Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (The role of lifestyle): a meta-analysis | Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome | Full Text

  https://dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13098-022-00854-5

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common complication of pregnancy. The study aimed to review the role of lifestyle in the prevention of GDM. […] The dietary intervention showed significant positive effect on GDM, odd ratio=0.69, 95% CI, 0.5684, P-value for overall effect=0.002. […] The DASH diet was better than Mediterranean Diet (odd ratio, 0.71, 95% CI, 6874, P-value0.001). […] Diet and early mild-moderate exercise were effective in GDM prevention. […] The present meta-analysis showed that diet was effective in gestational diabetes prevention, while exercise was not. […] A sub-analysis showed that exercise was effective only when introduced in the first trimester; physical activity started in the second trimester was not effective. […] Mild-moderate exercise was effective in contrast to vigorous physical activity.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-022-05658-w

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most prevalent pregnancy-related endocrinopathy, affecting up to 25% of pregnancies worldwide. […] GDM prevention strategies have had mixed results for many years, but more recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have suggested potential new avenues of prevention. The objective of this review is to summarise the literature examining the efficacy of lifestyle interventions for the prevention of GDM and to uncover if specific individual-level characteristics influence this outcome. Based on the present literature, we determined that future trials should be designed to understand if initiation of lifestyle intervention in the preconception period is more effective to reduce GDM. Furthermore, trials initiated during pregnancy should be developed through the lens of precision prevention.

• #3 GESTATIONAL DIABETES | diabetes-prevention

  https://www.lwtcsupport.co.uk/gdm-info-page

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy when the body cannot produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. It can be managed through lifestyle factors such as adopting a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and monitoring blood sugar levels. However, it’s essential to understand that having GDM increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Proactive steps, including ongoing lifestyle modifications and regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, can help reduce this risk. […] The NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme covers a range of detailed information including nutrition, physical activity, stress management weight management. We look at how to use this to make long-term changes to your lifestyle to reduce risk of repeated gestational diabetes, or lifelong type 2 diabetes in the future.

• #4 Gestational Diabetes | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/gestational-diabetes.html

  Gestational diabetes can develop during pregnancy in women who don’t already have diabetes. […] Managing gestational diabetes can help make sure you have a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. […] Before you get pregnant, you may be able to prevent gestational diabetes with lifestyle changes. These include losing weight if you’re overweight, eating a healthy diet, and getting regular physical activity. […] Talk to your doctor about how to lower your risk. […] It’s important to be tested for gestational diabetes so you can begin treatment to protect your baby’s health and your own. […] You can do a lot to manage your gestational diabetes. Go to all your prenatal appointments and follow your treatment plan, including: Checking your blood sugar to make sure your levels stay in a healthy range. Being active lowers your blood sugar and makes you more sensitive to insulin. Eating healthy food in the right amounts at the right times.

• #5 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CFH/DMCAH/Pages/Diabetes/Gestational-Diabetes-and-Postpartum-Care.aspx

  Your health care provider can support you in managing your gestational diabetes. It is important to attend all your prenatal appointments where your health care team can guide you through important actions such as: […] A registered dietitian/nutritionist can help you create a custom nutrition plan that helps you control your blood sugar. […] Youre more likely to develop gestational diabetes if you: Are overweight or obese. Are not physically active. Have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Had gestational diabetes during a previous pregnancy. […] About 1 in 10 pregnant people in California get gestational diabetes. Detecting and managing it early can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and baby. […] If you’re pregnant or think you might be, talk with your health care provider about gestational diabetes. Testing for gestational diabetes usually happens between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy, or earlier if needed. […] Are you a provider looking for more information and resources about gestational diabetes? Please check out the Gestational Diabetes: Information for Providers webpage to find links to training modules, diabetes organizations, and more.

• #6 Everything You Need to Know About Gestational Diabetes | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/everything-you-need-to-know-about-gestational-diabetes

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs when pregnant people are unable to maintain normal glucose levels in the face of these hormonal changes that occur during normal pregnancy. […] There are many well-known factors that increase your risk for developing GDM. You may be at higher risk if you: Have excess weight or obesity, Are physically inactive, Had GDM in a previous pregnancy, Have a personal history of prediabetes, Are more than 25 years old, Had a very large baby (9 pounds or more) in a previous pregnancy, Have high blood pressure, a history of heart disease or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Are a member of a higher-risk ethnic group, Have a family history of diabetes, particularly in a first-degree relative, Have a twin or multiples pregnancy (Gestational diabetes is two to three times more common in twin and multiples pregnancies, as you typically have multiple placentas or a larger placenta.)

• #7 Diagnosis, prevention and management of gestational diabetes mellitus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5643832/

  China is a country with a high burden of diabetes, and the age at onset of T2DM among women is decreasing. Furthermore, women of reproductive age usually do not receive regular physical examination or know their blood glucose levels. Thus, sometimes, hyperglycemia is already present at conception. Studies have shown that hyperglycemia during organogenesis can markedly increase the risk of spontaneous abortions and congenital anomalies, while satisfactory glycemic control could reduce these risks. Thus, all women, especially women with diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, and a history of GDM need to plan for pregnancy and seek pre-pregnancy counseling early. […] All women are encouraged to adopt good dietary and lifestyle habits before pregnancy, especially those who are underweight or overweight/obese. As a woman’s body mass index (BMI) prior to pregnancy is of high importance, both low and high BMIs are closely related to poor pregnancy outcomes. However, these are modifiable risk factors. Zhang et al found that adherence to a low-risk lifestyle (healthy body weight, healthy diet, regular exercise, and non-smoking) before pregnancy is associated with a low risk of GDM.

• #8 Preventing Gestational Diabetes: What You Should Know

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/preventing-gestational-diabetes

  Your blood sugar levels can become higher than usual during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes isnt totally preventable, but there are ways to help lower your risk. […] The best way to lower your risk of gestational diabetes is to stay healthy and prepare your body for pregnancy. […] If you have overweight or obesity, you can take the following steps to prepare for pregnancy: Work to improve your diet and eat healthy foods. Establish a regular exercise routine. Consider weight loss. […] Talk with a doctor or healthcare professional about the best way for you to reach a moderate weight because even a few pounds can make a difference in your risk level for gestational diabetes. […] If youve had gestational diabetes during a previous pregnancy and youre planning to become pregnant again, tell a doctor. Theyll perform early screening to identify your risk factors and ensure you have a healthy pregnancy.

• #9 Gestational diabetes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355339

  Keep active. Exercising before and during pregnancy can help protect you from developing gestational diabetes. Aim for 30 minutes of moderate activity on most days of the week. Take a brisk daily walk. Ride your bike. Swim laps. Short bursts of activity such as parking further away from the store when you run errands or taking a short walk break all add up. […] Start pregnancy at a healthy weight. If you’re planning to get pregnant, losing extra weight beforehand may help you have a healthier pregnancy. Focus on making lasting changes to your eating habits that can help you through pregnancy, such as eating more vegetables and fruits. […] Don’t gain more weight than recommended. Gaining some weight during pregnancy is typical and healthy. But gaining too much weight too quickly can increase your risk of gestational diabetes. Ask your health care provider what a reasonable amount of weight gain is for you.

• #10 Gestational Diabetes: Can I Lower My Risk?

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/gestational-diabetes-can-i-lower-my-risk

  In one study, researchers found that women who were physically active before and during their pregnancy — about 4 hours a week — lowered their risk of gestational diabetes by about 70% or even more. […] After your baby is born, follow the same healthy diet and exercise plan. […] Getting back to a healthy weight will also lower your risk. […] When you’re overweight, losing 5% to 7% of your body weight helps: If you weigh 180 pounds, losing just 9 pounds makes a difference.

• #11 How to reduce your risk of gestational diabetes | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/gestational-diabetes/reduce-your-risk

  More women are being diagnosed with gestational diabetes each year, with it affecting around 1 in 20 women during pregnancy. […] Its not always possible to prevent gestational diabetes, but there are some things you can do to reduce your risk. This includes getting support to manage your weight, eat healthily and keep active before pregnancy. […] The best way to reduce your risk of gestational diabetes is to try to be as healthy as possible before you get pregnant. If you are living with overweight or obesity, you can consider getting support to lose weight, and following a healthy, balanced diet and taking regular exercise really help. […] Being a healthy weight before you start trying to get pregnant will help your body prepare for pregnancy. […] If you are living with overweight or obesity, it can be harder to get pregnant, and increases the risk of some complications during pregnancy. If youd like to lose weight before you get pregnant, we have lots of information and support, including a weight loss planner, meal plans and emotional support. You can also speak to your healthcare team about what support is available to you such as weight management programmes.

• #12 Gestational Diabetes: Can I Lower My Risk?

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/gestational-diabetes-can-i-lower-my-risk

  As many as 9 out of every 100 pregnant women will develop a condition known as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). […] Although some things mean you’re more likely to get it, you can steps to lower your risk. […] Your doctor or a nutritionist can help you choose foods that may keep your blood glucose within a healthy range. […] In general, limit sweets and track how many carbohydrate-rich foods you eat. […] Include fiber in your meals. This can come from vegetables, fruits, whole-grain breads, whole-grain crackers, and cereals. One large study looked at diets of women before they got pregnant. Each daily increase in fiber by 10 grams reduced their risk of gestational diabetes by 26%. […] Getting regular exercise, if your condition allows it, can help keep your glucose levels healthy.

• #13 The prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (The role of lifestyle): a meta-analysis | Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome | Full Text

  https://dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13098-022-00854-5

  The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Alternate Healthy Eating Index diet, and Mediterranean Diet were effective in reducing gestational diabetes mellitus. […] The DASH diet showed superiority to the Mediterranean. […] Furthermore, the Alternate Healthy Eating Index diet was better than the DASH diet. […] Early mild-moderate physical activity was effective, while late, moderate-vigorous exercise was not.

• #14 Gestational Diabetes Treatment, Management & Prevention

  https://agamatrix.com/blog/gestational-diabetes-treatment/

  Gestational Type 2 Diabetes Prevention […] Before Pregnancy […] The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) advises women who are thinking about becoming pregnant and are overweight to increase their physical activity and lose weight prior to becoming pregnant. Although genetics, age, hormones, and other factors outside a woman’s control can elevate the risk of gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes, taking small steps like those above can enable your body to more efficiently use insulin. […] Women who had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy need to have a pre-pregnancy consultation with their healthcare provider prior to becoming pregnant again. It is very important to have good blood sugar control prior to becoming pregnant again. […] Women who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes before becoming pregnant should visit their doctor for preconception care. This gives your healthcare provider the opportunity to adjust your medications, check for untreated health problems, and discuss any changes that need to be made before you become pregnant.

• #15 Pregnancy Health: Gestational Diabetes | The Community Guide

  https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/pregnancy-health-lifestyle-interventions-reduce-risk-gestational-diabetes.html

  The Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) recommends lifestyle interventions delivered during the first two trimesters of pregnancy to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes. The CPSTF finds […] Lifestyle interventions delivered during the first two trimesters of pregnancy aim to prevent gestational diabetes by actively encouraging women to eat a healthy diet and be physically active. Programs include one or more of the following components: […] Compared to usual care, lifestyle interventions reduced the overall risk of developing gestational diabetes by 32% (29 studies). […] Interventions that provided supervised exercise classes alone or in combination with other lifestyle reduced the risk by 32% (13 studies). […] Interventions that provided education and counseling for diet and physical activity reduced the risk by 31% (16 studies).

• #16

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gestational-diabetes/treatment/

  If you have gestational diabetes, the chances of having problems with the pregnancy can be reduced by controlling your blood sugar (glucose) levels. […] Making changes to your diet can help control your blood sugar levels. […] Physical activity lowers your blood glucose level, so regular exercise can be an effective way to manage gestational diabetes. […] If you have a history of gestational diabetes, or currently have it, the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme can support you. If you self-refer to the programme, you can get help with diet, exercise and maintaining your weight. […] You should have a blood test to check for diabetes 6 to 13 weeks after giving birth. This is because a small number of women with gestational diabetes continue to have raised blood sugar after pregnancy. […] If the result is normal, you’ll usually be advised to have an annual test for diabetes. This is because you’re at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes a lifelong type of diabetes if you’ve had gestational diabetes.

• #17 Detection, treatment and prevention programs for gestational diabetes mellitus: The St Carlos experience | Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed.)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-endocrinologia-diabetes-nutricion-english-ed–413-articulo-detection-treatment-prevention-programs-for-S253001802030055X

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of adverse events in pregnancy and jeopardizes long-term health of the mother and offspring. […] It is important to find strategies to reduce the impact of GDM by adequately screening, diagnosing and treating women afflicted by it. It is also ideal to develop programs to prevent the development of GDM. […] The Mediterranean diet seems to be effective in preventing GDM and other maternofoetal outcomes. […] In finding strategies to prevent GDM, researchers have focused their attention on managing modifiable risk factors such as maternal weight, lifestyle and dietary patterns. […] The incidence of GDM was significantly lower in the intervention group as compared to the control group (17.1% versus 23.4%, p=0.012). […] This shows that an early dietary intervention based on a MedDiet, enriched with EVOO and pistachios, seems to reduce the incidence of GDM and improve several maternofoetal outcomes.

• #18 The Role of Lifestyle Interventions in the Prevention and Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/2/287

  A myriad of meta-analyses on the impact of PA in preventing GDM pre-pregnancy, early in pregnancy, and during pregnancy, have been published since 2015. […] All meta-analyses except that of Madhuvrata et al. revealed that PA protects against the development of GDM with a strong inverse relationship and an overall risk reduction ranging from 23–59%. […] Physiological IR may mitigate the benefits of exercise during pregnancy, which might explain the lower reduction in relative risk in interventions during that period. […] Nutritional therapy refers to daily meal planning that comprises the provision of energy, macronutrients, and vitamin supplements to guarantee adequate maternal and fetal nutrition while achieving glycemic objectives. […] The ADA recommends a minimum of 175 g of carbohydrate, 71 g of protein, and 28 g of fiber for all pregnant women.

• #19 The Role of Lifestyle Interventions in the Prevention and Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/2/287

  Both the quantity and the quality of food consumed play a significant role in maintaining glucose homeostasis and improving IR. […] A meta-analysis by Rogozińska et al., including 20 RCTs, investigated the effects of several types of interventions, including dietary interventions, combined lifestyle interventions, and supplement use, on the risk of GDM. […] Overall, among the approaches reviewed, diet-based interventions appear to have a prominent role in the prevention of GDM, but the evidence was considered to be low to very low quality using GRADE to assess outcomes. […] A Cochrane Systematic Review by Martis et al. demonstrated that, in addition to glycemic control, self-monitoring of blood sugar levels was linked to decreased GWG during pregnancy and decreased risk of large-for-gestational-age infants. […] Several meta-analyses and multicenter RCTs have proven the effectiveness of lifestyle counseling for women at high risk of GDM.

• #20 Diagnosis, prevention and management of gestational diabetes mellitus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5643832/

  Lifestyle modification is the first-line preventive strategy and management of GDM, which includes nutrition therapy and physical activity. It should be implemented throughout pregnancy, that is, prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy, and postpartum. […] Nutritional therapy is an individualized food plan that limits carbohydrate consumption but offers adequate nutrition to maintain appropriate weight gain. For all pregnant women, especially women with GDM risk factors, GDM, and DIP, individual diet counseling needs to be provided repeatedly and advice should be given on the deficient and excess nutrients. […] Exercise has been recognized as an effective way of controlling weight gain and improving glucose homeostasis by enhancing insulin sensitivity. A recent meta-analysis, including 10 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), of physical activity and GDM from 1966 to 2014 showed that exercise intervention reduced the incidence of GDM by 28%.

• #21 The Role of Lifestyle Interventions in the Prevention and Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/2/287

  This evidence-based review of the current literature on the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for preventing and treating GDM highlighted several important research gaps which need to be further ascertained. […] The most effective PA intervention for lowering the risk of developing GDM are those delivered early in pregnancy (>20 weeks of gestation) and those who were organized in a healthcare institution (typically in a group).

• #22 The Role of Lifestyle Interventions in the Prevention and Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/2/287

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy-related endocrinopathies, affecting up to 25% of pregnancies globally. […] For many years, GDM preventive measures have had inconsistent results, but recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have identified promising new preventative routes. This review aims to summarize the evidence investigating the efficacy of lifestyle treatments for the prevention of GDM and to summarize the effects of two lifestyle interventions, including physical activity and dietary interventions. […] Therefore, studies should customize intervention approaches depending on the presence of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors at the individual level. […] For women with GDM, PA is a vital component of lifestyle modification. Exercise improves glycemic control by increasing insulin sensitivity through improved muscle glucose uptake as well as preventing excessive GWG, with beneficial implications for fetal development and future offspring’s health. […] The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends a minimum of 20–50 min/day, 2–7 days/week, of moderate intensity PA (aerobic, resistance, or both).

• #23

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/gestational-diabetes/prevention/

  You can reduce your risk of developing gestational diabetes by following certain simple steps. […] Regular moderate exercise such as walking, swimming, yoga or dancing helps keep your blood glucose in balance. […] Cutting down on high fat and high sugar foods helps keep your weight healthy and lowers your risk of gestational diabetes. […] You can stay at a healthy weight by eating healthily and exercising.

• #24 Is Gestational Diabetes Preventable?

  https://bcbsm.mibluedaily.com/stories/maternal-health/is-gestational-diabetes-preventable

  Gestational diabetes prevention […] The best thing women can do for themselves, and their babies is to start healthy habits as soon as possible even before getting pregnant. While there is no one way to prevent gestational diabetes, starting from a place of health can help women and their health care providers navigate the pregnancy journey ahead. Here are some health tips: […] Exercise regularly: Staying active is important for pregnant women. Talk with a health care provider about the types of activity that are safe during pregnancy. Low-impact, moderate activity like walking and yoga are great to incorporate, as well as finding small ways to move more during the day. […] Eat a balanced diet: Pregnancy can bring both food cravings and aversions, especially during the first trimester. Strive to incorporate a variety of food when you can. High-fiber foods including fruits, vegetables and whole grains as well as healthy fats and proteins will help the body through the changes of pregnancy.

• #25 Gestational Diabetes Prevention – Santa Barbara Endocrinology

  https://sbendocrinology.com/services/diabetes-in-pregnancy-specialist/

  Weight Management: If you were overweight before pregnancy, your healthcare provider might recommend gaining less weight during pregnancy to help control blood sugar levels. Follow your providers guidelines for healthy weight gain. […] Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels is crucial for managing gestational diabetes. […] If lifestyle changes and monitoring are not enough to control your blood sugar levels, your healthcare provider may prescribe medication. This could include insulin injections or oral medications.

• #26 4 ways to help prevent gestational diabetes

  https://www.bswhealth.com/blog/4-ways-to-help-prevent-gestational-diabetes

  Another way to prevent gestational diabetes is to monitor your blood sugar levels. […] By understanding your risk factors and taking steps to prevent gestational diabetes, you can have a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. […] If youre at high risk for gestational diabetes, talk to your OBGYN about steps you can take today.

• #27 Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Gestational Diabetes, Maternal-Fetal Metabolism in Normal Pregnancy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/127547-overview

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance of variable degree with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for gestational diabetes mellitus after 24 weeks of pregnancy. The recommendation applies to asymptomatic women with no previous diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Women with prediabetes identified before pregnancy should be considered at extremely high risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. As such, they should receive early (first-trimester) diabetic screening. […] Medical interventions during pregnancy may increase the likelihood of developing gestational diabetes. A study reported in 2007 demonstrated an increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in women receiving prophylactic 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the prevention of recurrent preterm delivery (from 4.9% in controls to 12.9% in treated patients).

• #28

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00404-021-06023-9

  The use of supplement to prevent and ease gestational diabetes (GDM) progression has been examined in various studies, but the results were inconclusive, and studies evaluated dietary supplements separately. […] Dietary supplementation including vitamin D and myoinositol supplementation has the potential in primary prevention and management of GDM, whereas probiotics demonstrated its ability in GDM management by improving the levels of surrogate markers for cardiometabolic risk. The potential for dietary supplement in preventing GDM or managing cardiometabolic risk of pregnant women should receive more attentions.

• #29 Gestational diabetes: Learn More – What can help prevent gestational diabetes? – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441575/

  Some women can prevent gestational diabetes (diabetes in pregnancy) by getting enough exercise and changing their diet. But it’s not clear whether this also prevents complications during pregnancy and childbirth. […] According to the research done so far, women who are overweight or obese benefit most from dietary changes. They can lower their risk of gestational diabetes by changing their lifestyle and diet even before a planned pregnancy with the help of a professional dietitian or nutritionist, if possible. The dietary changes can reduce their blood sugar levels and help them put on less weight in pregnancy. […] Research suggests that dietary supplements containing myo-inositol could reduce the risk of gestational diabetes. […] Various studies have looked into whether gestational diabetes is less likely to develop in women who get more exercise from the start of pregnancy (or before pregnancy) than it is in women who don’t get much exercise. They found that gestational diabetes was indeed somewhat less common in women who exercised more regardless of whether they were overweight or had a normal weight. […] Some studies have looked into a combination of dietary changes and exercise programs. This approach was also found to help prevent gestational diabetes.

• #30 Effective interventions in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis | Communications Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-024-00491-1

  Lifestyle choices, metformin, and dietary supplements may prevent GDM, but the effect of intervention characteristics has not been identified. This review evaluated intervention characteristics to inform the implementation of GDM prevention interventions. […] Group-based physical activity interventions (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46, 0.95) reduce the incidence of GDM compared with individual or mixed (individual and group) delivery format (subgroup p-value=0.04). Physical activity interventions delivered at healthcare facilities reduce the risk of GDM (RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.49, 0.72) compared with home-based interventions (subgroup p-value=0.03). […] Dietary, physical activity, diet plus physical activity, metformin, and myoinositol interventions reduce the incidence of GDM compared with control interventions. Group and healthcare facility-based physical activity interventions show better effectiveness in preventing GDM than individual and community-based interventions.

• #31 Interventions in preconception and pregnant women at risk of gestational diabetes; a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome | Full Text

  https://dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13098-023-01217-4

  Women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) need preventative interventions. […] This review provides evidence that interventions targeted at women at risk of GDM may be an effective strategy for prevention. […] The aim of this review was to evaluate the effect of interventions (behavioural, supplementation and pharmacological) during the preconception period and/or in pregnancy on reducing GDM in women identified at higher risk for developing the condition. […] The findings from the meta-analysis showed that GDM was reduced using combined diet and PA, inositol and vitamin D supplementation in women identified in early pregnancy as higher risk. […] The current review found that antenatal interventions using inositol in higher-risk women, including those with increased BMI as a sole risk factor, were effective in reducing GDM.

• #32

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2022/04150/effectiveness_of_five_interventions_used_for.7.aspx

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with short- and long-term health issues for mother and child; preventing these complications is crucially important. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis of the relationships among 5 interventions used to prevent GDM. […] Compared with placebo, physical activity (OR: 0.64, 95% CrI: 0.460.88) and probiotic intervention (OR: 0.57, 95% CrI: 0.340.96) reduced the incidence of GDM significantly. […] Physical activity and probiotic intervention are more effective than placebo in reducing the risk of developing GDM. Future work should focus on the type, duration, frequency, and timing of physical activity and probiotic intervention. […] Preventing GDM could have economic and health benefits rather than treatment.

• #33 Participant characteristics in the prevention of gestational diabetes as evidence for precision medicine: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Communications Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-023-00366-x

  To date, there has not been a comprehensive meta-analysis of GDM prevention, accounting for participant characteristics to inform precision medicine. […] Our analyses showed that lifestyle interventions, metformin and myoinositol/inositol reduced the risk of GDM. […] For physical activity-only interventions, greater risk reduction for GDM was seen in studies involving women with normal BMI. […] Combined diet and physical activity interventions were more effective in GDM reduction in those with overweight or obesity, without PCOS, without history of GDM and with increasing age. […] Metformin interventions were more effective in GDM reduction in women with a history of PCOS and with increasing age and fasting blood glucose. […] Metformin or physical activity-only interventions were more effective when commenced preconception or in early gestation (before 12 gestation weeks).

• #34 NHS England » How to access the Healthier You: NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme if you have gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/diabetes/diabetes-prevention/healthier-you-nhs-diabetes-prevention-programme-gdm/

  Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is high blood sugar (glucose) that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth. […] Research shows the Healthier You NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme has reduced new diagnoses of type 2 diabetes in England, saving thousands of people from the potentially serious consequences of the condition. It cuts the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by more than a third for people completing the programme. […] The Healthier You: NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (DPP), is a behaviour change programme that supports people identified as being at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Over nine months, participants receive personalised support with practical tools and advice on healthy eating and lifestyle, increasing physical activity and weight management, all of which have been proven to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. It is free of charge for eligible people to access.

• #35 NHS England » How to access the Healthier You: NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme if you have gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

  https://www.england.nhs.uk/diabetes/diabetes-prevention/healthier-you-nhs-diabetes-prevention-programme-gdm/

  The Healthier You programme is available as a face-to-face group, a digital service and a group-based video-conference service specifically for women with GDM. […] Individuals with a history of GDM […] Individuals with current GDM (i.e. who are currently pregnant, can only start the programme post-pregnancy) […] If you have a history of GDM or a current diagnosis you can self-refer to the Healthier You programme.

• #36

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-022-05658-w

  Future studies are required to identify and understand which risk factors to target, and what intervention will elicit the most potent response. […] Lifestyle interventions are traditionally prescribed as the first approach to prevent GDM. Adherence to appropriate GWG, a nutritionally adequate and energy controlled diet, and regular physical activity are recommended to optimise maternal and offspring health benefits. […] Thus, researchers hypothesised that lifestyle interventions focused on limiting excessive GWG, especially in individuals with obesity, decrease incident GDM risk. […] A 2018 meta-analysis of 26 trials confirmed previous evidence suggesting that prenatal exercise-only interventions significantly reduced the odds of GDM incidence. […] The task force reported that multi-modal interventions were significantly associated with lower GDM risk.

• #37 The Role of Lifestyle Interventions in the Prevention and Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/2/287

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy-related endocrinopathies, affecting up to 25% of pregnancies globally. […] For many years, GDM preventive measures have had inconsistent results, but recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have identified promising new preventative routes. This review aims to summarize the evidence investigating the efficacy of lifestyle treatments for the prevention of GDM and to summarize the effects of two lifestyle interventions, including physical activity and dietary interventions. […] Therefore, studies should customize intervention approaches depending on the presence of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors at the individual level. […] For women with GDM, PA is a vital component of lifestyle modification. Exercise improves glycemic control by increasing insulin sensitivity through improved muscle glucose uptake as well as preventing excessive GWG, with beneficial implications for fetal development and future offspring’s health. […] The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends a minimum of 20–50 min/day, 2–7 days/week, of moderate intensity PA (aerobic, resistance, or both).

• #38 Participant characteristics in the prevention of gestational diabetes as evidence for precision medicine: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Communications Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-023-00366-x

  Precision prevention involves using the unique characteristics of a particular group to determine their responses to preventive interventions. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the participant characteristics associated with responses to interventions in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevention. […] GDM prevention through metformin or lifestyle differs according to some individual characteristics. Future research should include trials commencing preconception and provide results disaggregated by a priori defined participant characteristics including social and environmental factors, clinical traits, and other novel risk factors to predict GDM prevention through interventions. […] An individuals characteristics, such as medical, biochemical, social, and behavioural may affect their response to interventions aimed at preventing gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy.

• #39 Gestational Diabetes | Healthier You | Diabetes Prevention

  https://healthieryou.reedwellbeing.com/gestational-diabetes/

  Gestational diabetes is one of the strongest risk factors for the subsequent development of Type 2 diabetes: Up to 50% of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes develop Type 2 diabetes within 5 years of the birth. […] Eating healthily and completing regular physical activity helps to not only lose any weight gained during pregnancy but can also lower the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. The Healthier You NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme will help women who have had a diagnosis of gestational diabetes to achieve this.

• #40 Diabetes prevention after gestational diabetes: challenges and opportunities | Proceedings of the Nutrition Society | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/diabetes-prevention-after-gestational-diabetes-challenges-and-opportunities/991FC9708EEFF839BFD828B4E9B13B7D

  This review will explore how implementation science, with its focus on theory-driven strategies and robust evaluation processes, can enhance diabetes prevention activities. […] The likelihood of future T2D is highest within 5 years, and the prevalence/incidence of T2D varies depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. […] Early postpartum identification of abnormal blood glucose levels is important at the population health level, as it allows for preventative approaches to be adopted that can ultimately impact T2D diagnosis rates. […] The successful state-funded Health Service Executive (HSE) chronic disease management (CDM) programme in Ireland recently saw additional support added or enhancements of care. […] While the move is undoubtedly positive, challenges persist with implementation.

• #41 Gestational Diabetes Treatment, Management & Prevention

  https://agamatrix.com/blog/gestational-diabetes-treatment/

  During Pregnancy […] While maintaining a healthy weight can be one aspect of preventing gestational and type 2 diabetes, it is important to consume adequate calories for the growth and development of your baby and for your overall health. Talk to your healthcare provider about weight change goals for a healthy pregnancy and delivery. […] The ADA also states that if you’ve already had gestational diabetes once, the chances are two in three that you will develop it again in future pregnancies. Your healthcare team may recommend screening for gestational diabetes earlier in the pregnancy and more frequent appointments to monitor the health of you and your baby. […] After Pregnancy […] As noted above, if you were diagnosed with gestational diabetes, this can put you at an increased risk for type 2 diabetes after delivery, or having gestational diabetes in future pregnancies. […] Your healthcare provider will recommend additional glucose screenings after pregnancy to monitor for abnormal blood glucose levels. Depending on the results of your glucose screening, your healthcare provider may also prescribe a medication to stabilize glucose levels, which can help in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. […] The NIDDK also suggests the following tips for after delivery that may help prevent type 2 diabetes: Make healthy food choices. Consult with an RDN to learn more about healthy eating patterns. Find time to be active. Set small goals that can add up over time, such as walking for 10 minutes after meals. Breastfeed your baby. Not only does this provide nutrients to your baby, it also helps you burn calories. Seek a healthy weight goal. Ask your healthcare provider about a safe goal and realistic time frame to return to a healthy post-pregnancy weight.

• #42 Diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational | WIC Works Resource SystemLock

  https://wicworks.fns.usda.gov/resources/diabetes-type-1-type-2-and-gestational

  Because diabetes can cause problems during pregnancy for women and their developing babies, managing diabetes is important for both the mother and child. […] Specifics on type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes, including prevention and how diabetes can affect mom and baby. […] Preventing Type 2 Diabetes for those diagnosed with prediabetes, mothers who had gestational diabetes, and children of mothers who had gestational diabetes. […] Learn more about how breastfeeding may lower the risk for developing type 2 diabetes for women with gestational diabetes. […] Am I at Risk for Gestational Diabetes? (available in Spanish) A handout for use with participants on gestational diabetes that covers general information on gestational diabetes, who is at risk, getting tested, what gestational diabetes means for the mother and fetus, and action steps if diagnosed. Also available from this source is the handout, Managing Gestational Diabetes (available in English).

• #43 Preventing Gestational Diabetes: What You Should Know

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/preventing-gestational-diabetes

  If you have gestational diabetes risk factors, then your healthcare professional may run tests in your first trimester to see if you have the condition. […] Many people are able to manage gestational diabetes through diet and exercise, which can be very effective in managing blood sugar levels. […] A doctor will recommend a meal plan and exercise schedule. […] If diet and exercise alone arent effective, you may need to take insulin as well. […] Even if your blood sugar is back to standard after your baby arrives, gestational diabetes puts you at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. You should get tested every 3 years to make sure your blood glucose levels are within the usual range. […] You can decrease this risk by: breastfeeding or chestfeeding, teaching your child healthy eating habits from a young age, encouraging your child to be physically active throughout their life.

• #44 How to follow up gestational diabetes – DiabetesontheNet

  https://diabetesonthenet.com/diabetes-primary-care/how-to-follow-gdm/

  The crucial steps to screen for and prevent future diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, in women who develop gestational diabetes. […] 50% of women with GDM go on to develop type 2 diabetes within 5 years; thus, annual follow-up, counselling and treatment in primary care are essential. […] All women with a history of GDM should be offered referral to the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme. […] All women with a history of GDM should be offered referral (or can self-refer) to the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme. This is a free, 9-month course providing proven, structured diabetes risk reduction education to anyone with a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Referral to Tier 2 and Tier 3 weight management programmes should also be considered where appropriate. […] Children born to mothers with GDM are at higher risk of developing childhood obesity and diabetes. It is worth keeping this in mind and ensuring adequate weight management and healthy lifestyle counselling for families.

• #45 Prenatal exercise for the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/52/21/1367

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), gestational hypertension (GH) and pre-eclampsia (PE) are associated with short and long-term health issues for mother and child; prevention of these complications is critically important. […] A total of 106 studies (n=273182) were included. Moderate to high-quality evidence from randomised controlled trials revealed that exercise-only interventions, but not exercise+cointerventions, reduced odds of GDM (n=6934; OR 0.62, 95%CI 0.52 to 0.75), GH (n=5316; OR 0.61, 95%CI 0.43 to 0.85) and PE (n=3322; OR 0.59, 95%CI 0.37 to 0.9) compared with no exercise. To achieve at least a 25% reduction in the odds of developing GDM, PE and GH, pregnant women need to accumulate at least 600 MET-min/week of moderate-intensity exercise (eg, 140min of brisk walking, water aerobics, stationary cycling or resistance training). […] In conclusion, exercise-only interventions were effective at lowering the odds of developing GDM, GH and PE.

• #46 Participant characteristics in the prevention of gestational diabetes as evidence for precision medicine: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Communications Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-023-00366-x

  Lifestyle, metformin and myoinositol/inositol interventions reduce the risk of GDM. Lower GDM risks were seen when the intervention commenced preconception or in the first trimester of pregnancy. […] Given the potentially greater effectiveness of lifestyle and metformin interventions in individuals, future research on tailored recommendations in precision GDM prevention, replacing the current one-size-fits-all approach, is needed.

• #47 The prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (The role of lifestyle): a meta-analysis | Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome | Full Text

  https://dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13098-022-00854-5

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common complication of pregnancy. The study aimed to review the role of lifestyle in the prevention of GDM. […] The dietary intervention showed significant positive effect on GDM, odd ratio=0.69, 95% CI, 0.5684, P-value for overall effect=0.002. […] The DASH diet was better than Mediterranean Diet (odd ratio, 0.71, 95% CI, 6874, P-value0.001). […] Diet and early mild-moderate exercise were effective in GDM prevention. […] The present meta-analysis showed that diet was effective in gestational diabetes prevention, while exercise was not. […] A sub-analysis showed that exercise was effective only when introduced in the first trimester; physical activity started in the second trimester was not effective. […] Mild-moderate exercise was effective in contrast to vigorous physical activity.

• #48

  https://www.allinahealth.org/healthysetgo/care/five-steps-to-prevent-gestational-diabetes

  Approximately 135,000 pregnant women in the United States develop gestational diabetes every year. Gestational diabetes is an illness in which the pregnancy interferes with the mother’s insulin production or its efficient use. […] Below are five steps you can take to help avoid developing gestational diabetes during your pregnancy. […] 1. Maintain healthy body weight. Discuss with your doctor what a healthy weight is for you during your pregnancy. […] 2. Get regular physical activity, if your condition allows it. This can help keep your glucose levels healthy. In one study, researchers found that women who were physically active before and during their pregnancy reduced their risk by about 70 percent. […] 3. Have your blood sugar tested early. Ask your doctor about your blood sugar level to see if it is on target. […] 4. Include fiber in each meal such as fruits, veggies, whole-grain breads, whole-grain crackers and cereals. […] 5. Limit sweets. Especially sugars coming from beverages and desserts.

• #49 Gestational Diabetes: Prevention, Risks, and Management

  https://www.lyndhurstgyn.com/gestational-diabetes-prevention-risks-and-management/

  Gestational diabetes is a condition that affects pregnant women, causing high blood sugar levels that can impact both mother and baby. […] At Lyndhurst Gynecologic Associates in North Carolina, we help expectant mothers navigate gestational diabetes by providing education, monitoring, and management strategies to ensure a healthy pregnancy. […] While gestational diabetes cannot always be prevented, the following steps can help reduce the risk: Maintain a Healthy Weight: Starting pregnancy at a healthy weight can lower the risk of gestational diabetes. […] Eat a Balanced Diet: Focus on whole grains, lean proteins, healthy fats, and fiber-rich vegetables while minimizing processed foods and sugary snacks. […] Stay Active: Regular physical activity, such as walking, swimming, or prenatal yoga, can improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels. […] Monitor Blood Sugar Levels: Women with a history of gestational diabetes or other risk factors may benefit from early glucose testing and monitoring. […] Early detection and management of gestational diabetes can ensure a healthier pregnancy for both mother and baby.

• #50 GESTATIONAL DIABETES | diabetes-prevention

  https://www.lwtcsupport.co.uk/gdm-info-page

  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy when the body cannot produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. It can be managed through lifestyle factors such as adopting a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and monitoring blood sugar levels. However, it’s essential to understand that having GDM increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Proactive steps, including ongoing lifestyle modifications and regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, can help reduce this risk. […] The NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme covers a range of detailed information including nutrition, physical activity, stress management weight management. We look at how to use this to make long-term changes to your lifestyle to reduce risk of repeated gestational diabetes, or lifelong type 2 diabetes in the future.

• #51 Diagnosis, prevention and management of gestational diabetes mellitus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5643832/

  When lifestyle modification is insufficient to maintain normoglycemia in women with GDM, drug treatment is needed. Current medication treatments of hyperglycemia during pregnancy include insulin therapy and oral antidiabetic agents (OADs). […] The postpartum period is also a crucial time span for the management of GDM. It is an important time to address intrapartum problems and initiate intervention for both the mother and the offspring, who are at increased risk of future obesity, T2DM, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. […] Lifestyle intervention is also the most fundamental and effective method for postpartum management. Furthermore, metformin has been shown to be effective in preventing diabetes in women with hyperglycemia during pregnancy. […] In conclusion, GDM is associated with a higher risk of adverse health outcomes for both mothers and offspring, not only during the perinatal phase but also in the long term. Thus, the prevention and management of GDM must be given enough importance throughout pregnancy, that is, prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy, and postpartum. Nutrition counseling and physical activity should be the primary and major strategies.

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