Materiały źródłowe

• #1 STI National Strategic Plan Overview | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/programs/topic-sites/sexually-transmitted-infections/plan-overview/index.html

  The Sexually Transmitted Infections National Strategic Plan (STI Plan) is a groundbreaking, first-ever, five-year plan that aims to reverse the recent dramatic rise in STIs in the United States. The STI Plan sets a vision as well as goals, objectives, and strategies to respond to this STI epidemic. It also includes indicators with measurable targets to track progress. […] The STI epidemic affects the health of people and communities and is costly to the health care system. When left untreated, STIs can lead to long term health problems such as chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and poor birth outcomes including death of newborns. STIs can also increase the risk of getting HIV and giving HIV to others. Additionally, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes about 35,000 cases of cancer each year, even though there is a safe and highly effective vaccine that prevents the cancer-causing strains of HPV.

• #1 Prevention of sexually transmitted infections – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prevention-of-sexually-transmitted-infections

  Prevention of sexually transmitted infections […] Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common and preventable causes of morbidity and serious complications. Untreated chlamydial and gonococcal infection may result in pelvic inflammatory disease, which can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain in 10 to 20 percent of cases. STIs can also result in adverse outcomes in pregnancy, including spontaneous abortion, still birth, premature birth, and congenital infection. Finally, the presence of STIs can facilitate HIV transmission. Thus, primary prevention of STIs needs to be given high priority. […] The comprehensive approach to STI prevention is based on six major strategies: Accurate sexual health assessment (including sexual orientation and gender identification), with education and counseling on ways to avoid STIs; Pre-exposure vaccination for vaccine-preventable STIs; Identification of both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals with STIs.

• #1 How to Prevent STIs | STI | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti/prevention/index.html

  This page includes information about prevention, testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as well as related resources. […] Safer sex practices can protect you from STIs. […] Testing is important to prevent the spread of STIs. […] Steps to reduce your STI exposure: Abstaining from vaginal, anal, or oral sex. This is the only way to completely avoid STIs. […] Getting vaccinated. Vaccines are recommended for some people to prevent hepatitis B and HPV. […] Regular testing. You and your partner should get tested and share your results. […] Knowing your STI status is a critical step in prevention. […] Many STIs can be easily diagnosed and treated. If you or your partner have an STI, both of you need treatment at the same time. […] STIs are common. Many are curable – all are preventable.

• #1 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/symptoms-causes/syc-20351240

  Sexually transmitted infections can be caused by: […] There are many ways to avoid or lower your risk of getting an STD. […] The most effective way to avoid STDs is to not have sex. […] Staying in a long-term relationship in which both people have sex only with each other and neither partner is infected can be one way to avoid an STD. […] Avoid vaginal and anal sex or sexual activity with new partners until you have both been tested for sexually transmitted infections. […] Getting vaccinated before having sex can prevent certain types of sexually transmitted infections. […] Use a new latex or polyurethane condom or dental dam for each sex act, whether oral, vaginal or anal. […] If you’re under the influence of these substances, you’re more likely to take sexual risks. […] Before any sexual contact, talk to your partner about practicing safer sex.

• #1 Information for Teens and Young Adults: Staying Healthy and Preventing STDs | Information for Teens and Young Adults: Staying Healthy and Preventing STDs – NCSD

  https://ncsddc.org/resource/information-teens-young-adults-staying-healthy-preventing-stds/

  Mutual monogamy means that you and your partner both agree to only have sexual contact with each other. This can help protect against STDs, as long as you’ve both been tested and know you’re STD-free. […] Make sure you get the health care you need. Ask a doctor or nurse about STD testing and about vaccines against HPV and hepatitis B. […] If you are ever treated for an STD, be sure to finish all of your medicine, even if you feel better before you finish it all. Ask the doctor or nurse about testing and treatment for your partner, too. You and your partner should avoid having sex until you’ve both been treated. Otherwise, you may continue to pass the STD back and forth. It is possible to get an STD again (after you’ve been treated), if you have sex with someone who has an STD. […] Some curable STDs can be dangerous if they aren’t treated. For example, if left untreated, chlamydia and gonorrhea can make it difficult—or even impossible—for a woman to get pregnant. You also increase your chances of getting HIV if you have an untreated STD. Some STDs, like HIV, can be fatal if left untreated. […] If you are living with an STD, it’s important to tell your partner before you have sex. Although it may be uncomfortable to talk about your STD, open and honest conversation can help your partner make informed decisions to protect his or her health.

• #1 Sexually Transmitted Infections | STIs | Venereal Disease | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/sexuallytransmittedinfections.html

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They are usually spread during vaginal, oral, or anal sex. But sometimes they can spread through other sexual contact involving the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus. This is because some STIs, like herpes and HPV, are spread by skin-to-skin contact. […] The surest way to protect yourself against STIs is to not have sex. […] If you do decide to have sex, you can lower your risk of getting an STI by: Having you and your partner tested for STIs before having sex. Using a condom every time you have sex. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading STIs. If your or your partner is allergic to latex, you can use polyurethane condoms. Reducing your number of sex partners. You might even consider „mutual monogamy” with just one partner. This means that you agree to be sexually active only with them, and they agree to be sexually active only with you. But first you should both get tested to make sure that you don’t already have an STI. Getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B.

• #1 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9138-sexually-transmitted-diseases–infections-stds–stis

  Sexually transmitted infections are highly contagious. If you’re sexually active, you can have (and pass on) an STI without even knowing it. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends regular STI screenings or testing if you’re sexually active. […] If you have an STI, it’s important to visit a healthcare provider to receive treatment. Some STIs are curable. You can prevent the spread of STIs by getting tested regularly if you’re sexually active, talking to your sexual partners about your diagnosis and using protection during sex. […] The only way to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections is to abstain from sex (not have sex). If you’re sexually active, you can: Use a latex condom whenever you have any kind of sex. If you or your partner has a vagina, use a dental dam for oral sex.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/stis/prevention

  Global Sexually Transmitted Infections Programme The Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes leads the development and implementation of the global health sector strategy on the elimination of sexually transmitted infections as a public health threats. […] Prevention […] When used correctly and consistently, condoms offer one of the most effective methods of protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. […] Counselling and behavioural interventions offer primary prevention against STIs (including HIV), as well as unintended pregnancies. […] Safe and highly effective vaccines are available for 2 STIs: hepatitis B virus and HPV. […] VMMC reduces the risk of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men by approximately 60% and provides some protection against other STIs, such as herpes and HPV. […] Testing and treating STIs also helps to prevent transmission.

• #1 Sexually Transmitted Infections – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/sexually-transmitted-infections

  There are more than 30 different bacteria, viruses and parasites known to be transmitted through sexual contact. […] When used correctly and consistently, condoms offer one of the most effective methods of protection against STIs, including HIV. […] Counselling and behavioral interventions offer primary prevention against STIs (including HIV), as well as against unintended pregnancies. […] Safe and highly effective vaccines are available for 2 STIs: hepatitis B and HPV. These vaccines have represented major advances in STI prevention. […] Male circumcision reduces the risk of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men by approximately 60% and provides some protection against other STIs, such as herpes and HPV. […] Effective treatment is available for several STIs. […] Resistance of STIs in particular gonorrhea to antibiotics has increased rapidly in recent years and has reduced treatment options.

• #1 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

  Diagnosis of an STD starts with your sexual history and current symptoms. If these suggest that you have an STD, your health care professional may do a physical or pelvic exam to look for signs of infection. Some signs of infection are a rash, warts or discharge. […] Testing for an STD or sexually transmitted infection in someone who doesn’t have symptoms is called screening. Most of the time, STI screening is not a routine part of health care. […] Experts recommend STI screening for: Almost everyone at least once. Guidelines suggest screening with a blood or saliva test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, for everyone ages 15 to 65. Experts recommend that people at high risk have an HIV test every year. National guidelines recommend hepatitis B screening for people age 18 and older at least once, and with a test that includes a few different markers of the virus. Guidelines also recommend hepatitis C screening for all adults.

• #1 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common and can be passed on during sex or through sexual contact. They can usually be treated at a sexual health clinic. […] The only way to know for sure is to get tested. […] Do not have sex, including oral sex, without using a condom until you’ve had a check-up or been tested. […] If you think you have a sexually transmitted infection (STI), the doctor or nurse at the sexual health clinic: will ask you about your sex life. […] Most sexually transmitted infections (STIs) need treatment. The treatment you have will depend on which STI you have. […] Always finish the course of treatment prescribed for you or it may not work properly. […] Do not have sex (including oral sex) until you and your partner or partners have finished treatment. […] If you need treatment, its important to tell your current and previous sexual partner (or partners). Sexual health clinics may be able to help you contact them anonymously.

• #1 HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) | NIH

  https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-sexually-transmitted-infections-stis

  People without HIV can also seek post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) soon after a possible exposure to HIV to prevent getting HIV. […] Take HIV medicines as prescribed. Treatment with HIV medicines (called antiretroviral therapy or ART) helps people with HIV live long, healthy lives. One of the goals of ART is to reduce a person’s viral load to an undetectable level. […] If a person’s viral load is not undetectable or does not stay undetectable using condoms and practicing safer sex can help protect others from getting HIV. […] Treatment for viral STIs also reduces the chance of passing on the STI to a partner. For example, although there is no cure for HIV, HIV medicines can prevent HIV from advancing to AIDS and nearly eliminate the chances of HIV transmission when taken as prescribed. […] Because some STIs can go unnoticed before they advance to a more serious condition, it is important for sexually active people to get tested.

• #1 Sexual Assault Infectious Disease Prophylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482239/

  Because compliance with follow-up is low, the CDC recommends antibiotics for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis, as well as emergency contraception, hepatitis B, HPV, and HIV evaluation. […] The CDC recommends serologic testing for hepatitis B in cases where the victim’s vaccination status is uncertain. […] The CDC recommends HPV vaccination for sexual assault survivors, particularly those younger than 26, including females aged 9 to 26 and males aged 9 to 21 who have not received prior vaccination or those who have only received partial immunization. […] The CDC recommends initiating postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for sexual assault victims within 72 hours of an assault, particularly when there is a significant risk of transmission and the perpetrator is known to be HIV-positive.

• #1 Sexual Assault Infectious Disease Prophylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482239/

  The preferred regimen is tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine, plus one of the following: raltegravir, 400 mg twice daily, or dolutegravir, 50 mg once daily. […] While the CDC recommends routine medication administration to prevent symptomatic trichomoniasis infection, some clinicians may hesitate to prescribe this treatment due to the significant adverse effects associated with the recommended antiprotozoal agents.

• #1 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/symptoms-causes/syc-20351240

  For men, evidence has found that circumcision can help lower the risk of getting HIV from a woman with HIV by as much as 60%. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two combination medicines to lower the risk of HIV infection in people who are at very high risk. […] Your health care professional will prescribe these medicines for HIV prevention only if you don’t already have HIV. […] According to the CDC, if you use Truvada daily, you can lower your risk of getting HIV from sex by about 99%. […] Using added prevention, such as condoms, can lower your risk even more and prevent other STIs.

• #1 Prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections in high-risk individuals, including patients with HIV infection | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-prevention-treatment-sexually-transmitted-infections-S2529993X19300012

  PrEP prophylaxis is an additional HIV prevention measure, complementary to all the other measures used up to now. […] The recommendations in Spain for PrEP have been established for individuals whose characteristics mean they belong to a high-risk group with an HIV incidence of two cases/100 person-years or higher; falling into this category are MSM and transgender women who also meet any of the following criteria. […] PEP after RSB consists of the early administration of ART (first 72h) for a limited period of 28 days to prevent HIV infection. […] For PEP to be adequately prescribed, the risk after sexual exposure has to first be assessed, taking multiple factors into account associated with sexual practices, the sexual partner and users themselves.

• #1 Preventative Antibiotics for STIs | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/preventative-antibiotics-for-stis

  A well-known antibiotic shows promise for preventing sexually transmitted infections. […] Research suggests a single dose of antibiotic may help turn the tide. […] The idea behind Doxy-PEP is that an individual will take 200 milligrams of doxycycline, ideally within 24 hours but up to 72 hours, after a sexual exposure to prevent them from acquiring a sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] The three bacterial STIs that have been studied in the context of doxycycline are chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. […] The CDC is currently seeking feedback on a consultation document on doxycycline. There are data from randomized controlled trials, the gold standard scientific test, to demonstrate that Doxy-PEP is effective. It does reduce the risk of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis by 65% to 70%.

• #1 DoxyPEP: A New Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention Tool for Providers | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hivstd/doxypep/providers

  Prescribe DoxyPEP in the context of a comprehensive sexual health exam. […] Healthcare providers should prescribe self-administration of 200 mg of doxycycline (any formulation) as soon as possible after sex (ideally within 24 hours but up to 72 hours). DoxyPEP should not exceed a maximum dosage of 200 mg every 24 hours. Providers can prescribe up to a 90-day supply, with refills until the next follow-up visit.

• #1 Doxycycline Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (Doxy PEP) for bacterial STI prevention | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/doxycycline-post-exposure-prophylaxis-doxy-pep-for-bacterial-sti-prevention

  Doxy PEP, also known as Doxycycline Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, refers to taking an antibiotic, after sex without a condom or other barrier protection, to prevent bacterial infections like syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. […] Doxy PEP can prevent bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea when taken after sex without a condom or other barrier protection. Doxy PEP does not prevent HIV, mpox, or other viral infections. […] Doxy PEP is highly effective at preventing syphilis, chlamydia, and to a lesser extent, gonorrhea. […] Doxy PEP can prevent syphilis, chlamydia, and to a lesser extent, gonorrhea, when taken after sex without a condom or other barrier protection. […] Doxy PEP is just one part of a comprehensive safer sex plan. Additional ways to protect yourself include using condoms, reducing numbers of partners, regular testing and treatment for STI/HIV if you test positive, taking HIV PrEP, and getting vaccinated against STIs.

• #1 Sexual Assault Infectious Disease Prophylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482239/

  Sexual assault is a traumatic experience that can expose survivors to the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Preventing these infections is essential as they can lead to long-term complications. […] While routine testing for STIs may not be performed in many cases, prophylactic treatment is often recommended. This includes antibiotics for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis, as well as preventive measures for hepatitis B, HPV, and HIV. […] The CDC recommends selective testing for STIs when individuals present for evaluation after sexual assault. […] For the vast majority of adults and adolescents, routine prophylactic antibiotic treatment against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and incubating syphilis renders testing and discovery of preexisting infections costly as management does not usually differ.

• #1

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/fulltext/2016/02001/sexually_transmitted_disease_prevention_policies.13.aspx

  Policies are an important part of public health interventions, including in the area of sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention. […] Therefore, we conducted a nonsystematic review of policy evidence for STD prevention. […] It should be noted that we found gaps in policy evidence for some areas; thus, additional research would be useful for public health policy interventions for STD prevention. […] The importance of policies in public health was further highlighted in a 2011 IOM report that focused on policy’s role in improving health at a population-level and included several recommendations to governmental and public health agencies, including that government agencies familiarize themselves with the tool box of public health legal and policy interventions at their disposal. […] Thus, it is important to assess and evaluate policies as they can serve as an intervention and can also serve in support of other interventions.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/fulltext/2016/02001/sexually_transmitted_disease_prevention_policies.13.aspx

  Thus, in its funding for STD programs in state health departments, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has emphasized policy activities, including assessment and evaluation of policies. […] In particular, an increased capacity to monitor and evaluate relevant policies and to disseminate information about effective policies is anticipated to have an impact on long-term STD prevention outcomes. […] Specifically, one frequently mentioned barrier to implementing EPT was provider concern regarding the legality of EPT (i.e., the uncertain legal status for EPT and whether providers may have legal liability if they provide treatment without a physical examination). […] Findings suggested that EPT was legally permissible in 12 areas, potentially allowable in 28, and likely prohibited in 13 at that time.

• #1 STI National Strategic Plan Overview | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/programs/topic-sites/sexually-transmitted-infections/plan-overview/index.html

  The STI Plan strongly emphasizes the need to address stigma, discrimination, and social determinants of health in order to reverse the rise in STI rates. Another theme interwoven in the STI Plan is the need to integrate STI prevention and control into other public health efforts to prevent and treat HIV, viral hepatitis, and substance use disorders. […] Federal partners will collaborate to develop an implementation plan that supports the STI Plan’s goals and suggested action steps. This Federal Implementation Plan will spell out federal partners’ specific commitments to developing policies, initiatives, and activities to meet the goals of the STI Plan.

• #1 Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention: What Can You Do? | The Administration for Children and Families

  https://acf.gov/fysb/policy-guidance/sexually-transmitted-disease-prevention-what-can-you-do

  According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15-24 year olds account for half of the 20 million new sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) each year. […] While the number of high school students who have ever had sex and the number of high school students with four or more partners has declined, condom use has also decreased. […] Public Health Management Corporation (PHMC), a Personal Responsibility Education Innovative Strategies (PREIS) grantee, has taken an innovative approach to focusing on STD/HIV prevention among youth. […] Here are a few recommendations and resources. […] Identify a curriculum that focuses on STD/HIV prevention. […] Supplement curriculum with additional resources. […] Connect young people to engaging resources. […] GYT: Get Yourself Tested GYT is a youthful, empowering campaign to encourage young people to get tested and treated for STDs and HIV.

• #1 Information for Teens and Young Adults: Staying Healthy and Preventing STDs | Information for Teens and Young Adults: Staying Healthy and Preventing STDs – NCSD

  https://ncsddc.org/resource/information-teens-young-adults-staying-healthy-preventing-stds/

  STDs are diseases that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. These include chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), syphilis, and HIV. Many of these STDs do not show symptoms for a long time. Even without symptoms, they can still be harmful and passed on during sex. […] The surest way to protect yourself against STDs is to not have sex. That means not having any vaginal, anal, or oral sex (“abstinence”). There are many things to consider before having sex. It’s okay to say “no” if you don’t want to have sex. […] If you do decide to have sex, you and your partner should get tested for STDs beforehand. Make sure that you and your partner use a condom from start to finish every time you have oral, anal, or vaginal sex. Know where to get condoms and how to use them correctly. It is not safe to stop using condoms unless you’ve both been tested for STDs, know your results, and are in a mutually monogamous relationship.

• #1 STD Program | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/STDs

  Providing support for STD testing, treatment, education and prevention strategies to all 159 counties across Georgia. […] Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can pose serious health risks not only to pregnant women but also to their partners and unborn babies. One particularly concerning condition is congenital syphilis, which can be transmitted from a mother to her baby during pregnancy, potentially leading to severe health complications. […] Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are prevalent, particularly among young people. In the United States alone, approximately 20 million new cases of STDs are reported each year. […] Anyone who has sex can get an STI (Sexually Transmitted Infection). However, sexually active gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) are at greater risk. MSM have higher rates of syphilis and make up more than half of all new HIV infections. […] Condoms are a way to protect yourself from sexually transmitted diseases. When used correctly and consistently, condoms are highly effective in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

• #1 DoxyPEP: Using antibiotics to prevent STIs | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/doxypep-using-antibiotics-prevent-stis

  Taking the antibiotic doxycycline after sex works well to prevent syphilis and chlamydia for gay and bisexual men, and trans women. It tends to be less effective at preventing gonorrhoea. […] STI prophylaxis involves taking an antibiotic pill to prevent bacterial STIs, such as syphilis and chlamydia. […] This approach has proven effective for gay and bisexual men and transgender women. […] The evidence shows that doxyPEP is effective against syphilis and chlamydia, but tends to be less effective in preventing gonorrhoea. […] DoxyPEP can be taken regardless of HIV status. […] An accepted public health approach promotes the control of STIs among those at highest risk as a way of reducing STIs in the general population. […] Guidelines recommend a 200mg dose after a sexual encounter (ideally within 24 hours and no later than 72 hours).

• #1 Doxycycline for STI Prevention: Highly Effective, Minimal Drug Resistance | UC San Francisco

  https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2023/02/424861/doxycycline-sti-prevention-highly-effective-minimal-drug-resistance

  A sexual health strategy called doxy-PEP, in which people who have a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) take doxycycline after condomless sex, is highly effective. […] Doxy-PEP stands for doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis. It involves taking one 200mg pill of doxycycline, a kind of tetracycline, as soon as possible but no later than three days after having sex without a condom. The study observed its effects over the course of a year in men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women and found it reduced bacterial STIs, specifically gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis, by two-thirds each quarter. […] New strategies are urgently needed to curb STIs, which have been on the rise for several decades among men who have sex with men. […] Doxy-PEP may mitigate the amount of antibiotics used, including broader spectrum antibiotics like ceftriaxone, the use of which was reduced by 50% in those taking doxy-PEP.

• #1 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351246

  If you are pregnant and have an STD, getting treatment right away can prevent or lower the risk of your baby becoming infected. […] If tests show that you have an STD, you need to tell your sex partners. Tell your current partners and any other partners you’ve had over the last three months to one year that you have an sexually transmitted infection. They will need to get tested. If they’re infected, they can then be treated. […] Official, confidential partner notification can help limit the spread of sexually transmitted infections. This is very important for syphilis and HIV.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  As part of its mission, WHO supports countries to: develop national strategic plans and guidelines; create an encouraging environment allowing individuals to discuss STIs, adopt safer sexual practices, and seek treatment; scale-up primary prevention (condom availability and use, etc.); increase integration of STI services within primary healthcare services; increase accessibility of people-centred quality STI care; facilitate adoption of point-of-care tests; enhance and scale-up health intervention for impact, such as hepatitis B and HPV vaccination, syphilis screening in priority populations; strengthen capacity to monitoring STIs trends; and monitor and respond to AMR in gonorrhoea.

• #1 Prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections in high-risk individuals, including patients with HIV infection | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-prevention-treatment-sexually-transmitted-infections-S2529993X19300012

  Sexually transmitted infections are a global public health problem both due to their high prevalence and due to their morbidity. A rapid and precise diagnosis is key to establishing appropriate targeted treatment and also to decreasing dissemination of these diseases among the high-risk population. […] The preventive advice must be comprehensive and personalised. […] The systematic use of condoms is one of the most effective methods of protection against STIs, including HIV. In addition, health education can improve people’s ability to recognise the symptoms of STIs, which increases the likelihood of them seeking healthcare and advising their sexual partners to do so too. […] Specific sexual health services should assess each person’s needs and risks and establish basic prevention advice and interventions through combined biomedical approaches, perform periodic screening for STIs/HIV and post-treatment follow-up, and carry out contact tracing.

• #1 How to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) | Access Community Health Network (ACCESS)

  https://www.achn.net/about-access/whats-new/health-resources/how-to-prevent-sexually-transmitted-diseases/

  STIs are just infections. They have no inherent moral or immoral component and infect people regardless of race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation. […] Arming yourself with education and awareness can help destigmatize STIs and help you take control of your reproductive health. […] Getting an STI test is the only way to know if you have an STI. […] Testing is important because even if you aren’t showing any signs or symptoms, you could unknowingly spread the infection to your partner. […] If you’ve had any kind of sexual contact that can spread STIs like vaginal, anal, or oral sex talk with an ACCESS provider about getting tested. […] The most reliable way to avoid infection is to not have sex (i.e., anal, vaginal, or oral) but that may not be realistic. Here are some additional ways to prevent STIs:

• #1 Sexually Transmitted Infections: Updated Guideline From the CDC | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0500/p553.html

  Most states permit expedited partner therapy, including provision of packaged medications or prescriptions without evaluation, to limit the spread of STIs. […] Prevention efforts include preexposure vaccination for hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and human papillomavirus; provision of HIV pre- and postexposure prophylaxis; and partner services. Prevention also continues to include discussions about condom use, decreasing the number of sex partners, abstinence from intercourse during STI treatment, and emergency contraceptives. […] Expedited partner therapy allows clinicians to treat sex partners of their patients, without seeing the partners directly, with patient-facilitated delivery of prepackaged medication or prescription. […] The CDC recommends obtaining sexual histories with a nonjudgmental attitude and respectful language. STI- and HIV-focused prevention counseling is most important for adults with a recent STI diagnosis or multiple partners, as well as all sexually active adolescents.

• #1 ASTDA – American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association

  https://www.astda.org/

  To control, prevent, and ultimately eradicate sexually transmitted infections (STI) […] To disseminate authoritative information concerning STI […] We recognize social justice as a core value for addressing STI.

• #1 Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States | National Academies

  https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/prevention-and-control-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-in-the-united-states

  Improved biomedical tools are needed to prevent and treat STIs, such as point-of-care diagnostic tests, new and readily available antibiotics, and development of new STI vaccines. […] Strengthening the STI infrastructure and expanding the STI workforce offers the dual benefits of achieving better STI control and better positioning the nation for future public health threats. […] Addressing structural racism and other structural drivers of health inequities will help to achieve better sexual health and STI outcomes.

• #1 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

  https://www.nj.gov/health/sti/

  Everyone in New Jersey has the right to confidential STI testing and treatment. […] Getting tested protects your health and helps stop the spread of infections. […] This site has everything you need info on STIs, your rights, resources, treatment options, and how to prevent infections. […] Explore prevention options. […] Learn about DoxyPEP and other ways to lower your risk. […] STI testing is quick, easy, and confidential. […] Many STIs have no symptoms testing is the only way to know your status. […] If you test positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea, your partner may be able to get treated without an appointment. […] EPT helps prevent reinfection and protects both you and your partner. […] EPT is fast, confidential, and effective. […] Learn about common STIs, symptoms, testing, and treatment options. […] HIV is manageable with treatment and prevention options like PrEP.

• #2 Sexually Transmitted Infections | STIs | Venereal Disease | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/sexuallytransmittedinfections.html

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They are usually spread during vaginal, oral, or anal sex. But sometimes they can spread through other sexual contact involving the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus. This is because some STIs, like herpes and HPV, are spread by skin-to-skin contact. […] The surest way to protect yourself against STIs is to not have sex. […] If you do decide to have sex, you can lower your risk of getting an STI by: Having you and your partner tested for STIs before having sex. Using a condom every time you have sex. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading STIs. If your or your partner is allergic to latex, you can use polyurethane condoms. Reducing your number of sex partners. You might even consider „mutual monogamy” with just one partner. This means that you agree to be sexually active only with them, and they agree to be sexually active only with you. But first you should both get tested to make sure that you don’t already have an STI. Getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B.

• #2 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/symptoms-causes/syc-20351240

  Sexually transmitted infections can be caused by: […] There are many ways to avoid or lower your risk of getting an STD. […] The most effective way to avoid STDs is to not have sex. […] Staying in a long-term relationship in which both people have sex only with each other and neither partner is infected can be one way to avoid an STD. […] Avoid vaginal and anal sex or sexual activity with new partners until you have both been tested for sexually transmitted infections. […] Getting vaccinated before having sex can prevent certain types of sexually transmitted infections. […] Use a new latex or polyurethane condom or dental dam for each sex act, whether oral, vaginal or anal. […] If you’re under the influence of these substances, you’re more likely to take sexual risks. […] Before any sexual contact, talk to your partner about practicing safer sex.

• #2 Sexually transmitted infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection

  Sexually transmitted infection (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted disease (STD), is an infection that is spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex, oral sex, or sometimes manual sex. […] Prevention strategies for STIs include sexual abstinence, vaccinations, and the use of condoms. […] Safe sex practices such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship in which each person only has sex with the other also decreases STIs risk. […] The most effective way to prevent sexual transmission of STIs is to avoid contact of body parts or fluids which can lead to transfer with an infected partner. […] Proper use of condoms reduces contact and risk. […] Vaccines are available that protect against some viral STIs, such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and some types of HPV.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/stis/prevention

  Global Sexually Transmitted Infections Programme The Department of Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes leads the development and implementation of the global health sector strategy on the elimination of sexually transmitted infections as a public health threats. […] Prevention […] When used correctly and consistently, condoms offer one of the most effective methods of protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV. […] Counselling and behavioural interventions offer primary prevention against STIs (including HIV), as well as unintended pregnancies. […] Safe and highly effective vaccines are available for 2 STIs: hepatitis B virus and HPV. […] VMMC reduces the risk of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men by approximately 60% and provides some protection against other STIs, such as herpes and HPV. […] Testing and treating STIs also helps to prevent transmission.

• #2 Sexually Transmitted Infections – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/sexually-transmitted-infections

  Although many sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are preventable, there are more than 20 million estimated new cases in the United States each year and rates are increasing. […] Promoting behaviors like condom use can help prevent STIs. […] Strategies to increase screening and testing for STIs can assess peoples risk of getting an STI and help people with STIs get treatment, improving their health and making it less likely that STIs will spread to others. Getting treated for an STI other than HIV can help prevent complications from the STI but doesnt prevent HIV from spreading. […] Increase the proportion of sexually active female adolescents and young women who get screened for chlamydia STI01 Little or no detectable change.

• #2 Sexual Assault Infectious Disease Prophylaxis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482239/

  Because compliance with follow-up is low, the CDC recommends antibiotics for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis, as well as emergency contraception, hepatitis B, HPV, and HIV evaluation. […] The CDC recommends serologic testing for hepatitis B in cases where the victim’s vaccination status is uncertain. […] The CDC recommends HPV vaccination for sexual assault survivors, particularly those younger than 26, including females aged 9 to 26 and males aged 9 to 21 who have not received prior vaccination or those who have only received partial immunization. […] The CDC recommends initiating postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for sexual assault victims within 72 hours of an assault, particularly when there is a significant risk of transmission and the perpetrator is known to be HIV-positive.

• #2 How to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/how-to-prevent-stis

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are spread by sexual contact. STIs are very common and easily spread. Some STIs can be treated and cured, but others cannot be cured. By knowing the facts, you can take steps to protect your health. […] There are many ways you can reduce your risk of getting an STI: […] Using a latex or polyurethane condom every time you have vaginal, oral, or anal sex reduces the risk of infection. […] Get vaccines. Vaccines are available to help protect against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV). […] If you are not infected with HIV but are at high risk of getting it, you can take medication to help prevent infection. This is called pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). PrEP involves taking a daily pill or getting injections every 2 months. Along with other preventive measures, such as using condoms, PrEP may reduce your risk of getting HIV.

• #2 DoxyPEP: Using antibiotics to prevent STIs | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/doxypep-using-antibiotics-prevent-stis

  Taking the antibiotic doxycycline after sex works well to prevent syphilis and chlamydia for gay and bisexual men, and trans women. It tends to be less effective at preventing gonorrhoea. […] STI prophylaxis involves taking an antibiotic pill to prevent bacterial STIs, such as syphilis and chlamydia. […] This approach has proven effective for gay and bisexual men and transgender women. […] The evidence shows that doxyPEP is effective against syphilis and chlamydia, but tends to be less effective in preventing gonorrhoea. […] DoxyPEP can be taken regardless of HIV status. […] An accepted public health approach promotes the control of STIs among those at highest risk as a way of reducing STIs in the general population. […] Guidelines recommend a 200mg dose after a sexual encounter (ideally within 24 hours and no later than 72 hours).

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  When used correctly and consistently, condoms offer one of the most effective methods of protection against STIs, including HIV. […] Safe and highly effective vaccines are available for 2 viral STIs: hepatitis B and HPV. These vaccines have represented major advances in STI prevention. […] Other biomedical interventions to prevent some STIs include adult voluntary medical male circumcision, microbicides, and partner treatment. […] To interrupt transmission and prevent re-infection, treating sexual partners is an important component of STI case management. […] Information, education and counselling can improve peoples ability to recognize the symptoms of STIs and increase the likelihood that they will seek care and encourage a sexual partner to do so. […] WHO recommends countries to enhance syndromic management by gradually incorporating laboratory testing to support diagnosis.

• #2 How to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STI)? – Ada Editorial

  https://ada.com/editorial/how-to-prevent-sexually-transmitted-diseases/

  April is Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Awareness Month. […] The only sure way to prevent STDs is not to have vaginal, anal, or oral sex. If you are sexually active, you can take some simple measures to lower your chances of getting or transmitting an STD. […] Protecting yourself and your partners is so important. […] No STD prevention method is 100% effective, but correctly using physical barriers like condoms or dental dams greatly lowers your risk of getting an STD. […] There are vaccines available for STDs like HPV, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B. […] It’s important to have open conversations about sex to protect yourself and your sexual partners. […] If you think you may have been exposed to an STD or if you have any symptoms like unusual discharge, sores, or a rash around your genitals, avoid sexual activity and contact your healthcare provider.

• #2 Health: HIV/STI/Viral Hepatitis: Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Prevention

  https://www.in.gov/health/hiv-std-viral-hepatitis/sexually-transmitted-disease-prevention-program/

  If diagnosed with an STI, it’s important to take all medication exactly as prescribed. You and any partners should wait 7 days after treatment before having sex again to avoid reinfection. […] Your role in interrupting the chain of transmission for sexually transmitted diseases is vital to the health of Hoosiers. Many communities rely on urgent care or emergency room care for screening and treatment of STIs, and the Indiana Department of Health (IDOH) STI Prevention Program would like to provide your agency with the tools and materials to ensure exceptional sexual healthcare to Hoosiers in accordance with CDCs recommendations. […] Expedited Partner Therapy, or EPT, is the practice of treating sexual partners of patients diagnosed with an STI (specifically chlamydia and/or gonorrhea) without an intervening medical evaluation. This practice helps prevent re-infection of patients and is considered an effective partner management strategy.

• #2 STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/std.html

  Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections spread from person to person during sex (vaginal, oral, or anal) or close sexual contact. The only way to completely avoid STDs is to not have sex or close sexual contact. To help lower your risk of getting an STD if you do have sex: […] Use a latex condom every time you have sex (vaginal, oral, or anal). […] Get tested with any new partners before having sex. […] Have sex with one partner only (who also doesn’t have sex with other people). […] It’s important to learn about STDs so you can protect yourself.

• #2 Doxycycline for STI Prevention: Highly Effective, Minimal Drug Resistance | UC San Francisco

  https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2023/02/424861/doxycycline-sti-prevention-highly-effective-minimal-drug-resistance

  A sexual health strategy called doxy-PEP, in which people who have a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) take doxycycline after condomless sex, is highly effective. […] Doxy-PEP stands for doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis. It involves taking one 200mg pill of doxycycline, a kind of tetracycline, as soon as possible but no later than three days after having sex without a condom. The study observed its effects over the course of a year in men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women and found it reduced bacterial STIs, specifically gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis, by two-thirds each quarter. […] New strategies are urgently needed to curb STIs, which have been on the rise for several decades among men who have sex with men. […] Doxy-PEP may mitigate the amount of antibiotics used, including broader spectrum antibiotics like ceftriaxone, the use of which was reduced by 50% in those taking doxy-PEP.

• #2 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/stds/index.html

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have released draft considerations for doxy PEP as a strategy to prevent bacterial STIs. […] All communities in Minnesota should be vigilant, recognize the presence of syphilis, and take steps to get the word out about screening and prevention. […] Pregnant people with STDs may pass their infections to infants during pregnancy, birth, or through breast feeding.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  As part of its mission, WHO supports countries to: develop national strategic plans and guidelines; create an encouraging environment allowing individuals to discuss STIs, adopt safer sexual practices, and seek treatment; scale-up primary prevention (condom availability and use, etc.); increase integration of STI services within primary healthcare services; increase accessibility of people-centred quality STI care; facilitate adoption of point-of-care tests; enhance and scale-up health intervention for impact, such as hepatitis B and HPV vaccination, syphilis screening in priority populations; strengthen capacity to monitoring STIs trends; and monitor and respond to AMR in gonorrhoea.

• #2

• #2 STD Prevention 101 | STD Prevention 101 – NCSD

  https://ncsddc.org/resource/stds-the-basics/

  STDs are caused by sexually transmitted infections. These infections can be bacterial, viral or parasitic. STDs are transmitted through sexual contact. […] While many STDs can be cured or treated with medication, the consequences of untreated STDs can include: infertility, pregnancy complications, cervical cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, birth defects and a 3- to 5-fold increased risk of HIV transmission. The only 100% effective way to prevent the transmission of STDs is abstinence. For sexually active persons, correct and consistent use of male latex condoms is highly effective in preventing many STDs. […] Ensuring access to STD information, including comprehensive, accurate information on how to prevent STDs and where to seek testing and treatment, is an integral part of sexual health and overall health and wellness for adults and adolescents. Communication around STD prevention is also a central component of a healthy relationship. Partners that can discuss sensitive issues such as sexual history, risk behavior, testing and condom use help to build a healthy relationship by showing mutual respect and making each other feel safe and healthy, both physically and emotionally.

• #3 How to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/how-to-prevent-stis

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are spread by sexual contact. STIs are very common and easily spread. Some STIs can be treated and cured, but others cannot be cured. By knowing the facts, you can take steps to protect your health. […] There are many ways you can reduce your risk of getting an STI: […] Using a latex or polyurethane condom every time you have vaginal, oral, or anal sex reduces the risk of infection. […] Get vaccines. Vaccines are available to help protect against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV). […] If you are not infected with HIV but are at high risk of getting it, you can take medication to help prevent infection. This is called pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). PrEP involves taking a daily pill or getting injections every 2 months. Along with other preventive measures, such as using condoms, PrEP may reduce your risk of getting HIV.

• #3 DoxyPEP: A New Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention Tool for Providers | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hivstd/doxypep/providers

  DoxyPEP: A New Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention Tool for Providers. […] The CDC endorses DoxyPEP as the first new STD prevention tool in decades. DoxyPEP is the self-administration of 200 mg of doxycycline within 72 hours after sex to prevent bacterial STD acquisition. […] DoxyPEP has proven to reduce the risk of getting a bacterial STD for syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] The clinical guidelines incorporate the findings of several recent studies demonstrating that oral doxycycline after exposure can reduce the risk of contracting bacterial STDs, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. DoxyPEP has shown to reduce syphilis and chlamydia by up to 70 percent and gonorrhea by up to 50 percent. […] The CDC recommends healthcare providers discuss DoxyPEP with their clients and use their clinical judgment and shared decision-making when discussing DoxyPEP.

• #3 STI National Strategic Plan Overview | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/programs/topic-sites/sexually-transmitted-infections/plan-overview/index.html

  The STI Plan strongly emphasizes the need to address stigma, discrimination, and social determinants of health in order to reverse the rise in STI rates. Another theme interwoven in the STI Plan is the need to integrate STI prevention and control into other public health efforts to prevent and treat HIV, viral hepatitis, and substance use disorders. […] Federal partners will collaborate to develop an implementation plan that supports the STI Plan’s goals and suggested action steps. This Federal Implementation Plan will spell out federal partners’ specific commitments to developing policies, initiatives, and activities to meet the goals of the STI Plan.

• #3 Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States | National Academies

  https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/prevention-and-control-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-in-the-united-states

  Improved biomedical tools are needed to prevent and treat STIs, such as point-of-care diagnostic tests, new and readily available antibiotics, and development of new STI vaccines. […] Strengthening the STI infrastructure and expanding the STI workforce offers the dual benefits of achieving better STI control and better positioning the nation for future public health threats. […] Addressing structural racism and other structural drivers of health inequities will help to achieve better sexual health and STI outcomes.

• #3 HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) | NIH

  https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-and-sexually-transmitted-infections-stis

  Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that spread from person to person through sexual activity, including anal, vaginal, or oral sex. When left untreated, an STI can become a sexually transmitted disease. […] STIs can increase the risk of HIV transmission to or from other people, often due to sores or small tears in the skin that can cause exposure to the virus. […] Safer sex practices, such as using condoms correctly every time you have sex, can help prevent STIs. […] Sexual abstinence (never having vaginal, anal, or oral sex) is the only way to fully eliminate the chance of getting an STI. However, the steps below can help reduce the likelihood of getting an STI, including HIV. […] Use condoms correctly every time you have sex. […] People without HIV can take additional steps to prevent HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an HIV prevention option for people who do not have HIV but who are more likely to get HIV.

• #3 Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/staying-in-hiv-care/other-related-health-issues/sexually-transmitted-diseases

  Untreated STIs can lead to serious health problems. Make STI testing and treatment part of your regular HIV care. […] STI testing, prevention, and treatment should be part of regular HIV care for sexually active people. […] If you have HIV, the best thing you can do to stay healthy is to take HIV medicine (called antiretroviral therapy or ART) exactly as prescribed and get and keep an undetectable viral load. […] The only 100% effective way to avoid getting other STIs is to not have vaginal, anal, or oral sex. If you are sexually active, you can do the following things to lower your chances of getting other STIs: […] Get the vaccines that are recommended to prevent some STIs. […] Use condoms the right way every time you have sex. […] Talk to your health care provider about doxy PEP: medicine to prevent STIs.

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