Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera

  Cholera can cause severe acute watery diarrhoea, which can be fatal within hours if untreated. […] Most people with cholera have mild or moderate diarrhoea and can be treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS). However, the disease can progress rapidly, so starting treatment quickly is vital to save lives. Patients with severe disease need intravenous fluids, ORS and antibiotics. […] Most people infected with V. cholerae do not develop symptoms but can spread the bacteria through their faeces for 110 days. Symptoms appear 12 hours to 5 days after infection. […] A minority of patients develop severe acute watery diarrhoea and life-threatening dehydration. […] Cholera is an easily treatable disease. Most people can be treated successfully with prompt ORS administration. Severely dehydrated patients are at risk of dying from dehydration and need rapid intravenous fluids. They also receive oral rehydration solution and antibiotics.

• #2 Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3842031/

  Infection with V. cholerae produces a clinical spectrum that ranges from asymptomatic colonization to cholera gravis, the most severe form of the disease. Following host ingestion of contaminated food or water, V. cholerae colonizes the small intestine for 12 to 72 hours before symptoms appear. Cholera often begins with stomach cramps and vomiting followed by diarrhoea, which may progress to fluid losses of up to 1 litre per hour. These losses result in severe fluid volume depletion and metabolic acidosis, which may lead to circulatory collapse and death. Rice water stool typically harbours between 10^10 and 10^12 vibrios per litre. Symptomatic patients may shed vibrios before the onset of illness and will continue to shed organisms for 1 to 2 weeks. Asymptomatic patients typically shed vibrios in their stool for only 1 day, at approximately 10^3 vibrios per gram of stool. Therefore, the distribution of symptomatic patients influences the quantity of V. cholerae that is shed for subsequent transmission.

• #2 Cholera – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/cholera

  Cholera is a serious infection of the intestine that is caused by the gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae. This infection causes severe diarrhea, which can be fatal without treatment. […] People have watery diarrhea and vomit, usually with no fever. […] When cholera symptoms occur, they begin 1 to 3 days after exposure, usually with sudden, painless, watery diarrhea and vomiting. Usually, people have no fever. […] Diarrhea and vomiting may be mild to severe. In severe infections in adults, more than 1 quart (1 liter) of water and salts is lost per hour. The stool is profuse and watery and is described as rice-water stool. Within hours, dehydration can become severe, causing intense thirst, muscle cramps, and weakness. Very little urine is produced. The eyes may become sunken, and the skin on the fingers may become very wrinkled. If dehydration is not treated, loss of water and salts can lead to kidney failure, shock, coma, and death. […] In people who receive treatment, cholera symptoms usually subside in 3 to 6 days. […] Most infected people have no symptoms.

• #3 Symptoms of Cholera – Superdrug Health Clinic

  https://healthclinics.superdrug.com/cholera-symptoms/

  Other symptoms of cholera include: stomach pain and cramps, fever, sudden weight loss, seizures or convulsions, weakness, difficulty urinating. […] Cholera has an incubation period (time for symptoms to appear after being infected) of between 6 hours to 5 days. Shorter incubation periods may mean that the symptoms are likely to be more severe, or the person infected is more at risk of the symptoms of cholera, which means immediate treatment may be necessary. On average, symptoms of cholera will appear 2 to 3 days after infection. Most cases of cholera are quite mild, and may be almost identical to other causes of mild diarrhoea such as food poisoning or stomach bugs. In some cases, you can be infected with cholera and display no symptoms at all.

• #4 Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3842031/

  Infection with V. cholerae produces a clinical spectrum that ranges from asymptomatic colonization to cholera gravis, the most severe form of the disease. Following host ingestion of contaminated food or water, V. cholerae colonizes the small intestine for 12 to 72 hours before symptoms appear. Cholera often begins with stomach cramps and vomiting followed by diarrhoea, which may progress to fluid losses of up to 1 litre per hour. These losses result in severe fluid volume depletion and metabolic acidosis, which may lead to circulatory collapse and death. Rice water stool typically harbours between 10^10 and 10^12 vibrios per litre. Symptomatic patients may shed vibrios before the onset of illness and will continue to shed organisms for 1 to 2 weeks. Asymptomatic patients typically shed vibrios in their stool for only 1 day, at approximately 10^3 vibrios per gram of stool. Therefore, the distribution of symptomatic patients influences the quantity of V. cholerae that is shed for subsequent transmission.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/cholera

  Cholera is an extremely serious disease that can cause severe acute watery diarrhoea with severe dehydration. It takes between 12 hours and 5 days for a person to show symptoms after consuming contaminated food or water. Cholera affects both children and adults and can kill within hours if untreated. […] Most people infected with Vibrio cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 1-10 days after infection. This means the bacteria are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people.

• #6 Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3842031/

  The number of symptomatic cases varies by age and by the endemic nature of the disease. In an endemic setting, such as the Ganges River Delta, children are more likely to be hospitalized with severe illness. Over the past 20 years, the preponderance of severe cases has been shifting to younger children, with a peak of severe cases at the age of 2 years. By contrast, in epidemic patterns of transmission, such as when V. cholerae is introduced into an immunologically naive population, all age groups seem equally susceptible to symptomatic infection. […] Asymptomatic cases might also contribute to the spread of the organism, albeit at much lower levels than symptomatic patients, and may reflect an important component of the acquired immunity that is seen in some communities. However, asymptomatic cases are often difficult to document. A fourfold rise in the serum vibriocidal antibody titre is a useful measure to identify asymptomatic individuals who may be infected but from whom it is not possible to isolate the organism. […] The clinical observation that buffering stomach acid lowers the infectious dose suggests that bacterial genes involved in acid resistance might contribute to virulence.

• #7 Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3842031/

  Infection with V. cholerae produces a clinical spectrum that ranges from asymptomatic colonization to cholera gravis, the most severe form of the disease. Following host ingestion of contaminated food or water, V. cholerae colonizes the small intestine for 12 to 72 hours before symptoms appear. Cholera often begins with stomach cramps and vomiting followed by diarrhoea, which may progress to fluid losses of up to 1 litre per hour. These losses result in severe fluid volume depletion and metabolic acidosis, which may lead to circulatory collapse and death. Rice water stool typically harbours between 10^10 and 10^12 vibrios per litre. Symptomatic patients may shed vibrios before the onset of illness and will continue to shed organisms for 1 to 2 weeks. Asymptomatic patients typically shed vibrios in their stool for only 1 day, at approximately 10^3 vibrios per gram of stool. Therefore, the distribution of symptomatic patients influences the quantity of V. cholerae that is shed for subsequent transmission.

• #8 Understanding Cholera: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/cholera

  Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It affects both children and adults and can kill within hours. It has a short incubation period, ranging between two hours and five days. […] The bacterium produces an enterotoxin that causes copious, painless, watery diarrhea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients. […] Among people who develop symptoms, about 80-90% of episodes are of mild or moderate severity and are difficult to distinguish clinically from other types of acute diarrhea. Less than 20% of ill persons develop acute watery diarrhea with moderate or severe dehydration. Early and adequate treatment limits the case-fatality rate (CFR) of hospitalized patients to less than 1%.

• #9 Understanding Cholera: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/cholera

  Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It affects both children and adults and can kill within hours. It has a short incubation period, ranging between two hours and five days. […] The bacterium produces an enterotoxin that causes copious, painless, watery diarrhea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients. […] Among people who develop symptoms, about 80-90% of episodes are of mild or moderate severity and are difficult to distinguish clinically from other types of acute diarrhea. Less than 20% of ill persons develop acute watery diarrhea with moderate or severe dehydration. Early and adequate treatment limits the case-fatality rate (CFR) of hospitalized patients to less than 1%.

• #10 Cholera – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355287

  Cholera can cause serious diarrhea and dehydration. Without treatment, the disease can be fatal within hours, even in people who were healthy. […] When cholera causes symptoms, most often it leads to mild or moderate loose stools, called diarrhea. This is often hard to tell apart from diarrhea caused by other conditions. Other people develop more-serious symptoms of cholera, most often within a few days of infection. […] Symptoms of cholera infection can include: Diarrhea. Cholera-related diarrhea comes on suddenly and can quickly cause dangerous fluid loss. Some adults make as much as a quart, or about 1 liter, of stool an hour. Diarrhea due to cholera often has a pale, milky appearance. It may look like water in which rice has been rinsed. And often, it smells fishy. […] Dehydration can develop within hours after cholera symptoms start. It can range from mild to serious. A loss of 10% or more of body weight suggests serious dehydration.

• #11 Cholera – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

  Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. […] The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea lasting a few days. […] Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. […] Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. […] This may result in sunken eyes, cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet. […] Dehydration can cause the skin to turn bluish. […] Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure. […] The primary symptoms of cholera are profuse diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid. […] These symptoms usually start suddenly, half a day to five days after ingestion of the bacteria. […] The diarrhea is frequently described as „rice water” in nature and may have a fishy odor.

• #12 Cholera (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cholera.html

  Cholera is a bacterial infection of the intestines. The good news is, cholera is easy to treat if it’s caught early. People who have mild to moderate cases usually get better within a week. Even those with severe cases recover fully in a week or so if they get medical care. […] When someone is infected with cholera bacteria, symptoms can appear in a few hours or as late as 5 days later. Some people have no signs or symptoms, but some cases are severe and can be life-threatening. […] Common symptoms of cholera and the dehydration it causes include watery, pale-colored diarrhea, often in large amounts, nausea and vomiting, cramps, particularly in the abdomen and legs, irritability, lack of energy, or unusual sleepiness, glassy or sunken eyes, dry mouth and extreme thirst, dry, shriveled skin, low urine (pee) output and a lack of tears, irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) and low blood pressure.

• #13 Cholera – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

  An untreated person with cholera may produce 10 to 20 litres (3 to 5 US gal) of diarrhea a day. […] Severe cholera, without treatment, kills about half of affected individuals. […] If the severe diarrhea is not treated, it can result in life-threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. […] Cholera has been nicknamed the „blue death” because a person’s skin may turn bluish-gray from extreme loss of fluids. […] Fever is rare and should raise suspicion for secondary infection. […] Patients can be lethargic and might have sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold clammy skin, or wrinkled hands and feet. […] Kussmaul breathing, a deep and labored breathing pattern, can occur because of acidosis from stool bicarbonate losses and lactic acidosis associated with poor perfusion. […] Blood pressure drops due to dehydration, peripheral pulse is rapid and thready, and urine output decreases with time. […] Muscle cramping and weakness, altered consciousness, seizures, or even coma due to electrolyte imbalances are common, especially in children.

• #14 Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3842031/

  Infection with V. cholerae produces a clinical spectrum that ranges from asymptomatic colonization to cholera gravis, the most severe form of the disease. Following host ingestion of contaminated food or water, V. cholerae colonizes the small intestine for 12 to 72 hours before symptoms appear. Cholera often begins with stomach cramps and vomiting followed by diarrhoea, which may progress to fluid losses of up to 1 litre per hour. These losses result in severe fluid volume depletion and metabolic acidosis, which may lead to circulatory collapse and death. Rice water stool typically harbours between 10^10 and 10^12 vibrios per litre. Symptomatic patients may shed vibrios before the onset of illness and will continue to shed organisms for 1 to 2 weeks. Asymptomatic patients typically shed vibrios in their stool for only 1 day, at approximately 10^3 vibrios per gram of stool. Therefore, the distribution of symptomatic patients influences the quantity of V. cholerae that is shed for subsequent transmission.

• #15 Cholera – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355287

  Cholera can cause serious diarrhea and dehydration. Without treatment, the disease can be fatal within hours, even in people who were healthy. […] When cholera causes symptoms, most often it leads to mild or moderate loose stools, called diarrhea. This is often hard to tell apart from diarrhea caused by other conditions. Other people develop more-serious symptoms of cholera, most often within a few days of infection. […] Symptoms of cholera infection can include: Diarrhea. Cholera-related diarrhea comes on suddenly and can quickly cause dangerous fluid loss. Some adults make as much as a quart, or about 1 liter, of stool an hour. Diarrhea due to cholera often has a pale, milky appearance. It may look like water in which rice has been rinsed. And often, it smells fishy. […] Dehydration can develop within hours after cholera symptoms start. It can range from mild to serious. A loss of 10% or more of body weight suggests serious dehydration.

• #16

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/cholera.aspx

  Cholera is a severe illness caused by the cholera bacteria, Vibrio cholerae. […] Symptoms of cholera include: sudden severe, watery diarrhoea, vomiting. […] Symptoms begin within a few hours to up to five days after being infected with the bacteria. […] If not treated, cholera can be fatal. It is important to speak to a doctor as soon as you have symptoms. […] Diarrhoea and vomiting can cause severe dehydration. It is very important that people who develop severe diarrhoea and vomiting seek medical attention immediately. […] If not treated, cholera can be fatal. It is important to speak to a doctor as soon as you have symptoms.

• #17 Symptoms of Cholera – Superdrug Health Clinic

  https://healthclinics.superdrug.com/cholera-symptoms/

  What are the symptoms of cholera? Early signs of cholera include: rapid heart rate, feeling irritable or restless, sunken eyes, loss of skin elasticity, dry mouth and tongue, feeling thirsty, low blood pressure, muscle cramps. The main symptoms of cholera are: Diarrhoea – the main symptom of cholera is a sudden onset of watery diarrhoea, which can cause an extreme loss of fluid in a very short period of time. Left untreated, someone infected with cholera can produce up to a litre of diarrhoea every hour which can cause severe dehydration. Diarrhoea caused by cholera is sometimes described as “rice water stools” because it has a pale and milky appearance, similar to water in which rice has been boiled. It may also have a fishy smell. Vomiting – in addition to severe diarrhoea, cholera also causes those infected to vomit, which causes more fluids to be lost. Vomiting also causes any oral antibiotics to be brought back up, so antibiotic treatment has to wait until the patient has stopped vomiting or need to be given through a drip directly into a vein. Dehydration – because of the massive amount of fluid lost through diarrhoea and vomiting, cholera can cause severe dehydration very quickly. A previously healthy person can become severely dehydrated within a few hours of symptoms appearing, and die within 24 hours if they are not treated.

• #18 Causes and Symptoms of Cholera – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cholera/basics.html

  Symptoms include: watery diarrhea, vomiting, leg cramps. […] The infection is often mild or without symptoms. […] Approximately one in 20 infected persons has severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. […] In these persons, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours. […] Persons who develop severe diarrhea and vomiting in countries where cholera occurs should seek medical attention promptly.

• #19 Frequently Asked Questions | Stop Cholera

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/stop-cholera/frequently-asked-questions

  Cholera patients commonly present with diarrhea and vomiting. In severe cases, diarrhea is voluminous, resulting in dehydration and shock within a few hours. After an incubation period of 1-3 days, the severe cases will have massive diarrhea and vomiting. As the illness progresses, the stools become like water with little flecks of mucus (called rice-water stool). The diarrhea is usually painless and may have a fishy smell. Patients may also have severe muscle cramps and spasms which can be very painful. Severe cases are generally accompanied with severe vomiting, weakness, and shock. Muscle cramps in the legs and arms are also common because of the electrolyte imbalance. With shock, the patient may lose consciousness, and risk of dying. […] Patients can die in 4 to 24 hours if fluid and electrolyte losses from diarrhea and vomiting are not replaced. Dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities (especially hypokalemia – low potassium concentration in the blood), metabolic acidosis, and hypovolemic shock may occur if diarrheal and vomiting losses are not replaced.

• #20 Cholera – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

  An untreated person with cholera may produce 10 to 20 litres (3 to 5 US gal) of diarrhea a day. […] Severe cholera, without treatment, kills about half of affected individuals. […] If the severe diarrhea is not treated, it can result in life-threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. […] Cholera has been nicknamed the „blue death” because a person’s skin may turn bluish-gray from extreme loss of fluids. […] Fever is rare and should raise suspicion for secondary infection. […] Patients can be lethargic and might have sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold clammy skin, or wrinkled hands and feet. […] Kussmaul breathing, a deep and labored breathing pattern, can occur because of acidosis from stool bicarbonate losses and lactic acidosis associated with poor perfusion. […] Blood pressure drops due to dehydration, peripheral pulse is rapid and thready, and urine output decreases with time. […] Muscle cramping and weakness, altered consciousness, seizures, or even coma due to electrolyte imbalances are common, especially in children.

• #21 Cholera – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacterial-infections-gram-negative-bacteria/cholera

  Cholera is a serious infection of the intestine that is caused by the gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae. This infection causes severe diarrhea, which can be fatal without treatment. […] People have watery diarrhea and vomit, usually with no fever. […] When cholera symptoms occur, they begin 1 to 3 days after exposure, usually with sudden, painless, watery diarrhea and vomiting. Usually, people have no fever. […] Diarrhea and vomiting may be mild to severe. In severe infections in adults, more than 1 quart (1 liter) of water and salts is lost per hour. The stool is profuse and watery and is described as rice-water stool. Within hours, dehydration can become severe, causing intense thirst, muscle cramps, and weakness. Very little urine is produced. The eyes may become sunken, and the skin on the fingers may become very wrinkled. If dehydration is not treated, loss of water and salts can lead to kidney failure, shock, coma, and death. […] In people who receive treatment, cholera symptoms usually subside in 3 to 6 days. […] Most infected people have no symptoms.

• #22 Cholera – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355287

  Cholera can cause serious diarrhea and dehydration. Without treatment, the disease can be fatal within hours, even in people who were healthy. […] When cholera causes symptoms, most often it leads to mild or moderate loose stools, called diarrhea. This is often hard to tell apart from diarrhea caused by other conditions. Other people develop more-serious symptoms of cholera, most often within a few days of infection. […] Symptoms of cholera infection can include: Diarrhea. Cholera-related diarrhea comes on suddenly and can quickly cause dangerous fluid loss. Some adults make as much as a quart, or about 1 liter, of stool an hour. Diarrhea due to cholera often has a pale, milky appearance. It may look like water in which rice has been rinsed. And often, it smells fishy. […] Dehydration can develop within hours after cholera symptoms start. It can range from mild to serious. A loss of 10% or more of body weight suggests serious dehydration.

• #23 Cholera – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355287

  Cholera can cause serious diarrhea and dehydration. Without treatment, the disease can be fatal within hours, even in people who were healthy. […] When cholera causes symptoms, most often it leads to mild or moderate loose stools, called diarrhea. This is often hard to tell apart from diarrhea caused by other conditions. Other people develop more-serious symptoms of cholera, most often within a few days of infection. […] Symptoms of cholera infection can include: Diarrhea. Cholera-related diarrhea comes on suddenly and can quickly cause dangerous fluid loss. Some adults make as much as a quart, or about 1 liter, of stool an hour. Diarrhea due to cholera often has a pale, milky appearance. It may look like water in which rice has been rinsed. And often, it smells fishy. […] Dehydration can develop within hours after cholera symptoms start. It can range from mild to serious. A loss of 10% or more of body weight suggests serious dehydration.

• #24 What Is Cholera? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cholera/guide/

  Symptoms of cholera infection include: Diarrhea, Nausea and vomiting, Sleepiness or lethargy, Dehydration, Muscle cramps, Rapid pulse, Electrolyte imbalance, Excessive thirst and low urine output, Dry skin, dry mucous membranes (such as inside the nose or eyelids), and dry mouth. […] Diarrhea caused by cholera typically starts suddenly and can quickly cause dangerous levels of dehydration. […] Severe diarrhea and vomiting caused by cholera can lead to dehydration, usually within hours of when symptoms first appear. In severe cases, dehydration from cholera can lead to a loss of body weight of 10 percent or more. […] Those who experience cholera dehydration typically have symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, sunken eyes, dry mouth, extreme thirst, and dry and shriveled skin, as well as lack of urination, reduced blood pressure, and irregular heartbeat.

• #25 Cholera – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355287

  Symptoms of cholera dehydration include irritable behavior, fatigue, sunken eyes, a dry mouth, extreme thirst, and little or no urinating. Skin may become dry, shriveled and slow to bounce back when pinched into a fold. Low blood pressure and an irregular heartbeat also can be symptoms. […] Cholera can quickly become fatal. Sometimes, the rapid loss of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes can lead to death within hours. Even in less extreme situations, the illness can be life-threatening without treatment. People who don’t receive treatment can die of dehydration and shock hours to days after cholera symptoms first appear.

• #26 Cholera (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cholera.html

  Cholera is a bacterial infection of the intestines. The good news is, cholera is easy to treat if it’s caught early. People who have mild to moderate cases usually get better within a week. Even those with severe cases recover fully in a week or so if they get medical care. […] When someone is infected with cholera bacteria, symptoms can appear in a few hours or as late as 5 days later. Some people have no signs or symptoms, but some cases are severe and can be life-threatening. […] Common symptoms of cholera and the dehydration it causes include watery, pale-colored diarrhea, often in large amounts, nausea and vomiting, cramps, particularly in the abdomen and legs, irritability, lack of energy, or unusual sleepiness, glassy or sunken eyes, dry mouth and extreme thirst, dry, shriveled skin, low urine (pee) output and a lack of tears, irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) and low blood pressure.

• #27 Symptoms of Cholera – Superdrug Health Clinic

  https://healthclinics.superdrug.com/cholera-symptoms/

  What are the symptoms of cholera? Early signs of cholera include: rapid heart rate, feeling irritable or restless, sunken eyes, loss of skin elasticity, dry mouth and tongue, feeling thirsty, low blood pressure, muscle cramps. The main symptoms of cholera are: Diarrhoea – the main symptom of cholera is a sudden onset of watery diarrhoea, which can cause an extreme loss of fluid in a very short period of time. Left untreated, someone infected with cholera can produce up to a litre of diarrhoea every hour which can cause severe dehydration. Diarrhoea caused by cholera is sometimes described as “rice water stools” because it has a pale and milky appearance, similar to water in which rice has been boiled. It may also have a fishy smell. Vomiting – in addition to severe diarrhoea, cholera also causes those infected to vomit, which causes more fluids to be lost. Vomiting also causes any oral antibiotics to be brought back up, so antibiotic treatment has to wait until the patient has stopped vomiting or need to be given through a drip directly into a vein. Dehydration – because of the massive amount of fluid lost through diarrhoea and vomiting, cholera can cause severe dehydration very quickly. A previously healthy person can become severely dehydrated within a few hours of symptoms appearing, and die within 24 hours if they are not treated.

• #28 Cholera – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

  An untreated person with cholera may produce 10 to 20 litres (3 to 5 US gal) of diarrhea a day. […] Severe cholera, without treatment, kills about half of affected individuals. […] If the severe diarrhea is not treated, it can result in life-threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. […] Cholera has been nicknamed the „blue death” because a person’s skin may turn bluish-gray from extreme loss of fluids. […] Fever is rare and should raise suspicion for secondary infection. […] Patients can be lethargic and might have sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold clammy skin, or wrinkled hands and feet. […] Kussmaul breathing, a deep and labored breathing pattern, can occur because of acidosis from stool bicarbonate losses and lactic acidosis associated with poor perfusion. […] Blood pressure drops due to dehydration, peripheral pulse is rapid and thready, and urine output decreases with time. […] Muscle cramping and weakness, altered consciousness, seizures, or even coma due to electrolyte imbalances are common, especially in children.

• #29 Cholera: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/cholera-faq

  Cholera impacts the body in three stages, often moving from one to another quickly. […] Stage one is known as the evacuation stage. It lasts for three to 12 hours, and you can have symptoms that include stomach cramps, vomiting, watery diarrhea, and thirst. […] During stage two, known as collapse, you may pass out. Symptoms here include low body temperature, blood pressure that drops very low, and a weak pulse. Your eyes may be sunken, breathing shallow, and you may not be peeing much, if at all. Intense thirst is also common during this stage. Severe dehydration can cause death during stage two. […] After stage two is recovery. Here, your symptoms may improve, with your blood pressure and temperature rising. You should begin to pee again. During this stage, though, you may get other infections including pneumonia.

• #30 Cholera: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16636-cholera

  Cholera can cause sudden, severe diarrhea that causes you to lose fluids quickly. It can be fatal if you get dehydrated. […] The main symptom of cholera is watery diarrhea. Its usually gray and slightly cloudy with bits of mucus in it (often called rice water stool). Episodes of diarrhea can quickly become severe and lead to life-threatening dehydration. Other symptoms include: vomiting, extreme thirst, fatigue, muscle cramps or weakness, dizziness, peeing very little, fast heart rate. […] Cholera is dangerous because of the risk of dehydration and losing electrolytes. This can cause complications that can quickly be fatal, including: hypovolemic shock, heart rhythm issues, organ failure. […] Treatment for cholera includes drinking plenty of fluids or getting intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration. […] If you have severe diarrhea from cholera or another cause, contact a healthcare provider immediately. You must replace fluids and electrolytes to avoid dehydration. This complication can cause serious health problems and even death.

• #31 What Is Cholera? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cholera/guide/

  If untreated, shock accompanied by an electrolyte imbalance can lead to death. […] Although most cases of cholera are mild particularly if treated the infection can be fatal. […] Those with the most severe illness lose large amounts of fluids and electrolytes quickly, causing death within hours. […] In less extreme situations, people who can’t get treated right away can die of dehydration and shock hours to days after their symptoms first appear. […] Other complications of cholera include: Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), Reduced potassium levels, Kidney failure. […] If cholera makes you too ill to eat, dangerously low levels of blood sugar can occur, causing seizures, loss of consciousness, and death. […] Finally, shock caused by cholera can lead to kidney failure, in which the kidneys lose their filtering ability, allowing excess fluids, some electrolytes, and wastes to build up in the body. This is a potentially life-threatening condition.

• #32 Frequently Asked Questions | Stop Cholera

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/stop-cholera/frequently-asked-questions

  Cholera patients commonly present with diarrhea and vomiting. In severe cases, diarrhea is voluminous, resulting in dehydration and shock within a few hours. After an incubation period of 1-3 days, the severe cases will have massive diarrhea and vomiting. As the illness progresses, the stools become like water with little flecks of mucus (called rice-water stool). The diarrhea is usually painless and may have a fishy smell. Patients may also have severe muscle cramps and spasms which can be very painful. Severe cases are generally accompanied with severe vomiting, weakness, and shock. Muscle cramps in the legs and arms are also common because of the electrolyte imbalance. With shock, the patient may lose consciousness, and risk of dying. […] Patients can die in 4 to 24 hours if fluid and electrolyte losses from diarrhea and vomiting are not replaced. Dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities (especially hypokalemia – low potassium concentration in the blood), metabolic acidosis, and hypovolemic shock may occur if diarrheal and vomiting losses are not replaced.

• #33 Cholera Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Assessment for Dehydration

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-clinical

  In adults and children older than 5 years, other signs of severe dehydration include tachycardia, absent or barely palpable peripheral pulses, and hypotension. […] After dehydration, hypoglycemia is the most common lethal complication of cholera in children. Hypoglycemia is a result of diminished food intake during the acute illness, exhaustion of glycogen stores, and defective gluconeogenesis secondary to insufficient stores of gluconeogenic substrates in fat and muscle. […] Cholera sicca is an old term describing a rare, severe form of cholera that occurs in epidemic cholera. This form of cholera manifests as ileus and abdominal distention from massive outpouring of fluid and electrolytes into dilated intestinal loops. Mortality is high, with death resulting from toxemia before the onset of diarrhea and vomiting.

• #34 Frequently Asked Questions | Stop Cholera

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/stop-cholera/frequently-asked-questions

  Cholera patients commonly present with diarrhea and vomiting. In severe cases, diarrhea is voluminous, resulting in dehydration and shock within a few hours. After an incubation period of 1-3 days, the severe cases will have massive diarrhea and vomiting. As the illness progresses, the stools become like water with little flecks of mucus (called rice-water stool). The diarrhea is usually painless and may have a fishy smell. Patients may also have severe muscle cramps and spasms which can be very painful. Severe cases are generally accompanied with severe vomiting, weakness, and shock. Muscle cramps in the legs and arms are also common because of the electrolyte imbalance. With shock, the patient may lose consciousness, and risk of dying. […] Patients can die in 4 to 24 hours if fluid and electrolyte losses from diarrhea and vomiting are not replaced. Dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities (especially hypokalemia – low potassium concentration in the blood), metabolic acidosis, and hypovolemic shock may occur if diarrheal and vomiting losses are not replaced.

• #35 Cholera: Epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cholera-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis/print

  Among patients who died before presentation to a cholera treatment center during the early stages of the Haiti 2010 cholera epidemic, the median time between symptom onset and death was 12 hours. […] Patients with severe hypovolemia may have sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold clammy skin, decreased skin turgor, and wrinkled hands and feet („washer woman’s hands”). […] The most important complication of cholera is hypovolemia and electrolyte loss. […] Cholera is a potential cause of severe watery diarrhea (with or without vomiting), especially in patients who develop rapid and severe volume depletion.

• #36 Cholera – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-negative-bacilli/cholera

  Cholera is an acute infection of the small bowel caused by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. V. cholerae secretes a toxin that causes copious watery diarrhea, leading to dehydration, oliguria, and circulatory collapse. […] The incubation period for cholera is 1 to 3 days. Cholera can be subclinical, a mild and uncomplicated episode of diarrhea, or a fulminant, potentially lethal disease. Abrupt, painless, watery diarrhea and vomiting are usually the initial symptoms. Significant nausea is typically absent. Stool loss in adults may exceed 1 L/hour but is usually much less. Often, stools consist of white liquid void of fecal material (rice-water stool). The resultant severe water and electrolyte depletion leads to intense thirst, oliguria, muscle cramps, weakness, and marked loss of tissue turgor, with sunken eyes and wrinkling of skin on the fingers. Hypovolemia, hemoconcentration, oliguria and anuria, and severe metabolic acidosis with potassium depletion (but normal serum sodium concentration) occur. If cholera is untreated, circulatory collapse with cyanosis and stupor may follow. Prolonged hypovolemia can cause acute tubular necrosis. […] Untreated cholera causes death in 50% of people, but with timely rehydration, death occurs in approximately 1% of people.

• #37

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera

  Cholera can cause severe acute watery diarrhoea, which can be fatal within hours if untreated. […] Most people with cholera have mild or moderate diarrhoea and can be treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS). However, the disease can progress rapidly, so starting treatment quickly is vital to save lives. Patients with severe disease need intravenous fluids, ORS and antibiotics. […] Most people infected with V. cholerae do not develop symptoms but can spread the bacteria through their faeces for 110 days. Symptoms appear 12 hours to 5 days after infection. […] A minority of patients develop severe acute watery diarrhoea and life-threatening dehydration. […] Cholera is an easily treatable disease. Most people can be treated successfully with prompt ORS administration. Severely dehydrated patients are at risk of dying from dehydration and need rapid intravenous fluids. They also receive oral rehydration solution and antibiotics.

• #38 Everything you need to know about cholera | Doctors Without Borders – USA

  https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/everything-you-need-know-about-cholera

  Cholera is a preventable and curable disease that kills fast if left untreated. It is a highly contagious bacterial infection that causes cells lining the intestine to produce large amounts of fluid, resulting in diarrhea and vomiting. Without treatment, cholera can quickly lead to death by dehydration. […] Symptoms typically appear within 2-3 days of infection and vary widely, and in some cases people are asymptomatic. In severe cases, people have profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting, leading to dehydration and shock that can become fatal within hours if patients don’t receive care. […] Without treatment, cholera can kill within hours. But with proper care, the death rate drops to 1 percent or less. […] Access to clean water and sanitation, improved monitoring of the spread of disease, community engagement, and vaccination are key to preventing cholera outbreaks.

• #39 Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3842031/

  The number of symptomatic cases varies by age and by the endemic nature of the disease. In an endemic setting, such as the Ganges River Delta, children are more likely to be hospitalized with severe illness. Over the past 20 years, the preponderance of severe cases has been shifting to younger children, with a peak of severe cases at the age of 2 years. By contrast, in epidemic patterns of transmission, such as when V. cholerae is introduced into an immunologically naive population, all age groups seem equally susceptible to symptomatic infection. […] Asymptomatic cases might also contribute to the spread of the organism, albeit at much lower levels than symptomatic patients, and may reflect an important component of the acquired immunity that is seen in some communities. However, asymptomatic cases are often difficult to document. A fourfold rise in the serum vibriocidal antibody titre is a useful measure to identify asymptomatic individuals who may be infected but from whom it is not possible to isolate the organism. […] The clinical observation that buffering stomach acid lowers the infectious dose suggests that bacterial genes involved in acid resistance might contribute to virulence.

• #40 Cholera: Symptoms, Causes, Vaccine, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cholera

  Children with cholera usually have the same symptoms as adults. Children may also experience: severe drowsiness, fever, convulsions, coma. […] According to the WHO, people who are symptomatic typically develop symptoms 12 hours to 5 days after ingesting cholera bacteria. […] Once you’ve contracted cholera, you’ll continue to shed the bacteria in your stools for 1 to 10 days, regardless of whether you have symptoms. […] Cholera can be fatal. […] In severe situations, such as the 2010 outbreak in Haiti, death can occur in as little as 2 hours after the onset of symptoms. Even under typical circumstances, if cholera is left untreated, people can die of severe dehydration 6 to 12 hours after their symptoms start. […] Severe dehydration and shock are the most serious complications of cholera.

• #41 Cholera – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

  An untreated person with cholera may produce 10 to 20 litres (3 to 5 US gal) of diarrhea a day. […] Severe cholera, without treatment, kills about half of affected individuals. […] If the severe diarrhea is not treated, it can result in life-threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. […] Cholera has been nicknamed the „blue death” because a person’s skin may turn bluish-gray from extreme loss of fluids. […] Fever is rare and should raise suspicion for secondary infection. […] Patients can be lethargic and might have sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold clammy skin, or wrinkled hands and feet. […] Kussmaul breathing, a deep and labored breathing pattern, can occur because of acidosis from stool bicarbonate losses and lactic acidosis associated with poor perfusion. […] Blood pressure drops due to dehydration, peripheral pulse is rapid and thready, and urine output decreases with time. […] Muscle cramping and weakness, altered consciousness, seizures, or even coma due to electrolyte imbalances are common, especially in children.

• #42 Cholera Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Assessment for Dehydration

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-clinical

  After a 24- to 48-hour incubation period, symptoms begin with the sudden onset of painless watery diarrhea that may quickly become voluminous and is often followed by vomiting. The patient may experience accompanying abdominal cramps, probably from distention of loops of small bowel as a result of the large volume of intestinal secretions. Fever is typically absent. […] An estimated 5% of infected patients will develop cholera gravis, ie, severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. […] Profuse watery diarrhea is a hallmark of cholera. Cholera should be suspected when a patient older than 5 years develops severe dehydration from acute, severe, watery diarrhea (usually without vomiting) or in any patient older than 2 years who has acute watery diarrhea and is in an area where an outbreak of cholera has occurred.

• #43 Cholera : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/cholera

  In approximately 80% of cases, the infection presents as ordinary diarrhea. However, 10-20% of infected individuals report severe illness. The incubation period ranges from a few hours to a few days. The production of cholera toxin by the bacteria leads to severe diarrhea and vomiting but no fever, with substantial losses of fluid and electrolytes leading to major dehydration. In the absence of treatment, in its most severe forms, cholera is one of the most rapidly fatal infectious diseases: 25 to 50% of patients die within 1 to 3 days as a result of cardiovascular collapse. The death rate is higher among children, elderly people and those with weak immune systems. […] Cholera is diagnosed by analyzing stool samples in a laboratory. The bacteria are isolated and characterized as Vibrio cholerae through culturing followed by identification. They can also be detected through an initial PCR test followed by a culture to identify the strain of Vibrio cholerae. Confirmation is provided by the National Reference Center for Vibrios and Cholera if the strain belongs to Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 (or O139), produces cholera toxin, and belongs to the El Tor lineage responsible for the seventh pandemic.

• #44

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera

  Cholera can cause severe acute watery diarrhoea, which can be fatal within hours if untreated. […] Most people with cholera have mild or moderate diarrhoea and can be treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS). However, the disease can progress rapidly, so starting treatment quickly is vital to save lives. Patients with severe disease need intravenous fluids, ORS and antibiotics. […] Most people infected with V. cholerae do not develop symptoms but can spread the bacteria through their faeces for 110 days. Symptoms appear 12 hours to 5 days after infection. […] A minority of patients develop severe acute watery diarrhoea and life-threatening dehydration. […] Cholera is an easily treatable disease. Most people can be treated successfully with prompt ORS administration. Severely dehydrated patients are at risk of dying from dehydration and need rapid intravenous fluids. They also receive oral rehydration solution and antibiotics.

• #45 Cholera (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cholera.html

  Cholera can cause watery diarrhea and vomiting, making people who have it get dehydrated quickly. When dehydration is severe, it can cause serious health problems if it’s not treated. It can even cause seizures and kidney failure. People who don’t get the proper medical treatment may even die. […] Cholera needs immediate treatment because severe dehydration can happen within hours. Fortunately, treatment is simple and very effective. Very few people who get treatment die. […] The goal of cholera treatment is to replace all the fluids and electrolytes (salts) lost through diarrhea and vomiting. For mild dehydration, a doctor may recommend drinking an over-the-counter rehydration solution. People with more severe cases of cholera may need to stay in the hospital and get intravenous (IV) fluids.

• #46 Cholera Fact Sheet

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cholera/fact_sheet.htm

  People infected with cholera may experience mild to severe watery diarrhea (loose stool/poop), vomiting, and dehydration (loss of water in the body causing weakness or dizziness). The symptoms may appear from a few hours to five days after eating or drinking contaminated food or water. […] Cholera can be treated simply and successfully by immediate replacement of the fluid and salts lost through diarrhea (loose stool/poop). Patients can be treated with an oral rehydration solution, a prepackaged mixture of sugar and salts mixed with water in large amounts. This solution is used throughout the world to treat diarrhea. Severe cases also require intravenous fluid replacement. With prompt rehydration, less than 1% of cholera patients die. […] Antibiotics shorten the course and diminish the severity of the illness, but they are not as important as receiving rehydration. Persons who develop severe diarrhea and vomiting in countries where cholera occurs should seek medical attention promptly.

• #47 Cholera Fact Sheet

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cholera/fact_sheet.htm

  People infected with cholera may experience mild to severe watery diarrhea (loose stool/poop), vomiting, and dehydration (loss of water in the body causing weakness or dizziness). The symptoms may appear from a few hours to five days after eating or drinking contaminated food or water. […] Cholera can be treated simply and successfully by immediate replacement of the fluid and salts lost through diarrhea (loose stool/poop). Patients can be treated with an oral rehydration solution, a prepackaged mixture of sugar and salts mixed with water in large amounts. This solution is used throughout the world to treat diarrhea. Severe cases also require intravenous fluid replacement. With prompt rehydration, less than 1% of cholera patients die. […] Antibiotics shorten the course and diminish the severity of the illness, but they are not as important as receiving rehydration. Persons who develop severe diarrhea and vomiting in countries where cholera occurs should seek medical attention promptly.

• #48 Cholera: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/cholera-signs-symptoms-and-complications-4160841

  Death typically occurs as a result of severe dehydration. In cases like these, as much as one liter of water can be lost per hour. This can lead to hypovolemic shock in which the massive loss of fluids decreases blood circulation to organs, leading to organ failure and deathsometimes within hours. Death usually occurs when there is a loss of 10% or more of the total body weight. […] Because stomach acids can protect againstVibrio cholerae bacteria, people who lack stomach acidssuch as young children, older adults, or people on chronic stomach acid medicationsmay be at greater risk of the disease. For unknown reasons, people with type O blood are also at risk, as are pregnant people and those with medical conditions.

• #49 Cholera Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Assessment for Dehydration

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-clinical

  In adults and children older than 5 years, other signs of severe dehydration include tachycardia, absent or barely palpable peripheral pulses, and hypotension. […] After dehydration, hypoglycemia is the most common lethal complication of cholera in children. Hypoglycemia is a result of diminished food intake during the acute illness, exhaustion of glycogen stores, and defective gluconeogenesis secondary to insufficient stores of gluconeogenic substrates in fat and muscle. […] Cholera sicca is an old term describing a rare, severe form of cholera that occurs in epidemic cholera. This form of cholera manifests as ileus and abdominal distention from massive outpouring of fluid and electrolytes into dilated intestinal loops. Mortality is high, with death resulting from toxemia before the onset of diarrhea and vomiting.

• #50 Everything you need to know about cholera | Doctors Without Borders – USA

  https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/everything-you-need-know-about-cholera

  Cholera is a preventable and curable disease that kills fast if left untreated. It is a highly contagious bacterial infection that causes cells lining the intestine to produce large amounts of fluid, resulting in diarrhea and vomiting. Without treatment, cholera can quickly lead to death by dehydration. […] Symptoms typically appear within 2-3 days of infection and vary widely, and in some cases people are asymptomatic. In severe cases, people have profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting, leading to dehydration and shock that can become fatal within hours if patients don’t receive care. […] Without treatment, cholera can kill within hours. But with proper care, the death rate drops to 1 percent or less. […] Access to clean water and sanitation, improved monitoring of the spread of disease, community engagement, and vaccination are key to preventing cholera outbreaks.

• #51

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera

  Cholera can cause severe acute watery diarrhoea, which can be fatal within hours if untreated. […] Most people with cholera have mild or moderate diarrhoea and can be treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS). However, the disease can progress rapidly, so starting treatment quickly is vital to save lives. Patients with severe disease need intravenous fluids, ORS and antibiotics. […] Most people infected with V. cholerae do not develop symptoms but can spread the bacteria through their faeces for 110 days. Symptoms appear 12 hours to 5 days after infection. […] A minority of patients develop severe acute watery diarrhoea and life-threatening dehydration. […] Cholera is an easily treatable disease. Most people can be treated successfully with prompt ORS administration. Severely dehydrated patients are at risk of dying from dehydration and need rapid intravenous fluids. They also receive oral rehydration solution and antibiotics.

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