Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Astrocytoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/astrocytoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20576675

  Astrocytoma is a type of cancer that can occur in the brain or spinal cord. It begins in cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells. […] The cause of astrocytoma often isn’t known. This tumor starts as a growth of cells in the brain or spinal cord. It forms in cells called astrocytes. Astrocytes support and connect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. […] Astrocytoma happens when astrocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to grow and multiply quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Sometimes the DNA changes turn the tumor cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.

• #2 Astrocytoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17863-astrocytoma

  Astrocytomas are tumors that typically form in your brain, but can develop in your spinal cord as well. Most astrocytomas develop randomly. […] Researchers dont know the exact cause of most astrocytomas. The majority of these tumors are sporadic, meaning that they happen randomly. So far, researchers have only identified two known risk factors for astrocytomas: radiation exposure and genetics. […] Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as from radiation therapy, increases your risk of developing astrocytoma. […] The following rare genetic conditions are associated with the development of astrocytomas: Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Tuberous sclerosis, Turcot syndrome.

• #3 Astrocytoma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17930

  Astrocytomas represent a significant and complex subset of brain tumors originating from astrocytes, the star-shaped glial cells that play a critical role in supporting neuronal function within the cerebrum. […] The etiology of astrocytomas remains largely elusive, with ionizing radiation being the only well-established risk factor. Associations with other potential risk factors, such as electromagnetic fields, head injury, or occupational exposures, are not yet supported by conclusive evidence. […] No underlying cause has been identified for the majority of primary brain tumors, and the only established risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation. […] An association with other factors like exposure to electromagnetic fields (cellular telephones), head injury, or occupational risk factors is unproven.

• #4 Astrocytoma – Goodman Campbell

  https://www.goodmancampbell.com/conditions/brain/tumor/astrocytoma/

  Astrocytomas arise from genetic mutations which impair the regulation of cell activities such as metabolism, growth, remodeling, replication and tumor suppression. […] The exact cause of an astrocytoma is not fully understood. Abnormalities (mutations) in genes that control the cell cycle (cells growth, division and death) of astrocytes lead to their unregulated cell growth.

• #5 Astrocytoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocytoma

  Astrocytoma causes regional effects by compression, invasion, and destruction of brain parenchyma, arterial and venous hypoxia, competition for nutrients, release of metabolic end products (e.g., free radicals, altered electrolytes, neurotransmitters), and release and recruitment of cellular mediators (e.g., cytokines) that disrupt normal parenchymal function. […] There are no precise guidelines because the exact cause of astrocytoma is not known.

• #6 Astrocytoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and 2025 Advances – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/astrocytoma

  Astrocytoma is a type of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor that arises from astrocytes, a subtype of glial cells that play essential roles in maintaining the blood-brain barrier, providing nutrients to neurons, regulating synaptic transmission, and supporting brain repair after injury. […] The exact causes of astrocytoma, a tumor arising from astrocytes (star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord), remain largely unclear. However, several genetic, environmental, and biological factors are known to contribute to its development. […] Genetic mutations are among the most prominent contributors. Mutations in genes such as TP53, IDH1/2, and ATRX are frequently found in low- and high-grade astrocytomas. In glioblastomas (grade 4 astrocytomas), EGFR amplification and PTEN loss are common genetic alterations.

• #7 Astrocytoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-overview

  Biological investigation has found evidence that mutations in specific molecular pathways, such as the p53-MDM2-p21 and p16-p15-CDK4-CDK6-RB pathways, are associated with astrocytoma development and progression. […] Two-thirds of low-grade astrocytomas have p53 mutations. […] In patients with glioma who do not have single-gene alterations, anywhere between 5-10% have a family history of glial neoplasm, and having a first-degree relative with glioma doubles the risk of developing glioma. […] Large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 25 risk loci associated with increased risk of glioma. […] Genetic loci specifically associated with IDH-mutant astrocytoma include portions of the IDH1 gene, among others. […] In addition, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types have been associated with either increased or decreased risk for the development of brain gliomas.

• #8 Astrocytoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information for HCPs

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/pediatrics/high-grade-astrocytomas/

  Astrocytoma tumors are CNS neoplasms that range from slow-growing and curable to highly aggressive and fatal. […] The etiology of astrocytoma is complex; both genetic and environmental factors have a role in its pathogenesis. Astrocytoma tumors are characterized by molecular changes, including with mutations in genes that control cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and DNA repair. The most common mutations include those affecting the TP53, IDH1/2, and ATRX genes. […] Some of the environmental factors being investigated in relation to astrocytoma risk include occupational exposures to certain industrial chemicals, electromagnetic fields, pesticides, and certain dietary elements. […] Risk factors for astrocytoma include the following: Occupational exposures to chemicals such as petrochemicals, formaldehyde, and polyvinyl chloride; Prolonged exposures to electromagnetic fields; and Exposure to pesticides and herbicides.

• #9 Astrocytoma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17930

  A minority of patients have a family history of brain tumors. There is a genetic susceptibility to glioma development, for example, in diseases like Turcot syndrome, p53 mutations (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Amongst low-grade astrocytomas, about 66% demonstrate p53 mutations.

• #10 Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/astrocytoma-idh-mutant-1?lang=us

  Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant tumors are WHO CNS grade 2, 3 or 4 tumors of the brain found in adults. […] Importantly, the diagnosis of astrocytoma, IDH-mutant is an adult-type diagnosis, distinct from a variety of other pediatric-type diffuse astrocytomas (see astrocytic tumors). […] IDH-mutant adult-type astrocytomas are typically diagnosed in young adults (median age of 36 years for grades 2 and 3 (combined), and 38 years for grade 4). […] There is a substantially higher incidence in men of all ages and of all grades tumor (M:F ~1.5). […] The grading of astrocytoma, IDH-mutant is based on histological features, as well as incorporating molecular markers (introduced in the 5th edition (2021) WHO classification of CNS tumors). […] Care must be taken when reviewing survival data as the classification system used (WHO 2007 vs 2016 vs 2021) will dramatically affect the results. […] The 5-year survival for adult-type astrocytoma IDH-mutant varies by grade: grade 2 and 3 (combined): 9.3 years; grade 4: 3.6 years.

• #11 Astrocytoma | Brain Tumor Program | Barrow Neurological InstituteSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/astrocytoma/

  Astrocytomas are a type of glioma, or tumor that forms from the glial cells in the brain or spinal cord. […] The exact cause of an astrocytoma is not fully understood, but several factors can contribute to their development: […] Disruptions in normal cellular processes, like cell cycle regulation and DNA repair mechanisms, can contribute to tumor growth. […] Mutations to specific genes, such as TP53, TERT, EGFR, IDH1, IDH2, and ATRX, have been linked to astrocytoma development. […] Some astrocytomas and other types of brain tumors have been linked to rare and inherited genetic conditions, like neurofibromatosis type I, Turcot syndrome, Lynch syndrome, or Li-Fraumeni syndrome. […] Astrocytomas can occur at any age, but pilocytic astrocytomas are more common in children and younger adults.

• #12 Pilocytic Astrocytoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560614/

  A strong association exists between neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and pilocytic astrocytomas; up to 20% of patients with NF1 develop a pilocytic astrocytoma, most commonly along the optic pathway. […] However, most pilocytic astrocytomas are believed to be caused by sporadic rather than inherited mutations. […] BRAF gene alterations and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway alterations have been found in the majority of pilocytic astrocytomas. […] Roughly 60% of pilocytic astrocytomas found within the cerebellum harbor the KIAA1549-BRAF gene fusion. […] BRAF is an intracellular serine/threonine kinase involved in activating the MAPK pathway. […] This is a proto-oncogene, mutations of which have been found to cause human cancers. […] Other mutations frequently seen in pilocytic astrocytomas include BRAFV600E point mutations found in 5% to 10% of all cases, although more prevalent in supratentorial tumors.

• #13 Astrocytoma Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/astrocytoma-tumors/

  Astrocytomas are tumors which originates from astrocytes, and, in adult individuals, they are the most common brain tumors. […] Astrocytomas are, for the vast majority, sporadic tumors, meaning that they happen by chance, or at least, it is not yet known why these occur. There are only two situations with proven evidence to cause the tumor: […] Hereditary syndromes (i.e. caused by inherited DNA mutations): […] Li-Fraumeni: due to mutation in tumor suppressor gene p53 and characterized by young onset of multiple tumors, including breast cancer, bone cancers, leukemias and astrocytomas. […] Neurofibromatosis 1: due to mutation of tumor suppressor NF1, responsible for early onset of astrocytomas, peripheral nerve tumors, skin freckling and light-brown patches in the skin. […] Environmental:

• #14 Astrocytoma: Grades, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/cancer/astrocytoma

  The cause of astrocytomas is usually unknown. However, researchers have suggested that genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the development of these tumors. […] Environmental factors that may increase your risk of developing an astrocytoma tumor include exposure to UV rays and ionizing radiation. […] Having certain conditions may also increase the likelihood of an astrocytoma. These conditions include: Turcot syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I, tuberous sclerosis, Ollier disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

• #15 Astrocytoma – Vejthani Hospital | JCI Accredited International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/astrocytoma/

  Astrocytomas are prone to develop in people with the following uncommon genetic conditions: […] In this condition, a change occurs in his TP53 gene. Ninety percent of people with Li-Fraumeni syndrome will likely get one or more cancers at some point in their lifetime, with astrocytoma among those cancers. […] This disorder leads to abnormal elevations in cell growth, stemming from a mutation in a gene that is designed to inhibit the proliferation of tumors. Astrocytomas, peripheral nerve tumors, and caf-au-lait spots on the skin can all develop early in the course of NF1 disease in those who are affected. […] Mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes are the known causes of tuberous sclerosis. Tuberous sclerosis patients are the only ones who frequently get SEGAs (subependymal giant cell astrocytomas). […] This disorder develops as a result of mutations in numerous genes that prevent tumor growth. In addition to one or more tumors in the brain or spinal cord, like an astrocytoma, Turcot syndrome typically involves the development of polyps in the gastrointestinal tract.

• #16 Astrocytomas (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/astrocytoma.html

  Astrocytomas develop from star-shaped brain cells known as astrocytes. […] Doctors don’t know what causes astrocytomas. But some kids are more likely to develop them, including those who: […] have some types of genetic conditions, like tuberous sclerosis complex or neurofibromatosis type 1 […] had radiation therapy for a brain tumor.

• #17 Astrocytoma Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/astrocytoma-tumors/

  Ionizing radiations: exposure to ionizing radiations has been associated to delayed onset of astrocytomas. Individuals at particular risk are those exposed to therapeutic radiotherapy to the head and neck region during childhood (i.e. for treatment of leukemias or other brain tumors). The interval between exposure to radiation and astrocytoma onset can be as long as 20-30 years. […] Warfarin chemicals: There is a yet unproven suspicion that exposure to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War might be responsible for delayed onset of astrocytomas in veterans.

• #18 Astrocytoma | Brain Tumor Program | Barrow Neurological InstituteSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/astrocytoma/

  Glioblastomas are slightly more common in males than females. […] One of the few established environmental risk factors is exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation, such as radiation therapy from other cancers. […] Disruptions in normal cellular processes, like cell cycle regulation and DNA repair mechanisms, can contribute to tumor growth.

• #19 Astrocytoma: Overview, Types, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/astrocytoma-overview-types-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Astrocytoma form in astrocytes, a type of star-shaped glial cell in the cerebrum. This is the most common glioma and usually affects the brain and sometimes the spinal cord. Glial tumors account for 60% of brain tumors. They are a common cause of mortality and morbidity in both young and old. […] The underlying cause of most primary brain tumors has not been identified, and the only established risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation. No evidence of association with other factors, such as exposure to electromagnetic fields (mobile phones), head injuries, or occupational risk factors. […] Children who receive prophylactic radiotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may have a 22-fold increased risk of developing central nervous system malignancies within approximately 5 to 10 years. Radiation therapy for pituitary adenomas has been shown to increase the risk of developing glioma by 16 times. Diseases such as Turcot syndrome, p53 mutation (Li-Fraumeni), and NF1 syndrome have a genetic susceptibility to develop gliomas. Approximately 66 of the low-grade astrocytoma have p53 mutations.

• #20 Astrocytoma – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/astrocytoma.htm

  The reason behind the occurrence of astrocytomas are often uncertain; there are presently no preventive measures that could be taken to avert the development of cancer. […] Genetic mutations in NF1, BRAF, PDGFR, and TP53 have been shown to result in the abnormal growths that cause this cancerous condition. Mutations in the IDH-1 gene have also been reported in many astrocytomas. There are certain risk factors that can lead to genetic mutations. […] The risk factors for this condition include: Age These tumors usually occur in extremities of age, though the cancer may be seen in all age groups. […] Gender – Men have a higher risk for developing brain cancer than women. […] Occupational Exposure – Exposure to some chemicals in solvents, rubber, pesticides can have a higher risk of developing the cancer.

• #21 Astrocytoma – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/cancer/astrocytoma/

  Astrocytomas are a type of brain tumor that makes up a significant and complicated part of all brain tumors. […] The cause of astrocytomas is still largely unknown. Radiation is the only risk factor identified so far. […] The only confirmed risk factor is exposure to a type of radiation called ionizing radiation. […] Many people speculate about factors like mobile phone use, head injuries, or job-related exposures, but there’s no solid proof linking these to brain tumors. […] A small percentage of patients have family members with brain tumors, which suggests a genetic link. Certain genetic conditions increase the risk of developing a glioma, a type of brain tumor. […] In fact, p53 mutations are found in about 66% of a type of brain tumor called low-grade astrocytomas.

• #22 Astrocytoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-overview

  Astrocytomas constitute a broad group of gliomas, and have historically been classified on the basis of distinct radiographic and histologic features. Numerous grading schemes based on histopathologic characteristics have been devised, including the following: […] The etiology of diffuse astrocytomas has been the subject of analytic epidemiological studies that have yielded associations with various disorders and exposures. […] With the exception of therapeutic irradiation and, perhaps, nitroso compounds (eg, nitrosourea), the identification of specific causal environmental exposures or agents has been unsuccessful. […] Evidence exists for genetic susceptibility to glioma development. For example, familial clustering of astrocytomas is well described in inherited neoplastic syndromes, such as Turcot syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) syndrome, and p53 germ line mutations (eg, Li-Fraumeni syndrome).

• #23 Astrocytoma: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment Options

  https://mnamd.com/conditions/neurological-spinal-oncology/astrocytoma/

  Astrocytoma, a type of brain tumor, remains a complex condition with no single known cause. However, researchers have made significant progress in identifying potential factors contributing to the development of astrocytomas. While the exact mechanisms are not yet fully understood, several factors are thought to play a role: […] Changes or mutations in certain genes within astrocytes may lead to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. Some inherited genetic syndromes are associated with an increased risk of developing astrocytomas. […] Although less well-defined, exposure to certain environmental factors may contribute to the development of astrocytomas. These factors could include radiation exposure, certain chemicals, or toxins, but their impact is yet to be fully understood. […] Astrocytomas can occur at any age, but some types are more common in certain age groups. For instance, low-grade astrocytomas are often diagnosed in younger individuals, while high-grade astrocytomas (glioblastomas) are more prevalent in adults.

• #24 Astrocytoma – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/astrocytoma.htm

  Family history – A family history of the brain cancer can increase the risk of cancer in the future generations of the family. […] Race and ethnicity – More cases seen in the Unites States and Northern European regions. […] Exposure to electromagnetic fields and ionizing radiations – There is no firm evidence that electromagnetic fields and ionizing radiations can cause brain tumors. However, there are anecdotal reports about such an association. […] Exposure to certain viruses – Infection with Ebstein Barr virus (EBV) increases the risk of cancerous growth such as the CNS lymphoma Other infectious agents, such as HIV has also been linked to development of cancerous growth.

• #25 Astrocytoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and 2025 Advances – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/astrocytoma

  Inherited genetic syndromes like Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, and Turcot syndrome increase the risk of developing astrocytomas, particularly in children and young adults. […] Environmental exposures have a less defined role. Ionizing radiation, particularly therapeutic cranial radiation, is one of the few environmental risk factors consistently linked to increased astrocytoma risk. […] Age and gender also influence risk. Astrocytomas can occur at any age but are most common in adults between 30 and 60 years. High-grade astrocytomas, such as glioblastomas, occur more frequently in men than in women. […] Immune system dysfunction and chronic inflammation in the central nervous system are being explored as potential contributors, although direct causal relationships are still under investigation.

• #26 Astrocytoma: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment Options

  https://mnamd.com/conditions/neurological-spinal-oncology/astrocytoma/

  The body’s immune response and inflammation may play a role in the growth of astrocytomas. Researchers are studying how the immune system interacts with tumor cells to develop potential targeted therapies. […] In some cases, a family history of brain tumors may indicate a genetic predisposition to astrocytoma. Individuals with a family history of brain tumors may have a slightly higher risk of developing these tumors. […] It is essential to remember that, in many cases, astrocytomas develop without any identifiable cause. Moreover, having one or more risk factors does not guarantee the development of the tumor. […] While the exact causes of astrocytomas remain a topic of ongoing research, advancements in genetic studies and medical imaging have significantly contributed to a better understanding of brain tumors.

• #27 Astrocytoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/astrocytoma.html

  Astrocytoma is the most common type of childhood brain tumor. About half of brain and spinal cord tumors in children are astrocytomas. […] For most children, there is no known cause of astrocytoma. […] But certain inherited conditions may increase risk. These include: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Tuberous sclerosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Past radiation therapy to the brain also increases risk. […] There is no known cause of astrocytoma. Certain inherited disorders or previous radiation therapy are risk factors.

• #28 Astrocytoma in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/a/astrocytoma-in-children.html

  Astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor. Most brain tumors are caused by abnormal genes or chromosomes. Researchers don’t know what causes them to be abnormal. Some chemicals may play a part in gene changes. Research is ongoing. […] The most common type of brain tumor is a glioma. Gliomas begin from glial cells, which make up the supportive tissue of the brain. Astrocytoma is a type of glioma. It forms in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes, a type of glial cell. It is the most common type of brain tumor in children. […] In a child, an astrocytoma is usually found at the base of the brain. It is usually low grade, which means slow growing. A low-grade astrocytoma may not need treatment right away. But it should be watched carefully. This is because it could turn into a faster-growing tumor.

• #29 Pilocytic Astrocytoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pilocytic-astrocytoma

  What causes pediatric pilocytic astrocytoma? Its important to understand that these and other brain tumors most often occur with no known cause. Theres nothing that could have been done or avoided that would have prevented the tumor from developing. […] Our program has contributed to international research efforts that have identified genomic drivers that contribute to growth of pilocytic astrocytoma. Specifically, we have identified genes that are commonly mutated in pilocytic astrocytoma. These findings are guiding clinical trials examining the activity of new drugs specifically for children with pilocytic astrocytoma.

• #30 Pilocytic Astrocytoma | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pilocytic-astrocytoma

  Pilocytic astrocytomas are the most common and treatable group of pediatric gliomas or brain tumors. […] In most cases, the cause of pilocytic astrocytoma is unknown. The majority of cases develop spontaneously. Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1), an inherited genetic syndrome, are at increased risk of developing these tumors, specifically in the optic pathway or hypothalamus. Other genetic conditions that have been shown to put patients at higher risk for pilocytic astrocytomas are Li-Fraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, and Turcot syndrome. An exposure to radiation therapy for treatment of other cancers is also a risk factor.

• #31 Childhood Astrocytoma: Prognosis, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/childhood_brain_cancer_astrocytoma/article_em.htm

  The cause of most childhood brain tumors is not known. […] Possible risk factors for astrocytoma include: Past radiation therapy to the brain. […] Having certain genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) or tuberous sclerosis.

• #32 Causes of Astrocytoma Brain Tumor – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/causes-of-astrocytoma-brain-tumor/

  Astrocytoma, a brain tumor, is linked to many cancer risk factors. Lifestyle and socioeconomic status are big parts of this. […] Astrocytoma brain tumors come from a mix of genes and the environment. Knowing why they happen helps us prevent them and lower risks. […] Genes and the environment both play big roles in astrocytomas. Things like radiation and chemicals increase the risk. […] New studies have given us big insights. They found genes that make people more likely to get astrocytomas. […] Stopping cancer before it starts means changing how we live and getting medical help. Early tests and advice for those with a family history help a lot. […] Finding astrocytoma brain tumors early is key. Using advanced methods helps catch them when they’re easier to treat. […] Astrocytoma brain tumors come from many things. These include genes, the environment, and other factors. They can happen because of genes passed down, changes in genes, or from things like radiation and chemicals. Even brain injuries and hormonal issues might play a part.

• #33 Astrocytoma | Brain Tumor Center | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/brain-tumor/conditions/glioma/astrocytoma.html

  Astrocytomas are a type of primary brain tumor. They are the most common type of brain tumor. […] Most astrocytomas are sporadic tumors that arise in people without known risk factors. […] Exposure to Ionizing Radiation People who have had radiation therapy (ionizing radiation) to treat cancer have an increased risk of developing astrocytoma, especially those who received radiation treatment to their head and neck during childhood. Other forms of radiation, such as those from power lines, cellular phones, and microwave ovens, have not been shown to increase the risk of glioma. […] Family history Astrocytomas rarely runs in families, but some diagnosed cases may have a genetic component. Some rare hereditary cancer syndromes, like Li-Fraumeni syndrome and neurofibromatosis, are characterized by the early onset of multiple tumors, including astrocytoma. Some inherited gene variants have been associated with a small increased risk of astrocytoma. Inheriting one of these „risk variants” does not necessarily mean the person will develop astrocytoma. Additional mutations are still required to lead to tumor formation.

• #34

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-astrocytoma?srsltid=AfmBOoouD9kazqotRvkHToXoqfULACgkkJ0H4AVDqte1zU2TKVQ9Z867

  Grade 3 astrocytoma, in the past known as anaplastic astrocytoma, is an aggressive form of brain cancer. It often spreads to other parts of the brain. […] Until recently, astrocytoma grade 4 tumours were considered the same type of tumour as glioblastoma (GBM), another grade 4 glioma. […] However, in an update from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021, GBM was separated from astrocytomas based on the presence or absence of a mutation in an enzyme called isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). […] All astrocytomas are IDH-mutant. Whereas a tumour which has no IDH-mutation will be referred to as IDH-wildtype and will be classified as a GBM. […] Research we are funding across all of our Centres of Excellence will help lead towards finding a cure for astrocytoma brain tumours.

• #35 Astrocytoma – symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, support | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/brain-tumour/astrocytoma

  The causes of astrocytomas are unknown, but research is being done to find out more. […] We have more information about risk factors and causes of brain tumours.

• #36 Astrocytoma | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/astrocytoma

  Astrocytomas may be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Some people may carry a gene (or a combination of genes) that predispose them to developing an astrocytoma, but it may not develop unless it is turned on by an environmental factor (such as prior radiation therapy, certain chemicals, something in the diet, stress). […] The tumors usually occur sporadically, in people with no family history. […] However, some rare, inherited disorders, such as neurofibromatosis type I, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Turcot syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis, carry with them a higher likelihood of developing astrocytomas.

• #37 Astrocytoma | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/types-of-brain-tumour-adult/astrocytoma/

  There are different types of astrocytoma that develop because of gene mutations. And, detecting these mutations with biomarker testing is now essential for diagnosis and evaluating which treatments will be used for people who are diagnosed with this type of tumour. […] As with most brain tumours, we’re not entirely sure what causes these tumours. But, we do understand some of the risk factors involved. […] It’s important to know that there is nothing you could have done, or avoided doing, that would have caused you or somebody you know to develop a brain tumour. […] There are some genetic conditions that make people more likely to develop brain tumours. An example is neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). This is a genetic condition you are born with that can cause tumours to grow along the nerves and in the brain.

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