Bezsenność
Leczenie

Bezsenność, dotykająca 10-15% dorosłej populacji, charakteryzuje się trudnościami w zasypianiu, utrzymaniu snu lub zbyt wczesnym budzeniem się, co negatywnie wpływa na funkcjonowanie i stan zdrowia pacjentów. Terapia poznawczo-behawioralna dla bezsenności (CBT-I) jest obecnie rekomendowana jako leczenie pierwszego wyboru w przewlekłej bezsenności przez główne towarzystwa naukowe (ACP, AASM, Australijskie Stowarzyszenie Snu). CBT-I, realizowana zwykle w 6-8 sesjach, skupia się na modyfikacji dysfunkcyjnych myśli i zachowań związanych ze snem, obejmując elementy takie jak terapia poznawcza, kontrola bodźców, restrykcja snu, higiena snu oraz trening relaksacyjny. Skuteczność CBT-I potwierdzają badania, wskazujące na poprawę u 70-80% pacjentów, z utrzymaniem efektów nawet do 3 lat po terapii, bez ryzyka uzależnienia czy działań niepożądanych. Alternatywne formy dostarczania terapii obejmują terapię grupową, telemedycynę oraz cyfrowe wersje CBT-I, choć te ostatnie cechują się nieco niższą skutecznością.

Bezsenność – Leczenie

Bezsenność jest powszechnym zaburzeniem snu, które charakteryzuje się trudnościami w zasypianiu, utrzymaniu snu lub zbyt wczesnym budzeniem się. Dotyczy około 10-15% dorosłej populacji i może znacząco wpływać na codzienne funkcjonowanie, nastrój oraz ogólny stan zdrowia pacjenta12. Skuteczne leczenie bezsenności wymaga kompleksowego podejścia, które uwzględnia indywidualną sytuację pacjenta, a cele terapeutyczne obejmują poprawę jakości snu, wydłużenie czasu snu oraz poprawę funkcjonowania w ciągu dnia34. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia aktualne metody leczenia bezsenności ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pierwszej linii leczenia – terapii poznawczo-behawioralnej.

Terapia poznawczo-behawioralna jako pierwsza linia leczenia

Terapia poznawczo-behawioralna dla bezsenności (CBT-I) jest obecnie rekomendowana jako leczenie pierwszego wyboru w przypadku przewlekłej bezsenności przez liczne towarzystwa naukowe, w tym Amerykańskie Kolegium Lekarzy (ACP), Amerykańską Akademię Medycyny Snu (AASM) oraz Australijskie Stowarzyszenie Snu56. CBT-I koncentruje się na rozwiązaniu pierwotnych przyczyn bezsenności, a nie tylko na łagodzeniu objawów, co stanowi jej przewagę nad farmakoterapią7.

CBT-I to wysoce ustrukturyzowany program terapeutyczny składający się zazwyczaj z 6-8 sesji, który pomaga zidentyfikować i zmienić myśli oraz zachowania przyczyniające się do problemów ze snem89. Skuteczność CBT-I została dobrze udokumentowana w badaniach naukowych – około 70-80% pacjentów z przewlekłą bezsennością, którzy ukończą program, doświadcza znaczącej poprawy snu1011.

W przeciwieństwie do leków nasennych, których skuteczność często zmniejsza się z czasem, efekty CBT-I utrzymują się długoterminowo – nawet do trzech lat po zakończeniu terapii12. Ponadto, terapia ta nie powoduje skutków ubocznych ani uzależnienia, co czyni ją bezpieczną opcją dla wszystkich grup wiekowych13.

Główne komponenty CBT-I

CBT-I składa się z kilku kluczowych elementów1415:

  • Terapia poznawcza – pomaga zidentyfikować, zakwestionować i zastąpić dysfunkcyjne przekonania i postawy dotyczące snu, które mogą nasilać niepokój związany z bezsennością16
  • Kontrola bodźców (stimulus control) – technika mająca na celu wzmocnienie skojarzenia łóżka ze snem poprzez zalecenie używania łóżka wyłącznie do snu i aktywności seksualnej, wstawanie z łóżka po 15-20 minutach bezsenności, unikanie drzemek w ciągu dnia oraz utrzymywanie regularnych pór snu i budzenia się1718
  • Restrykcja snu (sleep restriction) – ograniczenie czasu spędzanego w łóżku do rzeczywistego czasu snu, co zwiększa efektywność snu; następnie stopniowe wydłużanie czasu w łóżku w miarę poprawy jakości snu1920
  • Higiena snu – edukacja na temat zdrowych nawyków sprzyjających jakości snu, takich jak ograniczenie kofeiny i alkoholu, regularna aktywność fizyczna oraz stworzenie komfortowego środowiska do spania21
  • Trening relaksacyjny – nauka technik relaksacyjnych, takich jak głębokie oddychanie, progresywna relaksacja mięśni czy medytacja uważności, które pomagają zmniejszyć napięcie fizyczne i umysłowe przed snem2223

W niektórych przypadkach do standardowego protokołu CBT-I dodawane są dodatkowe interwencje, takie jak terapia uważności (mindfulness) czy techniki uziemiania, które mogą zwiększyć skuteczność terapii2425.

Dostępność i formy CBT-I

Tradycyjnie CBT-I prowadzona jest przez wykwalifikowanych psychologów lub terapeutów specjalizujących się w medycynie snu, jednak ze względu na ograniczoną dostępność specjalistów w stosunku do zapotrzebowania, opracowano alternatywne formy dostarczania tej terapii2627:

  • Indywidualna terapia – zazwyczaj obejmuje 6-10 sesji terapeutycznych prowadzonych co tydzień lub co dwa tygodnie28
  • Terapia grupowa – oferuje korzyści ekonomiczne oraz możliwość wymiany doświadczeń między uczestnikami29
  • Telemed​​ycyna – wirtualne sesje terapeutyczne, które okazały się równie skuteczne jak terapia twarzą w twarz30
  • Cyfrowe wersje CBT-I (dCBT-I) – aplikacje, strony internetowe lub programy komputerowe oferujące zautomatyzowane wersje CBT-I; choć zazwyczaj mniej skuteczne niż terapia z udziałem specjalisty, mogą stanowić wartościową alternatywę, gdy tradycyjna terapia jest niedostępna3132
  • Skrócone wersje – np. krótka terapia behawioralna bezsenności (BBTI), która koncentruje się na najważniejszych elementach CBT-I i może być realizowana w krótszym czasie33

Należy pamiętać, że skuteczność CBT-I zależy w dużej mierze od zaangażowania pacjenta i stosowania się do zaleceń terapeutycznych34. CBT-I nie jest szybkim rozwiązaniem – wymaga czasu i wytrwałości, a pierwsze efekty mogą pojawić się dopiero po kilku tygodniach3536.

Farmakoterapia bezsenności

Choć CBT-I jest rekomendowana jako pierwsza linia leczenia, farmakoterapia może być wskazana w przypadkach ostrej bezsenności, gdy CBT-I jest niedostępna lub nieskuteczna, lub jako leczenie wspomagające CBT-I3738. Poniżej przedstawiono główne grupy leków stosowanych w leczeniu bezsenności.

Benzodiazepiny i leki Z

Benzodiazepiny (np. temazepam, triazolam) oraz niebenzodiazepinowe leki nasenne tzw. leki Z (takie jak zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiklon) są najczęściej przepisywanymi lekami na bezsenność3940. Działają one poprzez wzmocnienie działania kwasu gamma-aminomasłowego (GABA) w mózgu, co wywołuje efekt uspokajający i nasenny.

Leki te są skuteczne w krótkoterminowym leczeniu bezsenności, jednak długotrwałe stosowanie może prowadzić do tolerancji, uzależnienia oraz innych działań niepożądanych, takich jak senność w ciągu dnia, zaburzenia pamięci, zawroty głowy czy problemy z koordynacją41. U osób starszych zwiększają również ryzyko upadków i złamań42.

Leki Z mają lepszy profil bezpieczeństwa niż tradycyjne benzodiazepiny, ale nadal nie są zalecane do długotrwałego stosowania43. Najnowsze wytyczne zalecają używanie tych leków tylko przez krótki czas (zazwyczaj do 4-5 tygodni) i w najmniejszej skutecznej dawce44.

Antagoniści receptorów oreksyny

Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), takie jak suworeksant i daridoreksant, stanowią nowszą klasę leków nasennych działających poprzez blokowanie aktywności oreksyny – neuroprzekaźnika odpowiedzialnego za czuwanie45. W przeciwieństwie do benzodiazepin i leków Z, które wzmacniają sen, DORAs działają poprzez blokowanie mechanizmów czuwania, co jest bardziej fizjologicznym sposobem promowania snu46.

DORAs są zatwierdzone do leczenia bezsenności charakteryzującej się trudnościami z utrzymaniem snu i wykazują mniejsze ryzyko uzależnienia, zaburzeń poznawczych czy efektu noszącego następnego dnia w porównaniu do tradycyjnych leków nasennych47. W 2020 roku suworeksant został pierwszym lekiem zatwierdzonym do leczenia zaburzeń snu u osób z chorobą Alzheimera48.

Główną wadą leków z grupy DORA jest ich wysoki koszt, co ogranicza ich dostępność dla wielu pacjentów49.

Agoniści receptorów melatoninowych

Ramelteon jest agonistą receptorów melatoninowych, który pomaga regulować rytm dobowy i ułatwia zasypianie50. W przeciwieństwie do większości leków nasennych, ramelteon nie jest substancją kontrolowaną i może być bezpieczniejszy do długotrwałego stosowania, ponieważ nie powoduje uzależnienia ani efektu „odbicia” bezsenności po zaprzestaniu stosowania51.

Oprócz ramelteon, suplementy melatoniny są również szeroko stosowane w leczeniu bezsenności, szczególnie związanej z zaburzeniami rytmu dobowego, takimi jak jet lag czy praca zmianowa52. Jednak skuteczność melatoniny w leczeniu przewlekłej bezsenności jest ograniczona, a wytyczne AASM nie zalecają jej stosowania w tym wskazaniu53.

Inne leki stosowane w leczeniu bezsenności

Inne klasy leków, które mogą być stosowane w leczeniu bezsenności, szczególnie gdy współistnieje ona z innymi zaburzeniami, obejmują:

  • Leki przeciwhistaminowe (np. doksylamina, difenhydramina) – dostępne bez recepty w wielu preparatach nasennych; powodują senność poprzez blokowanie receptorów histaminowych w mózgu. Nie są zalecane do długotrwałego stosowania ze względu na działania niepożądane, takie jak senność w ciągu dnia, suchość w ustach, zaparcia, a u osób starszych zwiększone ryzyko splątania i majaczenia5455
  • Leki przeciwdepresyjne o działaniu sedatywnym (np. trazodon, doksepin w niskich dawkach) – mogą być skuteczne w leczeniu bezsenności, szczególnie gdy współistnieje ona z depresją lub lękiem5657
  • Atypowe leki przeciwpsychotyczne (np. kwetiapina) – czasami stosowane off-label w leczeniu bezsenności, szczególnie u pacjentów z współistniejącymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi; jednak ich stosowanie w bezsenności jest kontrowersyjne ze względu na potencjalne poważne działania niepożądane58

Wybór leku powinien być dostosowany do indywidualnej sytuacji pacjenta, uwzględniając charakterystykę bezsenności, współistniejące schorzenia, potencjalne interakcje z innymi przyjmowanymi lekami oraz profil działań niepożądanych59.

Leczenie skojarzone i inne metody terapeutyczne

W wielu przypadkach najlepsze rezultaty przynosi leczenie skojarzone, łączące różne metody terapeutyczne oraz leczenie współistniejących schorzeń, które mogą przyczyniać się do bezsenności60.

Leczenie skojarzone

Kombinacja CBT-I z krótkoterminową farmakoterapią może być korzystna dla niektórych pacjentów, szczególnie tych z ciężką bezsennością61. Leki nasenne mogą zapewnić szybką ulgę w objawach, podczas gdy CBT-I pomaga rozwiązać podstawowe problemy leżące u podłoża bezsenności i zapewnić długotrwałe korzyści.

Warto jednak zauważyć, że badania nie wykazały jednoznacznie wyższej skuteczności terapii skojarzonej nad samym CBT-I w długoterminowej perspektywie6263. Ponadto, CBT-I może być skutecznym narzędziem wspomagającym odstawienie leków nasennych u pacjentów, którzy długotrwale je stosowali6465.

Leczenie schorzeń współistniejących

Bezsenność często współistnieje z innymi schorzeniami, takimi jak zaburzenia psychiczne (depresja, lęk), bóle przewlekłe, zaburzenia oddychania podczas snu (np. bezdech senny) czy zespół niespokojnych nóg66. Skuteczne leczenie tych schorzeń może znacząco przyczynić się do poprawy jakości snu67.

Warto zauważyć, że CBT-I okazało się skuteczne w leczeniu bezsenności współistniejącej z innymi schorzeniami, takimi jak ból przewlekły, nowotwory czy PTSD6869. W tych przypadkach CBT-I może być stosowane równolegle z leczeniem schorzenia podstawowego.

Medycyna komplementarna i alternatywna

Niektórzy pacjenci sięgają po metody medycyny komplementarnej i alternatywnej w leczeniu bezsenności. Do najczęściej stosowanych należą:

  • Suplementy ziołowe – takie jak korzeń waleriany czy lawenda; choć są powszechnie stosowane, dowody na ich skuteczność są ograniczone7071
  • Kannabinoidy – związki zawarte w konopiach, takie jak cannabinol (CBN), są badane pod kątem potencjalnego działania nasennego72
  • Akupresura i akupunktura – badania sugerują, że akupresura może poprawiać jakość snu u osób z bezsennością73
  • Biofeedback – technika umożliwiająca pacjentom nauczenie się kontrolowania funkcji fizjologicznych poprzez informację zwrotną; uznana za skuteczną metodę leczenia bezsenności przez AASM74
  • Terapia światłem – szczególnie skuteczna w leczeniu bezsenności związanej z zaburzeniami rytmu dobowego7576

Należy podkreślić, że Amerykańska Agencja ds. Żywności i Leków (FDA) nie wymaga od producentów suplementów diety i środków wspomagających sen wykazania, że ich produkty są skuteczne i bezpieczne. Przed zastosowaniem jakiegokolwiek suplementu warto skonsultować się z lekarzem, gdyż niektóre z nich mogą wchodzić w interakcje z przyjmowanymi lekami lub wywoływać działania niepożądane77.

Specjalne grupy pacjentów

Leczenie bezsenności może wymagać specjalnego podejścia u określonych grup pacjentów, takich jak osoby starsze, pacjenci onkologiczni czy osoby z opornością na leczenie.

Osoby starsze

Bezsenność jest szczególnie powszechna wśród osób starszych, a jej leczenie w tej grupie wymaga szczególnej ostrożności ze względu na zwiększone ryzyko działań niepożądanych leków nasennych oraz częstsze współwystępowanie innych schorzeń78.

CBT-I jest skuteczna u osób starszych i powinna być rozważana jako pierwsza linia leczenia7980. W przypadku konieczności zastosowania farmakoterapii, zaleca się rozpoczynanie od niższych dawek niż u młodszych pacjentów, preferowanie leków o krótkim czasie działania oraz unikanie benzodiazepin8182.

Pacjenci onkologiczni

Bezsenność jest częstym problemem u pacjentów onkologicznych, a jej leczenie powinno być częścią kompleksowej opieki. CBT-I okazało się skuteczne w tej grupie pacjentów83.

W przypadku stosowania steroidów, które mogą przyczyniać się do bezsenności, zaleca się przyjmowanie ich wcześnie w ciągu dnia84. Terapie integracyjne, takie jak relaksacja mięśniowa, biofeedback czy obrazowanie, mogą być pomocne przed snem85.

Bezsenność oporna na leczenie

W przypadku bezsenności opornej na standardowe metody leczenia, tj. gdy pierwsze linie terapii okazały się nieskuteczne, wskazane jest dokładne ponowne rozważenie diagnozy, wykluczenie nierozpoznanych zaburzeń snu (takich jak bezdech senny czy zespół niespokojnych nóg) oraz ocena współistniejących schorzeń86.

Strategie leczenia bezsenności opornej mogą obejmować kombinację różnych metod terapeutycznych, zastosowanie leków off-label, które nie są standardowo stosowane w bezsenności, lub skierowanie do specjalisty medycyny snu87.

Wnioski i zalecenia praktyczne

Leczenie bezsenności wymaga indywidualnego podejścia, uwzględniającego specyficzną sytuację pacjenta, charakter zaburzeń snu oraz współistniejące schorzenia88. Na podstawie aktualnych dowodów naukowych i wytycznych klinicznych można sformułować następujące zalecenia:

  • CBT-I powinna być rozważana jako pierwsza linia leczenia przewlekłej bezsenności ze względu na jej skuteczność, bezpieczeństwo i długotrwałe korzyści8990
  • Farmakoterapia może być stosowana jako leczenie wspomagające lub alternatywne, szczególnie w przypadkach ostrej bezsenności lub gdy CBT-I jest niedostępna lub nieskuteczna91
  • Leki nasenne powinny być stosowane w najmniejszej skutecznej dawce i przez możliwie najkrótszy czas, ze szczególną ostrożnością u osób starszych9293
  • Kluczowe znaczenie ma identyfikacja i leczenie współistniejących schorzeń, które mogą przyczyniać się do bezsenności94
  • Suplementy i produkty dostępne bez recepty powinny być stosowane ostrożnie, po konsultacji z lekarzem95
  • Regularna ocena skuteczności leczenia i dostosowywanie planu terapeutycznego w miarę potrzeb96

Choć bezsenność jest powszechnym i często uporczywym problemem, dostępne obecnie metody leczenia, zwłaszcza CBT-I, dają nadzieję na skuteczne radzenie sobie z tym zaburzeniem. Kluczowe znaczenie ma wczesna interwencja, gdyż im dłużej trwa bezsenność, tym trudniejsza może być do leczenia i tym większe ryzyko powikłań97.

Nadchodzące lata mogą przynieść nowe, bardziej spersonalizowane podejścia do leczenia bezsenności, oparte na indywidualnych czynnikach demograficznych, genetycznych i współistniejących schorzeniach pacjenta98.

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  1. 13.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 What doctors wish patients knew about insomnia | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-insomnia
    At nighttime when its time for bed and the lights are turned off, most people drift into their dreams. But for millions in the U.S., the night is anything but restful. Its a long, restless stress of tossing, turning and checking the clockon repeat. Whether it is due to constant connectivity, economic stress or digital overload, more people are finding themselves wide awake when they should be sound asleep. This lack of sleep has led to insomnia, which is the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep. […] About one-third of adults experience acute insomnia, which means they have bouts of sleep loss that last a few days at a time. But one in 10 suffer from chronic insomnia, which lasts for more than three nights a week for three or more months. Chronic insomnia can lead to increased risk of depression, anxiety, substance abuse and motor vehicle accidents. Over time, this lack of sleep can contribute to health problems such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
  • #2 Can’t Sleep? This Therapy Is Often Better for Insomnia Than Medication – The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/28/well/mind/insomnia-cognitive-behavioral-therapy.html
    About one in four adults in the United States develops symptoms of insomnia each year. […] But one in 10 adults is estimated to have chronic insomnia, which means difficulty falling or staying asleep at least three times a week for three months or longer. […] Fortunately, there is a well-studied and proven treatment for insomnia that generally works in eight sessions or less: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, or C.B.T.-I. […] Studies have found that C.B.T.-I. is as effective as using sleep medications in the short term and more effective in the long term. […] C.B.T.-I., on the other hand, is considered safe for adults of any age. It can even be adapted for use in children. […] C.B.T.-I. does use a series of treatments to target behaviors that are inhibiting sleep, like daytime naps or using digital devices before bed, and replaces them with more effective ones, like sticking to a consistent wake time.
  • #3 Insomnia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187829-treatment
    The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) guidelines state that the two primary goals of treatment are to improve sleep quality and to improve related daytime impairments. […] The AASM guidelines recommend psychological and behavioral interventions (including, but not limited to, cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT]) as effective in the treatment of chronic comorbid insomnia as well as primary insomnia. […] Strong evidence supports the use of nonpharmacologic interventions (eg, CBT) for insomnia. […] CBT is now considered the most appropriate treatment for patients with primary insomnia. […] If the patient has a psychiatric disorder, the disorder should be treated. […] Even when comorbid causes of insomnia (ie, medical, psychiatric) are treated, however, variable degrees of insomnia persist that require additional interventions. These patients can benefit from CBT and a short course of a sedative-hypnotic or melatonin receptor agonist.
  • #4 Treatment for Insomnia: Our Guide to Improving Restless Nights
    https://sleepdoctor.com/insomnia/treatment-for-insomnia
    Many people may experience a night of poor sleep from time to time, but people who have the sleep disorder insomnia frequently have difficulty sleeping. […] Approximately five million people in the United States visit the doctor each year for help with their insomnia. Fortunately, there are a number of effective treatments for this sleep disorder. Learning more about these treatments can help people with this condition make informed decisions to improve their sleep. […] The goals of insomnia treatment are to improve a person’s quality of sleep, increase the total time spent sleeping, and improve daytime functioning. Appropriate treatment for insomnia depends on how much distress the symptoms cause. Treatment is also based on whether the disorder is short-term or chronic. […] Treatment for chronic insomnia typically begins with behavioral therapy and then sleep medication as needed.
  • #5 ACP Recommends Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as Initial Treatment forChronic Insomnia | ACP Online
    https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/acp-recommends-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-as-initial-treatment-forchronic-insomnia
    CBT-I should be the first-line treatment for adults with chronic insomnia, the American College of Physicians (ACP) recommends in a new evidence-based clinical practice guideline published today in Annals of Internal Medicine. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is an effective treatment and can be initiated in a primary care setting, said ACP President Wayne J. Riley, MD, MPH, MBA, MACP. […] CBT-I consists of a combination of treatments that include cognitive therapy around sleep, behavioral interventions such as sleep restriction and stimulus control, and education such as sleep hygiene (habits for a good nights sleep). […] If CBT-I alone is unsuccessful, ACP recommends that doctors use a shared-decision making approach with their patients to decide whether drug therapy should be added to treatment.
  • #6 Insomnia management
    https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/april/insomnia-management
    Insomnia is a common condition affecting individuals of various ages that can be addressed using a range of validated treatments. […] The aim of this review is to outline current treatment approaches for insomnia disorder. […] Current guidelines suggest cognitive behavioural therapy is the first-line treatment for insomnia. This may be complemented with short-term pharmacological intervention. […] Both pharmacologic and psychological interventions are indicated for the treatment of insomnia disorder; however, selecting the right treatment is dependent on the chronicity of symptoms, with medical and psychiatric factors taken into account. […] The Australasian Sleep Association (ASA), American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American College of Physicians and European Sleep Research Society all recommend cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) as the first-line treatment for patients with insomnia disorder.
  • #7 Insomnia treatment: Cognitive behavioral therapy instead of sleeping pills
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/in-depth/insomnia-treatment/art-20046677
    Unlike sleep medicines, CBT addresses what’s causing your insomnia rather than just relieving symptoms. But it takes time and effort to make it work. […] CBT can benefit nearly anyone with sleep problems. It can help people who have insomnia due to lifestyle habits, medical issues, physical problems or mental health conditions. The positive effects of CBT seem to last, and there is no evidence that CBT has harmful side effects.
  • #8 Insomnia – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia/treatment
    CBT-I is a 6- to 8-week treatment plan to help you learn how to fall asleep faster and stay asleep longer. This is usually recommended as the first treatment option for long-term insomnia and can be very effective. […] Your healthcare provider may recommend that you use light therapy to set and maintain your sleep-wake cycle. With this treatment, you plan time each day to sit in front of a light box, which produces bright light similar to sunlight.
  • #9 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): A Primer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10002474/
    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is a multi-component treatment for insomnia that targets difficulties with initiating and/or maintaining sleep and is delivered over the course of six to eight sessions. […] The primary focus of CBT-I is to address the perpetuating factors (according to the three-factor model of insomnia) that contribute to the development of chronic insomnia. […] This intervention is typically comprised of two core components: Sleep Restriction Therapy (SRT) and Stimulus Control Therapy (SCT); and two adjunctive components: Sleep Hygiene (SH) and Cognitive Therapy (CT). […] The primary goal of SRT is to address this mismatch by limiting sleep opportunity to the person’s average sleep ability. […] SCT is based on behavioral principles and the idea that one stimulus may lead to a variety of responses, depending on the conditioning history.
  • #10 Trouble sleeping? This therapy can help with insomnia | Well actually | The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/wellness/2024/sep/23/cbt-i-sleep-therapy
    CBT-I, a form of CBT, is a successful treatment for insomnia. […] Data supporting the effectiveness of CBT-I has been around for about 30 years, Posner explains, but only now is it finally starting to come onto the radar. […] CBT-I targets difficulties related to initiating and maintaining sleep. It combines cognitive therapy, behavioral interventions and educational interventions. […] Data from multiple controlled clinical trials suggests that 70% to 80% of people with chronic insomnia who try CBT-I end up with improved sleep. Research also suggests these gains last. […] Studies show that CBT-I is a promising treatment for insomnia that’s co-morbid with other conditions, like chronic pain and anxiety. […] CBT-I is a highly regarded treatment. It’s recommended by the American College of Physicians (ACP) and the US Department of Veterans Affairs as the first-line therapy for chronic insomnia.
  • #11 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) | Sleep Health Foundation
    https://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-insomnia-cbt-i
    CBT-I (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia) is a proven and recommended treatment for insomnia. […] Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is a way to help people with insomnia sleep better. It is a proven method that works well and lasts a long time CBT-I has been recommended as a best first treatment by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and the American College of Physicians. […] CBT-I can help people fall asleep faster and wake up less during the night. This means they spend more time sleeping while in bed, which is called sleep efficiency. CBT-I has been shown to improve insomnia symptoms in up to 80% for people with this problem, and 90% of them also reduce or stop using sleep medications. […] While CBT-I is very good a helping with insomnia, it doesnt always make sleep better right away because changing habits and learning new skills takes time.
  • #12 Insomnia management
    https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/april/insomnia-management
    Patients presenting with acute symptoms of insomnia may benefit from short-term medication in concert with sleep hygiene education. […] CBT-I refers to a range of evidence-based techniques packaged into a multiple-session treatment that includes behavioural and cognitive strategies. […] Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) shows unequivocally that CBT-I reduces sleep onset latency and nocturnal arousals while improving sleep efficiency, with effect sizes comparable in magnitude to hypnotics such as benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines. […] Unlike hypnotics, improvements in sleep following CBT-I are maintained after treatment cessation for up to three years. […] Stand-alone CBT-I is safe and well tolerated by a large number of clinical populations. […] The ASA now recommends that CBT-I should be used whenever possible, and medications should be limited to the lowest necessary dose and shortest necessary duration.
  • #13 Can’t Sleep? This Therapy Is Often Better for Insomnia Than Medication – The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/28/well/mind/insomnia-cognitive-behavioral-therapy.html
    About one in four adults in the United States develops symptoms of insomnia each year. […] But one in 10 adults is estimated to have chronic insomnia, which means difficulty falling or staying asleep at least three times a week for three months or longer. […] Fortunately, there is a well-studied and proven treatment for insomnia that generally works in eight sessions or less: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, or C.B.T.-I. […] Studies have found that C.B.T.-I. is as effective as using sleep medications in the short term and more effective in the long term. […] C.B.T.-I., on the other hand, is considered safe for adults of any age. It can even be adapted for use in children. […] C.B.T.-I. does use a series of treatments to target behaviors that are inhibiting sleep, like daytime naps or using digital devices before bed, and replaces them with more effective ones, like sticking to a consistent wake time.
  • #14 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): A Primer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10002474/
    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is a multi-component treatment for insomnia that targets difficulties with initiating and/or maintaining sleep and is delivered over the course of six to eight sessions. […] The primary focus of CBT-I is to address the perpetuating factors (according to the three-factor model of insomnia) that contribute to the development of chronic insomnia. […] This intervention is typically comprised of two core components: Sleep Restriction Therapy (SRT) and Stimulus Control Therapy (SCT); and two adjunctive components: Sleep Hygiene (SH) and Cognitive Therapy (CT). […] The primary goal of SRT is to address this mismatch by limiting sleep opportunity to the person’s average sleep ability. […] SCT is based on behavioral principles and the idea that one stimulus may lead to a variety of responses, depending on the conditioning history.
  • #15
    https://www.racgp.org.au/clinical-resources/clinical-guidelines/handi/handi-interventions/cogntive-and-behavioural-therapies/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-chronic-insomnia
    CBT is as effective as hypnotics but with better long-term effectiveness and fewer side-effects such as dependence and tolerance over time. […] There are five key components of CBT-i. […] Aims to identify, challenge and replace dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep and insomnia. […] Behavioural instructions aimed at strengthening the association between bed and sleep and preventing conditioning of the patient to associate bed with other stimulating activities. […] Behavioural instructions to limit time in bed to match perceived sleep duration in order to increase sleep drive and further reduce time awake in bed. […] General recommendations relating to environmental factors, physiologic factors, behaviour and habits that promote sound sleep. […] Any relaxation technique that the patient finds effective can be used to limit cognitive arousal and reduce muscular tension to facilitate sleep.
  • #16 Trouble sleeping? This therapy can help with insomnia | Well actually | The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/wellness/2024/sep/23/cbt-i-sleep-therapy
    CBT-I, a form of CBT, is a successful treatment for insomnia. […] Data supporting the effectiveness of CBT-I has been around for about 30 years, Posner explains, but only now is it finally starting to come onto the radar. […] CBT-I targets difficulties related to initiating and maintaining sleep. It combines cognitive therapy, behavioral interventions and educational interventions. […] Data from multiple controlled clinical trials suggests that 70% to 80% of people with chronic insomnia who try CBT-I end up with improved sleep. Research also suggests these gains last. […] Studies show that CBT-I is a promising treatment for insomnia that’s co-morbid with other conditions, like chronic pain and anxiety. […] CBT-I is a highly regarded treatment. It’s recommended by the American College of Physicians (ACP) and the US Department of Veterans Affairs as the first-line therapy for chronic insomnia.
  • #17 Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_for_insomnia
    Relaxation training is a collection of practices that can help people to relax throughout the day and, particularly, close to bedtime. […] Cognitive therapy within CBT-I is not synonymous with versions of cognitive behavioral therapy that are not targeted at insomnia. […] Paradoxical intention is a treatment method that involves telling the patient to do the exact opposite of what they have been doing in bed: They should stay awake and avoid falling asleep. […] CBT-I can be indicated for both primary and secondary insomnia. […] CBT-I has been shown to be an effective treatment in these cases as it may improve sleep quality, mood, overall quality of life and lessen fatigue. […] CBT-I is also a viable insomnia treatment option for survivors. […] In studies examining sufferers of chronic pain induced insomnia via hyperarousal, CBT-I has been shown to improve sleep continuity and reduce impairment in daily functioning. […] CBT-I is effective in geriatric patients with insomnia as well. […] Some therapies can be applied as complementary or as an alternative to CBT-I. […] Biofeedback is an effective treatment for insomnia and is listed in the American Academy of Sleep Medicine treatment guidelines.
  • #18 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – Sleep Education by AASM
    https://sleepeducation.org/patients/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/
    Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps you change actions or thoughts that can keep you from sleeping well. It helps you develop habits that promote a healthy pattern of sleep. CBT is most often used to treat insomnia. Talk to your medical provider or a sleep doctor to see if one of these methods might improve your sleep. […] This method teaches you to use the bed only for sleep and for sex. You are not to read, watch TV, or do anything else in bed. […] This method sets strict limits on the time you spend in bed. […] Relaxation training teaches you how to relax both your mind and your body. This helps you to reduce any anxiety or tension that keeps you awake in bed. […] These methods are used to help you identify attitudes and beliefs that hinder your sleep. […] This method of therapy is used to correct things you do on a regular basis that disturb your sleep. Sleep hygiene consists of basic habits and tips that help you develop a pattern of healthy sleep. […] CBT is not a quick fix. It requires steady practice over time and lots of patience. Frustration may arise if you expect dramatic results right away.
  • #19 Insomnia in older adults: A review of treatment options | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/92/1/43
    The two therapies combined can improve some parameters, such as subjective sleep efficiency, but pharmacotherapy overall is not superior to CBTI alone. […] CBTI addresses maladaptive behaviors and cognitions that perpetuate insomnia. […] It incorporates psychoeducation, sleep hygiene, stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation training, and cognitive therapy techniques, such as cognitive restructuring. […] A course of CBTI generally takes 6 to 10 sessions delivered weekly or biweekly. […] Sleep hygiene can promote healthy sleep. […] Interventions include no alcohol or caffeine before bed, no clock watching while in bed, no daytime naps, going to bed and getting up at the same time each day, and ensuring a room environment that promotes sleep. […] Sleep restriction is a means of increasing sleep efficiency.
  • #20 What Is Sleep Restriction Therapy? Who Should Use It?
    https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sleep/sleep-restriction-therapy
    Sleep restriction therapy is one type of treatment for insomnia. It aims to improve a persons quality of sleep by consolidating how much time theyre spending in bed. […] Sleep restriction therapy is a type of behavioral treatment that aims to ease symptoms of insomnia. […] Sleep restriction therapy restricts how much time a person is in bed to make their sleep time more efficient and hopefully more restorative. The goal isnt to reduce how much sleep youre getting. Instead, its to restrict it and condense it so that youre only in bed as long as needed for sleep. […] SRT can be used alone as a treatment for insomnia, but its often combined with cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia (CBTI). […] SRT is a first line of treatment for insomnia. But its useful for treating other conditions, too.
  • #21 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): A Primer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10002474/
    Educating patients about SH promotes better sleep practices by providing information about behaviors that influence sleep. […] The primary goal of CT is to help patients develop realistic sleep expectations by identifying dysfunctional thoughts about sleep that perpetuate insomnia or contribute to pre-sleep arousal. […] CBT-I typically begins with a 60-90-minute pre-treatment session, during which the therapist collects clinical information from the patient regarding the presenting sleep concerns. […] Prior to treatment termination, relapse prevention strategies are discussed. […] While the effects of insomnia can be significant for all, some research suggests that insomnia disproportionately affects those who are already socially and/or economically disadvantaged, including racial/ethnic minorities.
  • #22 Trouble sleeping? This therapy can help with insomnia | Well actually | The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/wellness/2024/sep/23/cbt-i-sleep-therapy
    Perlis co-authored a 2012 review of five studies comparing CBT-I with prescription and non-prescription medications, which concluded that CBT-I is as effective as medications for treating insomnia and its effects possibly more durable. […] You should speak with a medical professional if you’re concerned about your sleep. […] Proper CBT-I requires SRT and SCT. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommends that people who can’t access CBT-I delivered by a therapist try it through an app while they wait for an appointment.
  • #23 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – Sleep Education by AASM
    https://sleepeducation.org/patients/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/
    Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps you change actions or thoughts that can keep you from sleeping well. It helps you develop habits that promote a healthy pattern of sleep. CBT is most often used to treat insomnia. Talk to your medical provider or a sleep doctor to see if one of these methods might improve your sleep. […] This method teaches you to use the bed only for sleep and for sex. You are not to read, watch TV, or do anything else in bed. […] This method sets strict limits on the time you spend in bed. […] Relaxation training teaches you how to relax both your mind and your body. This helps you to reduce any anxiety or tension that keeps you awake in bed. […] These methods are used to help you identify attitudes and beliefs that hinder your sleep. […] This method of therapy is used to correct things you do on a regular basis that disturb your sleep. Sleep hygiene consists of basic habits and tips that help you develop a pattern of healthy sleep. […] CBT is not a quick fix. It requires steady practice over time and lots of patience. Frustration may arise if you expect dramatic results right away.
  • #24 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): A Primer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10002474/
    In addition to the key components of CBT-I, additional interventions, such as nighttime grounding/relaxation, deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or mindfulness meditation, may be beneficial components as well. […] Lack of treatment response can often be explained by participant non-adherence. […] The evidence is clear: CBT-I works. […] There is an overwhelming preponderance of evidence that CBT-I is an efficacious treatment for chronic insomnia. […] The American College of Physicians has recently recommended that CBT-I be considered the first line treatment for chronic insomnia.
  • #25 UCLA Insomnia Clinic – Psychiatry | UCLA Health
    https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/psychiatry/adult/ucla-insomnia-clinic
    The UCLA Insomnia Clinic provides behavioral treatments for insomnia that do not involve medications. […] Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I), a behavioral treatment, is the first-line treatment as recommended by the American College of Physicians with proven short- and long-term efficacy. […] Additionally, we have studied Mindfulness-Based Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (MBBT-I), and our research shows that this behavioral treatment is also efficacious with a good patient acceptability. […] Our clinic provides: Initial evaluation by a physician with expertise in insomnia and psychiatric disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) by a psychotherapist, Mindfulness-Based Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (MBBT-I) by a psychotherapist.
  • #26 Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
    https://aasm.org/digital-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-insomnia-platforms-and-characteristics/
    The AASM recommends clinicians use cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) as first-line treatment for chronic insomnia in adults. […] While CBT-I delivery can vary by type, both individual/group on-site delivery and telehealth CBT-I have shown greater therapeutic effects than guided and unguided internet CBT-I. […] When CBT-I access at sleep centers is limited (e.g., no on-site or local CBT-I resource, extended wait list), administration of digital CBT-I (dCBT-I) through websites and downloadable applications (apps) followed by therapist-delivered CBT-I is suggested. […] Evidence-based, comprehensive dCBT-I programs employ combinations of sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control, relaxation therapy/mindfulness, and cognitive therapy over several weeks. […] Limitations that providers should be familiar with include that nearly all current dCBT-I are in English and exclude: (1) children (except Night Owl and Sleep Easy); (2) patients with moderate to severe depression, bipolar disease, schizophrenia or who are pregnant (except Sleepio); (3) shift workers.
  • #27 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) | Sleep Health Foundation
    https://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-insomnia-cbt-i
    Trained psychologists can provide CBT-I in person and through telehealth. […] Because there are more people needing CBT-I than there are trained professionals, other ways to get CBT-I have been developed. […] Several evidence-based digital CBT-I programs have been created that offer low-cost online support. […] A group setting has many benefits, like lower treatment costs and the chance for people to share and learn from each other about their insomnia.
  • #28 Insomnia in older adults: A review of treatment options | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/92/1/43
    The two therapies combined can improve some parameters, such as subjective sleep efficiency, but pharmacotherapy overall is not superior to CBTI alone. […] CBTI addresses maladaptive behaviors and cognitions that perpetuate insomnia. […] It incorporates psychoeducation, sleep hygiene, stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation training, and cognitive therapy techniques, such as cognitive restructuring. […] A course of CBTI generally takes 6 to 10 sessions delivered weekly or biweekly. […] Sleep hygiene can promote healthy sleep. […] Interventions include no alcohol or caffeine before bed, no clock watching while in bed, no daytime naps, going to bed and getting up at the same time each day, and ensuring a room environment that promotes sleep. […] Sleep restriction is a means of increasing sleep efficiency.
  • #29 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) | Sleep Health Foundation
    https://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-insomnia-cbt-i
    Trained psychologists can provide CBT-I in person and through telehealth. […] Because there are more people needing CBT-I than there are trained professionals, other ways to get CBT-I have been developed. […] Several evidence-based digital CBT-I programs have been created that offer low-cost online support. […] A group setting has many benefits, like lower treatment costs and the chance for people to share and learn from each other about their insomnia.
  • #30 Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia by telemedicine: Is it as good as in-person treatment? – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-insomnia-by-telemedicine-is-it-as-good-as-in-person-treatment-202106152488
    Chronic insomnia, characterized by dissatisfaction in sleep quality or duration, is a common health problem affecting an estimated 10% to 15% of US adults. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, or CBTi, is considered first-line treatment for insomnia. CBTi may also include relaxation strategies and mindfulness techniques. CBTi is traditionally delivered in person. However, with the rapid shift to telemedicine during the global pandemic, CBTi is now commonly delivered remotely. […] At two different time points at the completion of CBTi and at three months CBTi delivered by telemedicine was not inferior to (or no worse than) CBTi delivered in person. […] This suggests that we have some evidence that CBTi delivered by telemedicine works, and the expected response is not reduced compared to CBTi delivered in person. CBTi is an effective and safe treatment for insomnia, and by eliminating travel time and geographic distance between practitioner and patient, CBTi can become more accessible.
  • #31 Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
    https://aasm.org/digital-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-insomnia-platforms-and-characteristics/
    The AASM recommends clinicians use cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) as first-line treatment for chronic insomnia in adults. […] While CBT-I delivery can vary by type, both individual/group on-site delivery and telehealth CBT-I have shown greater therapeutic effects than guided and unguided internet CBT-I. […] When CBT-I access at sleep centers is limited (e.g., no on-site or local CBT-I resource, extended wait list), administration of digital CBT-I (dCBT-I) through websites and downloadable applications (apps) followed by therapist-delivered CBT-I is suggested. […] Evidence-based, comprehensive dCBT-I programs employ combinations of sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, stimulus control, relaxation therapy/mindfulness, and cognitive therapy over several weeks. […] Limitations that providers should be familiar with include that nearly all current dCBT-I are in English and exclude: (1) children (except Night Owl and Sleep Easy); (2) patients with moderate to severe depression, bipolar disease, schizophrenia or who are pregnant (except Sleepio); (3) shift workers.
  • #32 Can’t Sleep? This Therapy Is Often Better for Insomnia Than Medication – The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/28/well/mind/insomnia-cognitive-behavioral-therapy.html
    C.B.T.-I. teaches people different ways to relax, like deep breathing and mindfulness meditation, and helps patients develop realistic expectations about their sleep habits. […] C.B.T.-I. leads to more consolidated sleep and shorter time to fall asleep which is a major gain for many. […] A review of clinical trials found that self-directed online C.B.T.-I. programs were just as effective as face-to-face C.B.T.-I. counseling. […] You can also check out Insomnia Coach, a free app created by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs that can be used by anyone.
  • #33 Treatment for Insomnia: Our Guide to Improving Restless Nights
    https://sleepdoctor.com/insomnia/treatment-for-insomnia
    Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is often the best first treatment for chronic insomnia. […] Sometimes, a scaled-down version of cognitive-behavioral therapy, called brief behavioral treatment for insomnia (BBTI), is used to change mindsets and behaviors that affect sleep. […] Sleep hygiene is the practice of habits that promote better-quality sleep. People with insomnia may practice sleep hygiene by itself or as part of CBT-I. […] Sleep aids, such as prescription and over-the-counter medications, can help some people manage their insomnia. […] Prescription sleep medications may be used in some acute cases of insomnia or in chronic cases of insomnia if first-line treatments such as CBT-I are not effective. […] Other prescription medications, such as certain antidepressants, are sometimes prescribed for insomnia, but these are not appropriate for everyone.
  • #34 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): A Primer
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10002474/
    In addition to the key components of CBT-I, additional interventions, such as nighttime grounding/relaxation, deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or mindfulness meditation, may be beneficial components as well. […] Lack of treatment response can often be explained by participant non-adherence. […] The evidence is clear: CBT-I works. […] There is an overwhelming preponderance of evidence that CBT-I is an efficacious treatment for chronic insomnia. […] The American College of Physicians has recently recommended that CBT-I be considered the first line treatment for chronic insomnia.
  • #35 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – Sleep Education by AASM
    https://sleepeducation.org/patients/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/
    Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps you change actions or thoughts that can keep you from sleeping well. It helps you develop habits that promote a healthy pattern of sleep. CBT is most often used to treat insomnia. Talk to your medical provider or a sleep doctor to see if one of these methods might improve your sleep. […] This method teaches you to use the bed only for sleep and for sex. You are not to read, watch TV, or do anything else in bed. […] This method sets strict limits on the time you spend in bed. […] Relaxation training teaches you how to relax both your mind and your body. This helps you to reduce any anxiety or tension that keeps you awake in bed. […] These methods are used to help you identify attitudes and beliefs that hinder your sleep. […] This method of therapy is used to correct things you do on a regular basis that disturb your sleep. Sleep hygiene consists of basic habits and tips that help you develop a pattern of healthy sleep. […] CBT is not a quick fix. It requires steady practice over time and lots of patience. Frustration may arise if you expect dramatic results right away.
  • #36 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) | Sleep Health Foundation
    https://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/sleep-disorders/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-insomnia-cbt-i
    CBT-I (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia) is a proven and recommended treatment for insomnia. […] Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is a way to help people with insomnia sleep better. It is a proven method that works well and lasts a long time CBT-I has been recommended as a best first treatment by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and the American College of Physicians. […] CBT-I can help people fall asleep faster and wake up less during the night. This means they spend more time sleeping while in bed, which is called sleep efficiency. CBT-I has been shown to improve insomnia symptoms in up to 80% for people with this problem, and 90% of them also reduce or stop using sleep medications. […] While CBT-I is very good a helping with insomnia, it doesnt always make sleep better right away because changing habits and learning new skills takes time.
  • #37 Patient education: Insomnia treatments (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/insomnia-treatments-beyond-the-basics/print
    CBT-I involves working with a trained clinician over several weeks to identify and address factors that contribute to insomnia and correct habits that are harmful to sleep. […] If cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is not sufficient and your insomnia interferes with your ability to function during the daytime, your health care provider may suggest trying a medication. […] For people with chronic (long-term) insomnia, medication is typically used in addition to (rather than in place of) CBT-I, and the treatment approach should also involve identifying and addressing any related health issues and other sleep disorders that may contribute to insomnia. […] The main categories of medication that are approved for the treatment of insomnia are: Benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs), Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), Histamine receptor antagonists, Melatonin receptor agonists.
  • #38 Insomnia management
    https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/april/insomnia-management
    However, the ASA acknowledges that pharmacological intervention is necessary in some circumstances. […] Short-term insomnia may respond to sleep medication with sleep hygiene; however, patients with persistent symptoms lasting 3 months will likely benefit from a multifaceted treatment approach that involves CBT-I as well as treatment of comorbid medical and psychiatric factors. […] Overwhelming evidence from multiple clinical trials now indicates that insomnia disorder is best treated using CBT-I, though this may be complemented with pharmacologic intervention. […] CBT-I may also be used to help with sleep medication cessation. […] Effective insomnia treatment requires a multidisciplinary team that is centred on the patients preference and personal goals.
  • #39 New treatments to put insomnia to bed
    https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00963-x
    Pharmacological interventions are the next line of defence, Krystal says. Benzodiazepines and a class of medicines called Z-drugs, which include zolpidem (Ambien), are among the most prescribed insomnia medications. […] The beauty of it is it does nothing but block the stimulation of wakefulness, says neurologist Joe Herring, who heads neuroscience clinical research at Merck in Rahway, New Jersey. Its a physiologically better way to promote sleep. […] The main drawback to DORA drugs, Buysse says, is not medical but financial: their high cost keeps them out of reach of many people who could benefit from them. […] Other drugs that target the orexin system are in the clinical pipeline. […] Investigations of already-approved DORA drugs are also expanding into other populations. […] In 2020, suvorexant became the first medication to be approved for treating sleep disorders in people with Alzheimers disease.
  • #40 Insomnia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187829-treatment
    A longitudinal study found that acupressure treatment can improve insomnia, with effects lasting after the end of intervention. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults recommends the following medications: Suvorexant, Eszopiclone, Zaleplon, Zolpidem, Triazolam, Temazepam, Ramelteon, Doxepin. […] Sedative-hypnotic medications do not usually cure insomnia, but they can provide symptomatic relief as sole therapy or as an adjunct with CBT. […] Long-term hypnotic pharmacotherapy may be necessary in patients with severe or treatment-resistant insomnia or chronic comorbid disorders, but follow-up must include regular assessment of necessity, efficacy, and adverse effects. […] In elderly patients, hypnotics should be prescribed cautiously and in lower doses than for younger patients.
  • #41 Treatment Options for Insomnia | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0815/p517.html
    Exercise, cognitive behavior therapy, and relaxation therapy are recommended as effective, nonpharmacologic treatments for chronic insomnia. […] Good evidence supports a benefit for relaxation therapy and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) that may be sustained over six to 24 months. […] Hypnotics are recommended when immediate symptom response is desired, when insomnia produces serious impairment, when nonpharmacologic measures do not produce the desired improvement, or when insomnia persists after treatment of an underlying medical condition. […] Many herbs and dietary supplements (e.g., valerian root, melatonin, lavender, passionflower, kava, St. John’s wort, glutamine, niacin, and l-tryptophan) have been promoted as sleep aids. There is insufficient evidence of benefit except for melatonin and valerian. Melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland that is involved in sleep regulation, improves insomnia caused by circadian schedule changes (e.g., jet lag, shift work). […] Benzodiazepines are most useful for short-term treatment; however, long-term use may lead to adverse effects and withdrawal phenomena. […] Because tolerance and dependence occur with prolonged use, benzodiazepines are most useful for the short-term treatment of insomnia.
  • #42 Insomnia in older adults: A review of treatment options | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/92/1/43
    Many medications used to treat insomnia do not have regulatory approval and have little evidence to support their use. […] Doxepin, melatonin enhancers, and dual orexin receptor antagonists may be relatively safe alternatives to benzodiazepines and Z-drugs (zaleplon, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and others) and have evidence to support their use in older adults. […] CBTI is recognized as the gold standard and first-line treatment for insomnia in young as well as aging patients. […] It has established efficacy, safety, and durability compared with pharmacologic treatments. […] Studies have shown a mean effect size with CBTI of 0.96 compared with 0.87 for pharmacotherapy. […] These results suggest a similar efficacy between treatments in the short term, but CBTI seems to have longer-lasting effects.
  • #43 Treatment Options for Insomnia | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0815/p517.html
    A more recent article on treatment of chronic insomnia is available. The frequency of sleep disruption and the degree to which insomnia significantly affects daytime function determine the need for evaluation and treatment. Treatment should begin with nonpharmacologic therapy, addressing sleep hygiene issues and exercise. There is good evidence supporting the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy. Exercise improves sleep as effectively as benzodiazepines in some studies and, given its other health benefits, is recommended for patients with insomnia. Hypnotics generally should be prescribed for short periods only, with the frequency and duration of use customized to each patient’s circumstances. Routine use of over-the-counter drugs containing antihistamines should be discouraged. The better safety profile of the newer-generation non-benzodiazepines (i.e., zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone, and ramelteon) makes them better first-line choices for long-term treatment of chronic insomnia.
  • #44 ACP Recommends Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as Initial Treatment forChronic Insomnia | ACP Online
    https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/acp-recommends-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-as-initial-treatment-forchronic-insomnia
    Medications should ideally be used for no longer than four to five weeks while the skills learned in CBT-I can manage insomnia over the longer term, Dr. Riley said. […] Chronic insomnia is diagnosed when symptoms cause clinically significant functional distress or impairment, are present for at least three nights per week for at least three months, and are not linked to other sleep, medical, or mental disorders. […] ACP developed the guideline to present the evidence and provide clinical recommendations on the management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults.
  • #45 New treatments to put insomnia to bed
    https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00963-x
    Pharmacological interventions are the next line of defence, Krystal says. Benzodiazepines and a class of medicines called Z-drugs, which include zolpidem (Ambien), are among the most prescribed insomnia medications. […] The beauty of it is it does nothing but block the stimulation of wakefulness, says neurologist Joe Herring, who heads neuroscience clinical research at Merck in Rahway, New Jersey. Its a physiologically better way to promote sleep. […] The main drawback to DORA drugs, Buysse says, is not medical but financial: their high cost keeps them out of reach of many people who could benefit from them. […] Other drugs that target the orexin system are in the clinical pipeline. […] Investigations of already-approved DORA drugs are also expanding into other populations. […] In 2020, suvorexant became the first medication to be approved for treating sleep disorders in people with Alzheimers disease.
  • #46 New treatments to put insomnia to bed
    https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00963-x
    Pharmacological interventions are the next line of defence, Krystal says. Benzodiazepines and a class of medicines called Z-drugs, which include zolpidem (Ambien), are among the most prescribed insomnia medications. […] The beauty of it is it does nothing but block the stimulation of wakefulness, says neurologist Joe Herring, who heads neuroscience clinical research at Merck in Rahway, New Jersey. Its a physiologically better way to promote sleep. […] The main drawback to DORA drugs, Buysse says, is not medical but financial: their high cost keeps them out of reach of many people who could benefit from them. […] Other drugs that target the orexin system are in the clinical pipeline. […] Investigations of already-approved DORA drugs are also expanding into other populations. […] In 2020, suvorexant became the first medication to be approved for treating sleep disorders in people with Alzheimers disease.
  • #47 Insomnia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187829-treatment
    A longitudinal study found that acupressure treatment can improve insomnia, with effects lasting after the end of intervention. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults recommends the following medications: Suvorexant, Eszopiclone, Zaleplon, Zolpidem, Triazolam, Temazepam, Ramelteon, Doxepin. […] Sedative-hypnotic medications do not usually cure insomnia, but they can provide symptomatic relief as sole therapy or as an adjunct with CBT. […] Long-term hypnotic pharmacotherapy may be necessary in patients with severe or treatment-resistant insomnia or chronic comorbid disorders, but follow-up must include regular assessment of necessity, efficacy, and adverse effects. […] In elderly patients, hypnotics should be prescribed cautiously and in lower doses than for younger patients.
  • #48 New treatments to put insomnia to bed
    https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00963-x
    Pharmacological interventions are the next line of defence, Krystal says. Benzodiazepines and a class of medicines called Z-drugs, which include zolpidem (Ambien), are among the most prescribed insomnia medications. […] The beauty of it is it does nothing but block the stimulation of wakefulness, says neurologist Joe Herring, who heads neuroscience clinical research at Merck in Rahway, New Jersey. Its a physiologically better way to promote sleep. […] The main drawback to DORA drugs, Buysse says, is not medical but financial: their high cost keeps them out of reach of many people who could benefit from them. […] Other drugs that target the orexin system are in the clinical pipeline. […] Investigations of already-approved DORA drugs are also expanding into other populations. […] In 2020, suvorexant became the first medication to be approved for treating sleep disorders in people with Alzheimers disease.
  • #49 New treatments to put insomnia to bed
    https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00963-x
    Pharmacological interventions are the next line of defence, Krystal says. Benzodiazepines and a class of medicines called Z-drugs, which include zolpidem (Ambien), are among the most prescribed insomnia medications. […] The beauty of it is it does nothing but block the stimulation of wakefulness, says neurologist Joe Herring, who heads neuroscience clinical research at Merck in Rahway, New Jersey. Its a physiologically better way to promote sleep. […] The main drawback to DORA drugs, Buysse says, is not medical but financial: their high cost keeps them out of reach of many people who could benefit from them. […] Other drugs that target the orexin system are in the clinical pipeline. […] Investigations of already-approved DORA drugs are also expanding into other populations. […] In 2020, suvorexant became the first medication to be approved for treating sleep disorders in people with Alzheimers disease.
  • #50 Patient education: Insomnia treatments (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/insomnia-treatments-beyond-the-basics/print
    CBT-I involves working with a trained clinician over several weeks to identify and address factors that contribute to insomnia and correct habits that are harmful to sleep. […] If cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is not sufficient and your insomnia interferes with your ability to function during the daytime, your health care provider may suggest trying a medication. […] For people with chronic (long-term) insomnia, medication is typically used in addition to (rather than in place of) CBT-I, and the treatment approach should also involve identifying and addressing any related health issues and other sleep disorders that may contribute to insomnia. […] The main categories of medication that are approved for the treatment of insomnia are: Benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs), Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), Histamine receptor antagonists, Melatonin receptor agonists.
  • #51 Insomnia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187829-treatment
    A longitudinal study found that acupressure treatment can improve insomnia, with effects lasting after the end of intervention. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults recommends the following medications: Suvorexant, Eszopiclone, Zaleplon, Zolpidem, Triazolam, Temazepam, Ramelteon, Doxepin. […] Sedative-hypnotic medications do not usually cure insomnia, but they can provide symptomatic relief as sole therapy or as an adjunct with CBT. […] Long-term hypnotic pharmacotherapy may be necessary in patients with severe or treatment-resistant insomnia or chronic comorbid disorders, but follow-up must include regular assessment of necessity, efficacy, and adverse effects. […] In elderly patients, hypnotics should be prescribed cautiously and in lower doses than for younger patients.
  • #52 Treatment Options for Insomnia | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0815/p517.html
    Exercise, cognitive behavior therapy, and relaxation therapy are recommended as effective, nonpharmacologic treatments for chronic insomnia. […] Good evidence supports a benefit for relaxation therapy and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) that may be sustained over six to 24 months. […] Hypnotics are recommended when immediate symptom response is desired, when insomnia produces serious impairment, when nonpharmacologic measures do not produce the desired improvement, or when insomnia persists after treatment of an underlying medical condition. […] Many herbs and dietary supplements (e.g., valerian root, melatonin, lavender, passionflower, kava, St. John’s wort, glutamine, niacin, and l-tryptophan) have been promoted as sleep aids. There is insufficient evidence of benefit except for melatonin and valerian. Melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland that is involved in sleep regulation, improves insomnia caused by circadian schedule changes (e.g., jet lag, shift work). […] Benzodiazepines are most useful for short-term treatment; however, long-term use may lead to adverse effects and withdrawal phenomena. […] Because tolerance and dependence occur with prolonged use, benzodiazepines are most useful for the short-term treatment of insomnia.
  • #53 Treatments for Insomnia | Sleep Medicine
    https://sleep.hms.harvard.edu/education-training/public-education/sleep-and-health-education-program/sleep-health-education-66
    There are two major treatments of insomnia. The preferred treatment is through adopting behavioral strategies to improve sleep, in particular Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI). The other strategy is to use medications to improve sleep. […] Hypnotics, or sleep-inducing drugs, can be effective in treating insomnia. […] Studies show that CBTI and hypnotics are initially equally effective. […] Effects of CBTI are longer lasting. The changes in sleep go beyond the resolution or improvement of sleep. […] Hypnotics act quicker than CBTI. You take the pill, then you go to sleep. However, if you stop taking the medication, its effects can later diminish. […] Combination therapy of CBTI and hypnotics has not been shown to be better than CBTI alone. Studies also show that hypnotics do not appear to affect the response to CBTI. […] The best use of melatonin supplements is as a sleep aid for circadian rhythm problems rather than insomnia. Moreover, the AASM guidelines recommend against use of melatonin for insomnia.
  • #54 Insomnia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355173
    Sleep medicines available without a prescription contain antihistamines that can make you sleepy. These medicines are not for regular use. Talk to your doctor before you take these medicines, as antihistamines may cause side effects. Side effects may include daytime sleepiness, dizziness, confusion, problems with thinking and difficulty urinating. Side effects may be worse in older adults. […] Many people never visit their doctor or other health care provider for insomnia. They try to cope with sleeplessness on their own. […] The Food and Drug Administration does not order manufacturers of dietary supplements and sleep aids to show that they work and are safe. Talk with your doctor before taking any products available without a prescription. Some products can be harmful, and some can cause harm if you’re taking certain medicines.
  • #55 Insomnia Treatment | National Jewish Health
    https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/insomnia/treatment
    Over-the-counter medications for insomnia generally rely on antihistamines to sedate the brain. They may cause grogginess the next day, as well as constipation, confusion and even delirium, especially in older people. […] Several dietary supplements, including kava and valerian root, are said to help sleep, but there is little evidence to support the claims.
  • #56 Insomnia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187829-treatment
    A longitudinal study found that acupressure treatment can improve insomnia, with effects lasting after the end of intervention. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults recommends the following medications: Suvorexant, Eszopiclone, Zaleplon, Zolpidem, Triazolam, Temazepam, Ramelteon, Doxepin. […] Sedative-hypnotic medications do not usually cure insomnia, but they can provide symptomatic relief as sole therapy or as an adjunct with CBT. […] Long-term hypnotic pharmacotherapy may be necessary in patients with severe or treatment-resistant insomnia or chronic comorbid disorders, but follow-up must include regular assessment of necessity, efficacy, and adverse effects. […] In elderly patients, hypnotics should be prescribed cautiously and in lower doses than for younger patients.
  • #57 Insomnia | Penn State Health
    https://www.pennstatehealth.org/services-treatments/insomnia
    The Penn State Health Sleep Research and Treatment Center is one of only a handful of national institutions that offer Behavioral Sleep Medicine (BSM) treatment options. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia (CBT-I) is recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic insomnia by the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. […] The team at the Penn State Health Sleep Research and Treatment Center is here to help your insomnia. Our clinicians will work with you to find the right medication to help you fall asleep and stay asleep. Medications like hypnotics and sedatives are used to treat chronic insomnia including the so-called Z-drugs (Zolpidem, Zaleplon), benzodiazepines (Temazepam) or sedative antidepressants (Trazodone, Doxepin).
  • #58 How to Manage Treatment-Resistant Insomnia
    https://www.healthline.com/health/insomnia/treatment-resistant-insomnia
    If you live with treatment-resistant insomnia, it means first-line therapies were likely ineffective for treating your condition. Finding relief may require exploring new pharmaceutical options and less typical treatments. […] Lifestyle modifications, behavioral therapies, and medications are all used to treat this condition. When some of the first-line treatments don’t work for you, you may have treatment-resistant insomnia. […] There are many approaches to treating insomnia, and most experts suggest starting with cognitive behavioral therapy, if available. Then, if necessary, medications. […] Living with treatment-resistant insomnia doesn’t mean there is no hope for your symptoms. There are now many different medications available to treat insomnia, and it’s possible you simply haven’t found the right combination for your needs. […] In treatment-resistant insomnia, your doctor may consider adding unconventional medications or those used off-label to treat insomnia. […] If you’ve tried multiple insomnia treatments and your symptoms aren’t improving, a doctor can discuss alternative pharmaceutical and therapeutic options.
  • #59 Insomnia Treatment – Ohio Sleep Medicine Institute
    https://sleepmedicine.com/insomnia-treatment/
    Medications are typically used as a second measure and should be specifically tailored for each individual. The treatment of choice will depend on your specific health-related issues and should be directed to the underlying cause of your insomnia. For example, if depression or anxiety is the underlying cause of your insomnia, an antidepressant may be helpful. On the other hand, if heartburn or acid reflux disrupts your sleep, medications to treat acid reflux may be indicated. It is important to note that many medications can worsen or cause insomnia, such as antidepressants, stimulants, beta blockers or other heart medications, decongestants, etc. If your insomnia is caused or exacerbated by a medication you may benefit from switching to a different medication. […] If behavioral therapy and the treatment of other underlying medical conditions are not adequate to improve your insomnia, you may be prescribed a sedative-hypnotic and should be closely monitored by your provider. Side effects include a potential risk for drug tolerance and dependence as well as other health risks if combined with alcohol or if you have pre-existing obstructive sleep apnea.
  • #60 Overview of the treatment of insomnia in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-treatment-of-insomnia-in-adults
    Overview of the treatment of insomnia in adults […] Management of insomnia requires a stepwise approach, beginning with attempts to eliminate, or at least minimize, the multiple contributing factors and comorbid illnesses that can interfere with optimal sleep. […] Successful behavioral and pharmacologic approaches to insomnia should only be implemented once all contributing factors are recognized and attempts to address them are made. […] This topic is an overview of the approach to management of acute and chronic insomnia in adults. Specific medications and behavioral therapies for insomnia are reviewed in more detail separately. […] Insomnia etiology is best conceptualized as a combination of predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors that vary over time. Each of these factors should be assessed to formulate an individualized treatment plan. […] The sleep history should include an examination of the social, medical, and psychiatric events that may have been relevant at the time insomnia began.
  • #61 Patient education: Insomnia treatments (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/insomnia-treatments-beyond-the-basics/print
    CBT-I involves working with a trained clinician over several weeks to identify and address factors that contribute to insomnia and correct habits that are harmful to sleep. […] If cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is not sufficient and your insomnia interferes with your ability to function during the daytime, your health care provider may suggest trying a medication. […] For people with chronic (long-term) insomnia, medication is typically used in addition to (rather than in place of) CBT-I, and the treatment approach should also involve identifying and addressing any related health issues and other sleep disorders that may contribute to insomnia. […] The main categories of medication that are approved for the treatment of insomnia are: Benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs), Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), Histamine receptor antagonists, Melatonin receptor agonists.
  • #62 Treatments for Insomnia | Sleep Medicine
    https://sleep.hms.harvard.edu/education-training/public-education/sleep-and-health-education-program/sleep-health-education-66
    There are two major treatments of insomnia. The preferred treatment is through adopting behavioral strategies to improve sleep, in particular Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI). The other strategy is to use medications to improve sleep. […] Hypnotics, or sleep-inducing drugs, can be effective in treating insomnia. […] Studies show that CBTI and hypnotics are initially equally effective. […] Effects of CBTI are longer lasting. The changes in sleep go beyond the resolution or improvement of sleep. […] Hypnotics act quicker than CBTI. You take the pill, then you go to sleep. However, if you stop taking the medication, its effects can later diminish. […] Combination therapy of CBTI and hypnotics has not been shown to be better than CBTI alone. Studies also show that hypnotics do not appear to affect the response to CBTI. […] The best use of melatonin supplements is as a sleep aid for circadian rhythm problems rather than insomnia. Moreover, the AASM guidelines recommend against use of melatonin for insomnia.
  • #63 Insomnia in older adults: A review of treatment options | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/92/1/43
    The two therapies combined can improve some parameters, such as subjective sleep efficiency, but pharmacotherapy overall is not superior to CBTI alone. […] CBTI addresses maladaptive behaviors and cognitions that perpetuate insomnia. […] It incorporates psychoeducation, sleep hygiene, stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation training, and cognitive therapy techniques, such as cognitive restructuring. […] A course of CBTI generally takes 6 to 10 sessions delivered weekly or biweekly. […] Sleep hygiene can promote healthy sleep. […] Interventions include no alcohol or caffeine before bed, no clock watching while in bed, no daytime naps, going to bed and getting up at the same time each day, and ensuring a room environment that promotes sleep. […] Sleep restriction is a means of increasing sleep efficiency.
  • #64 Insomnia management
    https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/april/insomnia-management
    However, the ASA acknowledges that pharmacological intervention is necessary in some circumstances. […] Short-term insomnia may respond to sleep medication with sleep hygiene; however, patients with persistent symptoms lasting 3 months will likely benefit from a multifaceted treatment approach that involves CBT-I as well as treatment of comorbid medical and psychiatric factors. […] Overwhelming evidence from multiple clinical trials now indicates that insomnia disorder is best treated using CBT-I, though this may be complemented with pharmacologic intervention. […] CBT-I may also be used to help with sleep medication cessation. […] Effective insomnia treatment requires a multidisciplinary team that is centred on the patients preference and personal goals.
  • #65 Can’t Sleep? Insomnia Therapy Can Help – Nystrom & Associates
    https://www.nystromcounseling.com/our-services/insomnia-therapy/
    CBT-I has given me the tools I need to overcome my insomnia, get me off sleep medications entirely, and return to sleeping normally. […] The research finds that over-the-counter medications and homeopathic remedies arent very helpful for treating chronic insomnia. […] Yes! Research shows that this therapy is effective for numerous medical and mental health conditions. In fact, resolving insomnia often improves those conditions. […] Yes! You can start Insomnia Therapy whether youre on medication or not.
  • #66 What doctors wish patients knew about insomnia | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-insomnia
    When you work up someone who does have insomnia, there’s something called the three Ps of insomnia, said Dr. Almadhoun. There’s the predisposing, the precipitating and perpetuating factors for insomnia. […] An important thing to keep in mind is that insomnia can also be a symptom of another condition, said Dr. Rosen. […] People may have restless leg syndrome at night that may contribute to insomnia. They may have sleep apnea that can contribute to insomnia. They may have a nightmare disorder. They may have anxiety or depression, Dr. Almadhoun said, noting that people who do have depression typically have about a two to three times more likelihood of insomnia. […] Additionally, people who have insomnia also have an elevated risk for depression as well, he said. […] There are two big buckets of insomnia as a primary disorder, based on how long the symptoms have been around, said Dr. Rosen. You can have acute insomnia in the setting of a stressor such as the COVID-19 public health emergency or a death in the family.
  • #67 Insomnia Treatment – Ohio Sleep Medicine Institute
    https://sleepmedicine.com/insomnia-treatment/
    Medications are typically used as a second measure and should be specifically tailored for each individual. The treatment of choice will depend on your specific health-related issues and should be directed to the underlying cause of your insomnia. For example, if depression or anxiety is the underlying cause of your insomnia, an antidepressant may be helpful. On the other hand, if heartburn or acid reflux disrupts your sleep, medications to treat acid reflux may be indicated. It is important to note that many medications can worsen or cause insomnia, such as antidepressants, stimulants, beta blockers or other heart medications, decongestants, etc. If your insomnia is caused or exacerbated by a medication you may benefit from switching to a different medication. […] If behavioral therapy and the treatment of other underlying medical conditions are not adequate to improve your insomnia, you may be prescribed a sedative-hypnotic and should be closely monitored by your provider. Side effects include a potential risk for drug tolerance and dependence as well as other health risks if combined with alcohol or if you have pre-existing obstructive sleep apnea.
  • #68 Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_for_insomnia
    Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a therapy technique for treating insomnia without (or alongside) medications. CBT-I aims to improve sleep habits and behaviors by identifying and changing thoughts and behaviors that prevent a person from sleeping well. […] The first step in treating insomnia with CBT-I is to identify the underlying causes. […] After identifying the possible underlying causes and the factors contributing to insomnia, the person can begin taking steps toward getting better sleep. In CBT-I these steps include stimulus control, sleep hygiene, sleep restriction, relaxation training, and cognitive therapy. […] CBT-I is an effective form of treatment for traditional insomnia, as well as insomnia related to or caused by mood disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, cancer, and other conditions.
  • #69 Trouble sleeping? This therapy can help with insomnia | Well actually | The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/wellness/2024/sep/23/cbt-i-sleep-therapy
    CBT-I, a form of CBT, is a successful treatment for insomnia. […] Data supporting the effectiveness of CBT-I has been around for about 30 years, Posner explains, but only now is it finally starting to come onto the radar. […] CBT-I targets difficulties related to initiating and maintaining sleep. It combines cognitive therapy, behavioral interventions and educational interventions. […] Data from multiple controlled clinical trials suggests that 70% to 80% of people with chronic insomnia who try CBT-I end up with improved sleep. Research also suggests these gains last. […] Studies show that CBT-I is a promising treatment for insomnia that’s co-morbid with other conditions, like chronic pain and anxiety. […] CBT-I is a highly regarded treatment. It’s recommended by the American College of Physicians (ACP) and the US Department of Veterans Affairs as the first-line therapy for chronic insomnia.
  • #70 Treatment Options for Insomnia | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0815/p517.html
    Exercise, cognitive behavior therapy, and relaxation therapy are recommended as effective, nonpharmacologic treatments for chronic insomnia. […] Good evidence supports a benefit for relaxation therapy and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) that may be sustained over six to 24 months. […] Hypnotics are recommended when immediate symptom response is desired, when insomnia produces serious impairment, when nonpharmacologic measures do not produce the desired improvement, or when insomnia persists after treatment of an underlying medical condition. […] Many herbs and dietary supplements (e.g., valerian root, melatonin, lavender, passionflower, kava, St. John’s wort, glutamine, niacin, and l-tryptophan) have been promoted as sleep aids. There is insufficient evidence of benefit except for melatonin and valerian. Melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland that is involved in sleep regulation, improves insomnia caused by circadian schedule changes (e.g., jet lag, shift work). […] Benzodiazepines are most useful for short-term treatment; however, long-term use may lead to adverse effects and withdrawal phenomena. […] Because tolerance and dependence occur with prolonged use, benzodiazepines are most useful for the short-term treatment of insomnia.
  • #71 Insomnia Treatment | National Jewish Health
    https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/insomnia/treatment
    Over-the-counter medications for insomnia generally rely on antihistamines to sedate the brain. They may cause grogginess the next day, as well as constipation, confusion and even delirium, especially in older people. […] Several dietary supplements, including kava and valerian root, are said to help sleep, but there is little evidence to support the claims.
  • #72 New treatments to put insomnia to bed
    https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00963-x
    Miranda, for example, supplements her nightly pharmaceutical regimen with a cannabis tincture that contains a few of the plants 100-plus cannabinoids (she lives in a state where cannabis use is legal). […] McGregor is investigating cannabinol (CBN), a molecule that develops in cannabis as the psychoactive component tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) oxidizes. […] The search for more effective insomnia treatments continues in other realms, as well. […] A few companies and health systems, including the US Department of Veterans Affairs and the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, have also created or are developing digital platforms for delivering CBT-I. […] Some studies suggest that insomnia can stem from a high level of underlying brain activity during sleep. […] In the coming years, according to Benca, researchers hope to learn enough about insomnias causes and treatments to be able to recommend personalized therapies based on an individuals specific demographics, genetics and co-morbidities. […] Even after a lifetime of struggling to find safe and effective help, Miranda says that she still holds out hope that better treatments for insomnia are on the horizon.
  • #73 Insomnia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187829-treatment
    A longitudinal study found that acupressure treatment can improve insomnia, with effects lasting after the end of intervention. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults recommends the following medications: Suvorexant, Eszopiclone, Zaleplon, Zolpidem, Triazolam, Temazepam, Ramelteon, Doxepin. […] Sedative-hypnotic medications do not usually cure insomnia, but they can provide symptomatic relief as sole therapy or as an adjunct with CBT. […] Long-term hypnotic pharmacotherapy may be necessary in patients with severe or treatment-resistant insomnia or chronic comorbid disorders, but follow-up must include regular assessment of necessity, efficacy, and adverse effects. […] In elderly patients, hypnotics should be prescribed cautiously and in lower doses than for younger patients.
  • #74 Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_for_insomnia
    Relaxation training is a collection of practices that can help people to relax throughout the day and, particularly, close to bedtime. […] Cognitive therapy within CBT-I is not synonymous with versions of cognitive behavioral therapy that are not targeted at insomnia. […] Paradoxical intention is a treatment method that involves telling the patient to do the exact opposite of what they have been doing in bed: They should stay awake and avoid falling asleep. […] CBT-I can be indicated for both primary and secondary insomnia. […] CBT-I has been shown to be an effective treatment in these cases as it may improve sleep quality, mood, overall quality of life and lessen fatigue. […] CBT-I is also a viable insomnia treatment option for survivors. […] In studies examining sufferers of chronic pain induced insomnia via hyperarousal, CBT-I has been shown to improve sleep continuity and reduce impairment in daily functioning. […] CBT-I is effective in geriatric patients with insomnia as well. […] Some therapies can be applied as complementary or as an alternative to CBT-I. […] Biofeedback is an effective treatment for insomnia and is listed in the American Academy of Sleep Medicine treatment guidelines.
  • #75 Insomnia – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/insomnia/treatment
    CBT-I is a 6- to 8-week treatment plan to help you learn how to fall asleep faster and stay asleep longer. This is usually recommended as the first treatment option for long-term insomnia and can be very effective. […] Your healthcare provider may recommend that you use light therapy to set and maintain your sleep-wake cycle. With this treatment, you plan time each day to sit in front of a light box, which produces bright light similar to sunlight.
  • #76 Insomnia – causes, symptoms and different types | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/insomnia
    In the case of chronic insomnia, where other treatment methods have not helped, doctors may prescribe medicine. Sleeping tablets are less effective than CBT and are not a cure for insomnia. […] Another option your doctor may recommend is melatonin, a hormone that controls the body’s night and day cycles. […] You can buy herbal remedies over the counter that are promoted to help people sleep. […] It is important to talk to your doctor before you take a sleeping aid, including any over-the-counter or herbal remedies, as they may interact with your other medicines. […] Light therapy: uses bright lights to change your internal body clock and improve sleep. […] Sleep restriction: this method reduces your sleep hours, causing sleep deprivation; once sleep has improved, you can go back to sleeping normal hours.
  • #77 Insomnia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355173
    Sleep medicines available without a prescription contain antihistamines that can make you sleepy. These medicines are not for regular use. Talk to your doctor before you take these medicines, as antihistamines may cause side effects. Side effects may include daytime sleepiness, dizziness, confusion, problems with thinking and difficulty urinating. Side effects may be worse in older adults. […] Many people never visit their doctor or other health care provider for insomnia. They try to cope with sleeplessness on their own. […] The Food and Drug Administration does not order manufacturers of dietary supplements and sleep aids to show that they work and are safe. Talk with your doctor before taking any products available without a prescription. Some products can be harmful, and some can cause harm if you’re taking certain medicines.
  • #78 What doctors wish patients knew about insomnia | American Medical Association
    https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-insomnia
    Insomnia is also more common in older adults, women, people under stress and people with certain medical and mental health problems such as depression, according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. […] Insomnia is the inability to fall or stay asleep, typically. It’s not a one or two month or one- or two-week type of thing, said Dr. Almadhoun. It’s over a few months where you’re having persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep multiple times a week for multiple months. […] About 25 to 30 million Americans have insomnia at any given timewhether its acute or chronic, said Dr. Rosen. […] Whats also important for insomnia is it causes disruption in your daytime activity, meaning you’re tired, you’re fatigued, you’re sleepy, Dr. Almadhoun said, noting if you have difficulty falling and staying asleep, but you wake up feeling refreshed, no issues, that’s not insomnia.
  • #79 Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_for_insomnia
    Relaxation training is a collection of practices that can help people to relax throughout the day and, particularly, close to bedtime. […] Cognitive therapy within CBT-I is not synonymous with versions of cognitive behavioral therapy that are not targeted at insomnia. […] Paradoxical intention is a treatment method that involves telling the patient to do the exact opposite of what they have been doing in bed: They should stay awake and avoid falling asleep. […] CBT-I can be indicated for both primary and secondary insomnia. […] CBT-I has been shown to be an effective treatment in these cases as it may improve sleep quality, mood, overall quality of life and lessen fatigue. […] CBT-I is also a viable insomnia treatment option for survivors. […] In studies examining sufferers of chronic pain induced insomnia via hyperarousal, CBT-I has been shown to improve sleep continuity and reduce impairment in daily functioning. […] CBT-I is effective in geriatric patients with insomnia as well. […] Some therapies can be applied as complementary or as an alternative to CBT-I. […] Biofeedback is an effective treatment for insomnia and is listed in the American Academy of Sleep Medicine treatment guidelines.
  • #80 Nonpharmacologic Management of Chronic Insomnia | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1215/p1058.html
    Insomnia can be treated with nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies. Nonpharmacologic therapies include sleep hygiene, cognitive behavior therapy, relaxation therapy, multicomponent therapy, and paradoxical intention. […] Sleep hygiene is recommended as an initial intervention for all adults with insomnia. Cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia is recommended for first-line treatment of primary insomnia in older adults. […] Behavioral interventions are effective and recommended as an initial approach to the treatment of chronic insomnia based on randomized controlled studies. Treatment of insomnia should include at least one behavioral intervention. […] CBT-I significantly improves chronic insomnia and daytime functioning for up to two years. It is recommended as first-line therapy in older adults and chronic hypnotic users.
  • #81 Insomnia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187829-treatment
    A longitudinal study found that acupressure treatment can improve insomnia, with effects lasting after the end of intervention. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults recommends the following medications: Suvorexant, Eszopiclone, Zaleplon, Zolpidem, Triazolam, Temazepam, Ramelteon, Doxepin. […] Sedative-hypnotic medications do not usually cure insomnia, but they can provide symptomatic relief as sole therapy or as an adjunct with CBT. […] Long-term hypnotic pharmacotherapy may be necessary in patients with severe or treatment-resistant insomnia or chronic comorbid disorders, but follow-up must include regular assessment of necessity, efficacy, and adverse effects. […] In elderly patients, hypnotics should be prescribed cautiously and in lower doses than for younger patients.
  • #82 Insomnia in older adults: A review of treatment options | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/92/1/43
    Many medications used to treat insomnia do not have regulatory approval and have little evidence to support their use. […] Doxepin, melatonin enhancers, and dual orexin receptor antagonists may be relatively safe alternatives to benzodiazepines and Z-drugs (zaleplon, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and others) and have evidence to support their use in older adults. […] CBTI is recognized as the gold standard and first-line treatment for insomnia in young as well as aging patients. […] It has established efficacy, safety, and durability compared with pharmacologic treatments. […] Studies have shown a mean effect size with CBTI of 0.96 compared with 0.87 for pharmacotherapy. […] These results suggest a similar efficacy between treatments in the short term, but CBTI seems to have longer-lasting effects.
  • #83 Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_for_insomnia
    Relaxation training is a collection of practices that can help people to relax throughout the day and, particularly, close to bedtime. […] Cognitive therapy within CBT-I is not synonymous with versions of cognitive behavioral therapy that are not targeted at insomnia. […] Paradoxical intention is a treatment method that involves telling the patient to do the exact opposite of what they have been doing in bed: They should stay awake and avoid falling asleep. […] CBT-I can be indicated for both primary and secondary insomnia. […] CBT-I has been shown to be an effective treatment in these cases as it may improve sleep quality, mood, overall quality of life and lessen fatigue. […] CBT-I is also a viable insomnia treatment option for survivors. […] In studies examining sufferers of chronic pain induced insomnia via hyperarousal, CBT-I has been shown to improve sleep continuity and reduce impairment in daily functioning. […] CBT-I is effective in geriatric patients with insomnia as well. […] Some therapies can be applied as complementary or as an alternative to CBT-I. […] Biofeedback is an effective treatment for insomnia and is listed in the American Academy of Sleep Medicine treatment guidelines.
  • #84 Tips for Managing Insomnia During Cancer Treatment | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
    https://www.dana-farber.org/health-library/tips-for-managing-insomnia-during-cancer-treatment
    How can patients manage insomnia during cancer treatment? Clare Sullivan, MPH, BSN, OCN, joined Dana-Farber for a live chat on sleep problems and insomnia. Sullivan, who is the clinical program manager for Patient Education at Dana-Farber, answered questions live and discuss how patients can prevent sleep problems. A transcript of the chat follows: […] Insomnia is very common in cancer patients and survivors, but it can have serious medical effects on your health if it is not treated, so it is important to speak with a doctor if you are experiencing sleep problems. […] It’s common for patients to experience insomnia during and after treatment. If insomnia is not treated, it can add to existing symptoms such as pain, fatigue and anxiety. […] If possible, try to take the steroids early in the day.
  • #85 Tips for Managing Insomnia During Cancer Treatment | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
    https://www.dana-farber.org/health-library/tips-for-managing-insomnia-during-cancer-treatment
    It is important they are aware of any medical or psychiatric side effects of your treatment. […] Effective types of integrative therapies to try at bedtime include: muscle relaxation, biofeedback, imagery, hypnosis, and thought stopping. […] If these strategies are not working for you, please speak with your cancer team or call the Adult Survivorship Program at Dana-Farber (617-632-4523) to learn more about professional treatment from insomnia. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy teaches an individual how to control thought processes when trying to relax, and how to get the mind and body to relax in order to enhance sleep. […] If your provider recommends any medications for insomnia, they should only be taken for a short period of time. Sleep medications can be habit-forming and should be used with caution. They do not eliminate the cause of the insomnia, so it is important to work with your health care team to identify what behaviors can be modified to eliminate the root of the problem. […] Many of the tips mentioned earlier can be applied to both children and adults. It’s important to: […] Here are some resources to help with insomnia:
  • #86 How to Manage Treatment-Resistant Insomnia
    https://www.healthline.com/health/insomnia/treatment-resistant-insomnia
    If you live with treatment-resistant insomnia, it means first-line therapies were likely ineffective for treating your condition. Finding relief may require exploring new pharmaceutical options and less typical treatments. […] Lifestyle modifications, behavioral therapies, and medications are all used to treat this condition. When some of the first-line treatments don’t work for you, you may have treatment-resistant insomnia. […] There are many approaches to treating insomnia, and most experts suggest starting with cognitive behavioral therapy, if available. Then, if necessary, medications. […] Living with treatment-resistant insomnia doesn’t mean there is no hope for your symptoms. There are now many different medications available to treat insomnia, and it’s possible you simply haven’t found the right combination for your needs. […] In treatment-resistant insomnia, your doctor may consider adding unconventional medications or those used off-label to treat insomnia. […] If you’ve tried multiple insomnia treatments and your symptoms aren’t improving, a doctor can discuss alternative pharmaceutical and therapeutic options.
  • #87 How to Manage Treatment-Resistant Insomnia
    https://www.healthline.com/health/insomnia/treatment-resistant-insomnia
    If you live with treatment-resistant insomnia, it means first-line therapies were likely ineffective for treating your condition. Finding relief may require exploring new pharmaceutical options and less typical treatments. […] Lifestyle modifications, behavioral therapies, and medications are all used to treat this condition. When some of the first-line treatments don’t work for you, you may have treatment-resistant insomnia. […] There are many approaches to treating insomnia, and most experts suggest starting with cognitive behavioral therapy, if available. Then, if necessary, medications. […] Living with treatment-resistant insomnia doesn’t mean there is no hope for your symptoms. There are now many different medications available to treat insomnia, and it’s possible you simply haven’t found the right combination for your needs. […] In treatment-resistant insomnia, your doctor may consider adding unconventional medications or those used off-label to treat insomnia. […] If you’ve tried multiple insomnia treatments and your symptoms aren’t improving, a doctor can discuss alternative pharmaceutical and therapeutic options.
  • #88 Insomnia – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/227
    Insomnia is one of the most common complaints reported in primary care. […] Identification of the correct aetiology, contributing factors, and/or comorbidities is essential for adequate treatment of insomnia. Their management is necessary, although often not sufficient, for the resolution of insomnia. […] The significant morbidity of insomnia indicates that it is a condition that warrants treatment. […] Take an individualised approach to treatment, based on the patient’s preferences, the severity of their insomnia, the risks versus benefits of treatment, and the availability of specialist treatment options such as cognitive behavioural therapy. […] For most patients, initial treatment with cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is likely to provide the best balance between efficacy and safety.
  • #89 ACP Recommends Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as Initial Treatment forChronic Insomnia | ACP Online
    https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/acp-recommends-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-as-initial-treatment-forchronic-insomnia
    CBT-I should be the first-line treatment for adults with chronic insomnia, the American College of Physicians (ACP) recommends in a new evidence-based clinical practice guideline published today in Annals of Internal Medicine. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is an effective treatment and can be initiated in a primary care setting, said ACP President Wayne J. Riley, MD, MPH, MBA, MACP. […] CBT-I consists of a combination of treatments that include cognitive therapy around sleep, behavioral interventions such as sleep restriction and stimulus control, and education such as sleep hygiene (habits for a good nights sleep). […] If CBT-I alone is unsuccessful, ACP recommends that doctors use a shared-decision making approach with their patients to decide whether drug therapy should be added to treatment.
  • #90 Treatment of chronic insomnia in adults | The College of Family Physicians of Canada
    https://www.cfp.ca/content/70/3/176
    Nonpharmacologic approaches are evidence-based first-line therapy for treatment of chronic insomnia. Additionally, these approaches improve sleep profiles and reduce the need for potentially harmful sedative use. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is widely recognized as an effective nonpharmacologic option for the treatment of chronic insomnia. […] Several professional societies (eg, the American College of Physicians, the British Association for Psychopharmacology, and the American Academy of Sleep Medicine) and scientific guidelines (eg, the European Insomnia Guideline) endorse CBT-I as first-line treatment for chronic insomnia. […] All patients should be offered CBT-I as first-line treatment for chronic insomnia. […] Nonpharmacologic approaches are recommended as first-line therapy for chronic insomnia, yet medications such as sedatives are often chosen as the primary treatment strategy by both clinicians and patients. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia should be offered as first-line treatment for chronic insomnia.
  • #91 Patient education: Insomnia treatments (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/insomnia-treatments-beyond-the-basics/print
    CBT-I involves working with a trained clinician over several weeks to identify and address factors that contribute to insomnia and correct habits that are harmful to sleep. […] If cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is not sufficient and your insomnia interferes with your ability to function during the daytime, your health care provider may suggest trying a medication. […] For people with chronic (long-term) insomnia, medication is typically used in addition to (rather than in place of) CBT-I, and the treatment approach should also involve identifying and addressing any related health issues and other sleep disorders that may contribute to insomnia. […] The main categories of medication that are approved for the treatment of insomnia are: Benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs), Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), Histamine receptor antagonists, Melatonin receptor agonists.
  • #92 ACP Recommends Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as Initial Treatment forChronic Insomnia | ACP Online
    https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/acp-recommends-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-as-initial-treatment-forchronic-insomnia
    Medications should ideally be used for no longer than four to five weeks while the skills learned in CBT-I can manage insomnia over the longer term, Dr. Riley said. […] Chronic insomnia is diagnosed when symptoms cause clinically significant functional distress or impairment, are present for at least three nights per week for at least three months, and are not linked to other sleep, medical, or mental disorders. […] ACP developed the guideline to present the evidence and provide clinical recommendations on the management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults.
  • #93 Insomnia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Pharmacologic Treatment of Insomnia
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187829-treatment
    A longitudinal study found that acupressure treatment can improve insomnia, with effects lasting after the end of intervention. […] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults recommends the following medications: Suvorexant, Eszopiclone, Zaleplon, Zolpidem, Triazolam, Temazepam, Ramelteon, Doxepin. […] Sedative-hypnotic medications do not usually cure insomnia, but they can provide symptomatic relief as sole therapy or as an adjunct with CBT. […] Long-term hypnotic pharmacotherapy may be necessary in patients with severe or treatment-resistant insomnia or chronic comorbid disorders, but follow-up must include regular assessment of necessity, efficacy, and adverse effects. […] In elderly patients, hypnotics should be prescribed cautiously and in lower doses than for younger patients.
  • #94 Overview of the treatment of insomnia in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-treatment-of-insomnia-in-adults
    Overview of the treatment of insomnia in adults […] Management of insomnia requires a stepwise approach, beginning with attempts to eliminate, or at least minimize, the multiple contributing factors and comorbid illnesses that can interfere with optimal sleep. […] Successful behavioral and pharmacologic approaches to insomnia should only be implemented once all contributing factors are recognized and attempts to address them are made. […] This topic is an overview of the approach to management of acute and chronic insomnia in adults. Specific medications and behavioral therapies for insomnia are reviewed in more detail separately. […] Insomnia etiology is best conceptualized as a combination of predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors that vary over time. Each of these factors should be assessed to formulate an individualized treatment plan. […] The sleep history should include an examination of the social, medical, and psychiatric events that may have been relevant at the time insomnia began.
  • #95 Insomnia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355173
    Sleep medicines available without a prescription contain antihistamines that can make you sleepy. These medicines are not for regular use. Talk to your doctor before you take these medicines, as antihistamines may cause side effects. Side effects may include daytime sleepiness, dizziness, confusion, problems with thinking and difficulty urinating. Side effects may be worse in older adults. […] Many people never visit their doctor or other health care provider for insomnia. They try to cope with sleeplessness on their own. […] The Food and Drug Administration does not order manufacturers of dietary supplements and sleep aids to show that they work and are safe. Talk with your doctor before taking any products available without a prescription. Some products can be harmful, and some can cause harm if you’re taking certain medicines.
  • #96 Treatment of Insomnia Disorder | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/insomnia/research-protocol
    Various treatment options described in the guidelines include psychological and behavioral interventions, drugs, and combined approaches. […] Support for short-term use of pharmacological interventions was based on consensus. […] Treatment options are not limited to psychological and behavioral therapies and pharmacologic interventions. […] Insomnia treatment goals include meaningful improvements in sleep and associated distress and/or dysfunction. […] Improvements in sleep can be measured in a variety of ways. […] Sleep quality, subjectively measured in a variety of ways, is also an important measure. […] Insomnia has been shown to have a negative impact on emotional status and quality of life. Treatments can potentially improve secondary patient-centered outcomes such as mood and well-being, quality of life, and productivity.
  • #97 When You Can’t Sleep: How to Treat Insomnia
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/insomnia/what-when-you-cant-sleep-all-about-insomnia-treatments/
    If medication is prescribed, take it for as little time as necessary three months max since it can be habit forming. […] For some people, integrative medicine techniques and supplements may help with insomnia, either alone or in tandem with other treatment approaches. […] The key is recognizing it early and intervening early, Attarian says. The longer it goes on, the higher the chance insomnia will lead to other complications and the harder it can become to treat, he explains.
  • #98 New treatments to put insomnia to bed
    https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00963-x
    Miranda, for example, supplements her nightly pharmaceutical regimen with a cannabis tincture that contains a few of the plants 100-plus cannabinoids (she lives in a state where cannabis use is legal). […] McGregor is investigating cannabinol (CBN), a molecule that develops in cannabis as the psychoactive component tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) oxidizes. […] The search for more effective insomnia treatments continues in other realms, as well. […] A few companies and health systems, including the US Department of Veterans Affairs and the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, have also created or are developing digital platforms for delivering CBT-I. […] Some studies suggest that insomnia can stem from a high level of underlying brain activity during sleep. […] In the coming years, according to Benca, researchers hope to learn enough about insomnias causes and treatments to be able to recommend personalized therapies based on an individuals specific demographics, genetics and co-morbidities. […] Even after a lifetime of struggling to find safe and effective help, Miranda says that she still holds out hope that better treatments for insomnia are on the horizon.