Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową (STD) obejmują infekcje bakteryjne, wirusowe i pierwotniacze, które przenikają przez błony śluzowe narządów płciowych, odbytu i jamy ustnej, często przez mikrouszkodzenia. Kluczowymi patogenami są m.in. Chlamydia trachomatis (najczęstsza bakteryjna STD, powodująca zapalenie narządów miednicy mniejszej i niepłodność), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (rzeżączka, z opornością na antybiotyki), Treponema pallidum (kiła z ryzykiem neurosyfilisu), wirusy HSV (opryszczka narządów płciowych), HPV (brodawki i rak szyjki macicy), HIV (niszczenie limfocytów CD4+), oraz Trichomonas vaginalis (rzęsistkowica). Patogeneza obejmuje kolonizację błon śluzowych, unikanie odpowiedzi immunologicznej i wywoływanie stanu zapalnego, co może prowadzić do powikłań takich jak PID, niepłodność, ciąża pozamaciczna, a także zwiększone ryzyko zakażenia HIV. Mikrobiota pochwy, zwłaszcza dominacja Lactobacillus i kwaśne pH, odgrywa ochronną rolę, a jej zaburzenia (np. bakteryjna waginoza) predysponują do infekcji STD.

  1. Patogeneza chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową
    1. Mechanizmy inwazji patogenów
    2. Specyfika infekcji bakteryjnych
    3. Charakterystyka infekcji wirusowych
    4. Patogeneza zakażeń pasożytniczych
    5. Rozprzestrzenianie się zakażeń w organizmie
    6. Patogeneza zapalenia narządów miednicy mniejszej
  2. Interakcje patogen-gospodarz w chorobach przenoszonych drogą płciową
    1. Reakcja układu odpornościowego na infekcję
    2. Wpływ mikrobioty pochwy na podatność na STD
    3. Czynniki zwiększające podatność na zakażenie HIV
  3. Patogeneza specyficznych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową
    1. Kiła i jej stadia rozwoju
    2. Zakażenia chlamydiowe i rzeżączkowe
    3. Infekcje wirusem opryszczki zwykłej
    4. Patogeneza rzęsistkowicy
  4. Konsekwencje nieleczonych infekcji STD
    1. Powikłania dla zdrowia reprodukcyjnego
    2. Powikłania ciąży i infekcje wrodzone
    3. Zwiększone ryzyko zakażenia HIV
    4. Chroniczne powikłania zdrowotne
  5. Czynniki wpływające na rozprzestrzenianie się chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową
    1. Mechanizmy transmisji
    2. Czynniki biologiczne i socjoekonomiczne
    3. Oporność na antybiotyki
  6. Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Patogeneza chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową

Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową (STDs, ang. Sexually Transmitted Diseases) to infekcje, które są przekazywane między partnerami seksualnymi poprzez różne drogi kontaktu seksualnego, w tym kontakt pochwowy, analny lub oralny. Infekcje te są wywoływane przez różnorodne patogeny, takie jak bakterie, wirusy, grzyby i pasożyty, które wykorzystują podatność błon śluzowych układu płciowego na zakażenie. W procesie patogenezy tych chorób można wyróżnić kilka kluczowych mechanizmów biologicznych, które przyczyniają się do ich rozwoju i rozprzestrzeniania.1234

Mechanizmy inwazji patogenów

Patogeny odpowiedzialne za choroby przenoszone drogą płciową wnikają do organizmu głównie przez błony śluzowe narządów płciowych, odbytu, jamy ustnej i gardła. Błony śluzowe są cieńsze niż skóra i umożliwiają mikroorganizmom łatwiejsze przenikanie do organizmu. Dodatkowo, mikrouszkodzenia w postaci otarć czy przecięć znacząco zwiększają ryzyko zakażenia. Mikroorganizmy są zazwyczaj obecne w płynach ustrojowych, takich jak wydzielina z penisa, pochwy, ślina, kał, mocz i pot.123

Po ekspozycji na czynnik zakaźny podczas kontaktu seksualnego, patogen wnika do organizmu przez powierzchnie śluzówkowe, takie jak drogi płciowe, jama ustna lub odbyt. Skuteczność transmisji zależy od czynników takich jak zjadliwość patogenu, podatność gospodarza oraz czynników predysponujących, jak uraz czy stan zapalny narządów płciowych. Po dostaniu się do organizmu, patogen ustanawia infekcję poprzez przyleganie do komórek gospodarza, unikanie nadzoru immunologicznego i namnażanie się w lokalnych tkankach.45

Specyfika infekcji bakteryjnych

W przypadku bakteryjnych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową, takich jak rzeżączka i chlamydioza, proces zakażenia często obejmuje kolonizację komórek nabłonkowych wyściełających drogi płciowe, co prowadzi do stanu zapalnego, uszkodzenia tkanek i tworzenia charakterystycznych zmian klinicznych.12

Chlamydia trachomatis jest najczęstszą bakteryjną chorobą przenoszoną drogą płciową na świecie. Powoduje infekcję dolnych i górnych dróg płciowych u obu płci, mając znaczący wpływ na zdrowie reprodukcyjne. U kobiet objawy mogą obejmować nieprawidłową wydzielinę z pochwy, pieczenie podczas oddawania moczu i krwawienia między miesiączkami. Jeśli nie jest leczona, zarówno u mężczyzn, jak i u kobiet, chlamydioza może zainfekować drogi moczowe i potencjalnie prowadzić do zapalenia narządów miednicy mniejszej (PID), co może powodować poważne problemy podczas ciąży, a nawet prowadzić do niepłodności.34

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (dwoinka rzeżączki) powoduje rzeżączkę, która jest infekcją przenoszoną głównie drogą płciową. Bakteria żyje na wilgotnych błonach śluzowych cewki moczowej, pochwy, odbytnicy, jamy ustnej, gardła i oczu. Infekcja może rozprzestrzeniać się przez kontakt z penisem, pochwą, ustami lub odbytem. Objawy u mężczyzn obejmują pieczenie i ból podczas oddawania moczu, wydzielinę z penisa (białą, zieloną lub żółtą). Patogeneza rzeżączki związana jest ze zdolnością gonokoków do przylegania do komórek śluzówkowych za pomocą pili, a następnie penetracji do obszarów podśluzówkowych w celu wywołania silnego napływu komórek PMN (wielojądrzastych granulocytów obojętnochłonnych).56

Treponema pallidum to krętka wywołująca kiłę, która wnika do organizmu przez małe uszkodzenia nabłonka lub błon śluzowych. Bakterie przemieszczające się do węzłów chłonnych początkowo powodują miejscową limfadenopatię widoczną w kiły pierwotnej, a następnie uogólnioną limfadenopatię widoczną w późniejszych stadiach choroby. Organizmy przenoszone do skóry i błon śluzowych przez krwiobieg powodują zmiany widoczne w kiły wtórnej (plamy śluzówkowe, plamy skórne) i trzeciorzędowej (kilaki). Jeśli nie jest leczona, kiła może być bardzo niebezpieczna i może powodować uszkodzenie mózgu oraz inne poważne problemy zdrowotne.789

Charakterystyka infekcji wirusowych

Wirusowe choroby przenoszone drogą płciową charakteryzują się tym, że każda z nich pochodzi z innej rodziny wirusów i wykorzystuje unikalne cechy do transmisji i patogenezy. Opcje leczenia są dostępne dla wirusowych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową, ale żadna z nich nie jest uważana za całkowicie uleczalną.1

Wirus opryszczki pospolitej (HSV) – istnieją dwie najczęstsze formy opryszczki, które są spowodowane infekcją wirusem HSV. HSV-1 jest typowo nabywany drogą oralną i powoduje opryszczkę wargową, natomiast HSV-2 jest zwykle nabywany podczas kontaktów seksualnych i dotyka narządów płciowych, będąc najczęstszą wirusową chorobą przenoszoną drogą płciową. Opryszczka rozprzestrzenia się przez kontakt skórny z osobą zakażoną wirusem. Replikacja wirusowa powoduje powstanie rumieniowego grudka, który przekształca się w pęcherzyk wypełniony płynem. Podczas infekcji pierwotnych pacjent ma wiremię i limfadenopatię regionalną.234

Wirus brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) – jest najczęstszą chorobą przenoszoną drogą płciową w Stanach Zjednoczonych i często nie daje objawów. Istnieje ponad 70 szczepów HPV. Niektóre z nich powodują brodawki narządów płciowych – wilgotne, miękkie, kalafiorowate narośla (w ciągu 3 tygodni do 8 miesięcy od zakażenia). Infekcja HPV może prowadzić do raka szyjki macicy i innych nowotworów.567

Ludzki wirus niedoboru odporności (HIV) atakuje układ odpornościowy, wnikając i niszcząc komórki CD4+ T, rodzaj białych krwinek, które są niezbędne do zwalczania infekcji. Bez leczenia, przewlekła faza zakażenia HIV może postępować do AIDS w ciągu około 10 lat. AIDS zagraża życiu, a objawy mogą obejmować szereg poważnych infekcji oportunistycznych.8910

Patogeneza zakażeń pasożytniczych

Rzęsistkowica jest wywoływana przez jednokomórkowego pierwotniaka Trichomonas vaginalis. Może być przekazywana poprzez wilgotne ręczniki, myjki i stroje kąpielowe, jeśli ktoś ma tego pasożyta. Objawy zazwyczaj obejmują zapalenie szyjki macicy (zapalenie szyjki macicy), cewki moczowej (zapalenie cewki moczowej), pochwy (zapalenie pochwy). Dyskomfort może nasilać się podczas stosunku płciowego i oddawania moczu.1

T. vaginalis niszczy komórki nabłonkowe przez bezpośredni kontakt z komórką i uwalnianie substancji cytotoksycznych. Wiąże się również z białkami osocza gospodarza, zapobiegając w ten sposób rozpoznaniu pasożyta przez alternatywną drogę dopełniacza i proteazy gospodarza. Podczas infekcji pH pochwy wzrasta, podobnie jak liczba wielojądrzastych leukocytów. Pomimo interakcji układu odpornościowego z T. vaginalis, infekcja wytwarza odporność, która w najlepszym przypadku jest tylko częściowo ochronna, i niewiele jest dowodów na to, że zdrowy układ odpornościowy zapobiega infekcji.23

Rzęsistkowica może zwiększyć ryzyko zarażenia się lub rozprzestrzeniania innych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową. Kobiety w ciąży z rzęsistkowicą są bardziej narażone na przedwczesny poród, a ich dzieci są bardziej narażone na niską masę urodzeniową.4

Rozprzestrzenianie się zakażeń w organizmie

Patofizjologia chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową wykracza poza lokalne objawy narządów płciowych i obejmuje powikłania ogólnoustrojowe. Rozsiane infekcje, wstępujące rozprzestrzenianie się do górnych dróg rozrodczych i przewlekły stan zapalny mogą prowadzić do poważnych konsekwencji, takich jak zapalenie narządów miednicy mniejszej (PID), niepłodność, ciąża pozamaciczna oraz zwiększone ryzyko zakażenia i transmisji HIV.1

U kobiet niektóre organizmy, które dostają się do pochwy, mogą zainfekować inne narządy rozrodcze. Organizmy mogą zainfekować szyjkę macicy (dolną część macicy, która tworzy koniec pochwy), wejść do macicy i dotrzeć do jajowodów, a czasem do jajników. U mężczyzn organizmy, które dostają się przez penisa, mogą zainfekować przewód transportujący mocz z pęcherza przez penisa (cewkę moczową). Zarówno u mężczyzn, jak i u kobiet, niektóre choroby przenoszone drogą płciową mogą powodować utrzymujący się obrzęk tkanek narządów płciowych lub zakażenie cewki moczowej lub odbytnicy (zapalenie odbytnicy).23

Patogeneza zapalenia narządów miednicy mniejszej

Zapalenie narządów miednicy mniejszej (PID) to ogólny termin odnoszący się do infekcji i stanu zapalnego górnych dróg płciowych u kobiet. PID jest często spowodowana przez patogeny przenoszone drogą płciową, ale często staje się polimikrobialne. Tylko 50-70% przypadków ma pozytywny wynik testu na chlamydię lub rzeżączkę. Długoterminowe następstwa obejmują niepłodność, ciążę pozamaciczną i przewlekły ból brzucha spowodowany zrostami.12

Dokładne zdarzenia zachodzące podczas rozwoju PID nie są jeszcze całkowicie jasne, jednak uważa się, że: wcześniejsze infekcje jajowodów (zwykle N. gonorrhoeae lub C. trachomatis) powodują uszkodzenie komórek rzęskowych wyściełających jajowody; następnie pojawia się kolejna infekcja, a organizmy są w stanie wznieść się do jajowodów i spowodować infekcje w sąsiednich strukturach. PID jest najczęstszą przyczyną niezamierzonej niepłodności u kobiet.3

Interakcje patogen-gospodarz w chorobach przenoszonych drogą płciową

Mechanizmy wzajemnego oddziaływania między patogenami chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową a organizmem gospodarza są złożone i stanowią kluczowy element patogenezy tych chorób. Zrozumienie tych interakcji jest niezbędne do opracowania skutecznych strategii diagnostycznych, leczniczych i profilaktycznych.1

Reakcja układu odpornościowego na infekcję

Układ odpornościowy reaguje na zakażenia przenoszone drogą płciową poprzez aktywację zarówno odporności wrodzonej, jak i nabytej. Jednak patogeny STD wykształciły różne mechanizmy unikania tej odpowiedzi. Niektóre bakterie i wirusy mogą ukrywać się wewnątrz komórek, gdzie są mniej dostępne dla układu odpornościowego. Inne modyfikują swoje powierzchniowe antygeny, co utrudnia ich rozpoznanie przez przeciwciała.1

Bakteryjne zakażenia przenoszone drogą płciową, takie jak chlamydia i rzeżączka, mogą wywoływać silną reakcję zapalną, którą charakteryzuje napływ neutrofili i innych komórek układu odpornościowego. Ta odpowiedź, choć skierowana przeciwko patogenowi, może również prowadzić do uszkodzenia tkanek i przyczyniać się do długoterminowych powikłań, takich jak niepłodność.2

W przypadku kiły, Treponema pallidum wywołuje silną odpowiedź immunologiczną, która jest odpowiedzialna za wiele objawów klinicznych choroby. Odpowiedź ta obejmuje zarówno komórkową, jak i humoralną odpowiedź immunologiczną, z formowaniem się swoistych przeciwciał przeciwko antygenom krętka. Mimo to, bez leczenia, bakterie mogą przetrwać i rozprzestrzeniać się w organizmie, prowadząc do przewlekłej infekcji i poważnych powikłań.34

Wpływ mikrobioty pochwy na podatność na STD

Mikrobiota pochwy odgrywa kluczową rolę w ochronie przed zakażeniami przenoszonymi drogą płciową. Zdrowa mikrobiota pochwy zdominowana jest przez bakterie z rodzaju Lactobacillus, które fermentują cukry (np. glikogen) produkując kwas mlekowy. To tworzy kwaśne środowisko pochwy (niskie pH), które wykazano, że zmniejsza aktywność in vitro C. trachomatis i N. gonorrhoeae. To kwaśne środowisko wydaje się być niekorzystne również dla zakażeń HPV, HIV i HSV.1

Bakteryjna waginoza (BV) jest zespołem klinicznym wynikającym z zastąpienia normalnych, produkujących nadtlenek wodoru gatunków lactobacillus w pochwie, wysokim stężeniem bakterii beztlenowych, takich jak Gardnerella vaginalis i Mycoplasma hominis. Zaburzenia mikrobioty pochwy w BV mogą predysponować do chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową.2

BV może predysponować do nabywania chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową po ekspozycji, ponieważ lokalna produkcja cytokin związana z BV może ułatwiać nabywanie chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową. Związek między komórkami nabłonka narządów płciowych w pochwie a mikrobiotą pochwy wydaje się silnie wpływać na wrodzoną odpowiedź immunologiczną, sugerując kluczową rolę odpowiedzi immunologicznej układu rozrodczego w określaniu BV i jej powikłań: zaburzenie mikrobioty pochwy może zmniejszyć miejscową odporność z konsekwentnym zwiększeniem ryzyka chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową w drogach moczowo-płciowych kobiet.34

Czynniki zwiększające podatność na zakażenie HIV

Niektóre choroby przenoszone drogą płciową mogą zwiększać ryzyko zakażenia HIV. Na przykład, posiadanie podrażnionej skóry (stan zapalny, jak w przypadku rzeżączki lub chlamydii) lub owrzodzeń (jak w przypadku opryszczki, kiły lub wrzodu miękkiego) ułatwia innym organizmom zakaźnym wniknięcie do organizmu.1

Rzęsistkowe zakażenie jest również silnie związane z obecnością innych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową, w tym rzeżączki, chlamydii i wirusów przenoszonych drogą płciową. Wykazano nawet, że zakażenie T. vaginalis zwiększa podatność pacjenta na wirusy przenoszone drogą płciową, w tym wirus opryszczki pospolitej, wirus brodawczaka ludzkiego i HIV. Jednym z potencjalnych wyjaśnień jest to, że T. vaginalis zakłóca jednowarstwowy nabłonek, prowadząc do zwiększonego przejścia wirusa HIV. Inny mechanizm sugeruje, że T. vaginalis indukuje aktywację immunologiczną, w szczególności aktywację i replikację limfocytów oraz produkcję cytokin, prowadząc do zwiększonej replikacji wirusa w komórkach zakażonych HIV.2

Dostępne dane sugerują, że zapalne choroby przenoszone drogą płciową zwiększają transmisję HIV, więc rutynowe badania przesiewowe i leczenie rzeżączki może pośrednio zmniejszyć ryzyko transmisji HIV do partnerów seksualnych. Dane sugerują również, że osoby z HIV, które mają zapalne choroby przenoszone drogą płciową, mają zwiększone ryzyko transmisji HIV, głównie poprzez zwiększone wydzielanie HIV w drogach płciowych, więc rutynowe badania przesiewowe w kierunku chlamydii mogą pośrednio zmniejszyć ryzyko transmisji HIV do partnerów seksualnych.3

Patogeneza specyficznych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową

Kiła i jej stadia rozwoju

Kiła jest wywoływana przez krętka Treponema pallidum i charakteryzuje się trzema kolejnymi objawowymi stadiami oddzielonymi okresami bezobjawowej infekcji utajonej. Patogen wnika do organizmu przez błony śluzowe lub skórę, dociera do regionalnych węzłów chłonnych w ciągu kilku godzin i szybko rozprzestrzenia się po całym ciele.1

Organizmy namnażające się w początkowym miejscu infekcji powodują w ciągu 10 do 90 dni twardy wrzód (owrzodzenie pierwotne) widoczny w kile pierwotnej. Bakterie, które dostają się przez naczynia limfatyczne do węzłów chłonnych, początkowo powodują regionalne powiększenie węzłów chłonnych widoczne w kile pierwotnej i uogólnione powiększenie węzłów chłonnych widoczne w późniejszych stadiach choroby.2

W kile wtórnej, krętki rozprzestrzeniają się w krwiobiegu, powodując rozległe zmiany skórno-śluzówkowe, powiększenie węzłów chłonnych i rzadziej objawy w innych narządach. Około jedna trzecia nieleczonych osób rozwija kiłę późną, chociaż nie wcześniej niż po latach lub dekadach od początkowej infekcji.3

Kiła ośrodkowego układu nerwowego (neurosyfilis) ma kilka form: bezobjawowa kiła ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, kiła naczyniowo-oponowa, kiła miąższowa, wiąd rdzenia. Zespoły oczne mogą wpływać praktycznie na każdą część oka; obejmują one śródmiąższowe zapalenie rogówki, zapalenie błony naczyniowej (przednie, pośrednie i tylne), zapalenie naczyniówki i siatkówki, zapalenie siatkówki, zapalenie naczyń siatkówki oraz neuropatie nerwów czaszkowych i nerwu wzrokowego. Pacjenci z kiłą oczną są narażeni na kiłę ośrodkowego układu nerwowego.4

Osoby zakażone HIV zazwyczaj doświadczają tych samych stadiów i fizycznych objawów kiły jak osoby niezakażone HIV, chociaż stadia częściej się nakładają, a objawy mogą być cięższe. Kiła jest związana ze zwiększonym ryzykiem seksualnego nabycia i przenoszenia HIV.5

Zakażenia chlamydiowe i rzeżączkowe

Chlamydia jest najczęstszą bakteryjną chorobą przenoszoną drogą płciową na świecie. Chlamydia trachomatis powoduje zakażenie dolnych i górnych dróg płciowych u obu płci, mając istotny wpływ na zdrowie reprodukcyjne. Badania przesiewowe bezobjawowych kobiet w kierunku chlamydii okazały się obniżać zarówno ogólny wskaźnik zakażeń chlamydią, jak i częstość występowania zapalenia narządów miednicy mniejszej.12

Zalecane leczenie niepowikłanej chlamydii układu moczowo-płciowego lub odbytnicy u dorosłych niebędących w ciąży to doksycyklina 100 mg doustnie dwa razy dziennie przez 7 dni.3

Azytromycyna odgrywa kluczową rolę w zwalczaniu różnych mikroorganizmów, takich jak Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Neisseria, Staphylococcus i gatunki Streptococcus. Azytromycyna jest wskazana do leczenia chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową spowodowanych przez Neisseria gonorrhoeae i Chlamydia trachomatis. Azytromycyna + doksycyklina (antybiotyk) są podawane w chorobach przenoszonych drogą płciową.4

Rzeżączka jest chorobą przenoszoną drogą płciową wywoływaną przez bakterię Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Leczenie rzeżączki jest skomplikowane przez zdolność N. gonorrhoeae do rozwijania oporności na środki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe. Szczepy rzeżączki, które są wielolekooporne, zostały szeroko rozpowszechnione na całym świecie. Neisseria gonorrhoeae wykazuje wysoki poziom oporności na antybiotyki, prowadząc do nieleczonych infekcji, które mogą pewnego dnia stanowić poważne zagrożenie dla zdrowia publicznego i stanowić największe przeszkody w zapobieganiu i leczeniu chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową.56

Infekcje wirusem opryszczki zwykłej

Opryszczka narządów płciowych jest wywoływana przez wirus opryszczki pospolitej (HSV), który ma dwa podtypy: HSV-1 i HSV-2. HSV może być przenoszony przez kontakt seksualny. Wirus uzyskuje dostęp do błony śluzowej narządów płciowych poprzez kontakt seksualny z partnerem zakażonym HSV. Objawowi i bezobjawowi partnerzy seksualni zakażeni HSV mogą przekazać infekcję niezakażonemu partnerowi.12

Osoby z HIV mają tendencję do cięższych i bardziej przewlekłych zmian opryszczkowych oraz więcej bezobjawowego wydzielania HSV-2 w drogach płciowych w porównaniu do osób niezakażonych HIV; leczenie supresyjne walacyklowirem, acyklowirem lub famcyklowirem powinno być rozważone u osób z HIV.3

Patogeneza rzęsistkowicy

Rzęsistkowica jest chorobą przenoszoną drogą płciową wywoływaną przez ruchliwy pasożytniczy pierwotniaka Trichomonas vaginalis. Wysoka częstość występowania zakażenia T. vaginalis globalnie i częstość współistnienia z innymi chorobami przenoszonymi drogą płciową czynią rzęsistkowicę istotnym problemem zdrowia publicznego.1

T. vaginalis niszczy komórki nabłonkowe przez bezpośredni kontakt z komórką i uwalnianie substancji cytotoksycznych. Wiąże się również z białkami osocza gospodarza, zapobiegając w ten sposób rozpoznaniu pasożyta przez alternatywną drogę dopełniacza i proteazy gospodarza. Podczas infekcji pH pochwy wzrasta, podobnie jak liczba wielojądrzastych leukocytów (PMN).2

Zakażenie T. vaginalis jest również silnie związane z obecnością innych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową, w tym rzeżączki, chlamydii i wirusów przenoszonych drogą płciową. Wykazano nawet, że zakażenie T. vaginalis zwiększa podatność pacjenta na wirusy przenoszone drogą płciową, w tym wirus opryszczki pospolitej, wirus brodawczaka ludzkiego i HIV. Jednym z potencjalnych wyjaśnień jest to, że T. vaginalis zakłóca jednowarstwowy nabłonek, prowadząc do zwiększonego przenikania wirusa HIV. Inny mechanizm sugeruje, że T. vaginalis indukuje aktywację immunologiczną, w szczególności aktywację i replikację limfocytów oraz produkcję cytokin, prowadząc do zwiększonej replikacji wirusa w komórkach zakażonych HIV.3

Konsekwencje nieleczonych infekcji STD

Nieleczone choroby przenoszone drogą płciową mogą prowadzić do szeregu poważnych powikłań zdrowotnych, które mogą mieć długotrwały wpływ na zdrowie i jakość życia zakażonych osób. Zrozumienie tych konsekwencji jest kluczowe dla podkreślenia znaczenia wczesnej diagnostyki i leczenia.1

Powikłania dla zdrowia reprodukcyjnego

Jednym z najpoważniejszych następstw nieleczonych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową są problemy z układem rozrodczym, które mogą prowadzić do niepłodności. U kobiet infekcje takie jak chlamydia i rzeżączka mogą spowodować zapalenie narządów miednicy mniejszej (PID), które może uszkodzić jajowody i inne narządy rozrodcze, prowadząc do niepłodności lub zwiększonego ryzyka ciąży pozamacicznej.12

Niektóre choroby przenoszone drogą płciową mogą powodować zapalenie i niedrożność jajowodów u kobiet, a także zapalenie jajników i macicy. W przypadku mężczyzn mogą powodować zapalenie jąder, prostaty i najądrza, co powoduje zmniejszenie liczby produkowanych plemników i pogorszenie jakości nasienia, stając się przyczyną niepłodności zarówno u mężczyzn, jak i kobiet.3

Problemy zdrowotne i długoterminowe konsekwencje wynikające z chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową zazwyczaj są poważniejsze dla kobiet niż dla mężczyzn. Niektóre choroby przenoszone drogą płciową mogą powodować zakażenia miednicy, takie jak zapalenie narządów miednicy mniejszej (PID), które może powodować ropień jajowodowo-jajnikowy. Ropień z kolei może prowadzić do bliznowacenia narządów rozrodczych, co może skutkować ciążą pozamaciczną (ciążą poza macicą), niepłodnością, a nawet śmiercią kobiety.4

Powikłania ciąży i infekcje wrodzone

Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową u kobiet w ciąży mogą prowadzić do poważnych powikłań, zarówno dla matki, jak i dla rozwijającego się płodu. Infekcje takie jak kiła mogą być przekazywane przez łożysko do płodu, podczas gdy inne, takie jak rzeżączka, chlamydia czy opryszczka narządów płciowych, mogą być przekazywane podczas porodu.1

Nieleczona kiła u kobiet w ciąży prowadzi do śmierci niemowląt nawet w 40% przypadków. Zarówno kiła, jak i HIV mogą przechodzić przez łożysko do płodu, gdy znajduje się on w macicy. Podczas porodu dziecko może zostać zakażone rzeżączką, chlamydią, HIV, wirusowym zapaleniem wątroby typu B i opryszczką narządów płciowych. Karmienie piersią może również przenosić HIV na dziecko, a także kiłę lub opryszczkę, jeśli matka ma ranę na piersi.23

Niektóre choroby przenoszone drogą płciową mogą prowadzić do przedwczesnego porodu lub niskiej masy urodzeniowej. Na przykład, kobiety z rzęsistkowicą są bardziej narażone na przedwczesny poród, a ich dzieci są bardziej narażone na niską masę urodzeniową.4

Zwiększone ryzyko zakażenia HIV

Posiadanie niektórych typów chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową ułatwia zakażenie HIV (inną chorobą przenoszoną drogą płciową) w przypadku kontaktu z nim. Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową, takie jak opryszczka, rzeżączka i kiła, mogą zwiększyć ryzyko zakażenia HIV.12

Osoby, które mają choroby przenoszone drogą płciową, są bardziej narażone na zakażenie HIV w porównaniu do osób, które nie mają chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową. Niektóre choroby przenoszone drogą płciową powodują stan zapalny (np. w rzeżączce lub chlamydii) lub owrzodzenia (jak w przypadku opryszczki, kiły lub wrzodu miękkiego), co ułatwia innym organizmom zakaźnym wniknięcie do organizmu.34

Infekcja opryszczkowa może powodować owrzodzenia lub pęknięcia w skórze lub wyściółce jamy ustnej, pochwy i odbytnicy. To zapewnia drogę dla HIV do wniknięcia do organizmu.5

Chroniczne powikłania zdrowotne

Gdy choroby przenoszone drogą płciową nie są diagnozowane i leczone szybko, niektóre organizmy mogą rozprzestrzeniać się przez krwiobieg i infekować narządy wewnętrzne, czasami powodując poważne, nawet zagrażające życiu problemy. Możliwe powikłania infekcji przenoszonych drogą płciową obejmują: ból miednicy, powikłania ciąży, zapalenie oczu, zapalenie stawów, zapalenie narządów miednicy mniejszej, niepłodność, choroby serca, niektóre nowotwory, takie jak raki szyjki macicy i odbytu związane z HPV.12

Bez leczenia, bakterie kiły mogą się rozprzestrzeniać. Może to prowadzić do poważnych uszkodzeń narządów wewnętrznych i śmierci lata po pierwotnej infekcji. Bez leczenia, przewlekła faza zakażenia HIV może postępować do AIDS w ciągu około 10 lat. AIDS zagraża życiu.3

Wirusowe choroby przenoszone drogą płciową, zwłaszcza opryszczka i zakażenie HIV, zazwyczaj utrzymują się przez całe życie. Leki przeciwwirusowe mogą kontrolować, ale jeszcze nie wyleczyć większości tych infekcji.4

Infekcje wirusowe są znacznie trudniejsze do leczenia, ponieważ antybiotyki nie działają na wirusy. W przypadku opryszczki leki przeciwwirusowe mogą pomóc zapobiec nawrotom, ale nie eliminują wirusa. W przypadku HIV leki przeciwwirusowe mogą skutecznie stłumić wirusa, umożliwiając ludziom długie, zdrowe życie bez powikłań. W rzeczywistości, leki przeciwwirusowe mogą obniżyć ilość wirusa tak bardzo, że ludzie nie mogą przekazać wirusa innym.56

Czynniki wpływające na rozprzestrzenianie się chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową

Mechanizmy transmisji

Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową są przekazywane głównie przez kontakt seksualny, który obejmuje kontakt pochwowy, oralny i analny. Patogeny mogą przenikać przez mikroskopijne otarcia w błonach śluzowych penisa, pochwy, odbytu lub jakichkolwiek innych powierzchni śluzówkowych. Transmisja chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową może również obejmować dożylne używanie narkotyków oraz ekspozycję podczas porodu lub karmienia piersią.1

Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową są przenoszone przez błony śluzowe pochwy, penisa, cewki moczowej lub odbytnicy podczas kontaktu seksualnego z zakażoną osobą. Transmisja może również nastąpić przez błony śluzowe gardła, dróg oddechowych, jamy ustnej i oczu. Błony śluzowe są cieńsze niż skóra i pozwalają mikroorganizmom przekraczać je do wnętrza organizmu. Ponadto drobne uszkodzenia skóry i błon śluzowych z powodu otarć lub nacięć dodatkowo zwiększają ryzyko infekcji. Mikroorganizmy są często obecne w płynach wydzielanych z penisa, pochwy, śliny, kału, moczu i potu. Czasami nawet mała ilość mikroorganizmów może prowadzić do transmisji choroby przenoszonej drogą płciową.2

Infekcje przenoszone drogą płciową rozwijają się, gdy różne bakterie, wirusy lub pasożyty zakażają organizm. Można je nabyć z płynów ustrojowych (takich jak krew, mocz, nasienie, ślina i inne obszary wyścielone śluzem) podczas seksu, zwykle seksu waginalnego, oralnego i analnego, lub innych czynności seksualnych.3

Czynniki biologiczne i socjoekonomiczne

Globalne obciążenie chorobami przenoszonymi drogą płciową jest wieloaspektowym wyzwaniem kształtowanym przez złożoną interakcję czynników biologicznych, społecznych, ekonomicznych i strukturalnych. W centrum tego obciążenia leży złożona sieć determinantów, z których każdy przyczynia się do utrwalania i nasilania chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową w skali globalnej. Czynniki biologiczne odgrywają kluczową rolę w napędzaniu transmisji i utrzymywania się chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową. Patogeny takie jak bakterie, wirusy, pasożyty i grzyby wykorzystują słabości w obronach organizmu człowieka, adaptując się i ewoluując, aby uniknąć odpowiedzi immunologicznej i terapii przeciwdrobnoustrojowej.1

Wiele czynników wpływa na częstość i występowanie chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową, np. zakażony partner seksualny, wielu partnerów seksualnych, nadużywanie narkotyków, przemieszczanie się z obszaru endemicznego, złe warunki społeczno-kulturowe (a zatem niezdrowe warunki ze złą higieną osobistą).2

Kobiety mają wyższe ryzyko niż mężczyźni zakażenia chorobą przenoszoną drogą płciową podczas niezabezpieczonego seksu waginalnego. Problemy zdrowotne spowodowane przez choroby przenoszone drogą płciową mają tendencję do bycia poważniejszymi i częstszymi u kobiet niż u mężczyzn. W rezultacie wiele kobiet nie szuka pomocy, dopóki nie rozwiną się poważne problemy.34

Oporność na antybiotyki

Oporność na środki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe (AMR) w przypadku chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową, zwłaszcza rzeżączki, wzrosła gwałtownie w ostatnich latach i ograniczyła opcje leczenia. AMR dla innych chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową, takich jak Mycoplasma genitalium, również istnieje, ale nie jest systematycznie monitorowana.1

Większość chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową można skutecznie leczyć lekami (antybiotykami w przypadku infekcji bakteryjnych i lekami przeciwwirusowymi w przypadku infekcji wirusowych). Jednak niektóre nowe szczepy bakterii i wirusów stały się odporne na niektóre leki, co utrudnia leczenie. Oporność na leki prawdopodobnie wzrośnie, ponieważ leki są czasami niewłaściwie stosowane.2

Bakteryjne choroby przenoszone drogą płciową, niegdyś uważane za uleczalne, zaczynają rozwijać oporność przeciwbakteryjną. Rzeżączka może nie pozostać łatwo uleczalna, jednak pojawiają się oporne na antybiotyki szczepy, które, jak przewiduje się, będą stanowić istotne zagrożenie dla zdrowia ludzkiego w przyszłości.3

Nazwa patogenu Typ drobnoustroju Powodowana choroba Główny mechanizm transmisji Główne powikłania
Chlamydia trachomatis Bakteria Chlamydioza Kontakt z błonami śluzowymi narządów płciowych Zapalenie narządów miednicy mniejszej, niepłodność, ból miednicy
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Bakteria Rzeżączka Kontakt z błonami śluzowymi narządów płciowych, odbytu, gardła Zapalenie narządów miednicy mniejszej, niepłodność, zapalenie stawów
Treponema pallidum Bakteria (krętek) Kiła Kontakt z owrzodzeniami kiły Uszkodzenia narządów wewnętrznych, neurosyfilis, zgon
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Wirus Opryszczka narządów płciowych Kontakt skórny lub z błonami śluzowymi Nawracające owrzodzenia, zwiększone ryzyko zakażenia HIV
Human papilloma virus (HPV) Wirus Brodawki narządów płciowych, rak szyjki macicy Kontakt skórny lub z błonami śluzowymi Rak szyjki macicy, rak odbytu, rak gardła
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Wirus Zakażenie HIV, AIDS Wymiana płynów ustrojowych Uszkodzenie układu odpornościowego, infekcje oportunistyczne, zgon
Trichomonas vaginalis Pierwotniak Rzęsistkowica Kontakt z błonami śluzowymi narządów płciowych Zapalenie pochwy, zapalenie cewki moczowej, zwiększone ryzyko zakażenia HIV

123456

Implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego

Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową stanowią znaczący problem dla zdrowia publicznego, mający daleko idące implikacje społeczne, ekonomiczne i zdrowotne. Infekcje te nękają ludzkość od starożytnych czasów do dziś, przekraczając granice geograficzne i konteksty kulturowe.1

Globalna częstość występowania chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową jest zatrważająca, z milionami nowych przypadków zgłaszanych rocznie. Wybitne wśród tych infekcji jest HIV/AIDS, które pozostaje głównym globalnym kryzysem zdrowotnym, dotykającym ponad 38 milionów ludzi na całym świecie.2

Obciążenie chorobami przenoszonymi drogą płciową wykracza daleko poza zdrowie fizyczne jednostek. Ma głębokie implikacje społeczne i ekonomiczne. Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową mogą prowadzić do poważnych problemów ze zdrowiem reprodukcyjnym, w tym niepłodności, ciąż pozamacicznych i niepomyślnych wyników ciąży. Ponadto mogą prowadzić do stygmatyzacji, dyskryminacji i dystresu psychologicznego, często skutkując opóźnioną diagnozą i leczeniem z powodu strachu przed konsekwencjami społecznymi.3

Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową są głównym problemem zdrowia publicznego w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Prawie 12 milionów Amerykanów jest zakażonych chorobą przenoszoną drogą płciową rocznie; około 43 miliony ma wirusowe choroby przenoszone drogą płciową, których nie można wyleczyć i które zakażają jednostkę przez całe życie. Dla praktycznie wszystkich chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową, liczba udokumentowanych przypadków wzrosła w ciągu ostatnich 10 lat. Liczba Amerykanów zakażonych ludzkim wirusem niedoboru odporności (HIV), na przykład, stale rosła od lat 80., a w 1993 roku ponad 40 000 mieszkańców USA zmarło z powodu chorób związanych z AIDS. Ponadto, choroby przenoszone drogą płciową kosztują społeczeństwo ponad 3,5 miliarda dolarów rocznie.4

Choroby przenoszone drogą płciową utrzymują się w populacji USA głównie z powodu złożonych sposobów, w jakie patogeny i ich gospodarze wchodzą w interakcje z czynnikami społecznymi i środowiskowymi, które determinują mechanizm nabywania i wzorzec transmisji tych chorób. Na przykład, zmiany społeczne, takie jak zmodyfikowane wzorce pozamałżeńskiego zachowania seksualnego, przewyższają efekty leczenia medycznego. Kontrola i zapobieganie chorobom przenoszonym drogą płciową wymaga zatem czegoś więcej niż tylko ulepszeń technologicznych czy innowacji medycznych: wymaga zrozumienia powiązań społecznych i behawioralnych związanych z nabywaniem i transmisją infekcji.5

Badania nad chorobami przenoszonymi drogą płciową są priorytetem zdrowia publicznego. Naukowcy badają sposoby zapobiegania chorobom przenoszonym drogą płciową za pomocą szczepionek i mikrobicydów. Naukowcy pracują nad szczepionkami zapobiegającymi zakażeniom HIV i opryszczki.1

Rozwój i wdrożenie testów typu point-of-care (POC) do zarządzania chorobami przenoszonymi drogą płciową jest uważane za priorytet przez WHO. Niedawne systematyczne przeglądy wykazały, że w wielu przypadkach stosowanie testów POC może skutkować znacznym zmniejszeniem zarówno nierozpoznanych zakażeń, jak i nadmiernego leczenia. Szybkie testowanie obecności oporności na środki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe pozostaje ważną kwestią dla chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową.2

Przekazanie naukowej wiedzy do praktyki klinicznej związanej z diagnozą, opieką i leczeniem osób z chorobami przenoszonymi drogą płciową jest ważne dla zdrowia publicznego. Aby wspierać stosowanie najbardziej aktualnych osiągnięć w etiologii, patogenezie, diagnozie, zapobieganiu i leczeniu chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową, niezbędne jest wspieranie obiecujących klinicystów poprzez nagrody za badania, studia i praktyki w centrach doskonałości w badaniach i leczeniu chorób przenoszonych drogą płciową.3

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 12.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Sexually Transmitted Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560808/
    Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), previously known as sexually transmitted diseases, involve the transmission of an organism between sexual partners through different routes of sexual contact, either oral, anal, or vaginal. […] The natural history and patterns of spread of the most common sexually transmitted infections are discussed as well as disease prevention, evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. […] STIs invade the human body through microscopic abrasions within the mucosal membranes of the penis, vagina, anus, or any other mucosal surfaces. Transmission of STIs can include intravenous drug use and exposure during childbirth or breastfeeding. […] Organisms invade normal cells and overburden the immune system, creating typical signs and symptoms of the disease. […] Untreated STIs can lead to severe, lifelong health disorders, including infertility, scarring, chronic pain, sexual dysfunction, and cancers.
  • #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/STD-Pathophysiology.aspx
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are transmitted via the mucous membranes of the vagina, penis, urethra or rectum, during sexual contact with an infected individual. Transmission can also occur via membranes of the throat, respiratory tract, mouth and eyes. […] The mucous membranes are thinner than skin and allow microbes to cross them into the body. In addition, minor breaks in the skin and mucous membranes due to abrasions or cuts further increase the risk of infection. The microbes are often present in fluids secreted from the penis, vagina, saliva, faeces, urine and sweat. Sometimes, only a small amount of the microbes can lead to transmission of an STD. […] Any sexual contact including oral sex and deep kissing can lead to the transmission of certain infections, although the concentration of the microbes is often lower in saliva than in the genital fluids. Non-sexual contact such as hugging and shaking hands is not usually responsible for transmitting infection. […] The causative agents of STDs include bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses.
  • #1
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/05170/global_perspectives_on_the_burden_of_sexually.37.aspx
    The pathophysiology of STDs lies a complex interplay between infectious agents and the human body’s defense mechanisms. STDs encompass diverse pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, each with its unique transmission mode, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations. […] Upon exposure to an infectious agent through sexual contact, the pathogen enters the body through mucosal surfaces, such as the genital tract, oral cavity, or rectum. The transmission efficiency varies depending on factors like pathogen virulence, host susceptibility, and predisposing factors such as genital trauma or inflammation. […] Once inside the body, the pathogen establishes infection by adhering to host cells, evading immune surveillance, and replicating within the local tissue. For bacterial STDs like gonorrhea and chlamydia, this process often involves colonization of the epithelial cells lining the genital tract, leading to inflammation, tissue damage, and the formation of characteristic clinical lesions.
  • #1 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Prevalence, Treatment, and Diagnostics | American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
    https://clsjournal.ascls.org/content/30/2/112
    Sexually transmitted diseases contribute substantially to issues in human health. Since sexually transmitted pathogens originate from viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes, there are few commonalities regarding characteristics of disease. Some bacterial sexually transmitted pathogens, once considered curable, are beginning to develop antibacterial resistance, viral pathogens have been implicated in major congenital malformations, and even death, and eukaryotic infections are increasing in prevalence. […] Each viral STD originates from a different viral family and so employs unique characteristics for transmission and pathogenesis. Treatment options are available for the viral STDs but none are considered curable. […] Gonorrhea may not remain easily treatable, however, as antibiotic resistant strains are arising that are predicted to pose a substantial threat to human health in the future.
  • #1 Pathophysiology of Sexually transmitted diseases | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pathophysiology-of-sexually-transmitted-diseases/231909724
    It is caused by Human papilloma virus. There are more than 70 strains. Some cause genital warts –moist, soft, cauliflower-like bumps (within 3 weeks – 8 months). […] It is caused by the single-celled protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Can be passed on via damp towels, washcloths, and bathing suits if someone has the parasite. Symptoms typically include inflammation of the Cervix (Cervicitis), Urethra (Urethritis), Vagina (Vaginitis). Discomfort may increase during intercourse and urination.
  • #1
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/05170/global_perspectives_on_the_burden_of_sexually.37.aspx
    The pathophysiology of STDs extends beyond local genital manifestations to encompass systemic sequelae and complications. Disseminated infections, ascending spread to the upper reproductive tract, and chronic inflammation can lead to severe consequences like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and an increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. […] The global burden of STDs is a multifaceted challenge shaped by an intricate interplay of biological, social, economic, and structural factors. At the heart of this burden lies a complex web of determinants, each contributing to the perpetuation and exacerbation of STDs on a global scale. […] Biological factors play a pivotal role in driving the transmission and persistence of STDs. Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi exploit vulnerabilities in the human body’s defenses, adapting and evolving to evade immune responses and antimicrobial therapies.
  • #1 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Pathogens and Syndromes | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
    https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/sti-pathogens-and-syndromes
    HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV attacks the immune system by entering and destroying CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell that is vital to fighting off infection. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI in the US, and often has no symptoms. […] Mycoplasma genitalium is a significant cause of non-gonococcal urethritis and persistent urethritis in men, and is associated with cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm delivery, and infertility in women. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a general term that refers to infection and inflammation of the upper genital tract in women. […] Syphilis is a common STI caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria. If untreated, syphilis can result in adult neurological and organ damage as well as congenital abnormalities, stillbirth, and neonatal death. […] Urethritis refers to infection and inflammation of the urethra. Urethritis is a condition that can result from infection with common STI pathogens including N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis.
  • #1 Bacterial Vaginosis and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Relationship and Management | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/56549
    Immunologic, enzymatic, and metabolic mechanisms could operate independently or in combination to enhance STI acquisition. […] An increasing number of evidences provide a strong foundation for a biologic relationship between BV and increased STIs susceptibility. […] It is well known that vaginal Lactobacilli spp fermented local sugars (e.g., glycogen) producing an acidic vaginal pH that have been associated with decreased in vitro activity of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhea. […] This acidic environment seems to be unfavorable also for HPV, HIV, and HPS infections. […] The relationship between genital epithelial cells in the vagina and vaginal microbiota seems to strongly influence the innate immune response suggesting a pivotal role of the reproductive tract immune response in determining BV and its compliances: vaginal microbiota derangement could decrease local immunity with a consequent increase of STDs risks in the women urogenital tract.
  • #1 Overview of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/overview-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-stis
    Sexually transmitted infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. […] Some infections can spread to other parts of the body, sometimes with serious consequences. […] Some of the effects of STIs increase the risk of getting other infections (such as HIV infection). For example, having irritated skin (inflammation, as occurs in gonorrhea or chlamydia) or sores (as occurs in herpes, syphilis, or chancroid) makes it easier for other infectious organisms to enter the body. […] When STIs are not diagnosed and treated promptly, some organisms can spread through the bloodstream and infect internal organs, sometimes causing serious, even life-threatening problems. […] In women, some organisms that enter the vagina can infect other reproductive organs. The organisms can infect the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that forms the end of the vagina), enter the uterus, and reach the fallopian tubes and sometimes the ovaries.
  • #1 Syphilis – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis
    Syphilis is caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum and is characterized by 3 sequential symptomatic stages separated by periods of asymptomatic latent infection. […] Syphilis is caused by T. pallidum, a spirochete that cannot survive for long outside the human body. T. pallidum enters through the mucous membranes or skin, reaches the regional lymph nodes within hours, and rapidly spreads throughout the body. […] Infection is usually transmitted by sexual contact (including genital, orogenital, and anogenital) but may be transmitted nonsexually by skin contact or transplacentally, causing congenital syphilis. Risk of transmission is about 30% from a single sexual encounter with a person who has primary syphilis and 60 to 80% from an infected mother to a fetus. […] Syphilis may manifest at any stage and may affect multiple or single organs, mimicking many other disorders.
  • #1 Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82634
    Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally. […] Chlamydia trachomatis causes infection of the lower and upper genital tracts of both sexes, thus having a great influence on reproductive health. […] Gonorrhea is an STD that is caused by the bacterium Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) that can infect all individuals. […] Gonorrhea treatment is complicated by the ability of N. Gonorrhoeae to develop resistance to antimicrobials. […] Syphilis is one of the most prevalent bacterial STDs caused by the Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) bacterium. […] T. pallidum can infect the central nervous system at any stage of syphilis that result in neurosyphilis.
  • #1 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Pathogens and Syndromes | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
    https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/sti-pathogens-and-syndromes
    Some of the health complications that arise from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, and perinatal or congenital infections in infants who have been exposed to STIs. […] Chlamydia is a common STI that can cause cervicitis in women and urethritis and proctitis in both men and women. […] Gonorrhea is an STI caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease caused by infection with any of the known hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis B and C can be transmitted sexually and account for most of the global hepatitis burden. […] Herpes, caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), has two subtypes HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV can be transmitted through sexual contact.
  • #1 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview
    Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the motile parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. […] The high prevalence of T vaginalis infection globally and the frequency of coinfection with other STIs make trichomoniasis a compelling public health concern. […] Research has shown that T vaginalis infection is associated with an increased risk for infection with several STIs, including gonorrhea, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and, most importantly, HIV. […] T vaginalis destroys epithelial cells by direct cell contact and by the release of cytotoxic substances. […] It also binds to host plasma proteins, thereby preventing recognition of the parasite by the alternative complement pathway and host proteinases. […] During infection, the vaginal pH increases, as does the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs).
  • #1 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Causes, Tests, & Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/understanding-stds-basics
    Having an STD while you’re pregnant can cause problems for you and your baby. They put you at risk for: […] Both syphilis and HIV can pass through your placenta to a fetus while it’s in your uterus. During delivery, your baby can be infected with gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, hepatitis B, and genital herpes. Breastfeeding can also pass on HIV to your baby as well as syphilis or herpes if you have a sore on your breast. […] Sexually transmitted diseases are infections that are usually spread through sexual contact. Some, which are caused by bacteria, can be cured. Others that are caused by viruses remain in your body but can be managed with medications. It’s important for people who are sexually active to get tested. STDs don’t always cause symptoms, and they can cause serious complications if not treated.
  • #1 Sexually transmitted infections
    https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections
    Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are also called sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs. […] STIs are usually spread by having vaginal, oral, or anal sex. […] An STI is an infection passed from one person to another person through sexual contact. […] Some STIs can be cured and some STIs cannot be cured. […] Women often have more serious health problems from STIs than men, including infertility. […] Chlamydia and gonorrhea also can cause infertility. […] Untreated syphilis in pregnant women results in infant death up to 40% of the time. […] Women have a higher risk than men of getting an STI during unprotected vaginal sex. […] Having certain types of STIs makes it easier for you to get HIV (another STI) if you come into contact with it. […] Yes. Each STI causes different health problems for women.
  • #1 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/symptoms-causes/syc-20351240
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs). They are spread mainly by sexual contact. STIs are caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. A sexually transmitted infection may pass from person to person in blood, semen, or vaginal and other bodily fluids. […] Sexually transmitted infections can be caused by: Bacteria. Gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia are examples of STDs that are caused by bacteria. […] STDs can have a range of symptoms, including no symptoms. That’s why sexually transmitted infections may go unnoticed until a person has complications or a partner is diagnosed. […] Many people in the early stages of an STD have no symptoms. That’s why screening is important to prevent complications. […] Possible complications of sexually transmitted infections include: Pelvic pain. Pregnancy complications. Eye inflammation. Arthritis. Pelvic inflammatory disease. Infertility. Heart disease. Certain cancers, such as HPV-associated cervical and rectal cancers.
  • #1
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)
    STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV. […] STIs can have serious consequences beyond the immediate impact of the infection itself. […] STIs like herpes, gonorrhoea and syphilis can increase the risk of HIV acquisition. […] HPV infection causes cervical and other cancers. […] AMR of STIs in particular gonorrhoea has increased rapidly in recent years and has reduced treatment options. […] AMR for other STIs, like Mycoplasma genitalium, also exist but are not systematically monitored.
  • #1 Pathophysiology of Sexually transmitted diseases | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pathophysiology-of-sexually-transmitted-diseases/231909724
    Sexually transmitted diseases are infections that are spread from person to person through intimate sexual contact. Sexually transmitted diseases are dangerous because they easily spread and it is hard to tell just by looking who has an STD. 1 in 4 will contract STD between 15-55 yrs of age STD are infections that are commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. […] It is most prevalent bacterial STD It is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis In women, symptoms may include Abnormal vaginal discharge, Burning during urination, Bleeding in between periods. […] If left untreated in both men and women, Chlamydia can infect the urinary tract and potentially lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can cause serious problems during pregnancy and even has the potential to cause infertility.
  • #1
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/05170/global_perspectives_on_the_burden_of_sexually.37.aspx
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) pose a significant global health challenge with far-reaching social, economic, and public health implications. These infections have haunted humanity from ancient times to today, transcending geographical boundaries and cultural contexts. This article explores the multifaceted landscape of STDs, delving into their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and global response strategies. The global prevalence of STDs is staggering, with millions of new cases reported annually. Prominent among these infections is HIV/AIDS, which remains a major global health crisis, affecting over 38 million people worldwide. […] The burden of STDs extends far beyond the physical health of individuals. It has profound social and economic implications. STDs can result in severe reproductive health issues, including infertility, ectopic pregnancies, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, they can lead to stigma, discrimination, and psychological distress, often resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment due to fear of social consequences.
  • #1 Sexually transmitted infections
    https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections
    Certain types of untreated STIs can cause or lead to problems getting pregnant or permanent infertility. […] The best way to prevent an STI is to not have vaginal, oral, or anal sex. […] If you do have sex, lower your risk of getting an STI with the following steps: Get vaccinated. […] Use condoms. […] Get tested. […] Be monogamous. […] Limit your number of sex partners. […] Do not douche. […] Do not abuse alcohol or drugs. […] Research on STIs is a public health priority. […] Researchers are looking at ways to prevent STIs with vaccines and microbicides. […] Scientists are working on vaccines to prevent HIV and herpes infections.
  • #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/STD-Pathophysiology.aspx
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are transmitted via the mucous membranes of the vagina, penis, urethra or rectum, during sexual contact with an infected individual. Transmission can also occur via membranes of the throat, respiratory tract, mouth and eyes. […] The mucous membranes are thinner than skin and allow microbes to cross them into the body. In addition, minor breaks in the skin and mucous membranes due to abrasions or cuts further increase the risk of infection. The microbes are often present in fluids secreted from the penis, vagina, saliva, faeces, urine and sweat. Sometimes, only a small amount of the microbes can lead to transmission of an STD. […] Any sexual contact including oral sex and deep kissing can lead to the transmission of certain infections, although the concentration of the microbes is often lower in saliva than in the genital fluids. Non-sexual contact such as hugging and shaking hands is not usually responsible for transmitting infection. […] The causative agents of STDs include bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses.
  • #2 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9138-sexually-transmitted-diseases–infections-stds–stis
    Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are infections or conditions that you can get from any kind of sexual activity involving your mouth, anus, vagina or penis. Another common name for STIs is sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs. […] Sexually transmitted infections develop when various bacteria, viruses or parasites infect your body. You can get these microorganisms from bodily fluids (like blood, urine, semen, saliva and other mucous-lined areas) during sex usually vaginal, oral and anal sex or other sexual activities. […] Yes, sexually transmitted infections (sexually transmitted diseases) are contagious. Most STIs pass from person to person by sexual contact through bodily fluids or from skin-to-skin contact by touching the infected part of a persons body, usually the genitals. […] Sexually transmitted infections can cause lifelong complications if left untreated. Common complications from untreated STIs include the following: HIV can lead to AIDS. Syphilis can damage your organs, nervous system and infect a developing fetus. […] Many sexually transmitted infections (sexually transmitted diseases) can be cured. Unfortunately, there isnt a cure for all STIs. Conditions like HIV require lifelong care and treatment. You can get an STI again, even after treatment to cure it.
  • #2 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Part 1
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/stda.htm
    Viral replication induces an erythematous papule that swells into a fluid-filled vesicle. […] During primary infections the patient has a viremia and regional lymphadenopathy. […] The organisms enter the body via minute abrasions of epithelial cell linings, by penetrating mucous membranes or via hair follicles. […] The organisms multiplying at the initial site of infection will in 10 to 90 days cause the hard chancre seen in primary syphilis. […] The bacteria that are taken by the lymphatics to the lymph nodes will initially cause the regional lymphadenopathy seen in primary syphilis and the generalized lymphadenopathy seen in later stages of the disease. […] The organisms taken to the skin and mucous membranes by the bloodstream cause the lesions seen in secondary (mucous patches, macules) and tertiary (gummas) syphilis. […] The organisms enter the body through small breaks or abrasions in the skin and induces a local genital lesion as well as regional lymph node involvement and systemic effects because macrophages phagocytize them and carry them throughout the body as intracellular parasites.
  • #2 Pathophysiology of Sexually transmitted diseases | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pathophysiology-of-sexually-transmitted-diseases/231909724
    Gonorrhea is caused by a bacteria known as Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This bacterium lives on moist mucous membranes in the urethra, vagina, rectum, mouth, throat, and eyes. The infection can spread through contact with the penis, vagina, mouth or anus. Symptoms in men include Burning and pain while urinating, Discharge from the penis (white, green, or yellow in color). […] If not treated Syphilis can be very dangerous and can cause brain damage and other serious health problems. Clinical manifestations of syphilis include the ulceration of the uro-genital tract, mouth or rectum. If left untreated the symptoms worsen. […] The two most common forms of herpes are caused by infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV- 1 is typically acquired orally and causes cold sores HSV-2 is usually acquired during sexual contact and affects the genitals, most common viral STD. Herpes is spread through skin contact with a person infected with the virus.
  • #2 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview
    Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the motile parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. […] The high prevalence of T vaginalis infection globally and the frequency of coinfection with other STIs make trichomoniasis a compelling public health concern. […] Research has shown that T vaginalis infection is associated with an increased risk for infection with several STIs, including gonorrhea, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and, most importantly, HIV. […] T vaginalis destroys epithelial cells by direct cell contact and by the release of cytotoxic substances. […] It also binds to host plasma proteins, thereby preventing recognition of the parasite by the alternative complement pathway and host proteinases. […] During infection, the vaginal pH increases, as does the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs).
  • #2 Overview of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/overview-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-stis
    Sexually transmitted infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. […] Some infections can spread to other parts of the body, sometimes with serious consequences. […] Some of the effects of STIs increase the risk of getting other infections (such as HIV infection). For example, having irritated skin (inflammation, as occurs in gonorrhea or chlamydia) or sores (as occurs in herpes, syphilis, or chancroid) makes it easier for other infectious organisms to enter the body. […] When STIs are not diagnosed and treated promptly, some organisms can spread through the bloodstream and infect internal organs, sometimes causing serious, even life-threatening problems. […] In women, some organisms that enter the vagina can infect other reproductive organs. The organisms can infect the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that forms the end of the vagina), enter the uterus, and reach the fallopian tubes and sometimes the ovaries.
  • #2 Sexually Transmitted Infections
    https://www.utmb.edu/pedi_ed/CoreV2/Adolescent/Adolescent16.html
    Sexually active teens have the highest rate of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) of any age group. If a person is identified to have one STI, it is always important to check for others as the risk factors are similar for all. Since it takes „two to tango”, it is important for partners to get treated as well. […] Some sexually transmitted pathogens may cause cervicitis (gonorrhea, Chlamydia and Herpes Simplex Virus 1 or 2). The symptoms may include vaginal discharge, abdominal pain, irregular or painful bleeding with a mucopurulent discharge from the cervix. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease often presents as cervical motion tenderness, and uterine or adnexal tenderness. It is an ascending infection involving the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and/or peritoneal tissues. If the inflammation is around the liver, it is called perihepatitis or Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. The infection is thought to be initiated by sexually transmitted pathogens, but it often becomes polymicrobial. Only 50-70% of cases have a positive test for chlamydia or gonorrhea. The long term sequelae include infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic abdominal pain due to adhesions.
  • #2 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Part 1
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/std.htm
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) are among the most common infectious diseases in the United States today. More than 20 STD’s have now been identified, and they affect more than 13 million men and women in this country each year. The annual comprehensive cost of STD’s in the United States is estimated to be well in excess of $10 billion. […] The pathogenesis of gonorrhea is related to the ability of gonococci to attach to mucosal cells via their pili, then penetrate to submucosal areas to induce a strong PMN cell influx. […] PID is caused by more than one organism. May include endometritis, salpingitis, tuba-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. […] The exact events taking place are as yet unclear, however, it is believed that: prior infections of the fallopian tubes (usually of N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis) take place resulting in damage to the ciliary cells lining the fallopian tubes; another infection ensues and the organisms are able to ascend the fallopian tubes and cause infections in contiguous structures. […] The most common cause of involuntary infertility in women.
  • #2 Bacterial Vaginosis and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Relationship and Management | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/56549
    Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a clinical syndrome resulting from the replacement of normal hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacillus species in the vagina with high concentration of anaerobic bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis. […] It does not appear to be a sexually transmitted disease, although it has been associated with having multiple sex partners. […] The relationship between untreated STDs and pregnancy are well known: neonatal pneumonia, neonatal ophthalmia, mental and physical developmental disabilities, and fetal death related to syphilis are the more impacting consequences of untreated STDs. […] The vaginal microbiome has been well characterized although cultivation-based and molecular methods and data from epidemiological studies indicate that the vaginal microbiota influences and enhanced STI susceptibility.
  • #2 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview
    Despite the immune systems interaction with T vaginalis, infection produces an immunity that is only partially protective at best, and there is little evidence that a healthy immune system prevents infection. […] T vaginalis infection is also strongly associated with the presence of other STIs, including gonorrhea, chlamydia, and sexually transmitted viruses. […] T vaginalis infection has even been shown to increase a patient’s susceptibility to sexually transmitted viruses, including herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, and HIV. […] One potential explanation for this is that T vaginalis disrupts the epithelial monolayer, leading to increased passage of the HIV virus. […] Another posits that T vaginalis induces immune activation, specifically lymphocyte activation and replication and cytokine production, leading to increased viral replication in HIV-infected cells. […] Further research is needed to clarify the exact mechanism by which T vaginalis increases the risk for HIV infection.
  • #2 Core Concepts – Sexually Transmitted Infections – Co-Occurring Conditions – National HIV Curriculum
    https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) incorporate a variety of clinical syndromes caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that may be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity. Among persons with HIV (and those at increased risk of acquiring HIV), the diagnosis and treatment of STIs is important for three main reasons: (1) STIs are common, (2) HIV can potentially impact the severity and response to treatment of STIs, and (3) development of STIs can impact the acquisition and transmission of HIV. […] Available data suggest that inflammatory sexually transmitted infections enhance transmission of HIV, so routine screening and treatment of gonorrhea may indirectly reduce the risk of HIV transmission to sex partners. […] Screening asymptomatic women for chlamydia has been proven to lower both overall chlamydial infection rates and the rate of pelvic inflammatory disease. Available data also suggest that persons with HIV who have inflammatory STIs have an increased risk of transmitting HIV, primarily through increased shedding of HIV in the genital tract, so routine screening for chlamydia may indirectly reduce the risk of HIV transmission to sex partners.
  • #2 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Part 1
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/stda.htm
    Sexually transmitted infections (STI’s) are among the most common infectious diseases in the U.S. More than 21 STI’s have now been identified, and they affect more than 20 million men and women in the U.S. each year. […] The student should be familiar with the pathogenesis of syphilis. […] Health problems caused by STI’s tend to be more severe and more frequent for women than for men. As a result, many women do not seek care until serious problems develop. […] Some STI’s can spread into the uterus and fallopian tubes to cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which in turn is the major cause of involuntary infertility and ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. […] Each disease has been associated with an increased risk for HIV infection. […] The virus gains access to the genital mucosa by sexual contact with an HSV infected partner. Symptomatic and asymptomatic HSV infected sexual partners can spread the infection to an uninfected partner.
  • #2 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Pathogens and Syndromes | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
    https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/sti-pathogens-and-syndromes
    Some of the health complications that arise from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, and perinatal or congenital infections in infants who have been exposed to STIs. […] Chlamydia is a common STI that can cause cervicitis in women and urethritis and proctitis in both men and women. […] Gonorrhea is an STI caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease caused by infection with any of the known hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis B and C can be transmitted sexually and account for most of the global hepatitis burden. […] Herpes, caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), has two subtypes HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV can be transmitted through sexual contact.
  • #2 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Causes, Tests, & Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/understanding-stds-basics
    Having an STD while you’re pregnant can cause problems for you and your baby. They put you at risk for: […] Both syphilis and HIV can pass through your placenta to a fetus while it’s in your uterus. During delivery, your baby can be infected with gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, hepatitis B, and genital herpes. Breastfeeding can also pass on HIV to your baby as well as syphilis or herpes if you have a sore on your breast. […] Sexually transmitted diseases are infections that are usually spread through sexual contact. Some, which are caused by bacteria, can be cured. Others that are caused by viruses remain in your body but can be managed with medications. It’s important for people who are sexually active to get tested. STDs don’t always cause symptoms, and they can cause serious complications if not treated.
  • #2
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)
    STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV. […] STIs can have serious consequences beyond the immediate impact of the infection itself. […] STIs like herpes, gonorrhoea and syphilis can increase the risk of HIV acquisition. […] HPV infection causes cervical and other cancers. […] AMR of STIs in particular gonorrhoea has increased rapidly in recent years and has reduced treatment options. […] AMR for other STIs, like Mycoplasma genitalium, also exist but are not systematically monitored.
  • #2 The Persistence and Increase in Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) to Pandemic Levels
    https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0710/1/1/2
    The Persistence and Increase in Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) to Pandemic Levels […] Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been known about since ancient times. Today, however, STDs are on the rise in young people around the world. […] STDs are infections that are mainly transmitted through sexual intercourse. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, including protozoa. […] Various pathogens can pass through injuries and abrasions of the skin or mucous membranes, no matter how small they are. Thus, STDs can occur through various routes. The main sources are usually secretions, such as saliva (rarely via stool, urine, or sweat) and mucosal or skin lesions (oral, vulvar, anal, urethral). […] Many factors influence the frequency and incidence of sexually transmitted diseases, e.g., an infected sexual partner, multiple sexual partners, drug abuse, movement from an endemic area, or poor sociocultural conditions (and, therefore, unhealthy conditions with poor personal hygiene).
  • #2 Overview of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/overview-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-stis
    In men, organisms that enter through the penis may infect the tube that carries urine from the bladder through the penis (urethra). […] In both men and women, some STIs can cause persistent swelling of the genital tissues or infection of the urethra or rectum (proctitis). […] Most STIs can be effectively treated with medications (antibiotics for bacterial infections and antiviral medications for viral infections). However, some new strains of bacteria and viruses have become resistant to some medications, making treatment more difficult. […] Resistance to medications is likely to increase because medications are sometimes misused.
  • #2
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/05170/global_perspectives_on_the_burden_of_sexually.37.aspx
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) pose a significant global health challenge with far-reaching social, economic, and public health implications. These infections have haunted humanity from ancient times to today, transcending geographical boundaries and cultural contexts. This article explores the multifaceted landscape of STDs, delving into their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and global response strategies. The global prevalence of STDs is staggering, with millions of new cases reported annually. Prominent among these infections is HIV/AIDS, which remains a major global health crisis, affecting over 38 million people worldwide. […] The burden of STDs extends far beyond the physical health of individuals. It has profound social and economic implications. STDs can result in severe reproductive health issues, including infertility, ectopic pregnancies, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, they can lead to stigma, discrimination, and psychological distress, often resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment due to fear of social consequences.
  • #2 Current and Future Trends in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections
    https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/3/1038
    The development and implementation of POCs for STI management is considered a priority by WHO. […] Recent systematic reviews have shown that, in many instances, the use of POCs can result in a substantial reduction in both missed treatments and overtreatment. […] Rapid testing for the presence of antimicrobial resistance remains an important issue for STIs. […] Overall, novel technological solutions should be focused on improving the sensitivity, specificity, and cost of current POC tests.
  • #3 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/symptoms-causes/syc-20351240
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs). They are spread mainly by sexual contact. STIs are caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. A sexually transmitted infection may pass from person to person in blood, semen, or vaginal and other bodily fluids. […] Sexually transmitted infections can be caused by: Bacteria. Gonorrhea, syphilis and chlamydia are examples of STDs that are caused by bacteria. […] STDs can have a range of symptoms, including no symptoms. That’s why sexually transmitted infections may go unnoticed until a person has complications or a partner is diagnosed. […] Many people in the early stages of an STD have no symptoms. That’s why screening is important to prevent complications. […] Possible complications of sexually transmitted infections include: Pelvic pain. Pregnancy complications. Eye inflammation. Arthritis. Pelvic inflammatory disease. Infertility. Heart disease. Certain cancers, such as HPV-associated cervical and rectal cancers.
  • #3 The Persistence and Increase in Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) to Pandemic Levels
    https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0710/1/1/2
    The Persistence and Increase in Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) to Pandemic Levels […] Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been known about since ancient times. Today, however, STDs are on the rise in young people around the world. […] STDs are infections that are mainly transmitted through sexual intercourse. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, including protozoa. […] Various pathogens can pass through injuries and abrasions of the skin or mucous membranes, no matter how small they are. Thus, STDs can occur through various routes. The main sources are usually secretions, such as saliva (rarely via stool, urine, or sweat) and mucosal or skin lesions (oral, vulvar, anal, urethral). […] Many factors influence the frequency and incidence of sexually transmitted diseases, e.g., an infected sexual partner, multiple sexual partners, drug abuse, movement from an endemic area, or poor sociocultural conditions (and, therefore, unhealthy conditions with poor personal hygiene).
  • #3 Pathophysiology of Sexually transmitted diseases | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pathophysiology-of-sexually-transmitted-diseases/231909724
    Sexually transmitted diseases are infections that are spread from person to person through intimate sexual contact. Sexually transmitted diseases are dangerous because they easily spread and it is hard to tell just by looking who has an STD. 1 in 4 will contract STD between 15-55 yrs of age STD are infections that are commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. […] It is most prevalent bacterial STD It is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis In women, symptoms may include Abnormal vaginal discharge, Burning during urination, Bleeding in between periods. […] If left untreated in both men and women, Chlamydia can infect the urinary tract and potentially lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can cause serious problems during pregnancy and even has the potential to cause infertility.
  • #3 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Part 1
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/stda.htm
    Sexually transmitted infections (STI’s) are among the most common infectious diseases in the U.S. More than 21 STI’s have now been identified, and they affect more than 20 million men and women in the U.S. each year. […] The student should be familiar with the pathogenesis of syphilis. […] Health problems caused by STI’s tend to be more severe and more frequent for women than for men. As a result, many women do not seek care until serious problems develop. […] Some STI’s can spread into the uterus and fallopian tubes to cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which in turn is the major cause of involuntary infertility and ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. […] Each disease has been associated with an increased risk for HIV infection. […] The virus gains access to the genital mucosa by sexual contact with an HSV infected partner. Symptomatic and asymptomatic HSV infected sexual partners can spread the infection to an uninfected partner.
  • #3 Trichomoniasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230617-overview
    Despite the immune systems interaction with T vaginalis, infection produces an immunity that is only partially protective at best, and there is little evidence that a healthy immune system prevents infection. […] T vaginalis infection is also strongly associated with the presence of other STIs, including gonorrhea, chlamydia, and sexually transmitted viruses. […] T vaginalis infection has even been shown to increase a patient’s susceptibility to sexually transmitted viruses, including herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, and HIV. […] One potential explanation for this is that T vaginalis disrupts the epithelial monolayer, leading to increased passage of the HIV virus. […] Another posits that T vaginalis induces immune activation, specifically lymphocyte activation and replication and cytokine production, leading to increased viral replication in HIV-infected cells. […] Further research is needed to clarify the exact mechanism by which T vaginalis increases the risk for HIV infection.
  • #3 Overview of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/overview-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-stis
    In men, organisms that enter through the penis may infect the tube that carries urine from the bladder through the penis (urethra). […] In both men and women, some STIs can cause persistent swelling of the genital tissues or infection of the urethra or rectum (proctitis). […] Most STIs can be effectively treated with medications (antibiotics for bacterial infections and antiviral medications for viral infections). However, some new strains of bacteria and viruses have become resistant to some medications, making treatment more difficult. […] Resistance to medications is likely to increase because medications are sometimes misused.
  • #3 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Part 1
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/std.htm
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) are among the most common infectious diseases in the United States today. More than 20 STD’s have now been identified, and they affect more than 13 million men and women in this country each year. The annual comprehensive cost of STD’s in the United States is estimated to be well in excess of $10 billion. […] The pathogenesis of gonorrhea is related to the ability of gonococci to attach to mucosal cells via their pili, then penetrate to submucosal areas to induce a strong PMN cell influx. […] PID is caused by more than one organism. May include endometritis, salpingitis, tuba-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. […] The exact events taking place are as yet unclear, however, it is believed that: prior infections of the fallopian tubes (usually of N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis) take place resulting in damage to the ciliary cells lining the fallopian tubes; another infection ensues and the organisms are able to ascend the fallopian tubes and cause infections in contiguous structures. […] The most common cause of involuntary infertility in women.
  • #3 Syphilis – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis
    Syphilis is caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum and is characterized by 3 sequential symptomatic stages separated by periods of asymptomatic latent infection. […] Syphilis is caused by T. pallidum, a spirochete that cannot survive for long outside the human body. T. pallidum enters through the mucous membranes or skin, reaches the regional lymph nodes within hours, and rapidly spreads throughout the body. […] Infection is usually transmitted by sexual contact (including genital, orogenital, and anogenital) but may be transmitted nonsexually by skin contact or transplacentally, causing congenital syphilis. Risk of transmission is about 30% from a single sexual encounter with a person who has primary syphilis and 60 to 80% from an infected mother to a fetus. […] Syphilis may manifest at any stage and may affect multiple or single organs, mimicking many other disorders.
  • #3 Bacterial Vaginosis and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Relationship and Management | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/56549
    Immunologic, enzymatic, and metabolic mechanisms could operate independently or in combination to enhance STI acquisition. […] An increasing number of evidences provide a strong foundation for a biologic relationship between BV and increased STIs susceptibility. […] It is well known that vaginal Lactobacilli spp fermented local sugars (e.g., glycogen) producing an acidic vaginal pH that have been associated with decreased in vitro activity of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhea. […] This acidic environment seems to be unfavorable also for HPV, HIV, and HPS infections. […] The relationship between genital epithelial cells in the vagina and vaginal microbiota seems to strongly influence the innate immune response suggesting a pivotal role of the reproductive tract immune response in determining BV and its compliances: vaginal microbiota derangement could decrease local immunity with a consequent increase of STDs risks in the women urogenital tract.
  • #3 Core Concepts – Sexually Transmitted Infections – Co-Occurring Conditions – National HIV Curriculum
    https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) incorporate a variety of clinical syndromes caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that may be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity. Among persons with HIV (and those at increased risk of acquiring HIV), the diagnosis and treatment of STIs is important for three main reasons: (1) STIs are common, (2) HIV can potentially impact the severity and response to treatment of STIs, and (3) development of STIs can impact the acquisition and transmission of HIV. […] Available data suggest that inflammatory sexually transmitted infections enhance transmission of HIV, so routine screening and treatment of gonorrhea may indirectly reduce the risk of HIV transmission to sex partners. […] Screening asymptomatic women for chlamydia has been proven to lower both overall chlamydial infection rates and the rate of pelvic inflammatory disease. Available data also suggest that persons with HIV who have inflammatory STIs have an increased risk of transmitting HIV, primarily through increased shedding of HIV in the genital tract, so routine screening for chlamydia may indirectly reduce the risk of HIV transmission to sex partners.
  • #3 Syphilis – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis
    Syphilis should be suspected in patients with typical mucocutaneous lesions or unexplained neurologic disorders, particularly in areas where the infection is prevalent. […] The spirochete spreads in the bloodstream, producing widespread mucocutaneous lesions, lymph node swelling, and, less commonly, symptoms in other organs. […] About one third of untreated people develop late syphilis, although not until years to decades after the initial infection. […] Neurosyphilis has several forms: Asymptomatic neurosyphilis, Meningovascular neurosyphilis, Parenchymatous neurosyphilis, Tabes dorsalis. […] Ocular syndromes can affect virtually any part of the eye; they include interstitial keratitis, uveitis (anterior, intermediate, and posterior), chorioretinitis, retinitis, retinal vasculitis, and cranial nerve and optic neuropathies. […] Patients with ocular syphilis are at risk of neurosyphilis. […] Diagnosis of neurosyphilis relies heavily on a high index of clinical suspicion.
  • #3 Core Concepts – Sexually Transmitted Infections – Co-Occurring Conditions – National HIV Curriculum
    https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all
    Individuals with HIV typically experience the same stages and physical manifestations of syphilis as persons without HIV, although the stages are more likely to overlap, and the symptoms may be more severe. […] Syphilis is associated with an increased risk of sexual acquisition and transmission of HIV. […] The recommended treatment for uncomplicated genitourinary or rectal chlamydia in nonpregnant adults is doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days. […] The recommended treatment for syphilis depends on the stage of infection and whether neurosyphilis is suspected or documented. Individuals with HIV who are treated for syphilis require serologic follow-up for at least 24 months after completion of therapy. […] Individuals with HIV tend to have more severe and chronic herpes simplex lesions, and more asymptomatic shedding of HSV-2 in the genital tract compared to persons without HIV; suppressive therapy with valacyclovir, acyclovir, or famciclovir, should be considered in persons with HIV.
  • #3 The significance of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in fertility
    https://www.institutobernabeu.com/en/blog/the-significance-of-sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds-in-fertility/
    Sexually transmitted disease (STDs) are infections that are transmitted, on the whole, during unprotected sexual intercourse. […] In some cases, they can have a very negative impact on such important aspects of health as fertility and pregnancy. […] This situation generates the need to carry out testing that allow us to control this type of diseases, since, if not treated in time, some of them can cause infertility problems in both women and men. […] Specifically, some STIs can cause inflammation and obstruction of the fallopian tubes in women, as well as inflammation of the ovaries and uterus. […] In the case of men, they can cause inflammation of the testicles, the prostate and the epididymis, which induces a decrease in the number of sperm produced and impaired sperm quality. […] Becoming an infertility cause for men and women. […] As such, we can help contribute towards preventing sexually transmitted diseases of this kind and, by performing checks, avoid more serious consequences that could have an impact on the persons general health or fertility in the future.
  • #3 Sexually transmitted infections
    https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections
    Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are also called sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs. […] STIs are usually spread by having vaginal, oral, or anal sex. […] An STI is an infection passed from one person to another person through sexual contact. […] Some STIs can be cured and some STIs cannot be cured. […] Women often have more serious health problems from STIs than men, including infertility. […] Chlamydia and gonorrhea also can cause infertility. […] Untreated syphilis in pregnant women results in infant death up to 40% of the time. […] Women have a higher risk than men of getting an STI during unprotected vaginal sex. […] Having certain types of STIs makes it easier for you to get HIV (another STI) if you come into contact with it. […] Yes. Each STI causes different health problems for women.
  • #3 Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STDs) – Swift Health Medical Group
    https://www.swifturgentcare.com/sexual-transmitted-diseases-stds/
    The pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of a womans reproductive organs. It is a complication often caused by some STDs, like chlamydia and gonorrhea. […] Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that can have very serious complications when left untreated, but it is simple to cure with the right treatment. […] Trichomoniasis is the most common curable STD. […] People who have STDs are more likely to get HIV when compared to people who do not have STDs. […] Women who are pregnant can become infected with the same STDs as women who are not pregnant.
  • #3 Sexually transmitted disease (STD) symptoms
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/in-depth/std-symptoms/art-20047081
    Sexually transmitted diseases are infections spread mainly by contact with genitals or bodily fluids. Also called STDs, STIs or venereal disease, sexually transmitted infections are caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. […] Treatment is important so you don’t spread the disease. Treatment also can help prevent fertility trouble, organ damage or some cancers. […] Without treatment, the chronic stage of HIV infection may progress to AIDS in about 10 years. AIDS is life-threatening. Symptoms of AIDS can include: […] Without treatment, syphilis bacteria can spread. This can lead to serious internal organ damage and death years after the original infection.
  • #3 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9138-sexually-transmitted-diseases–infections-stds–stis
    Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are infections or conditions that you can get from any kind of sexual activity involving your mouth, anus, vagina or penis. Another common name for STIs is sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs. […] Sexually transmitted infections develop when various bacteria, viruses or parasites infect your body. You can get these microorganisms from bodily fluids (like blood, urine, semen, saliva and other mucous-lined areas) during sex usually vaginal, oral and anal sex or other sexual activities. […] Yes, sexually transmitted infections (sexually transmitted diseases) are contagious. Most STIs pass from person to person by sexual contact through bodily fluids or from skin-to-skin contact by touching the infected part of a persons body, usually the genitals. […] Sexually transmitted infections can cause lifelong complications if left untreated. Common complications from untreated STIs include the following: HIV can lead to AIDS. Syphilis can damage your organs, nervous system and infect a developing fetus. […] Many sexually transmitted infections (sexually transmitted diseases) can be cured. Unfortunately, there isnt a cure for all STIs. Conditions like HIV require lifelong care and treatment. You can get an STI again, even after treatment to cure it.
  • #3 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Prevalence, Treatment, and Diagnostics | American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science
    https://clsjournal.ascls.org/content/30/2/112
    Sexually transmitted diseases contribute substantially to issues in human health. Since sexually transmitted pathogens originate from viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes, there are few commonalities regarding characteristics of disease. Some bacterial sexually transmitted pathogens, once considered curable, are beginning to develop antibacterial resistance, viral pathogens have been implicated in major congenital malformations, and even death, and eukaryotic infections are increasing in prevalence. […] Each viral STD originates from a different viral family and so employs unique characteristics for transmission and pathogenesis. Treatment options are available for the viral STDs but none are considered curable. […] Gonorrhea may not remain easily treatable, however, as antibiotic resistant strains are arising that are predicted to pose a substantial threat to human health in the future.
  • #3 Pathophysiology of Sexually transmitted diseases | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pathophysiology-of-sexually-transmitted-diseases/231909724
    It is caused by Human papilloma virus. There are more than 70 strains. Some cause genital warts –moist, soft, cauliflower-like bumps (within 3 weeks – 8 months). […] It is caused by the single-celled protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Can be passed on via damp towels, washcloths, and bathing suits if someone has the parasite. Symptoms typically include inflammation of the Cervix (Cervicitis), Urethra (Urethritis), Vagina (Vaginitis). Discomfort may increase during intercourse and urination.
  • #3
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/05170/global_perspectives_on_the_burden_of_sexually.37.aspx
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) pose a significant global health challenge with far-reaching social, economic, and public health implications. These infections have haunted humanity from ancient times to today, transcending geographical boundaries and cultural contexts. This article explores the multifaceted landscape of STDs, delving into their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and global response strategies. The global prevalence of STDs is staggering, with millions of new cases reported annually. Prominent among these infections is HIV/AIDS, which remains a major global health crisis, affecting over 38 million people worldwide. […] The burden of STDs extends far beyond the physical health of individuals. It has profound social and economic implications. STDs can result in severe reproductive health issues, including infertility, ectopic pregnancies, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, they can lead to stigma, discrimination, and psychological distress, often resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment due to fear of social consequences.
  • #3 42 U.S. Code § 285f-3 – Sexually transmitted disease clinical research and training awards | U.S. Code | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/285f-3
    The Director of the Institute is authorized to establish and maintain a program to enhance and promote the translation of new scientific knowledge into clinical practice related to the diagnosis, care and treatment of individuals with sexually transmitted diseases. […] In order to foster the application of the most current developments in the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, amounts made available under this section shall be directed to the support of promising clinicians through awards for research, study, and practice at centers of excellence in sexually transmitted disease research and treatment. […] Research shall be carried out under awards made under subsection (b) in environments of demonstrated excellence in the etiology and pathogenesis of sexually transmitted diseases and shall foster innovation and integration of such disciplines or other environments determined suitable by the Director of the Institute.
  • #4 How to Prevent STIs | STI | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/sti/prevention/index.html
    An STI is a virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite people can get through sexual contact. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) develop as a result of an STI. STD implies that the infection has led to some symptom of disease. […] Many STIs can be easily diagnosed and treated. If you or your partner have an STI, both of you need treatment at the same time. […] STIs are common. Many are curable – all are preventable.
  • #4
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/05170/global_perspectives_on_the_burden_of_sexually.37.aspx
    The pathophysiology of STDs lies a complex interplay between infectious agents and the human body’s defense mechanisms. STDs encompass diverse pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, each with its unique transmission mode, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations. […] Upon exposure to an infectious agent through sexual contact, the pathogen enters the body through mucosal surfaces, such as the genital tract, oral cavity, or rectum. The transmission efficiency varies depending on factors like pathogen virulence, host susceptibility, and predisposing factors such as genital trauma or inflammation. […] Once inside the body, the pathogen establishes infection by adhering to host cells, evading immune surveillance, and replicating within the local tissue. For bacterial STDs like gonorrhea and chlamydia, this process often involves colonization of the epithelial cells lining the genital tract, leading to inflammation, tissue damage, and the formation of characteristic clinical lesions.
  • #4 Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82634
    Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally. […] Chlamydia trachomatis causes infection of the lower and upper genital tracts of both sexes, thus having a great influence on reproductive health. […] Gonorrhea is an STD that is caused by the bacterium Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) that can infect all individuals. […] Gonorrhea treatment is complicated by the ability of N. Gonorrhoeae to develop resistance to antimicrobials. […] Syphilis is one of the most prevalent bacterial STDs caused by the Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) bacterium. […] T. pallidum can infect the central nervous system at any stage of syphilis that result in neurosyphilis.
  • #4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Part 1
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/stda.htm
    Viral replication induces an erythematous papule that swells into a fluid-filled vesicle. […] During primary infections the patient has a viremia and regional lymphadenopathy. […] The organisms enter the body via minute abrasions of epithelial cell linings, by penetrating mucous membranes or via hair follicles. […] The organisms multiplying at the initial site of infection will in 10 to 90 days cause the hard chancre seen in primary syphilis. […] The bacteria that are taken by the lymphatics to the lymph nodes will initially cause the regional lymphadenopathy seen in primary syphilis and the generalized lymphadenopathy seen in later stages of the disease. […] The organisms taken to the skin and mucous membranes by the bloodstream cause the lesions seen in secondary (mucous patches, macules) and tertiary (gummas) syphilis. […] The organisms enter the body through small breaks or abrasions in the skin and induces a local genital lesion as well as regional lymph node involvement and systemic effects because macrophages phagocytize them and carry them throughout the body as intracellular parasites.
  • #4 Trichomoniasis | Trich | STD | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/trichomoniasis.html
    Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasite. It spreads from person to person during sex. Many people do not have any symptoms. If you do get symptoms, they usually happen within 5 to 28 days after being infected. […] Trichomoniasis can increase the risk of getting or spreading other sexually transmitted infections. Pregnant women with trichomoniasis are more likely to give birth too early, and their babies are more likely have a low birth weight. […] Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading trichomoniasis. If your or your partner is allergic to latex, you can use polyurethane condoms. The most reliable way to avoid infection is to not have anal, vaginal, or oral sex.
  • #4 Syphilis – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis
    Syphilis should be suspected in patients with typical mucocutaneous lesions or unexplained neurologic disorders, particularly in areas where the infection is prevalent. […] The spirochete spreads in the bloodstream, producing widespread mucocutaneous lesions, lymph node swelling, and, less commonly, symptoms in other organs. […] About one third of untreated people develop late syphilis, although not until years to decades after the initial infection. […] Neurosyphilis has several forms: Asymptomatic neurosyphilis, Meningovascular neurosyphilis, Parenchymatous neurosyphilis, Tabes dorsalis. […] Ocular syndromes can affect virtually any part of the eye; they include interstitial keratitis, uveitis (anterior, intermediate, and posterior), chorioretinitis, retinitis, retinal vasculitis, and cranial nerve and optic neuropathies. […] Patients with ocular syphilis are at risk of neurosyphilis. […] Diagnosis of neurosyphilis relies heavily on a high index of clinical suspicion.
  • #4 Bacterial Vaginosis and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Relationship and Management | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/56549
    BV may predispose to acquisition of STDs upon exposure because local cytokine production associated with BV may facilitate the acquisition of STDs. […] Concluding, BV, a worldwide common vaginal infection, which is mostly asymptomatic, could be a predisposing factor, also if asymptomatic, to STDs acquisition and then to eradicate this very frequent pathology in developed and developing countries could represent a gold standard for STDs primary prevention.
  • #4 Azithromycin – Uses, Side Effects, Composition, Dosage & Price PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu
    https://www.pacehospital.com/azithromycin-uses-side-effects-composition-dosage-price
    Azithromycin is a macrolide (class of antibiotic) antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections, skin infections, ear infections, throat infections, sexually transmitted diseases, lung infections, pneumonia, sinuses and bronchitis. […] Azithromycin plays a key role against various microorganisms such as Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Neisseria, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. […] Azithromycin is indicated to treat sexually transmitted diseases caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trachomatis. […] Azithromycin + doxycycline (antibiotic) given in sexually transmitted diseases.
  • #4 STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases) Symptoms, Types & Treatment
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/sexually_transmitted_diseases/article_em.htm
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs, venereal diseases) are among the most common infectious diseases in the United States today. STDs are sometimes referred to as sexually transmitted infections since these conditions involve the transmission of an infectious organism between sex partners. More than 20 different STDs have been identified, and about 19 million men and women are infected each year in the United States, according to the CDC (2010). […] Depending on the disease, the infection can be spread through any type of sexual activity involving the sex organs, the anus, or the mouth; an infection can also be spread through contact with blood during sexual activity. […] Health problems and long-term consequences from STDs tend to be more severe for women than for men. Some STDs can cause pelvic infections such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which may cause a tubo-ovarian abscess. The abscess, in turn, may lead to scarring of the reproductive organs, which can result in an ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy outside the uterus), infertility, or even death for a woman.
  • #4 Overview of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/overview-of-sexually-transmitted-infections-stis
    Sexually transmitted infections may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. […] Some infections can spread to other parts of the body, sometimes with serious consequences. […] Some of the effects of STIs increase the risk of getting other infections (such as HIV infection). For example, having irritated skin (inflammation, as occurs in gonorrhea or chlamydia) or sores (as occurs in herpes, syphilis, or chancroid) makes it easier for other infectious organisms to enter the body. […] When STIs are not diagnosed and treated promptly, some organisms can spread through the bloodstream and infect internal organs, sometimes causing serious, even life-threatening problems. […] In women, some organisms that enter the vagina can infect other reproductive organs. The organisms can infect the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that forms the end of the vagina), enter the uterus, and reach the fallopian tubes and sometimes the ovaries.
  • #4 Overview of Sexually Transmitted Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/overview-of-sexually-transmitted-infections
    Sexually transmitted infection (STI) refers to infection with a pathogen that is transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or other body fluids during oral, anal, or genital sex with an infected partner. Sexually transmitted disease (STD) refers to a recognizable disease state that has developed from an STI. STIs can be caused by a number of microorganisms that vary widely in size, life cycle, susceptibility to available treatments and the diseases and symptoms they cause. […] Some STIs cause inflammation (eg, in gonorrhea or chlamydial infection) or ulceration (eg, in herpes simplex, syphilis, or chancroid), which predispose to transmission of other infections (eg, HIV). […] Most STIs can be effectively treated with antimicrobial medications. However, drug resistance is an increasing problem. […] Viral STIs, especially herpes and HIV infection, usually persist for life. Antiviral medications can control but not yet cure most of these infections, and patients should be counseled about safer sex practices to prevent transmission.
  • #4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Part 1
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/stda.htm
    Sexually transmitted infections (STI’s) are among the most common infectious diseases in the U.S. More than 21 STI’s have now been identified, and they affect more than 20 million men and women in the U.S. each year. […] The student should be familiar with the pathogenesis of syphilis. […] Health problems caused by STI’s tend to be more severe and more frequent for women than for men. As a result, many women do not seek care until serious problems develop. […] Some STI’s can spread into the uterus and fallopian tubes to cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which in turn is the major cause of involuntary infertility and ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. […] Each disease has been associated with an increased risk for HIV infection. […] The virus gains access to the genital mucosa by sexual contact with an HSV infected partner. Symptomatic and asymptomatic HSV infected sexual partners can spread the infection to an uninfected partner.
  • #4 Men’s Behavior Change Following Infection With a Sexually Transmitted Disease | Guttmacher Institute
    https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/1997/07/mens-behavior-change-following-infection-sexually-transmitted-disease
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major public health problem in the United States. Nearly 12 million Americans are infected with an STD annually; approximately 43 million have viral STDs, which cannot be cured and thus infect the individual for life. For virtually all STDs, the number of documented cases has increased in the last 10 years. The number of Americans infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), for example, has increased steadily since the 1980s, and in 1993, more than 40,000 U.S. residents died from AIDS-related illnesses. Further, STDs cost society more than $3.5 billion each year. […] STDs persist in the U.S. population largely because of the complex ways in which pathogens and their hosts interact with social and environmental factors that determine the mechanism of acquisition and the pattern of transmission of these diseases. For example, social changes, such as modified patterns of nonmarital sexual behavior, overwhelm the effects of medical treatments. The control and prevention of STDs thus calls for more than technological improvements or medical innovations: It requires an understanding of the social and behavioral linkages involved in the acquisition and transmission of infection.
  • #5 Sexually transmitted disease pathophysiology – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Sexually_transmitted_disease_pathophysiology
    Many STIs are (more easily) transmitted through the mucous membranes of the penis, vulva, and (less often) the mouth. […] Mucous membranes differ from skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body. […] Although mucous membranes exist in the mouth as in the genitals, many STIs seem to be easier to transmit through oral sex than through deep kissing. […] With HIV, genital fluids happen to contain much more of the pathogen than saliva. […] Some infections labeled as STIs can be transmitted by direct skin contact. Herpes simplex and HPV are both examples. […] Depending on the STD, a person may still be able to spread the infection if no signs of disease are present. […] However, a person can spread HIV infection (STI) at any time, even if he/she has not developed symptoms of AIDS (STD).
  • #5 Pathophysiology of Sexually transmitted diseases | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pathophysiology-of-sexually-transmitted-diseases/231909724
    Gonorrhea is caused by a bacteria known as Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This bacterium lives on moist mucous membranes in the urethra, vagina, rectum, mouth, throat, and eyes. The infection can spread through contact with the penis, vagina, mouth or anus. Symptoms in men include Burning and pain while urinating, Discharge from the penis (white, green, or yellow in color). […] If not treated Syphilis can be very dangerous and can cause brain damage and other serious health problems. Clinical manifestations of syphilis include the ulceration of the uro-genital tract, mouth or rectum. If left untreated the symptoms worsen. […] The two most common forms of herpes are caused by infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV- 1 is typically acquired orally and causes cold sores HSV-2 is usually acquired during sexual contact and affects the genitals, most common viral STD. Herpes is spread through skin contact with a person infected with the virus.
  • #5 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Pathogens and Syndromes | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
    https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/sti-pathogens-and-syndromes
    Some of the health complications that arise from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, and perinatal or congenital infections in infants who have been exposed to STIs. […] Chlamydia is a common STI that can cause cervicitis in women and urethritis and proctitis in both men and women. […] Gonorrhea is an STI caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease caused by infection with any of the known hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis B and C can be transmitted sexually and account for most of the global hepatitis burden. […] Herpes, caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), has two subtypes HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV can be transmitted through sexual contact.
  • #5 Core Concepts – Sexually Transmitted Infections – Co-Occurring Conditions – National HIV Curriculum
    https://www.hiv.uw.edu/go/co-occurring-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-infections/core-concept/all
    Individuals with HIV typically experience the same stages and physical manifestations of syphilis as persons without HIV, although the stages are more likely to overlap, and the symptoms may be more severe. […] Syphilis is associated with an increased risk of sexual acquisition and transmission of HIV. […] The recommended treatment for uncomplicated genitourinary or rectal chlamydia in nonpregnant adults is doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days. […] The recommended treatment for syphilis depends on the stage of infection and whether neurosyphilis is suspected or documented. Individuals with HIV who are treated for syphilis require serologic follow-up for at least 24 months after completion of therapy. […] Individuals with HIV tend to have more severe and chronic herpes simplex lesions, and more asymptomatic shedding of HSV-2 in the genital tract compared to persons without HIV; suppressive therapy with valacyclovir, acyclovir, or famciclovir, should be considered in persons with HIV.
  • #5 Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82634
    Sexually transmitted diseases are among the most contagious infections caused by a variety of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. […] The fast spread of these infections may be due to their varied clinical presentation, which includes pharyngeal, rectal, and urogenital involvement, as well as a significant number of asymptomatic cases. […] Common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases are Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. […] Gonorrhea strains that are multi-drug resistant have been widely dispersed worldwide. Neisseria gonorrhoeae has a high level of antibiotic resistance, leading to untreatable infections that could one day pose a serious threat to public health and present the greatest obstacles to the prevention and management of sexually transmitted illnesses.
  • #5 Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STDs) – Swift Health Medical Group
    https://www.swifturgentcare.com/sexual-transmitted-diseases-stds/
    Chlamydia can be cured with the right treatment. It is important that you take all of the medication your doctor prescribes to cure your infection. […] Gonorrhea can cause very serious complications when not treated but can be cured with the right medication. […] Hepatitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of the liver. […] Chronic hepatitis C occurs when your body isnt able to fight off the virus. Early diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis C can prevent liver damage. […] Genital herpes is a common STD in the United States. […] Herpes infection can cause sores or breaks in the skin or lining of the mouth, vagina, and rectum. This provides a way for HIV to enter the body. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States.
  • #5 Sexually transmitted infections: What doctors wish patients knew | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/sexually-transmitted-infections-what-doctors-wish-patients-knew
    Bacterial sexually transmitted infections are what we think of most commonly. That includes infections like chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis, said Dr. Zucker. […] In addition to bacterial STIs there are also viral STIs that are common as well, things like herpes, human papilloma virus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), he said. […] For bacterial sexually transmitted infections, we treat them with antibiotics, Dr. Zucker said. So, gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis can all be cured with antibiotics. […] That means bacterial STIs can be completely eliminated with treatment, he said. […] Viral infections are much harder because antibiotics dont work on viruses. For herpes, antiviral medications can help prevent recurrences but do not eliminate the virus, Dr. Zucker said. […] For HIV, antiviral medications can suppress the virus effectively, allowing people to live long healthy lives without complications.
  • #5 Men’s Behavior Change Following Infection With a Sexually Transmitted Disease | Guttmacher Institute
    https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/1997/07/mens-behavior-change-following-infection-sexually-transmitted-disease
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major public health problem in the United States. Nearly 12 million Americans are infected with an STD annually; approximately 43 million have viral STDs, which cannot be cured and thus infect the individual for life. For virtually all STDs, the number of documented cases has increased in the last 10 years. The number of Americans infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), for example, has increased steadily since the 1980s, and in 1993, more than 40,000 U.S. residents died from AIDS-related illnesses. Further, STDs cost society more than $3.5 billion each year. […] STDs persist in the U.S. population largely because of the complex ways in which pathogens and their hosts interact with social and environmental factors that determine the mechanism of acquisition and the pattern of transmission of these diseases. For example, social changes, such as modified patterns of nonmarital sexual behavior, overwhelm the effects of medical treatments. The control and prevention of STDs thus calls for more than technological improvements or medical innovations: It requires an understanding of the social and behavioral linkages involved in the acquisition and transmission of infection.
  • #6 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Part 1
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/std.htm
    Sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) are among the most common infectious diseases in the United States today. More than 20 STD’s have now been identified, and they affect more than 13 million men and women in this country each year. The annual comprehensive cost of STD’s in the United States is estimated to be well in excess of $10 billion. […] The pathogenesis of gonorrhea is related to the ability of gonococci to attach to mucosal cells via their pili, then penetrate to submucosal areas to induce a strong PMN cell influx. […] PID is caused by more than one organism. May include endometritis, salpingitis, tuba-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. […] The exact events taking place are as yet unclear, however, it is believed that: prior infections of the fallopian tubes (usually of N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis) take place resulting in damage to the ciliary cells lining the fallopian tubes; another infection ensues and the organisms are able to ascend the fallopian tubes and cause infections in contiguous structures. […] The most common cause of involuntary infertility in women.
  • #6 Pathophysiology of Sexually transmitted diseases | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pathophysiology-of-sexually-transmitted-diseases/231909724
    It is caused by Human papilloma virus. There are more than 70 strains. Some cause genital warts –moist, soft, cauliflower-like bumps (within 3 weeks – 8 months). […] It is caused by the single-celled protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Can be passed on via damp towels, washcloths, and bathing suits if someone has the parasite. Symptoms typically include inflammation of the Cervix (Cervicitis), Urethra (Urethritis), Vagina (Vaginitis). Discomfort may increase during intercourse and urination.
  • #6 Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease | IntechOpen
    https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82634
    Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally. […] Chlamydia trachomatis causes infection of the lower and upper genital tracts of both sexes, thus having a great influence on reproductive health. […] Gonorrhea is an STD that is caused by the bacterium Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) that can infect all individuals. […] Gonorrhea treatment is complicated by the ability of N. Gonorrhoeae to develop resistance to antimicrobials. […] Syphilis is one of the most prevalent bacterial STDs caused by the Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) bacterium. […] T. pallidum can infect the central nervous system at any stage of syphilis that result in neurosyphilis.
  • #6 Sexually transmitted infections: What doctors wish patients knew | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/sexually-transmitted-infections-what-doctors-wish-patients-knew
    In fact, antivirals can lower the amount of virus so much that people cant spread the virus to others, he added. […] Then, for HPV, we dont have an antiviral or a cure, but we have something just as important, which is a vaccine. […] Vaccination can prevent infection with most of the major types of HPV that can cause cancer, Dr. Zucker said. […] For bacterial STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea, youre generally looking for pain when you urinate or discharge from your penis or vagina, Dr. Zucker said. […] While a genital infection is most common, you can also get gonorrhea and chlamydia in other places involved in sexual activity. […] Many people dont know you can get chlamydia and gonorrhea in your rectum, which can present with rectal pain or discharge, and you can even get it in your throat which can present with a sore throat with or without a white coating, he added.
  • #6 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Pathogens and Syndromes | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
    https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/sti-pathogens-and-syndromes
    HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV attacks the immune system by entering and destroying CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell that is vital to fighting off infection. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI in the US, and often has no symptoms. […] Mycoplasma genitalium is a significant cause of non-gonococcal urethritis and persistent urethritis in men, and is associated with cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm delivery, and infertility in women. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a general term that refers to infection and inflammation of the upper genital tract in women. […] Syphilis is a common STI caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria. If untreated, syphilis can result in adult neurological and organ damage as well as congenital abnormalities, stillbirth, and neonatal death. […] Urethritis refers to infection and inflammation of the urethra. Urethritis is a condition that can result from infection with common STI pathogens including N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis.
  • #7 Pathophysiology of Sexually transmitted diseases | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pathophysiology-of-sexually-transmitted-diseases/231909724
    Gonorrhea is caused by a bacteria known as Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This bacterium lives on moist mucous membranes in the urethra, vagina, rectum, mouth, throat, and eyes. The infection can spread through contact with the penis, vagina, mouth or anus. Symptoms in men include Burning and pain while urinating, Discharge from the penis (white, green, or yellow in color). […] If not treated Syphilis can be very dangerous and can cause brain damage and other serious health problems. Clinical manifestations of syphilis include the ulceration of the uro-genital tract, mouth or rectum. If left untreated the symptoms worsen. […] The two most common forms of herpes are caused by infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV- 1 is typically acquired orally and causes cold sores HSV-2 is usually acquired during sexual contact and affects the genitals, most common viral STD. Herpes is spread through skin contact with a person infected with the virus.
  • #7
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)
    STIs have a direct impact on sexual and reproductive health through stigmatization, infertility, cancers and pregnancy complications and can increase the risk of HIV. […] STIs can have serious consequences beyond the immediate impact of the infection itself. […] STIs like herpes, gonorrhoea and syphilis can increase the risk of HIV acquisition. […] HPV infection causes cervical and other cancers. […] AMR of STIs in particular gonorrhoea has increased rapidly in recent years and has reduced treatment options. […] AMR for other STIs, like Mycoplasma genitalium, also exist but are not systematically monitored.
  • #8 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Part 1
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/stda.htm
    Viral replication induces an erythematous papule that swells into a fluid-filled vesicle. […] During primary infections the patient has a viremia and regional lymphadenopathy. […] The organisms enter the body via minute abrasions of epithelial cell linings, by penetrating mucous membranes or via hair follicles. […] The organisms multiplying at the initial site of infection will in 10 to 90 days cause the hard chancre seen in primary syphilis. […] The bacteria that are taken by the lymphatics to the lymph nodes will initially cause the regional lymphadenopathy seen in primary syphilis and the generalized lymphadenopathy seen in later stages of the disease. […] The organisms taken to the skin and mucous membranes by the bloodstream cause the lesions seen in secondary (mucous patches, macules) and tertiary (gummas) syphilis. […] The organisms enter the body through small breaks or abrasions in the skin and induces a local genital lesion as well as regional lymph node involvement and systemic effects because macrophages phagocytize them and carry them throughout the body as intracellular parasites.
  • #8 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Pathogens and Syndromes | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
    https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/sti-pathogens-and-syndromes
    HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV attacks the immune system by entering and destroying CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell that is vital to fighting off infection. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI in the US, and often has no symptoms. […] Mycoplasma genitalium is a significant cause of non-gonococcal urethritis and persistent urethritis in men, and is associated with cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm delivery, and infertility in women. […] Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a general term that refers to infection and inflammation of the upper genital tract in women. […] Syphilis is a common STI caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria. If untreated, syphilis can result in adult neurological and organ damage as well as congenital abnormalities, stillbirth, and neonatal death. […] Urethritis refers to infection and inflammation of the urethra. Urethritis is a condition that can result from infection with common STI pathogens including N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis.
  • #9 Syphilis – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis
    Syphilis is caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum and is characterized by 3 sequential symptomatic stages separated by periods of asymptomatic latent infection. […] Syphilis is caused by T. pallidum, a spirochete that cannot survive for long outside the human body. T. pallidum enters through the mucous membranes or skin, reaches the regional lymph nodes within hours, and rapidly spreads throughout the body. […] Infection is usually transmitted by sexual contact (including genital, orogenital, and anogenital) but may be transmitted nonsexually by skin contact or transplacentally, causing congenital syphilis. Risk of transmission is about 30% from a single sexual encounter with a person who has primary syphilis and 60 to 80% from an infected mother to a fetus. […] Syphilis may manifest at any stage and may affect multiple or single organs, mimicking many other disorders.
  • #9 Sexually transmitted disease (STD) symptoms
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/in-depth/std-symptoms/art-20047081
    Sexually transmitted diseases are infections spread mainly by contact with genitals or bodily fluids. Also called STDs, STIs or venereal disease, sexually transmitted infections are caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. […] Treatment is important so you don’t spread the disease. Treatment also can help prevent fertility trouble, organ damage or some cancers. […] Without treatment, the chronic stage of HIV infection may progress to AIDS in about 10 years. AIDS is life-threatening. Symptoms of AIDS can include: […] Without treatment, syphilis bacteria can spread. This can lead to serious internal organ damage and death years after the original infection.
  • #10 Sexually Transmitted Diseases: AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea | Pharmaceutical Guidelines
    https://www.pharmaguideline.com/2022/01/sexually-transmitted-diseases.html
    It is most commonly sexual contact that spreads STDs, which are also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] Blood, semen, vag*inal and other bodily fluids may carry bacteria, viruses, or parasites that cause sexually transmitted diseases. […] The following factors can cause STDs or STIs: Bacteria – In gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia, bacteria are responsible for the infection. […] Viruses – Herpes genitals, HPV, and HIV are among the STIs caused by viruses. […] A virus causes HIV. […] Your immune system is weakened when you have fewer CD4 T cells. […] An HIV infection can last for years without causing any symptoms before it develops into AIDS. […] The bacteria that cause gonorrhea is Neisseria gonorrhoeae. […] Known as Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis is responsible.

Zobacz więcej

ciąża pozamaciczna zapalenie siatkówki niepłodność męska bakteryjna waginoza niepłodność kobieca Trichomonas vaginalis ludzki wirus niedoboru odporności dwoinka rzeżączki zapalenie cewki moczowej oporność na środki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe neurosyfilis wirus brodawczaka ludzkiego neuropatia nerwu czaszkowego granulocyt obojętnochłonny zapalenie naczyniówki i siatkówki infekcja oportunistyczna Neisseria gonorrhoeae choroba przenoszona drogą płciową śródmiąższowe zapalenie rogówki zapalenie szyjki macicy wirus opryszczki pospolitej Chlamydia trachomatis zapalenie pochwy zapalenie naczyń siatkówki zapalenie narządów miednicy mniejszej zapalenie błony naczyniowej Treponema pallidum