in India, where diabetic women are projected to reach 313.3 million by 2040. […] Over five million Indian pregnant women are estimated to be affected by GDM, constituting 16.2% of total live births in 2015 had some form of hyperglycaemia. […] The high prevalence of GDM associated with many risk factors points to unwarranted consequences on women’s health and their newborns. […] The Poisson regression model reveals that age group, BMI, heart disease, and thyroid disorder have a strong association with the prevalence of GDM in India. […] The applied Poisson regression model on the prevalence of GDM at the national level with covariates attests to a strong association between age group, BMI, heart disease, and thyroid disorder. […] The study identifies age, BMI, thyroid disorder, and heart disease as strong risk factors for GDM in Indian women.

• #32 Investigation and study on the epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus in Guizhou

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i2/98438.htm

  The incidence rate in Guizhou is 18.3%. Older age (especially 35 years), Han ethnicity, lower education level, higher pre-pregnancy BMI, light physical activity, and higher gravidity are the main risk factors for GDM. Laboratory findings indicate that higher hemoglobin, higher liver function parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and direct bilirubin), and lower total protein and albumin are associated with a higher risk of GDM. Blood type A has a higher risk of GDM compared to blood types AB and O. […] This study focuses on exploring the epidemiology and risk factors of GDM in a multi-ethnic region, providing valuable insights for early prevention and management of GDM. […] The study will validate the recognized risk factors of GDM, explore potential influencing factors, and provide new clues and research directions for further exploration of the causes and mechanisms of GDM. […] The study indicates that blood group A has a higher risk of GDM compared to blood groups AB and O, but the specific mechanism remains unknown.

• #33

  https://consensus.app/questions/gestational-diabetes-epidemiology/

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication characterized by glucose intolerance that begins or is first recognized during pregnancy. The prevalence of GDM varies widely across different populations, influenced by factors such as ethnicity, maternal age, and obesity rates. Studies indicate that GDM affects approximately 2-6% of all pregnancies in Europe, with similar trends observed globally. […] Several risk factors have been consistently associated with the development of GDM. These include: Increased body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy is one of the strongest predictors of GDM. Women with a BMI of 30-35 kg/m or higher have a significantly increased risk. […] Women aged 35 years or older are at a higher risk of developing GDM. The interaction between GDM and AMA further exacerbates the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia and polyhydramnios.

• #34 Gestational Diabetes among Jordanian Women: Incidence and Its Associated Factors | TEPHINET

  https://www.tephinet.org/learning/fead/gestational-diabetes-among-jordanian-women-incidence-and-its-associated-factors

  Gestational diabetes (GDM) occurs when woman without diabetes, develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. GDM increases the risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. It affects 39% of pregnancies, depending on the population studied. […] Data on the prevalence and incidence of GDM are lacking in Arab countries including Jordan. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the incidence of GDM and its associated factors among Jordanian women. […] Of the total 21,909 women who gave birth in the selected hospitals, 1.2% of women were diagnosed with GDM. The incidence (3.5%) was significantly much higher in women 35 years compared to that among women aged 20 years (0.4%) and 20-35 years (0.9%). The incidence was significantly higher among women with obesity (3.4%) compared to other women (0.6% for both normal and overweight women). […] The risk of GDM is lower than that reported in many countries of the world. However, higher rates were found among women 35 years old and women with obesity. Pregnant women should be counseled on the importance of moderate physical exercise for the prevention of GDM.

• #35 Prevalence and determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in India: an analysis of National Family Health Survey Data | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-024-02936-0

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes with its first recognition during pregnancy. GDM is a high-risk maternal and neonatal condition which increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes in mothers and their infants. […] The overall prevalence of GDM in women showed an increase from 0.53% in 201516 to 0.80% in 201920 at the national level, and a similar increase in many states of India was witnessed, with a few exceptions. […] The states of Kerala, Meghalaya, and Goa show a high prevalence of GDM. […] The low prevalence of GDM may not be clinically significant but has negative repercussions on the mother and her child cannot be overlooked. […] GDM heightens the risk of obstetrical complications and adverse foetal outcomes, including preeclampsia, caesarean delivery, stillbirth, macrosomia and hypoglycaemia.

• #36 Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Yazd Province, Iran

  https://jmrh.mums.ac.ir/article_18346.html

  GDM plays a key role in diabetes pathogenesis, about 50% of mothers with GDM will have the chance of developing diabetes in 10 years, indicating GDM as an important predictor of diabetes. […] Considering the growing prevalence of GDM in all developed and developing countries and estimation of increasing in upcoming years due to increased mean age of the population, urban sedentary lifestyle and increasing the number of obese women, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of GDM and provide an update on the assessment of different risk factors on GDM. […] The results of the bivariate analysis showed that women with GDM were significantly older compared to the women without GD. […] The history of macrosomia was the most important factor and women with GDM history were 3 times at higher risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. […] Among the risk factors identified for GDM, BMI was the only modifiable factor, which can implicate the development of gestational diabetes mellitus.

• #37 Prevalence and determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in India: an analysis of National Family Health Survey Data | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-024-02936-0

  GDM is a growing public health concern globally and in India, where diabetic women are projected to reach 313.3 million by 2040. […] Over five million Indian pregnant women are estimated to be affected by GDM, constituting 16.2% of total live births in 2015 had some form of hyperglycaemia. […] The high prevalence of GDM associated with many risk factors points to unwarranted consequences on women’s health and their newborns. […] The Poisson regression model reveals that age group, BMI, heart disease, and thyroid disorder have a strong association with the prevalence of GDM in India. […] The applied Poisson regression model on the prevalence of GDM at the national level with covariates attests to a strong association between age group, BMI, heart disease, and thyroid disorder. […] The study identifies age, BMI, thyroid disorder, and heart disease as strong risk factors for GDM in Indian women.

• #38 Investigation and study on the epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus in Guizhou

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i2/98438.htm

  The incidence rate in Guizhou is 18.3%. Older age (especially 35 years), Han ethnicity, lower education level, higher pre-pregnancy BMI, light physical activity, and higher gravidity are the main risk factors for GDM. Laboratory findings indicate that higher hemoglobin, higher liver function parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and direct bilirubin), and lower total protein and albumin are associated with a higher risk of GDM. Blood type A has a higher risk of GDM compared to blood types AB and O. […] This study focuses on exploring the epidemiology and risk factors of GDM in a multi-ethnic region, providing valuable insights for early prevention and management of GDM. […] The study will validate the recognized risk factors of GDM, explore potential influencing factors, and provide new clues and research directions for further exploration of the causes and mechanisms of GDM. […] The study indicates that blood group A has a higher risk of GDM compared to blood groups AB and O, but the specific mechanism remains unknown.

• #39 Investigation and study on the epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus in Guizhou

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i2/98438.htm

  The incidence rate in Guizhou is 18.3%. Older age (especially 35 years), Han ethnicity, lower education level, higher pre-pregnancy BMI, light physical activity, and higher gravidity are the main risk factors for GDM. Laboratory findings indicate that higher hemoglobin, higher liver function parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and direct bilirubin), and lower total protein and albumin are associated with a higher risk of GDM. Blood type A has a higher risk of GDM compared to blood types AB and O. […] This study focuses on exploring the epidemiology and risk factors of GDM in a multi-ethnic region, providing valuable insights for early prevention and management of GDM. […] The study will validate the recognized risk factors of GDM, explore potential influencing factors, and provide new clues and research directions for further exploration of the causes and mechanisms of GDM. […] The study indicates that blood group A has a higher risk of GDM compared to blood groups AB and O, but the specific mechanism remains unknown.

• #40 Investigation and study on the epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus in Guizhou

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i2/98438.htm

  The incidence rate in Guizhou is 18.3%. Older age (especially 35 years), Han ethnicity, lower education level, higher pre-pregnancy BMI, light physical activity, and higher gravidity are the main risk factors for GDM. Laboratory findings indicate that higher hemoglobin, higher liver function parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and direct bilirubin), and lower total protein and albumin are associated with a higher risk of GDM. Blood type A has a higher risk of GDM compared to blood types AB and O. […] This study focuses on exploring the epidemiology and risk factors of GDM in a multi-ethnic region, providing valuable insights for early prevention and management of GDM. […] The study will validate the recognized risk factors of GDM, explore potential influencing factors, and provide new clues and research directions for further exploration of the causes and mechanisms of GDM. […] The study indicates that blood group A has a higher risk of GDM compared to blood groups AB and O, but the specific mechanism remains unknown.

• #41

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2004/09000/maternal_plasma_ascorbic_acid__vitamin_c__and_risk.18.aspx

  Approximately 4% (n = 33) of 755 women who completed pregnancy developed gestational diabetes mellitus. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations were inversely associated with the risk of gestational diabetes (P for trend = 0.023). After adjusting for maternal age, race, prepregnancy adiposity, parity, family history of type 2 diabetes, and household income, women with plasma ascorbic acid 55.9 mol/L (lowest quartile) experienced a 3.1-fold increased risk of gestational diabetes (95% CI = 1.09.7) compared with women whose concentrations were 74.6 mol/L (upper quartile). […] Women who consumed 70 mg vitamin C daily experienced a 1.8-fold increased risk of gestational diabetes compared with women who consumed higher amounts (95% CI = 0.84.4). […] If confirmed, our results raise the possibility that current efforts to encourage populations to consume diets rich in antioxidants, including vitamin C, could reduce the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus.

• #42

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2004/09000/maternal_plasma_ascorbic_acid__vitamin_c__and_risk.18.aspx

  In this prospective cohort study of pregnant women, we observed an inverse relation between plasma ascorbic acid concentrations and incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Women with extremely low plasma ascorbic acid concentrations (ie, 48.3 mol/L, the lowest decile) experienced a 4.3-fold increased risk of gestational diabetes (95% CI = 1.214.9) as compared with women with concentrations 74.6 mol/L. This inverse association was independent of established sociodemographic risk factors of gestational diabetes such as maternal age, race, prepregnancy adiposity, parity, family history of type 2 diabetes, and annual household income. Women who consumed less than 70 mg per day of vitamin C (below the Institute of Medicine’s average requirement for pregnant women) experienced a 1.8-fold increased risk of diabetes.

• #43 State-Level Gestational Diabetes Prevalence Estimates from Three Data Sources, 2018 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.23297796v1.full-text

  We investigated 2018 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence estimates in three surveillance systems (National Vital Statistics System, State Inpatient Database, and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Survey). […] GDM prevalence estimates varied widely by data system and within the data subset despite comparable demographics. Understanding the differences between GDM surveillance data systems can help researchers better identify people and places at higher risk of GDM. […] Accurate GDM prevalence estimates are important to identify populations at higher risk; however, GDM prevalence estimates vary depending on the data source used. […] We document variation in state-level GDM prevalence estimates by three unique data systems, and these variations exist even when controlling for similar population demographics. GDM prevalence estimates are influenced by the strengths and limitations of data systems, as well as screening practices that vary across facilities. […] GDM screening combined with high-quality surveillance data can inform public health policy and resource allocation to prevent, identify, and manage this potentially serious pregnancy complication.

• #44 State-Level Gestational Diabetes Prevalence Estimates from Three Data Sources, 2018 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.23297796v1.full-text

  We investigated 2018 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence estimates in three surveillance systems (National Vital Statistics System, State Inpatient Database, and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Survey). […] GDM prevalence estimates varied widely by data system and within the data subset despite comparable demographics. Understanding the differences between GDM surveillance data systems can help researchers better identify people and places at higher risk of GDM. […] Accurate GDM prevalence estimates are important to identify populations at higher risk; however, GDM prevalence estimates vary depending on the data source used. […] We document variation in state-level GDM prevalence estimates by three unique data systems, and these variations exist even when controlling for similar population demographics. GDM prevalence estimates are influenced by the strengths and limitations of data systems, as well as screening practices that vary across facilities. […] GDM screening combined with high-quality surveillance data can inform public health policy and resource allocation to prevent, identify, and manage this potentially serious pregnancy complication.

• #45 State-Level Gestational Diabetes Prevalence Estimates from Three Data Sources, 2018 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.23297796v1.full-text

  We investigated 2018 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence estimates in three surveillance systems (National Vital Statistics System, State Inpatient Database, and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Survey). […] GDM prevalence estimates varied widely by data system and within the data subset despite comparable demographics. Understanding the differences between GDM surveillance data systems can help researchers better identify people and places at higher risk of GDM. […] Accurate GDM prevalence estimates are important to identify populations at higher risk; however, GDM prevalence estimates vary depending on the data source used. […] We document variation in state-level GDM prevalence estimates by three unique data systems, and these variations exist even when controlling for similar population demographics. GDM prevalence estimates are influenced by the strengths and limitations of data systems, as well as screening practices that vary across facilities. […] GDM screening combined with high-quality surveillance data can inform public health policy and resource allocation to prevent, identify, and manage this potentially serious pregnancy complication.

• #46

  https://ibis.utah.gov/epht-view/indicator/view/DiabGestDiab.html

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as having abnormally high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. […] U.S. reporting of gestational diabetes began in 2016. […] The percentage of Utah births with gestational diabetes increased from 6.8% of all births in 2020 to 7.4% of births in 2022. […] The Utah gestational diabetes rate of 7.4% was lower than the U.S. rate of 8.3% in 2021. […] Diabetes education courses provide instruction on diabetes management for people with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, or gestational diabetes. […] Diabetes educators are skilled health professionals that can help individuals diagnosed with diabetes, or women with gestational diabetes, optimize their pregnancy outcomes.

• #47 Twenty Years of Diabetes surveillance using the Canadian Chronic Disese Surveillance System – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/20-years-diabetes-surveillance.html

  Gestational diabetes: A temporary condition during pregnancy when the body can produce insulin but is not able to use it properly. […] 1 in 10 women who give birth have diabetes while pregnant. […] Women who develop gestational diabetes are at greater risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

• #48 Community-based Detection and Surveillance of Gestational Diabetes, Bangladesh

  https://www.worlddiabetesfoundation.org/what-we-do/projects/wdf15-0962/

  Bangladesh is one of the top ten countries when it comes to diabetes cases and numbers will only double in the next 20 years. […] The prevalence of gestational diabetes (GDM) ranges from 8.2% in rural Bangladesh to 12.9%. […] Particularly undiagnosed cases of women with diabetes in pregnancy are a key concern in Bangladesh, where the social status of women is low resulting in inequalities regarding healthcare access and nutrition. […] This project will set up a comprehensive community-based GDM detection and surveillance model in 7 randomly selected UHFWCs (Union Health Family Welfare Centres) of Mirzapur Upazila of Tangail District, Bangladesh and corresponding community clinics (35 in total). […] It will evaluate the effectiveness of the model through community healthcare workers based at community clinics in collaboration with family welfare and health assistants (FWA/HA) who will assure linkage of all pregnant mothers with the community clinics for GDM detection and surveillance including identification of pregnant mothers supported by the pregnancy surveillance system.

• #49 Community-based Detection and Surveillance of Gestational Diabetes, Bangladesh

  https://www.worlddiabetesfoundation.org/what-we-do/projects/wdf15-0962/

  Members of all households sensitised through community support groups about the importance of detecting and treating GDM. […] 4,000 pregnant mothers screened for GDM in the communities of Mirzapur Upazilla. […] Maternal and neonatal outcomes improved of mothers affected by GDM in Mirzapur, Bangladesh.

• #50 State-Level Gestational Diabetes Prevalence Estimates from Three Data Sources, 2018 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.23297796v1.full-text

  We investigated 2018 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence estimates in three surveillance systems (National Vital Statistics System, State Inpatient Database, and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Survey). […] GDM prevalence estimates varied widely by data system and within the data subset despite comparable demographics. Understanding the differences between GDM surveillance data systems can help researchers better identify people and places at higher risk of GDM. […] Accurate GDM prevalence estimates are important to identify populations at higher risk; however, GDM prevalence estimates vary depending on the data source used. […] We document variation in state-level GDM prevalence estimates by three unique data systems, and these variations exist even when controlling for similar population demographics. GDM prevalence estimates are influenced by the strengths and limitations of data systems, as well as screening practices that vary across facilities. […] GDM screening combined with high-quality surveillance data can inform public health policy and resource allocation to prevent, identify, and manage this potentially serious pregnancy complication.

• #51 Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States and Canada: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06378-2

  The 15 studies using routinely collected data yielded prevalence estimates that were approximately 2% lower than those from the other studies. […] This meta-analysis points to a slightly higher prevalence of GDM in the US and Canada, compared to Europe. […] The combined effects of technical methodological differences and variation in the composition of different samples clearly account for a high proportion of residual variability.

• #52 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  The prevalence observed in part reflects a variation in the diagnosis of GDM internationally, contributed by the difference in screening and diagnostic criteria used. […] Gestational diabetes refers to glucose intolerance resulting in hyperglycemia of variable severity with onset or first recognition in pregnancy, that usually resolves following the pregnancy.2,17 […] The definition still stands, given that all forms of diabetes in pregnancy is associated with significant adverse perinatal outcomes. […] Long-term outcomes for women with GDM include markedly increased risk in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, as well as cardiovascular disease.8,24,27,28 […] A population-based retrospective cohort study, which examined more than 9,000 women in the UK showed that GDM women were 20 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus and 2.8 times more likely to develop ischemic heart disease.29 […] A recent meta-analysis looking at 28 studies and 170,139 women found that following GDM, the risk for type 2 diabetes increased linearly (9.6%) with every year following completion of pregnancy.

• #53 Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/gestational-diabetes-screening-diagnosis/research-protocol

  In addition to the lack of consensus on an optimal screening and diagnostic approach, various thresholds for positive tests have been recommended by the ADA, ACOG, and World Health Organization (WHO). […] The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) recently issued consensus guidelines recommending an OGTT threshold of 5.1 mmol/l at fasting, 10.0 mmol/l at 1 hour post load, and 8.5 mmol/l at 2 hours post load, based on findings from the Hyperglycermia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. […] A recent study found that the IADPSG criteria increased GDM prevalence nearly threefold compared with the current ADA criteria in a high-risk population, which would increase antenatal visits, laboratory workup, and treatment. […] Treatment aims to minimize the risk of adverse maternal and child outcomes associated with glucose intolerance in women diagnosed with GDM. First-line treatment for GDM involves diet modification, glucose monitoring, and moderate exercise.

• #54 Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States and Canada: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06378-2

  An understanding of the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women is essential at local, national and international level so that appropriate health care interventions can be planned, financed and delivered. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis of primary research reporting the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Canada or the United States were carried out according to Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. […] Overall mean prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.78.3); 13.7% (95% CI: 10.717.3) in studies using a one-step screening strategy, and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.46.1) in those using a two-step strategy. […] The meta-analysis suggests a slightly higher prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Canada and the United States, compared to Europe, but highlights the need for standardised protocols for estimating gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence.

• #55 Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/gestational-diabetes-screening-diagnosis/research-protocol

  Much debate exists regarding whether screening for GDM should be offered routinely for pregnancy and, if so, which method of screening should be used. Due to uncertainty regarding whether screening and treatment are beneficial and cost-effective, there is worldwide variance on screening practices. Universal screening of all pregnant women is the most common current practice in the U.S. A cross-sectional study by Gabbe et al. found that 96 percent of obstetricians routinely screen for GDM. […] In contrast, current guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) state the women at low risk for GDM are unlikely to benefit from screening. […] Numerous screening and diagnostic tests have been used to detect high levels of plasma or serum glucose at various stages of pregnancy.

• #56 QuickStats: Percentage of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes, by Maternal Age — National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2016 and 2021 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7201a4.htm

  The percentage of mothers giving birth who received a diagnosis of diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes) increased from 6.0% in 2016 to 8.3% in 2021. Increases in gestational diabetes were seen in each maternal age group, and rates rose steadily with maternal age; in 2021, the rate for mothers aged 40 years (15.6%) was nearly six times as high as the rate for mothers aged 20 years (2.7%). […] National information on gestational diabetes became available for the first time in 2016 and might be underreported.

• #57 Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States and Canada: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06378-2

  The 15 studies using routinely collected data yielded prevalence estimates that were approximately 2% lower than those from the other studies. […] This meta-analysis points to a slightly higher prevalence of GDM in the US and Canada, compared to Europe. […] The combined effects of technical methodological differences and variation in the composition of different samples clearly account for a high proportion of residual variability.

• #58 State-Level Gestational Diabetes Prevalence Estimates from Three Data Sources, 2018 | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.23297796v1.full-text

  We investigated 2018 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence estimates in three surveillance systems (National Vital Statistics System, State Inpatient Database, and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Survey). […] GDM prevalence estimates varied widely by data system and within the data subset despite comparable demographics. Understanding the differences between GDM surveillance data systems can help researchers better identify people and places at higher risk of GDM. […] Accurate GDM prevalence estimates are important to identify populations at higher risk; however, GDM prevalence estimates vary depending on the data source used. […] We document variation in state-level GDM prevalence estimates by three unique data systems, and these variations exist even when controlling for similar population demographics. GDM prevalence estimates are influenced by the strengths and limitations of data systems, as well as screening practices that vary across facilities. […] GDM screening combined with high-quality surveillance data can inform public health policy and resource allocation to prevent, identify, and manage this potentially serious pregnancy complication.

• #59 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #60 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/4166290?limo=0

  The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #61 Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/gestational-diabetes-screening-diagnosis/research-protocol

  In addition to the lack of consensus on an optimal screening and diagnostic approach, various thresholds for positive tests have been recommended by the ADA, ACOG, and World Health Organization (WHO). […] The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) recently issued consensus guidelines recommending an OGTT threshold of 5.1 mmol/l at fasting, 10.0 mmol/l at 1 hour post load, and 8.5 mmol/l at 2 hours post load, based on findings from the Hyperglycermia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. […] A recent study found that the IADPSG criteria increased GDM prevalence nearly threefold compared with the current ADA criteria in a high-risk population, which would increase antenatal visits, laboratory workup, and treatment. […] Treatment aims to minimize the risk of adverse maternal and child outcomes associated with glucose intolerance in women diagnosed with GDM. First-line treatment for GDM involves diet modification, glucose monitoring, and moderate exercise.

• #62 Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/gestational-diabetes-screening-diagnosis/research-protocol

  In addition to the lack of consensus on an optimal screening and diagnostic approach, various thresholds for positive tests have been recommended by the ADA, ACOG, and World Health Organization (WHO). […] The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) recently issued consensus guidelines recommending an OGTT threshold of 5.1 mmol/l at fasting, 10.0 mmol/l at 1 hour post load, and 8.5 mmol/l at 2 hours post load, based on findings from the Hyperglycermia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. […] A recent study found that the IADPSG criteria increased GDM prevalence nearly threefold compared with the current ADA criteria in a high-risk population, which would increase antenatal visits, laboratory workup, and treatment. […] Treatment aims to minimize the risk of adverse maternal and child outcomes associated with glucose intolerance in women diagnosed with GDM. First-line treatment for GDM involves diet modification, glucose monitoring, and moderate exercise.

• #63 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #64

  https://figshare.le.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/Epidemiology_and_management_of_gestational_diabetes/26166682

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. […] Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation).

• #65 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #66

  https://figshare.le.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/Epidemiology_and_management_of_gestational_diabetes/26166682

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. […] Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation).

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-017-4353-9

  Accurate prevalence estimates for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among pregnant women in Europe are lacking owing to the use of a multitude of diagnostic criteria and screening strategies in both high-risk women and the general pregnant population. […] The reported prevalence of GDM in Europe varies considerably, and in certain populations is reported to occur in more than 20% of pregnancies. […] Unfortunately, accurate prevalence estimates in Europe are lacking due to highly inconsistent screening and diagnostic criteria both in high-risk women and the general pregnant population. […] Using IADPSG/WHO 2013 criteria, we found an overall GDM prevalence of 39%, across early, mid and late gestation among overweight/obese women who were evaluated for inclusion in the DALI trial. […] A substantial proportion of women with GDM were identified in early pregnancy (24%), with 14% and 13% of women diagnosed at mid and late pregnancy, respectively.

• #68 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #69

  https://figshare.le.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/Epidemiology_and_management_of_gestational_diabetes/26166682

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. […] Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation).

• #70

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-017-4353-9

  The prevalence of GDM varied across countries, ranging from 24% in the UK to 52% in Denmark. […] Overall, the significant risk of GDM observed among these overweight/obese women is of concern, given the global rise in obesity and the knowledge that both obesity and GDM are independently associated with adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. […] It is evident that effective policies to reduce obesity levels are necessary, and that this may result in both clinical and economic benefits. […] It is clear that the criteria for diagnosing GDM in early pregnancy need urgent resolution, and studies to delineate these criteria and quantify any benefits from treatment are urgently required. […] In conclusion, the overall prevalence of GDM diagnosed by the IADPSG/WHO 2013 GDM criteria in European pregnant women with a BMI 29 kg/m2 participating in the DALI study was high (39%).

• #71 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #72 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/4166290?limo=0

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. […] Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation.

• #73 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #74 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/4166290?limo=0

  The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #75 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/4166290?limo=0

  The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #76 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #77

  https://figshare.le.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/Epidemiology_and_management_of_gestational_diabetes/26166682

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. […] Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation).

• #78 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #79

  https://figshare.le.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/Epidemiology_and_management_of_gestational_diabetes/26166682

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. […] Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation).

• #80 Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/gestational-diabetes-screening-diagnosis/research-protocol

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance that either has its onset or first becomes apparent during pregnancy. Current prevalence estimates for GDM range from approximately 1 to 14 percent of pregnancies in the United States, depending on population characteristics, such as ethnicity and clinical status. GDM incidence has increased over the past decades, alongside the increase in rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and these trends are expected to continue to rise. […] GDM is an important public health concern, as impaired glucose tolerance may affect maternal and fetal health outcomes. Mothers may face an increased risk of labor and birth complications, psychological issues, and an increased likelihood of developing diabetes later in life. Risks for the fetus include macrosomia (excessive birth weight) and birth injuries, such as shoulder dystocia, nerve palsies, and fractures. In addition, risk of glucose intolerance and obesity in childhood is associated with GDM.

• #81 IJERPH | Special Issue : Gestational Diabetes: Epidemiology around the World

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph/special_issues/gestational_epidemiology

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the mild to severe glucose intolerance emerging later in pregnancy, reflects the underlying diabetes mellitus (DM) in any population. DM is a modern-day plague which kills one human every six seconds; it is an epidemic devouring 12% of the world’s health expenditure and increasing exponentially. Thus, DM is ringing alarm bells for prevention worldwide. GDM—a harbinger of impending future DM—can help to contain this impending disaster if identified, and preventive measures like lifestyle modification are applied effectively after delivery. […] However, worldwide, the data on the epidemiology of gestational diabetes are incongruent. The prevalence varies from 1% to 28%, being confounded by the population ethnicity, the criteria (of the myriad available) used for diagnosis, screening methods, maternal age, weight, and socioeconomic status. An in-depth knowledge of the epidemiology of GDM in different countries and regions will help to understand the disparities and similarities facilitating international comparisons. A snapshot of the epidemiology of GDM in select countries will help us march towards our ultimate goal: decreasing maternal and fetal complications in every pregnancy and DM in the entire population worldwide. […] Papers addressing the epidemiology of GDM (reviews, position papers, brief reports, commentaries) in different countries/continents are invited for this Special Issue.

• #82 IJERPH | Special Issue : Gestational Diabetes: Epidemiology around the World

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph/special_issues/gestational_epidemiology

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the mild to severe glucose intolerance emerging later in pregnancy, reflects the underlying diabetes mellitus (DM) in any population. DM is a modern-day plague which kills one human every six seconds; it is an epidemic devouring 12% of the world’s health expenditure and increasing exponentially. Thus, DM is ringing alarm bells for prevention worldwide. GDM—a harbinger of impending future DM—can help to contain this impending disaster if identified, and preventive measures like lifestyle modification are applied effectively after delivery. […] However, worldwide, the data on the epidemiology of gestational diabetes are incongruent. The prevalence varies from 1% to 28%, being confounded by the population ethnicity, the criteria (of the myriad available) used for diagnosis, screening methods, maternal age, weight, and socioeconomic status. An in-depth knowledge of the epidemiology of GDM in different countries and regions will help to understand the disparities and similarities facilitating international comparisons. A snapshot of the epidemiology of GDM in select countries will help us march towards our ultimate goal: decreasing maternal and fetal complications in every pregnancy and DM in the entire population worldwide. […] Papers addressing the epidemiology of GDM (reviews, position papers, brief reports, commentaries) in different countries/continents are invited for this Special Issue.

• #83 Gestational Diabetes (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/gestational-diabetes

  Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a growing health concern in many parts of the world – it occurs in 2-5% of pregnancies but figures vary considerably depending upon the criteria used. GDM is increasing in prevalence worldwide in tandem with the dramatic increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in women of childbearing age. […] Little is known about the burden of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries despite high prevalence and mortality rates in these countries.

• #84 Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes: Causes, Risks, Management

  https://idf.org/about-diabetes/types-of-diabetes/gestational-diabetes/

  17% of live births affected […] In 2021, about 21.1 million live births or 16.7%, had some form of high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) during pregnancy. The condition is more common in low- and middle-income countries with limited access to maternal care. […] Women over 45 are at greater risk of hyperglycaemia during pregnancy, while women with a history of GDM have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes within five to ten years after delivery. […] Early detection of gestational diabetes is crucial for prompt treatment, which can help prevent complications for both mother and baby. Women at high risk of gestational diabetes should be screened during their first prenatal visit. Further recommendations advise screening all pregnant women for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks.

• #85 Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/gestational-diabetes-screening-diagnosis/research-protocol

  Much debate exists regarding whether screening for GDM should be offered routinely for pregnancy and, if so, which method of screening should be used. Due to uncertainty regarding whether screening and treatment are beneficial and cost-effective, there is worldwide variance on screening practices. Universal screening of all pregnant women is the most common current practice in the U.S. A cross-sectional study by Gabbe et al. found that 96 percent of obstetricians routinely screen for GDM. […] In contrast, current guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) state the women at low risk for GDM are unlikely to benefit from screening. […] Numerous screening and diagnostic tests have been used to detect high levels of plasma or serum glucose at various stages of pregnancy.

• #86 Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/gestational-diabetes-screening-diagnosis/research-protocol

  In addition to the lack of consensus on an optimal screening and diagnostic approach, various thresholds for positive tests have been recommended by the ADA, ACOG, and World Health Organization (WHO). […] The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) recently issued consensus guidelines recommending an OGTT threshold of 5.1 mmol/l at fasting, 10.0 mmol/l at 1 hour post load, and 8.5 mmol/l at 2 hours post load, based on findings from the Hyperglycermia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. […] A recent study found that the IADPSG criteria increased GDM prevalence nearly threefold compared with the current ADA criteria in a high-risk population, which would increase antenatal visits, laboratory workup, and treatment. […] Treatment aims to minimize the risk of adverse maternal and child outcomes associated with glucose intolerance in women diagnosed with GDM. First-line treatment for GDM involves diet modification, glucose monitoring, and moderate exercise.

• #87 Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes: Causes, Risks, Management

  https://idf.org/about-diabetes/types-of-diabetes/gestational-diabetes/

  17% of live births affected […] In 2021, about 21.1 million live births or 16.7%, had some form of high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) during pregnancy. The condition is more common in low- and middle-income countries with limited access to maternal care. […] Women over 45 are at greater risk of hyperglycaemia during pregnancy, while women with a history of GDM have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes within five to ten years after delivery. […] Early detection of gestational diabetes is crucial for prompt treatment, which can help prevent complications for both mother and baby. Women at high risk of gestational diabetes should be screened during their first prenatal visit. Further recommendations advise screening all pregnant women for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks.

• #88 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #89 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/4166290?limo=0

  The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #90 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Screening and Management – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2023/01/02/acog-releases-updated-guidance-gestational-diabetes/

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for gestational diabetes in asymptomatic pregnant persons at ≥24 weeks of gestation or after (B recommendation). […] ACOG suggests screening women who had GDM between 4 and 12 weeks postpartum for Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes. […] ACOG recommends the following target levels to reduce risk of macrosomia: Fasting or preprandial blood glucose values < 95 mg/dL. [...] ACOG recommends that insulin be the preferred therapy if glycemic control is not obtained with nonpharmacologic treatment. [...] ACOG supports the ‘2 step’ approach (24 to 28 week 1 hour venous glucose measurement following 50g oral glucose solution), followed by a 100g 3 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) if positive.

• #91 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Screening and Management – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2023/01/02/acog-releases-updated-guidance-gestational-diabetes/

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for gestational diabetes in asymptomatic pregnant persons at ≥24 weeks of gestation or after (B recommendation). […] ACOG suggests screening women who had GDM between 4 and 12 weeks postpartum for Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes. […] ACOG recommends the following target levels to reduce risk of macrosomia: Fasting or preprandial blood glucose values < 95 mg/dL. [...] ACOG recommends that insulin be the preferred therapy if glycemic control is not obtained with nonpharmacologic treatment. [...] ACOG supports the ‘2 step’ approach (24 to 28 week 1 hour venous glucose measurement following 50g oral glucose solution), followed by a 100g 3 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) if positive.

• #92 Diabetes Canada | Clinical Practice Guidelines

  https://guidelines.diabetes.ca/cpg/chapter36

  Gestational Diabetes Mellitus […] During Pregnancy […] Untreated gestational diabetes leads to increased maternal and perinatal morbidity. Treatment reduces these adverse pregnancy outcomes. […] In women at high risk of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes, early screening (20 weeks) with an A1C should be done to identify women with potentially overt diabetes to guide fetal surveillance and early maternal treatment, including self-monitoring of blood glucose, interventions that promote healthy behaviours and healthy weight gain. […] The diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes (GDM) remain controversial; however, these guidelines identify a preferred and an alternate screening approach. The preferred approach is an initial 50g glucose challenge test, followed, if abnormal, with a 75g oral glucose tolerance test. A diagnosis of GDM is made if one plasma glucose value is abnormal (i.e. fasting 5.3mmol/L, 1 hour 10.6mmol/L, 2 hours 9.0mmol/L). The alternate approach is a 1-step approach of a 75g oral glucose tolerance test. A diagnosis of GDM is made if one plasma glucose value is abnormal (i.e. fasting 5.1mmol/L, 1 hour 10.0mmol/L, 2 hours 8.5mmol/L). […] First-line therapy consists of diet and physical activity. If glycemic targets are not met, insulin or metformin can then be used.

• #93 Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States and Canada: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06378-2

  An understanding of the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women is essential at local, national and international level so that appropriate health care interventions can be planned, financed and delivered. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis of primary research reporting the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Canada or the United States were carried out according to Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. […] Overall mean prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.78.3); 13.7% (95% CI: 10.717.3) in studies using a one-step screening strategy, and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.46.1) in those using a two-step strategy. […] The meta-analysis suggests a slightly higher prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Canada and the United States, compared to Europe, but highlights the need for standardised protocols for estimating gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence.

• #94 Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States and Canada: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06378-2

  An understanding of the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women is essential at local, national and international level so that appropriate health care interventions can be planned, financed and delivered. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis of primary research reporting the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Canada or the United States were carried out according to Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. […] Overall mean prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.78.3); 13.7% (95% CI: 10.717.3) in studies using a one-step screening strategy, and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.46.1) in those using a two-step strategy. […] The meta-analysis suggests a slightly higher prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Canada and the United States, compared to Europe, but highlights the need for standardised protocols for estimating gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence.

• #95 Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States and Canada: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-024-06378-2

  It is thought that around 14% of pregnant women worldwide are affected by GDM but differences in screening approaches and diagnostic criteria result in variable estimates. […] A clear understanding of GDM is essential at local and national level so that health care interventions can be planned, financed and delivered for this group. […] However, there has been no review of prevalence of GDM specifically in the US or Canada. […] The overall mean prevalence of GDM in the meta-analysis including all studies was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.78.3). […] The highest prevalence of GDM was observed when the Carpenter-Coustan criteria were used, and the lowest with the NDDG criteria. […] There was a trend of increasing prevalence estimates the later the data collection period started but the trend according to when the data collection period ended was not significant.

• #96 Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/gestational-diabetes-screening-diagnosis/research-protocol

  In addition to the lack of consensus on an optimal screening and diagnostic approach, various thresholds for positive tests have been recommended by the ADA, ACOG, and World Health Organization (WHO). […] The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) recently issued consensus guidelines recommending an OGTT threshold of 5.1 mmol/l at fasting, 10.0 mmol/l at 1 hour post load, and 8.5 mmol/l at 2 hours post load, based on findings from the Hyperglycermia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. […] A recent study found that the IADPSG criteria increased GDM prevalence nearly threefold compared with the current ADA criteria in a high-risk population, which would increase antenatal visits, laboratory workup, and treatment. […] Treatment aims to minimize the risk of adverse maternal and child outcomes associated with glucose intolerance in women diagnosed with GDM. First-line treatment for GDM involves diet modification, glucose monitoring, and moderate exercise.

• #97 Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/gestational-diabetes-screening-diagnosis/research-protocol

  Much debate exists regarding whether screening for GDM should be offered routinely for pregnancy and, if so, which method of screening should be used. Due to uncertainty regarding whether screening and treatment are beneficial and cost-effective, there is worldwide variance on screening practices. Universal screening of all pregnant women is the most common current practice in the U.S. A cross-sectional study by Gabbe et al. found that 96 percent of obstetricians routinely screen for GDM. […] In contrast, current guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) state the women at low risk for GDM are unlikely to benefit from screening. […] Numerous screening and diagnostic tests have been used to detect high levels of plasma or serum glucose at various stages of pregnancy.

• #98

  https://consensus.app/questions/gestational-diabetes-epidemiology/

  Certain ethnic groups have a higher prevalence of GDM, which correlates with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in these populations. […] A family history of diabetes and specific genetic predispositions also contribute to the risk. […] GDM is associated with several short-term complications for both the mother and the newborn. These include higher rates of cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, and macrosomia (large for gestational age infants). Infants born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of neonatal hypoglycemia, jaundice, and respiratory distress syndrome. […] The long-term implications of GDM extend beyond pregnancy. Women with a history of GDM have a substantially increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, with studies indicating that approximately 50% of these women will develop diabetes within 10 years. Additionally, offspring of mothers with GDM are at a higher risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, potentially due to epigenetic changes induced by intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia.

• #99 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  The prevalence observed in part reflects a variation in the diagnosis of GDM internationally, contributed by the difference in screening and diagnostic criteria used. […] Gestational diabetes refers to glucose intolerance resulting in hyperglycemia of variable severity with onset or first recognition in pregnancy, that usually resolves following the pregnancy.2,17 […] The definition still stands, given that all forms of diabetes in pregnancy is associated with significant adverse perinatal outcomes. […] Long-term outcomes for women with GDM include markedly increased risk in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, as well as cardiovascular disease.8,24,27,28 […] A population-based retrospective cohort study, which examined more than 9,000 women in the UK showed that GDM women were 20 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus and 2.8 times more likely to develop ischemic heart disease.29 […] A recent meta-analysis looking at 28 studies and 170,139 women found that following GDM, the risk for type 2 diabetes increased linearly (9.6%) with every year following completion of pregnancy.

• #100 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  The prevalence observed in part reflects a variation in the diagnosis of GDM internationally, contributed by the difference in screening and diagnostic criteria used. […] Gestational diabetes refers to glucose intolerance resulting in hyperglycemia of variable severity with onset or first recognition in pregnancy, that usually resolves following the pregnancy.2,17 […] The definition still stands, given that all forms of diabetes in pregnancy is associated with significant adverse perinatal outcomes. […] Long-term outcomes for women with GDM include markedly increased risk in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, as well as cardiovascular disease.8,24,27,28 […] A population-based retrospective cohort study, which examined more than 9,000 women in the UK showed that GDM women were 20 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus and 2.8 times more likely to develop ischemic heart disease.29 […] A recent meta-analysis looking at 28 studies and 170,139 women found that following GDM, the risk for type 2 diabetes increased linearly (9.6%) with every year following completion of pregnancy.

• #101 Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8–maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy–epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413

  The prevalence observed in part reflects a variation in the diagnosis of GDM internationally, contributed by the difference in screening and diagnostic criteria used. […] Gestational diabetes refers to glucose intolerance resulting in hyperglycemia of variable severity with onset or first recognition in pregnancy, that usually resolves following the pregnancy.2,17 […] The definition still stands, given that all forms of diabetes in pregnancy is associated with significant adverse perinatal outcomes. […] Long-term outcomes for women with GDM include markedly increased risk in developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, as well as cardiovascular disease.8,24,27,28 […] A population-based retrospective cohort study, which examined more than 9,000 women in the UK showed that GDM women were 20 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus and 2.8 times more likely to develop ischemic heart disease.29 […] A recent meta-analysis looking at 28 studies and 170,139 women found that following GDM, the risk for type 2 diabetes increased linearly (9.6%) with every year following completion of pregnancy.

• #102 Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1361

  The overall relative risk for T2DM was almost 10 times higher in women with previous GDM than in healthy controls. […] Women with a history of GDM appear to have a nearly 10-fold higher risk of developing T2DM than those with a normoglycaemic pregnancy. […] The magnitude of this risk highlights the importance of intervening to prevent the onset of T2DM, particularly in the early years after pregnancy.

• #103

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2009/09000/gestational_diabetes_and_multiple_sclerosis.32.aspx

  Of 5205 MS index cases with early-life information, 30 (0.6%) had a mother with gestational diabetes compared with 4 out of 2007 (0.2%) spousal controls. These findings confirm in a separate sample the finding that maternal gestational diabetes may be associated with increased risk of MS (OR = 3.87 [95% CI = 1.1812.7]). […] Maternal gestational diabetes has also been shown to increase the risk of schizophrenia,4 a disorder which also displays a season of birth effect similar to MS.2 It is thus plausible that maternal gestational diabetes affects the intrauterine environment and fetal neurodevelopment, ultimately increasing the risk of MS. […] Despite different methodology and sample, the data obtained here are coherent with the work of Gardener et al1 and the topic thus warrants further investigation.

• #104

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2009/09000/gestational_diabetes_and_multiple_sclerosis.32.aspx

  Of 5205 MS index cases with early-life information, 30 (0.6%) had a mother with gestational diabetes compared with 4 out of 2007 (0.2%) spousal controls. These findings confirm in a separate sample the finding that maternal gestational diabetes may be associated with increased risk of MS (OR = 3.87 [95% CI = 1.1812.7]). […] Maternal gestational diabetes has also been shown to increase the risk of schizophrenia,4 a disorder which also displays a season of birth effect similar to MS.2 It is thus plausible that maternal gestational diabetes affects the intrauterine environment and fetal neurodevelopment, ultimately increasing the risk of MS. […] Despite different methodology and sample, the data obtained here are coherent with the work of Gardener et al1 and the topic thus warrants further investigation.

• #105

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2009/09000/gestational_diabetes_and_multiple_sclerosis.32.aspx

  Of 5205 MS index cases with early-life information, 30 (0.6%) had a mother with gestational diabetes compared with 4 out of 2007 (0.2%) spousal controls. These findings confirm in a separate sample the finding that maternal gestational diabetes may be associated with increased risk of MS (OR = 3.87 [95% CI = 1.1812.7]). […] Maternal gestational diabetes has also been shown to increase the risk of schizophrenia,4 a disorder which also displays a season of birth effect similar to MS.2 It is thus plausible that maternal gestational diabetes affects the intrauterine environment and fetal neurodevelopment, ultimately increasing the risk of MS. […] Despite different methodology and sample, the data obtained here are coherent with the work of Gardener et al1 and the topic thus warrants further investigation.

• #106

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2009/09000/gestational_diabetes_and_multiple_sclerosis.32.aspx

  Of 5205 MS index cases with early-life information, 30 (0.6%) had a mother with gestational diabetes compared with 4 out of 2007 (0.2%) spousal controls. These findings confirm in a separate sample the finding that maternal gestational diabetes may be associated with increased risk of MS (OR = 3.87 [95% CI = 1.1812.7]). […] Maternal gestational diabetes has also been shown to increase the risk of schizophrenia,4 a disorder which also displays a season of birth effect similar to MS.2 It is thus plausible that maternal gestational diabetes affects the intrauterine environment and fetal neurodevelopment, ultimately increasing the risk of MS. […] Despite different methodology and sample, the data obtained here are coherent with the work of Gardener et al1 and the topic thus warrants further investigation.

• #107 Association of Depression and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Mississippi Women: A Cross-Sectional Study Analyzing the Self-Reported Responses to the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey | Published in Journal of the Mississippi State M

  https://jmsma.scholasticahq.com/article/119012-association-of-depression-and-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-in-mississippi-women-a-cross-sectional-study-analyzing-the-self-reported-responses-to-the

  Despite a known association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and depression, there is a lack of research investigating this association in Mississippi women. […] At the bivariate level, race (p 0.001), education level (p 0.001), income (p 0.001), and history of gestational diabetes mellitus (p 0.001) were found to be independently associated with depression. […] Multivariable analysis showed that Mississippi women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis were 1.7 times more likely to have a history of depression diagnosis than those without a history of gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis, when adjusted for race, education level, and income. […] Our results indicate that, in Mississippi women, there is a statistically significant association between gestational diabetes mellitus and depression.

• #108

  https://consensus.app/questions/gestational-diabetes-epidemiology/

  Certain ethnic groups have a higher prevalence of GDM, which correlates with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in these populations. […] A family history of diabetes and specific genetic predispositions also contribute to the risk. […] GDM is associated with several short-term complications for both the mother and the newborn. These include higher rates of cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, and macrosomia (large for gestational age infants). Infants born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of neonatal hypoglycemia, jaundice, and respiratory distress syndrome. […] The long-term implications of GDM extend beyond pregnancy. Women with a history of GDM have a substantially increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, with studies indicating that approximately 50% of these women will develop diabetes within 10 years. Additionally, offspring of mothers with GDM are at a higher risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, potentially due to epigenetic changes induced by intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia.

• #109

  https://consensus.app/questions/gestational-diabetes-epidemiology/

  Certain ethnic groups have a higher prevalence of GDM, which correlates with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in these populations. […] A family history of diabetes and specific genetic predispositions also contribute to the risk. […] GDM is associated with several short-term complications for both the mother and the newborn. These include higher rates of cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, and macrosomia (large for gestational age infants). Infants born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of neonatal hypoglycemia, jaundice, and respiratory distress syndrome. […] The long-term implications of GDM extend beyond pregnancy. Women with a history of GDM have a substantially increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, with studies indicating that approximately 50% of these women will develop diabetes within 10 years. Additionally, offspring of mothers with GDM are at a higher risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, potentially due to epigenetic changes induced by intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia.

• #110 Maternal gestational diabetes linked to diabetes in children | Division of Clinical Epidemiology – McGill University

  https://www.mcgill.ca/clinepi/article/maternal-gestational-diabetes-linked-diabetes-children

  Children of mothers who had gestational diabetes during pregnancy could be at increased risk of type 1 diabetes themselves, according to a new study led by a team at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC) that was published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ). […] The study of 73,180 mothers compared data from Quebec (1990-2012) on randomly selected single births from mothers with gestational diabetes to births from mothers without gestational diabetes. […] The incidence — the number of new cases — of diabetes per 10,000 person-years was 4.5 in children born to mothers with gestational diabetes and 2.4 in mothers without. […] According to the authors, the reasons for this relationship need to be examined in future studies but the evidence of the link may help to accelerate the diagnosis of diabetes in young people. […] This study was supported by an operating grant from Diabetes Canada (principal investigator Kaberi Dasgupta; co-principal investigator Elham Rahme).

• #111 Maternal gestational diabetes linked to diabetes in children | Division of Clinical Epidemiology – McGill University

  https://www.mcgill.ca/clinepi/article/maternal-gestational-diabetes-linked-diabetes-children

  Children of mothers who had gestational diabetes during pregnancy could be at increased risk of type 1 diabetes themselves, according to a new study led by a team at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC) that was published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ). […] The study of 73,180 mothers compared data from Quebec (1990-2012) on randomly selected single births from mothers with gestational diabetes to births from mothers without gestational diabetes. […] The incidence — the number of new cases — of diabetes per 10,000 person-years was 4.5 in children born to mothers with gestational diabetes and 2.4 in mothers without. […] According to the authors, the reasons for this relationship need to be examined in future studies but the evidence of the link may help to accelerate the diagnosis of diabetes in young people. […] This study was supported by an operating grant from Diabetes Canada (principal investigator Kaberi Dasgupta; co-principal investigator Elham Rahme).

• #112 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #113 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/4166290?limo=0

  The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #114

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-017-4353-9

  The prevalence of GDM varied across countries, ranging from 24% in the UK to 52% in Denmark. […] Overall, the significant risk of GDM observed among these overweight/obese women is of concern, given the global rise in obesity and the knowledge that both obesity and GDM are independently associated with adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. […] It is evident that effective policies to reduce obesity levels are necessary, and that this may result in both clinical and economic benefits. […] It is clear that the criteria for diagnosing GDM in early pregnancy need urgent resolution, and studies to delineate these criteria and quantify any benefits from treatment are urgently required. […] In conclusion, the overall prevalence of GDM diagnosed by the IADPSG/WHO 2013 GDM criteria in European pregnant women with a BMI 29 kg/m2 participating in the DALI study was high (39%).

• #115 Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus according to IADPSG/WHO 2013 criteria among obese pregnant women in Europe

  https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/paedpub/1872/

  Accurate prevalence estimates for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among pregnant women in Europe are lacking owing to the use of a multitude of diagnostic criteria and screening strategies in both high-risk women and the general pregnant population. […] Our aims were to report important risk factors for GDM development and calculate the prevalence of GDM in a cohort of women with BMI 29 kg/m2 across 11 centres in Europe using the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG)/WHO 2013 diagnostic criteria. […] Overall, 39% of women developed GDM during pregnancy, with no significant differences in prevalence across countries. […] The prevalence of GDM was high (24%; 242/1023) in early pregnancy. […] The prevalence of GDM diagnosed by the IADPSG/WHO 2013 GDM criteria in European pregnant women with a BMI 29.0 kg/m2 is substantial, and poses a significant health burden to these pregnancies and to the future health of the mother and her offspring. […] Uniform criteria for GDM diagnosis, supported by robust evidence for the benefits of treatment, are urgently needed to guide modern GDM screening and treatment strategies.

• #116

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-017-4353-9

  The prevalence of GDM varied across countries, ranging from 24% in the UK to 52% in Denmark. […] Overall, the significant risk of GDM observed among these overweight/obese women is of concern, given the global rise in obesity and the knowledge that both obesity and GDM are independently associated with adverse maternal-fetal outcomes. […] It is evident that effective policies to reduce obesity levels are necessary, and that this may result in both clinical and economic benefits. […] It is clear that the criteria for diagnosing GDM in early pregnancy need urgent resolution, and studies to delineate these criteria and quantify any benefits from treatment are urgently required. […] In conclusion, the overall prevalence of GDM diagnosed by the IADPSG/WHO 2013 GDM criteria in European pregnant women with a BMI 29 kg/m2 participating in the DALI study was high (39%).

• #117 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38909620/

  Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycaemia first detected during pregnancy at glucose concentrations that are less than those of overt diabetes. Around 14% of pregnancies globally are affected by gestational diabetes; its prevalence varies with differences in risk factors and approaches to screening and diagnosis; and it is increasing in parallel with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes direct costs are US$16 billion in the USA alone, largely due to complications including hypertensive disorders, preterm delivery, and neonatal metabolic and respiratory consequences. Between 30% and 70% of gestational diabetes is diagnosed in early pregnancy (ie, early gestational diabetes defined by hyperglycaemia before 20 weeks of gestation). Early gestational diabetes is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with women diagnosed with late gestational diabetes (hyperglycaemia from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation). Randomised controlled trials show benefits of treating gestational diabetes from 24 weeks to 28 weeks of gestation. The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #118 Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes

  https://lirias.kuleuven.be/4166290?limo=0

  The WHO 2013 recommendations for diagnosing gestational diabetes (one-step 75 gm 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation) are largely based on the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Study, which confirmed the linear association between pregnancy complications and late-pregnancy maternal glycaemia: a phenomenon that has now also been shown in early pregnancy. Recently, the Treatment of Booking Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (TOBOGM) trial showed benefit in diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes for women with risk factors. Given the diabesity epidemic, evidence for gestational diabetes heterogeneity by timing and subtype, and advances in technology, a life course precision medicine approach is urgently needed, using evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, and treatment strategies.

• #119 Participant characteristics in the prevention of gestational diabetes as evidence for precision medicine: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Communications Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-023-00366-x

  GDM prevention through metformin or lifestyle differs according to some individual characteristics. Future research should include trials commencing preconception and provide results disaggregated by a priori defined participant characteristics including social and environmental factors, clinical traits, and other novel risk factors to predict GDM prevention through interventions.

• #120 Participant characteristics in the prevention of gestational diabetes as evidence for precision medicine: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Communications Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-023-00366-x

  GDM prevention through metformin or lifestyle differs according to some individual characteristics. Future research should include trials commencing preconception and provide results disaggregated by a priori defined participant characteristics including social and environmental factors, clinical traits, and other novel risk factors to predict GDM prevention through interventions.

• #121

  https://consensus.app/questions/gestational-diabetes-epidemiology/

  Early detection and management of GDM are crucial for mitigating adverse outcomes. Despite the lack of international consensus on screening methods, timely diagnosis allows for appropriate interventions to control blood glucose levels and reduce complications. […] Systematic follow-up programs for women with a history of GDM are essential to prevent the progression to type 2 diabetes. These programs should include regular monitoring of glucose levels and lifestyle counseling to maintain a healthy weight and diet. […] GDM is a significant public health issue with both immediate and long-term health implications for mothers and their offspring. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of GDM is crucial for developing effective prevention and management strategies.

• #122

  https://consensus.app/questions/gestational-diabetes-epidemiology/

  Early detection and management of GDM are crucial for mitigating adverse outcomes. Despite the lack of international consensus on screening methods, timely diagnosis allows for appropriate interventions to control blood glucose levels and reduce complications. […] Systematic follow-up programs for women with a history of GDM are essential to prevent the progression to type 2 diabetes. These programs should include regular monitoring of glucose levels and lifestyle counseling to maintain a healthy weight and diet. […] GDM is a significant public health issue with both immediate and long-term health implications for mothers and their offspring. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of GDM is crucial for developing effective prevention and management strategies.

• #123 Diabetes Canada | Clinical Practice Guidelines

  https://guidelines.diabetes.ca/cpg/chapter36

  Postpartum […] Women with gestational diabetes should be encouraged to breastfeed immediately after birth and for a minimum of 4 months to prevent neonatal hypoglycemia, childhood obesity, and diabetes for both the mother and child. […] Women should be screened for diabetes between 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum, with a 75g oral glucose tolerance test and be given ongoing education regarding strategies to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. […] Key Messages for Women with Diabetes Who are Pregnant or Planning a Pregnancy […] Gestational Diabetes […] Between 3% to 20% of pregnant women develop gestational diabetes, depending on their risk factors. […] All pregnant women without known pre-existing diabetes should be screened for gestational diabetes between 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. […] If you were diagnosed with gestational diabetes during your pregnancy, it is important to: […] Reduce your weight, targeting a normal body mass index in order to reduce your risk of gestational diabetes in the next pregnancy and developing type 2 diabetes. […] Be screened for type 2 diabetes after your pregnancy: […] every 3 years (or more often depending on your risk factors).

• #124 Diabetes Canada | Clinical Practice Guidelines

  https://guidelines.diabetes.ca/cpg/chapter36

  Postpartum […] Women with gestational diabetes should be encouraged to breastfeed immediately after birth and for a minimum of 4 months to prevent neonatal hypoglycemia, childhood obesity, and diabetes for both the mother and child. […] Women should be screened for diabetes between 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum, with a 75g oral glucose tolerance test and be given ongoing education regarding strategies to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. […] Key Messages for Women with Diabetes Who are Pregnant or Planning a Pregnancy […] Gestational Diabetes […] Between 3% to 20% of pregnant women develop gestational diabetes, depending on their risk factors. […] All pregnant women without known pre-existing diabetes should be screened for gestational diabetes between 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. […] If you were diagnosed with gestational diabetes during your pregnancy, it is important to: […] Reduce your weight, targeting a normal body mass index in order to reduce your risk of gestational diabetes in the next pregnancy and developing type 2 diabetes. […] Be screened for type 2 diabetes after your pregnancy: […] every 3 years (or more often depending on your risk factors).

• #125 Academic Strive | Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Complications

  https://academicstrive.com/CJDCC/articles/view/1654

  Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent complication that can arise during pregnancy, impacting the way the body processes glucose. […] Through a comprehensive analysis that synthesizes the latest research findings, this review article underscores the critical importance of early detection and the implementation of holistic care strategies. […] By shedding light on these aspects, we aim to emphasize the significance of proactive management approaches to enhance the well-being of both maternal health and infant outcomes.

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