Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cholera: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cholera-treatment-and-prevention

  Cholera: Treatment and prevention […] TREATMENT […] Absence of severe malnutrition — Fluid management is the cornerstone of cholera treatment. Administration of appropriate rehydration therapy reduces the mortality of severe cholera from >10 percent to <0.5 percent. [...] Antibiotics are an adjunctive therapy for patients with moderate to severe volume depletion. [...] Ensuring adequate nutrition is important for all patients; children may also benefit from supplementation of certain micronutrients.

• #2 Cholera: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cholera-treatment-and-prevention/print

  Cholera is a life-threatening diarrheal illness caused by cholera toxin-producing strains of Vibrio cholerae. […] Issues related to treatment and prevention of cholera will be reviewed here. […] Fluid management is the cornerstone of cholera treatment. Administration of appropriate rehydration therapy reduces the mortality of severe cholera from >10 percent to <0.5 percent. [...] Antibiotics are an adjunctive therapy for patients with moderate to severe volume depletion. [...] Ensuring adequate nutrition is important for all patients; children may also benefit from supplementation of certain micronutrients.

• #3 Treating Cholera | Cholera | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html

  Cholera can cause dehydration, which can lead to death in just a few hours. […] Rehydration therapy, which includes oral rehydration solution (ORS), is the most important treatment for cholera. […] The most important treatment for cholera is rehydration therapy to replace fluids lost through diarrhea and vomiting. Rehydration therapy can include ORS, intravenous fluids, and electrolytes. With timely rehydration therapy, more than 99% of cholera patients survive. […] Many people can be completely rehydrated by drinking ORS, which is made with a prepackaged powder of salts and minerals and mixed with water that has been boiled or treated. […] If you think you might have cholera, start drinking ORS immediately, including on your way to a healthcare facility. […] In addition to rehydration therapy, antibiotics may be recommended for severely ill patients and others depending on their symptoms and medical conditions. Antibiotics can help decrease how long someone is sick. However, antibiotics should be used along with aggressive rehydration. […] When available, children ages 6 months to 5 years with suspected cholera should be started on zinc supplementation immediately.

• #4 Cholera | Doctors Without Borders – USA

  https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/medical-issues/cholera

  Cholera is preventable and easily treated, yet it infects millions of people each year and causes up to 143,000 deaths worldwide. […] Most cases of cholera are simple to treat, and treatment is highly effective if patients receive it promptly. Mild and moderate cases of cholera are treated by having patients drink large amounts of oral rehydration solutiona mixture of sugars and salts in water. The sickest patients may need intravenous fluids and antibiotics. Without treatment, patients may die within hours, but with proper care the death rate usually drops to 2% or less. […] Oral vaccines are another powerful tool being used more and more to help prevent cholera and to contain outbreaks. But vaccination alone cannot end choleraimprovements in sanitation and hygiene systems are also essential.

• #5 Cholera Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Guidelines, Cholera Cots

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-treatment

  Rehydration is the first priority in the treatment of cholera. Rehydration is accomplished in 2 phases: rehydration and maintenance. […] The goal of the rehydration phase is to restore normal hydration status, which should take no more than 4 hours. […] The goal of the maintenance phase is to maintain normal hydration status by replacing ongoing losses. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the management of cholera are practical, easily understood, and readily applied in clinical practice. […] In areas where cholera is endemic, cholera cots have been used to assess the volume of ongoing stool losses. […] The WHO has provided recommendations for fluid replacement in patients with dehydration. […] Administer intravenous (IV) fluid immediately to replace fluid deficit.

• #6 Cholera – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355293

  Cholera needs to be treated right away because the disease can cause death within hours. Treatments include: […] Without treatment, up to half of people with serious bouts of cholera could die. With treatment, deaths drop to less than 1%. […] Most people with cholera can be helped by oral rehydration alone. But badly dehydrated people also might need IV fluids. […] These are medicines that help clear up infections caused by bacteria. They’re not a necessary part of cholera treatment. But some antibiotics can help treat cholera-related diarrhea and shorten how long it lasts in very ill people. […] Research has shown that zinc might lessen diarrhea and shorten how long it lasts in children with cholera.

• #7

• #8 Cholera Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/cholera

  The goal of treatment is to replace fluid and salts that are lost through diarrhea. Diarrhea and fluid loss can be fast and extreme. It can be hard to replace lost fluids. […] Depending on your condition, you may be given fluids by mouth or through a vein (intravenous, or IV). Antibiotics may shorten the time you feel ill. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed packets of salts that are mixed with clean water to help restore fluids. These are cheaper and easier to use than the typical IV fluid. These packets are now being used around the world.

• #9 Cholera: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000303.htm

  Cholera is a bacterial infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. […] The goal of treatment is to replace fluid and salts that are lost through diarrhea. Diarrhea and fluid loss can be fast and extreme. It can be hard to replace lost fluids. […] Depending on your condition, you may be given fluids by mouth or through a vein (intravenous, or IV). Antibiotics may shorten the time you feel ill. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed packets of salts that are mixed with clean water to help restore fluids. These are cheaper and easier to use than the typical IV fluid. These packets are now being used around the world. […] Severe dehydration can cause death. Supportive care is critical. Most people will make a full recovery when they are given enough fluids.

• #10

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/cholera-outbreaks

  ORS is solution prepared by mixing 1 sachet of oral rehydration salts in 1 litre of safe water. Follow the instructions on the packet. […] If you dont have oral rehydration salt sachets, you can make the same solution by mixing: half a teaspoon of salt, 6 teaspoons of sugar, 1 litre of safe drinking-water or lightly salted rice water. […] If you dont have access to sachets or sugar and salt for the home-made solution, the most important thing is to keep the patient drinking anything and to seek care fast. […] Cholera is easily treatable if you act fast. […] Prevent the person who is unwell from getting dehydrated. Give them oral rehydration solution (available from health workers, shops or can be made at home mixing 1 litre water with 6 teaspoons sugar and half a teaspoon of salt) or other fluids (soup, juice, soda, coconut milk etc.).

• #11

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/cholera-outbreaks

  Cholera treatment is simple: using oral rehydration solution. This can be bought/obtained from health workers or even made at home by mixing 1 litre safe water, 6 teaspoons sugar and half a teaspoon of salt. […] If someone has cholera, they should be given oral rehydration solution and then taken to a health facility, cholera treatment centre or oral rehydration point. […] People with more severe symptoms may need additional treatment, including intravenous rehydration and antibiotics. […] Most people recover from cholera fast with the right care. Most people are discharged from healthcare facilities within 3 days. […] Oral rehydration solution can successfully treat 80% of patients. If someone is dehydrated, drinking water alone is not enough to help them recover. This is why using oral rehydration salts is important.

• #12 Cholera Treatment

  https://www.geosalud.com/enfermedades_infecciosas/colera/treatment.html

  Most persons infected with the cholera bacterium have mild diarrhea or no symptoms at all. Only a small proportion, about 10%, of persons infected with Vibrio cholerae O1 have illness requiring treatment at a health center. […] Cholera patients should be evaluated and treated quickly. With proper treatment, even severely ill patients can be saved. Prompt restoration of lost fluids and salts through rehydration therapy is the primary goal of treatment. […] Rehydration is the cornerstone of treatment for cholera. Oral rehydration salts and, when necessary, intravenous fluids and electrolytes, if administered in a timely manner and in adequate volumes, will reduce fatalities to well under 1%. […] Patients should continue to eat a normal diet and breastfeeding children should continue to breastfeed during rehydration.

• #13 Cholera: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189269

  It is normally dehydration that leads to death from cholera, so the most important treatment is to give oral hydration solution (ORS), also known as oral rehydration therapy (ORT). […] The treatment consists of large volumes of water mixed with a blend of sugar and salts. […] Severe cases of cholera require intravenous fluid replacement. An adult weighing 70 kilograms will need at least 7 liters of intravenous fluids. […] Antibiotics can shorten the duration of the illness, but the WHO does not recommend the mass use of antibiotics for cholera, because of the growing risk of bacterial resistance. […] Anti-diarrheal medicines are not used because they prevent the bacteria from being flushed out of the body. […] With proper care and treatment, the fatality rate should be around 1 percent.

• #14 Cholera – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

  The primary treatment for affected individuals is oral rehydration salts (ORS), the replacement of fluids and electrolytes by using slightly sweet and salty solutions. Rice-based solutions are preferred. In children, zinc supplementation has also been found to improve outcomes. In severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer’s lactate, may be required, and antibiotics may be beneficial. The choice of antibiotic is aided by antibiotic sensitivity testing. […] The most common error in caring for patients with cholera is to underestimate the speed and volume of fluids required. In most cases, cholera can be successfully treated with oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is highly effective, safe, and simple to administer. Rice-based solutions are preferred to glucose-based ones due to greater efficiency. In severe cases with significant dehydration, intravenous rehydration may be necessary. Ringer’s lactate is the preferred solution, often with added potassium.

• #15 Cholera Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Guidelines, Cholera Cots

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-treatment

  Rehydration is the first priority in the treatment of cholera. Rehydration is accomplished in 2 phases: rehydration and maintenance. […] The goal of the rehydration phase is to restore normal hydration status, which should take no more than 4 hours. […] The goal of the maintenance phase is to maintain normal hydration status by replacing ongoing losses. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the management of cholera are practical, easily understood, and readily applied in clinical practice. […] In areas where cholera is endemic, cholera cots have been used to assess the volume of ongoing stool losses. […] The WHO has provided recommendations for fluid replacement in patients with dehydration. […] Administer intravenous (IV) fluid immediately to replace fluid deficit.

• #16 Cholera Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Guidelines, Cholera Cots

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-treatment

  Monitor the patient frequently. […] Administer ORS solution (about 5 mL/kg/h) as soon as the patient can drink, in addition to IV fluid. […] An effective antibiotic can reduce the volume of diarrhea in patients with severe cholera and shorten the period during which V cholerae O1 is excreted. […] Antibiotic treatment is indicated for severely dehydrated patients who are older than 2 years. […] Antimicrobial therapy is an adjunct to fluid therapy of cholera and is not an essential component. However, it reduces diarrhea volume and duration by approximately 50%. […] The choice of antibiotics is determined by the susceptibility patterns of the local strains of V cholerae O1 or O139.

• #17

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/cholera-outbreaks

  Cholera treatment is simple: using oral rehydration solution. This can be bought/obtained from health workers or even made at home by mixing 1 litre safe water, 6 teaspoons sugar and half a teaspoon of salt. […] If someone has cholera, they should be given oral rehydration solution and then taken to a health facility, cholera treatment centre or oral rehydration point. […] People with more severe symptoms may need additional treatment, including intravenous rehydration and antibiotics. […] Most people recover from cholera fast with the right care. Most people are discharged from healthcare facilities within 3 days. […] Oral rehydration solution can successfully treat 80% of patients. If someone is dehydrated, drinking water alone is not enough to help them recover. This is why using oral rehydration salts is important.

• #18 Cholera Medication: Antibiotics, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-medication

  Antimicrobial therapy for cholera is an adjunct to fluid therapy and is not an essential therapeutic component. However, an effective antibiotic can reduce the volume of diarrhea in patients with severe cholera and shorten the period during which Vibrio cholerae O1 is excreted. In addition, it usually stops the diarrhea within 48 hours, thus shortening the period of hospitalization. No other drugs besides antibiotics should be used in the treatment of cholera. […] The choice of antibiotics is determined by the susceptibility patterns of the local strains of V cholerae O1 or O139. […] If antimicrobial therapy is to be initiated, it should be given when the patient is first seen and cholera is suspected. Little reason exists to wait for culture and susceptibility reports. […] Furazolidone has been the agent routinely used in the treatment of cholera in children; however, resistance has been reported, and ampicillin, erythromycin, and fluoroquinolones are potentially effective alternatives. The use of quinolones is contraindicated in children with cholera.

• #19 Cholera Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Guidelines, Cholera Cots

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-treatment

  Monitor the patient frequently. […] Administer ORS solution (about 5 mL/kg/h) as soon as the patient can drink, in addition to IV fluid. […] An effective antibiotic can reduce the volume of diarrhea in patients with severe cholera and shorten the period during which V cholerae O1 is excreted. […] Antibiotic treatment is indicated for severely dehydrated patients who are older than 2 years. […] Antimicrobial therapy is an adjunct to fluid therapy of cholera and is not an essential component. However, it reduces diarrhea volume and duration by approximately 50%. […] The choice of antibiotics is determined by the susceptibility patterns of the local strains of V cholerae O1 or O139.

• #20 Antimicrobial drugs for treating cholera

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4468928/

  Cholera is an acute watery diarrhoea caused by infection with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which if severe can cause rapid dehydration and death. Effective management requires early diagnosis and rehydration using oral rehydration salts or intravenous fluids. In this review, we evaluate the additional benefits of treating cholera with antimicrobial drugs. […] Overall, antimicrobial therapy shortened the mean duration of diarrhoea by about a day and a half compared to placebo or no treatment (MD 36.77 hours, 95% CI 43.51 to 30.03, 19 trials, 1013 participants, moderate quality evidence). Antimicrobial therapy also reduced the total stool volume by 50% (ROM 0.5, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.56, 18 trials, 1042 participants, moderate quality evidence) and reduced the amount of rehydration fluids required by 40% (ROM 0.60, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.68, 11 trials, 1201 participants, moderate quality evidence). The mean duration of fecal excretion of vibrios was reduced by almost three days (MD 2.74 days, 95% CI 3.07 to 2.40, 12 trials, 740 participants, moderate quality evidence).

• #21 Antimicrobial drugs for treating cholera

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4468928/

  Cholera is an acute watery diarrhoea caused by infection with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which if severe can cause rapid dehydration and death. Effective management requires early diagnosis and rehydration using oral rehydration salts or intravenous fluids. In this review, we evaluate the additional benefits of treating cholera with antimicrobial drugs. […] Overall, antimicrobial therapy shortened the mean duration of diarrhoea by about a day and a half compared to placebo or no treatment (MD 36.77 hours, 95% CI 43.51 to 30.03, 19 trials, 1013 participants, moderate quality evidence). Antimicrobial therapy also reduced the total stool volume by 50% (ROM 0.5, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.56, 18 trials, 1042 participants, moderate quality evidence) and reduced the amount of rehydration fluids required by 40% (ROM 0.60, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.68, 11 trials, 1201 participants, moderate quality evidence). The mean duration of fecal excretion of vibrios was reduced by almost three days (MD 2.74 days, 95% CI 3.07 to 2.40, 12 trials, 740 participants, moderate quality evidence).

• #22 Cholera Medication: Antibiotics, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-medication

  Antimicrobial therapy for cholera is an adjunct to fluid therapy and is not an essential therapeutic component. However, an effective antibiotic can reduce the volume of diarrhea in patients with severe cholera and shorten the period during which Vibrio cholerae O1 is excreted. In addition, it usually stops the diarrhea within 48 hours, thus shortening the period of hospitalization. No other drugs besides antibiotics should be used in the treatment of cholera. […] The choice of antibiotics is determined by the susceptibility patterns of the local strains of V cholerae O1 or O139. […] If antimicrobial therapy is to be initiated, it should be given when the patient is first seen and cholera is suspected. Little reason exists to wait for culture and susceptibility reports. […] Furazolidone has been the agent routinely used in the treatment of cholera in children; however, resistance has been reported, and ampicillin, erythromycin, and fluoroquinolones are potentially effective alternatives. The use of quinolones is contraindicated in children with cholera.

• #23 Cholera Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Guidelines, Cholera Cots

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-treatment

  Monitor the patient frequently. […] Administer ORS solution (about 5 mL/kg/h) as soon as the patient can drink, in addition to IV fluid. […] An effective antibiotic can reduce the volume of diarrhea in patients with severe cholera and shorten the period during which V cholerae O1 is excreted. […] Antibiotic treatment is indicated for severely dehydrated patients who are older than 2 years. […] Antimicrobial therapy is an adjunct to fluid therapy of cholera and is not an essential component. However, it reduces diarrhea volume and duration by approximately 50%. […] The choice of antibiotics is determined by the susceptibility patterns of the local strains of V cholerae O1 or O139.

• #24 Cholera Medication: Antibiotics, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-medication

  Antimicrobial therapy for cholera is an adjunct to fluid therapy and is not an essential therapeutic component. However, an effective antibiotic can reduce the volume of diarrhea in patients with severe cholera and shorten the period during which Vibrio cholerae O1 is excreted. In addition, it usually stops the diarrhea within 48 hours, thus shortening the period of hospitalization. No other drugs besides antibiotics should be used in the treatment of cholera. […] The choice of antibiotics is determined by the susceptibility patterns of the local strains of V cholerae O1 or O139. […] If antimicrobial therapy is to be initiated, it should be given when the patient is first seen and cholera is suspected. Little reason exists to wait for culture and susceptibility reports. […] Furazolidone has been the agent routinely used in the treatment of cholera in children; however, resistance has been reported, and ampicillin, erythromycin, and fluoroquinolones are potentially effective alternatives. The use of quinolones is contraindicated in children with cholera.

• #25 Cholera: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16636-cholera

  Cholera can be fatal if left untreated. Start drinking plenty of fluids if you have diarrhea. Go to the emergency room if you have severe diarrhea, severe vomiting or signs of dehydration. […] Treatment for cholera includes drinking plenty of fluids or getting intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration. Healthcare providers also sometimes prescribe antibiotics like doxycycline, erythromycin or azithromycin to help you feel better. […] Antidiarrheal medicines arent recommended for cholera and could make symptoms worse. […] Drinking water thats been sanitized and washing your hands with clean water and soap are the best ways to reduce your risk of cholera. […] If you have severe diarrhea from cholera or another cause, contact a healthcare provider immediately. You must replace fluids and electrolytes to avoid dehydration. This complication can cause serious health problems and even death.

• #26 List of 16 Cholera Medications Compared

  https://www.drugs.com/condition/cholera.html

  Medications for Cholera […] The medications listed below are related to or used in the treatment of this condition. […] 1 review for ciprofloxacin to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Cipro to treat Cholera […] 1 review for doxycycline to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Vibramycin to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Doryx to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Doxy 100 to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Monodox to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Oraxyl to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Cipro I.V. to treat Cholera […] 1 review for chloramphenicol to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Cipro XR to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Doryx MPC to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Chloromycetin to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Chloromycetin Sodium Succinate to treat Cholera […] 1 review for Minocin for Injection to treat Cholera […] 1 review for minocycline to treat Cholera

• #27 Cholera Medication: Antibiotics, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-medication

  Antimicrobial therapy is an adjunct to fluid therapy of cholera and is not an essential component. However, it reduces diarrhea volume and duration by approximately 50%. The choice of antibiotics is determined by the susceptibility patterns of the local strains of V cholerae O1 or O139. […] Tetracycline and doxycycline can discolor permanent teeth of children younger than 8 years. However, the risk is small when these drugs are used for short courses of therapy, especially if used in a single dose. […] Single-dose therapy of these drugs has not been evaluated systematically in children, and recommendations are extrapolated from experience in adults. […] Fluoroquinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin) are not approved in the United States for use in persons younger than 18 years. When given in high doses to juvenile animals, they cause arthropathy. Clinical experience indicates that this risk is very small in children when used for short courses of therapy.

• #28 Cholera Medication: Antibiotics, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-medication

  Antimicrobial therapy is an adjunct to fluid therapy of cholera and is not an essential component. However, it reduces diarrhea volume and duration by approximately 50%. The choice of antibiotics is determined by the susceptibility patterns of the local strains of V cholerae O1 or O139. […] Tetracycline and doxycycline can discolor permanent teeth of children younger than 8 years. However, the risk is small when these drugs are used for short courses of therapy, especially if used in a single dose. […] Single-dose therapy of these drugs has not been evaluated systematically in children, and recommendations are extrapolated from experience in adults. […] Fluoroquinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin) are not approved in the United States for use in persons younger than 18 years. When given in high doses to juvenile animals, they cause arthropathy. Clinical experience indicates that this risk is very small in children when used for short courses of therapy.

• #29 Cholera Treatment

  https://www.geosalud.com/enfermedades_infecciosas/colera/treatment.html

  Oral or intravenous hydration is the mainstay of cholera treatment. […] In conjunction with hydration, treatment with antibiotics is recommended for severely ill patients. It is particularly recommended for patients who are severely or moderately dehydrated and continue to pass a large volume of stool during rehydration treatment. Antibiotic treatment is also recommended for all patients who are hospitalized. […] Mainstay of cholera treatment is hydration. Intravenous and oral hydration are both associated with greatly decreased mortality and remain the mainstay of treatment for cholera. […] Antibiotics have been used as an adjunct to hydration treatment for cholera since 1964. […] The majority of published studies exploring effectiveness of antibiotics for cholera patients have been done in patients who were adequately rehydrated. In these studies, there was no mortality and therefore the impact of antibiotics on mortality cannot be assessed. In the absence of adequate rehydration, antibiotics alone are not sufficient to prevent cholera mortality.

• #30 Cholera: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189269

  It is normally dehydration that leads to death from cholera, so the most important treatment is to give oral hydration solution (ORS), also known as oral rehydration therapy (ORT). […] The treatment consists of large volumes of water mixed with a blend of sugar and salts. […] Severe cases of cholera require intravenous fluid replacement. An adult weighing 70 kilograms will need at least 7 liters of intravenous fluids. […] Antibiotics can shorten the duration of the illness, but the WHO does not recommend the mass use of antibiotics for cholera, because of the growing risk of bacterial resistance. […] Anti-diarrheal medicines are not used because they prevent the bacteria from being flushed out of the body. […] With proper care and treatment, the fatality rate should be around 1 percent.

• #31 Cholera – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355293

  Cholera needs to be treated right away because the disease can cause death within hours. Treatments include: […] Without treatment, up to half of people with serious bouts of cholera could die. With treatment, deaths drop to less than 1%. […] Most people with cholera can be helped by oral rehydration alone. But badly dehydrated people also might need IV fluids. […] These are medicines that help clear up infections caused by bacteria. They’re not a necessary part of cholera treatment. But some antibiotics can help treat cholera-related diarrhea and shorten how long it lasts in very ill people. […] Research has shown that zinc might lessen diarrhea and shorten how long it lasts in children with cholera.

• #32 Treating Cholera | Cholera | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html

  Cholera can cause dehydration, which can lead to death in just a few hours. […] Rehydration therapy, which includes oral rehydration solution (ORS), is the most important treatment for cholera. […] The most important treatment for cholera is rehydration therapy to replace fluids lost through diarrhea and vomiting. Rehydration therapy can include ORS, intravenous fluids, and electrolytes. With timely rehydration therapy, more than 99% of cholera patients survive. […] Many people can be completely rehydrated by drinking ORS, which is made with a prepackaged powder of salts and minerals and mixed with water that has been boiled or treated. […] If you think you might have cholera, start drinking ORS immediately, including on your way to a healthcare facility. […] In addition to rehydration therapy, antibiotics may be recommended for severely ill patients and others depending on their symptoms and medical conditions. Antibiotics can help decrease how long someone is sick. However, antibiotics should be used along with aggressive rehydration. […] When available, children ages 6 months to 5 years with suspected cholera should be started on zinc supplementation immediately.

• #33 Vibrio cholerae Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526099/

  Antimicrobials are considered an adjunctive treatment for Vibrio cholerae and are typically administered once the initial volume deficit is corrected and vomiting has ceased. Antimicrobials result in a substantial improvement in clinical and microbiological outcomes. […] Infants diagnosed with cholera should be treated with ORS while breastfeeding, and zinc supplementation is also recommended.

• #34 Section 6: Cholera Treatment Facilities | Cholera Outbreak Response Field Manual

  https://www.choleraoutbreak.org/book-page/section-6-cholera-treatment-facilities.html

  Cholera treatment centres (CTCs) and smaller cholera treatment units (CTUs) are inpatient health-care structures set up during outbreaks to isolate and treat patients with cholera. […] CTUs/CTCs should be open 24 hours a day and provide oral and IV rehydration. […] Although there is no standard design for CTUs/CTCs, several principles should be followed, such as one-directional patient flow and the separation of patient care areas from staff-only areas. […] During large epidemics, tent-based structures designed to accommodate large numbers of cholera patients may be easier to manage than other options. […] Timely access to appropriate rehydration is key in preventing deaths due to cholera. If treatment is managed appropriately, no admitted patient should die due to cholera. […] Main functions to be ensured in CTUs/CTCs include: assessment of patients dehydration status; registration of patients; provision of treatments, including IV fluids, ORS therapy, zinc, and antibiotic therapy; provision of direct patient care, including feeding and personal hygiene; prevention and control of infection through appropriate measures related to water treatment, cleaning and disinfecting the treatment structure, food preparation, laundry, waste management, cleaning and disinfecting patient transport vehicles and the handling of corpses; offering health and hygiene education for patients, relatives and caregivers.

• #35 Cholera | Doctors Without Borders – USA

  https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/medical-issues/cholera

  An effective response to cholera involves engaging on several different fronts at the same timeand as fast as possibleto treat sick patients and to stop transmission within communities. […] When an outbreak is reported, MSF sets up dedicated cholera treatment centers at central locations. These centers are specialized isolation wards for rapidly treating large numbers of patients while preventing disease spread beyond the facilitypatients, caregivers, and medical staff have controlled entrances, exits, and decontamination areas, where they are sprayed with chlorine. […] MSF is increasingly using vaccination to help curb cholera outbreaks that are predicted to start soon or have just begun. A big advantage of the cholera vaccine is that it is oral, so its very simple to administerpeople simply drink it. But globally there is a shortage of vaccines available, so vaccination can’t be used nearly as widely as it should be.

• #36 6.1 Cholera treatment centres (CTC) | MSF Medical GuidelinesDownloadCommentReturn to topPath

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CHOL/english/6-1-cholera-treatment-centres-ctc-25296944.html

  A CTC is an autonomous inpatient facility which has its own general services (latrines, showers, kitchen, laundry, morgue and waste area), stocks and resources (medical and logistics, water and electricity). It operates 24 hours a day. […] CTCs should preferably be set up within the grounds of existing health facilities (if the configuration of the site allows for patient isolation) or on an adjacent site. These sites are preferred as patients are familiar with them. […] If a CTC is to be built: In emergency situations, tents are usually used as they are quick to set up and allow the facility to be modified according to needs. […] Cholera kits are designed to facilitate operations, especially at the beginning of an outbreak. They contain medical and logistic materials to set up a CTC.

• #37 Section 6: Cholera Treatment Facilities | Cholera Outbreak Response Field Manual

  https://www.choleraoutbreak.org/book-page/section-6-cholera-treatment-facilities.html

  Cholera treatment centres (CTCs) and smaller cholera treatment units (CTUs) are inpatient health-care structures set up during outbreaks to isolate and treat patients with cholera. […] CTUs/CTCs should be open 24 hours a day and provide oral and IV rehydration. […] Although there is no standard design for CTUs/CTCs, several principles should be followed, such as one-directional patient flow and the separation of patient care areas from staff-only areas. […] During large epidemics, tent-based structures designed to accommodate large numbers of cholera patients may be easier to manage than other options. […] Timely access to appropriate rehydration is key in preventing deaths due to cholera. If treatment is managed appropriately, no admitted patient should die due to cholera. […] Main functions to be ensured in CTUs/CTCs include: assessment of patients dehydration status; registration of patients; provision of treatments, including IV fluids, ORS therapy, zinc, and antibiotic therapy; provision of direct patient care, including feeding and personal hygiene; prevention and control of infection through appropriate measures related to water treatment, cleaning and disinfecting the treatment structure, food preparation, laundry, waste management, cleaning and disinfecting patient transport vehicles and the handling of corpses; offering health and hygiene education for patients, relatives and caregivers.

• #38 6.1 Cholera treatment centres (CTC) | MSF Medical GuidelinesDownloadCommentReturn to topPath

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CHOL/english/6-1-cholera-treatment-centres-ctc-25296944.html

  A CTC is an autonomous inpatient facility which has its own general services (latrines, showers, kitchen, laundry, morgue and waste area), stocks and resources (medical and logistics, water and electricity). It operates 24 hours a day. […] CTCs should preferably be set up within the grounds of existing health facilities (if the configuration of the site allows for patient isolation) or on an adjacent site. These sites are preferred as patients are familiar with them. […] If a CTC is to be built: In emergency situations, tents are usually used as they are quick to set up and allow the facility to be modified according to needs. […] Cholera kits are designed to facilitate operations, especially at the beginning of an outbreak. They contain medical and logistic materials to set up a CTC.

• #39 Everything you need to know about cholera | Doctors Without Borders – USA

  https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/everything-you-need-know-about-cholera

  Cholera is a preventable and curable disease that kills fast if left untreated. […] Without treatment, cholera can kill within hours. But with proper care, the death rate drops to 1 percent or less. […] Treatment requires rehydration, including simple oral rehydration, and a course of antibiotics and intravenous fluids for people with more severe cases. […] Cholera treatment centers are set up at central locations with specialized isolation wards for rapidly treating large numbers of patients while preventing the spread of disease beyond the facility. […] Cholera treatment kits containing essential supplies help us hit the ground running once an outbreak is confirmed. Contents include rehydration salts, antibiotics, and supplies for intravenous therapy, along with buckets, boots, chlorine, and plastic sheeting.

• #40 Cholera in Pregnancy: Outcomes from a Specialized Cholera Treatment Unit for Pregnant Women in Léogâne, Haiti | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002368

  Cholera in pregnancy has been long associated with high rates of stillbirths and abortions, but there is very limited published literature describing this association or possible mechanisms. […] We describe pregnancy outcomes from a specialized multidisciplinary hospital unit at the onset of a large cholera outbreak in Haiti in 2010 and 2011. […] Pregnant women with cholera were hospitalized in a specialized unit within the MSF hospital compound in Logne and treated using standard cholera treatment guidelines but with earlier, more intense fluid replacement. […] The main risk factor identified for fetal death was severity of dehydration. Our experience suggests that establishing specialized multidisciplinary units which facilitate close follow-up of both pregnancy and dehydration status due to cholera could be beneficial for patients, especially in large epidemics.

• #41 Cholera in Pregnancy: Outcomes from a Specialized Cholera Treatment Unit for Pregnant Women in Léogâne, Haiti | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002368

  The objective was to rehydrate the patient rapidly, but we also wanted to avoid any dehydration episodes that might not be dangerous for the mother but could cause hypoperfusion of the placenta leading to fetal death. […] Throughout their hospitalization the dehydration status of each patient was closely monitored clinically, including the measurement of blood pressure and pulse rate. […] All patients received oral antibiotics (erythromycin), in order to reduce the purging rate, shorten its duration and reduce the excretion of Vibrio cholerae in the stool. […] The risk factors associated with fetal death during cholera in pregnancy are shown in Table 2 and were linked to the severity of the cholera episode: dehydration status on admission, number of stools passed, presence and number of vomiting episodes, number of litres of Ringer’s lactate received during the treatment, and length of hospitalization.

• #42 Cholera in Pregnancy: Outcomes from a Specialized Cholera Treatment Unit for Pregnant Women in Léogâne, Haiti | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002368

  After adjusting for confounding factors, the severity of dehydration remains the strongest risk factor for fetal death during cholera in pregnancy (adjusted risk ratio (RR) for severe vs. mild dehydration is 9.4 (95% CI 2.535.3, p=0.005)). […] Close supervision of the hydration status of pregnant women, as well as availability of high quality obstetric and neonatal services, can help prevent negative maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes. […] Our experience in Haiti suggests that setting up specialized multidisciplinary units to treat pregnant women with cholera could be beneficial, especially in large epidemics.

• #43 Cholera: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16636-cholera

  Cholera can be fatal if left untreated. Start drinking plenty of fluids if you have diarrhea. Go to the emergency room if you have severe diarrhea, severe vomiting or signs of dehydration. […] Treatment for cholera includes drinking plenty of fluids or getting intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration. Healthcare providers also sometimes prescribe antibiotics like doxycycline, erythromycin or azithromycin to help you feel better. […] Antidiarrheal medicines arent recommended for cholera and could make symptoms worse. […] Drinking water thats been sanitized and washing your hands with clean water and soap are the best ways to reduce your risk of cholera. […] If you have severe diarrhea from cholera or another cause, contact a healthcare provider immediately. You must replace fluids and electrolytes to avoid dehydration. This complication can cause serious health problems and even death.

• #44 Cholera: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189269

  It is normally dehydration that leads to death from cholera, so the most important treatment is to give oral hydration solution (ORS), also known as oral rehydration therapy (ORT). […] The treatment consists of large volumes of water mixed with a blend of sugar and salts. […] Severe cases of cholera require intravenous fluid replacement. An adult weighing 70 kilograms will need at least 7 liters of intravenous fluids. […] Antibiotics can shorten the duration of the illness, but the WHO does not recommend the mass use of antibiotics for cholera, because of the growing risk of bacterial resistance. […] Anti-diarrheal medicines are not used because they prevent the bacteria from being flushed out of the body. […] With proper care and treatment, the fatality rate should be around 1 percent.

• #45 Cholera (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/cholera.html

  Cholera is easy to treat if it’s caught early. People who have mild to moderate cases usually get better within a week. Even people with severe cases of cholera recover fully in a week or so if they get medical care. […] Cholera needs immediate treatment because severe dehydration can happen within hours. Fortunately, treatment is simple and very effective. Very few people who get treatment die. […] The goal of cholera treatment is to replace all the fluids and electrolytes (salts) lost through diarrhea and vomiting. For mild dehydration, a doctor may recommend drinking an over-the-counter rehydration solution. People with more severe cases of cholera may need to stay in the hospital and get intravenous (IV) fluids. […] Sometimes doctors prescribe antibiotics to treat cholera. The antibiotics are not as important as rehydrating, but they can help shorten the length of time a person is sick. They also might make cholera-related diarrhea less severe. […] Anti-diarrheal medicines can actually make the symptoms of cholera worse, so people who think they may have cholera should avoid taking them.

• #46 Cholera Medication: Antibiotics, Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962643-medication

  Antimicrobial therapy for cholera is an adjunct to fluid therapy and is not an essential therapeutic component. However, an effective antibiotic can reduce the volume of diarrhea in patients with severe cholera and shorten the period during which Vibrio cholerae O1 is excreted. In addition, it usually stops the diarrhea within 48 hours, thus shortening the period of hospitalization. No other drugs besides antibiotics should be used in the treatment of cholera. […] The choice of antibiotics is determined by the susceptibility patterns of the local strains of V cholerae O1 or O139. […] If antimicrobial therapy is to be initiated, it should be given when the patient is first seen and cholera is suspected. Little reason exists to wait for culture and susceptibility reports. […] Furazolidone has been the agent routinely used in the treatment of cholera in children; however, resistance has been reported, and ampicillin, erythromycin, and fluoroquinolones are potentially effective alternatives. The use of quinolones is contraindicated in children with cholera.

• #47 Searching for new avenues to control cholera – Defeat DD

  https://www.defeatdd.org/blog/searching-new-avenues-control-cholera/

  Cholera, a bacterial disease that leads to rapid dehydration, has afflicted humanity for centuries. Left untreated, it can be fatal. […] Oral cholera vaccines (OCV) have been a game-changing intervention since they became available in 2013, complementing other diarrhea control efforts like improved sanitation and oral rehydration salts (ORS) and zinc to treat dehydration. […] The approach under current consideration is a once-daily oral capsule for seven days during the high-risk period after a cholera diagnosis in a household. Forthcoming clinical trials will assess its performance in endemic and emergency settings and in travelers. […] Researchers are developing a new type of food supplement derived from immunoglobulins that bind to the cholera toxin and prevent gut infection. […] In preclinical disease models, these binding proteins significantly reduced weight loss caused by diarrhea, limited intestinal fluid accumulation, and stopped the growth of cholera bacteria and its toxin in the small intestine.

• #48 Searching for new avenues to control cholera – Defeat DD

  https://www.defeatdd.org/blog/searching-new-avenues-control-cholera/

  Recently, researchers have focused on the use of antidiarrheal drugs to treat cholera and other major acute watery diarrheal diseases by stopping diarrhea itself. […] To address the intestinal washout that renders the drugs ineffective, researchers are advancing a drug that inhibits fluid secretion induced by the cholera toxin. […] The researchers envision that the drug will help stop diarrhea in less than 12 to 24 hours with just one capsule, eliminate the need for intravenous rehydration, and reduce in-patient time. […] Alongside acceleration of focused, prompt prevention of cholera outbreaks, enhanced case management would be a welcome development as we work toward the goal to reduce cholera morbidity and mortality by 90% in 2030.

• #49 Phage therapy to prevent cholera infections – and possibly those caused by other deadly bacteria

  https://theconversation.com/phage-therapy-to-prevent-cholera-infections-and-possibly-those-caused-by-other-deadly-bacteria-117058

  In the case of cholera, which is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, prevention is preferred because it spreads like wildfire once it strikes a community. […] We are interested in developing vaccines and phage products to prevent cholera from sickening people and triggering outbreaks. […] To address this need, we developed a cocktail of phages to be taken orally each day by household members prior to, or soon after, exposure to Vibrio cholerae to protect them from contracting the disease. […] First, phages provide immediate protection. By acting fast, phages can eliminate the cholera bacteria from the gut in a targeted manner. […] Second, phages infect and kill multi-drug resistant strains of bacteria just as well as drug-sensitive ones. […] Third, in contrast to antibiotics, which kill bacteria indiscriminately, phages are very specific and infect only their particular host species of bacteria.

• #50 Everything you need to know about cholera | Doctors Without Borders – USA

  https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/everything-you-need-know-about-cholera

  Access to clean water and sanitation, improved monitoring of the spread of disease, community engagement, and vaccination are key to preventing cholera outbreaks. […] Vaccines are a powerful tool to help prevent cholera and contain outbreaks. One big advantage of the cholera vaccine is that it is oral, so its easy to administeryou simply drink it. […] Access to clean water and proper sanitation infrastructure and hygiene measures reduces the likelihood of cholera outbreaks. […] Doctors Without Borders teams work to ensure the availability of sufficient latrines and adequate supplies of clean water from safe sources at both the home and community levels.

• #51

• #52 Everything you need to know about cholera | Doctors Without Borders – USA

  https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/everything-you-need-know-about-cholera

  Access to clean water and sanitation, improved monitoring of the spread of disease, community engagement, and vaccination are key to preventing cholera outbreaks. […] Vaccines are a powerful tool to help prevent cholera and contain outbreaks. One big advantage of the cholera vaccine is that it is oral, so its easy to administeryou simply drink it. […] Access to clean water and proper sanitation infrastructure and hygiene measures reduces the likelihood of cholera outbreaks. […] Doctors Without Borders teams work to ensure the availability of sufficient latrines and adequate supplies of clean water from safe sources at both the home and community levels.

• #53 Cholera | Doctors Without Borders – USA

  https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/medical-issues/cholera

  An effective response to cholera involves engaging on several different fronts at the same timeand as fast as possibleto treat sick patients and to stop transmission within communities. […] When an outbreak is reported, MSF sets up dedicated cholera treatment centers at central locations. These centers are specialized isolation wards for rapidly treating large numbers of patients while preventing disease spread beyond the facilitypatients, caregivers, and medical staff have controlled entrances, exits, and decontamination areas, where they are sprayed with chlorine. […] MSF is increasingly using vaccination to help curb cholera outbreaks that are predicted to start soon or have just begun. A big advantage of the cholera vaccine is that it is oral, so its very simple to administerpeople simply drink it. But globally there is a shortage of vaccines available, so vaccination can’t be used nearly as widely as it should be.

• #54 Cholera – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355287

  Cholera is easily treated. Death from serious dehydration can be prevented with a simple and low-cost rehydration solution. […] If you have diarrhea, especially bad diarrhea, and think you might have been exposed to cholera, seek treatment right away. Serious dehydration is a medical emergency that needs urgent care. […] Cholera can quickly become fatal. Sometimes, the rapid loss of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes can lead to death within hours. Even in less extreme situations, the illness can be life-threatening without treatment. People who don’t receive treatment can die of dehydration and shock hours to days after cholera symptoms first appear. […] People who travel from the United States to areas affected by cholera can get a cholera vaccine called Vaxchora. It’s suggested for people ages 2 to 64 who plan to travel where cholera is being spread or regularly spreads. It is a liquid dose taken by mouth at least 10 days before travel.

• #55 Cholera – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

  The primary treatment for affected individuals is oral rehydration salts (ORS), the replacement of fluids and electrolytes by using slightly sweet and salty solutions. Rice-based solutions are preferred. In children, zinc supplementation has also been found to improve outcomes. In severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer’s lactate, may be required, and antibiotics may be beneficial. The choice of antibiotic is aided by antibiotic sensitivity testing. […] The most common error in caring for patients with cholera is to underestimate the speed and volume of fluids required. In most cases, cholera can be successfully treated with oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is highly effective, safe, and simple to administer. Rice-based solutions are preferred to glucose-based ones due to greater efficiency. In severe cases with significant dehydration, intravenous rehydration may be necessary. Ringer’s lactate is the preferred solution, often with added potassium.

• #56 Antimicrobial drugs for treating cholera

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4468928/

  In treating cholera, antimicrobials result in substantial improvements in clinical and microbiological outcomes, with similar effects observed in severely and nonseverely ill patients. Azithromycin and tetracycline may have some advantages over other antibiotics. […] Antimicrobial treatment shortened the duration of diarrhoea by about one and a half days (the normal duration is between three and four days), and reduced the total amount of diarrhoea fluid by half. Consequently, the need for rehydration fluids was also reduced by almost half. […] The benefits of antibiotics were seen in trials recruiting only people with severe dehydration, and in those recruiting people with mixed levels of dehydration. […] Tetracycline or azithromycin appear more effective than some of the other antibiotics tested, but the choice of which antibiotic to use will depend on local drug resistance.

• #57 Understanding Cholera: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/cholera

  Cholera is a disease that responds satisfactorily to medical treatment. The first goal of treatment is to replace fluids lost through diarrhea and vomiting. Most cases can be successfully treated by prompt administration of oral rehydration salts (ORS). […] Early and adequate treatment limits the case-fatality rate (CFR) of hospitalized patients to less than 1%.

• #58 Cholera – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

  The primary treatment for affected individuals is oral rehydration salts (ORS), the replacement of fluids and electrolytes by using slightly sweet and salty solutions. Rice-based solutions are preferred. In children, zinc supplementation has also been found to improve outcomes. In severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer’s lactate, may be required, and antibiotics may be beneficial. The choice of antibiotic is aided by antibiotic sensitivity testing. […] The most common error in caring for patients with cholera is to underestimate the speed and volume of fluids required. In most cases, cholera can be successfully treated with oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is highly effective, safe, and simple to administer. Rice-based solutions are preferred to glucose-based ones due to greater efficiency. In severe cases with significant dehydration, intravenous rehydration may be necessary. Ringer’s lactate is the preferred solution, often with added potassium.

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