Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Astrocytoma | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/astrocytoma

  Astrocytoma symptoms vary based on the tumor’s location. An astrocytoma in the brain can cause personality changes, seizures, headaches and nausea. An astrocytoma in the spinal cord can cause weakness and disability in the area affected by the growing tumor. […] Symptoms of astrocytomas in the brain include: Seizures, which might cause loss of consciousness or changes in behavior, such as staring off into space. Headaches. Nausea and vomiting. Personality changes. Problems speaking. Feeling very tired or weak. […] Symptoms of astrocytomas in the spinal cord include: Pain in the affected area. Pain that worsens at night. Weakness in the arms or legs that gets worse over time. Trouble walking.

• #2 Astrocytoma Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/astrocytoma-tumors/

  The clinical presentation of astrocytomas depends much more on their location within the brain, rather than their biologic characteristics. There are regions of the brain that can accommodate very large tumors before they become symptomatic (for example, the regions in the forehead), while there are other locations where even a small tumor can cause problems early on, like limb weakness or difficulty with speech or vision. […] Common symptoms of astrocytomas are the following: Persistent headaches, Headaches which are worse in the morning or cause awakening from sleep (a sign of increased intracranial pressure), Double or blurred vision, Speech problems, Decreased cognitive abilities, Grasp or limb weakness, New seizures. […] Generally, low grade astrocytomas tend to be of bigger size before they become symptomatic, as compared to more aggressive, higher grade astrocytomas. This is because lower grade tumors tend to displace the brain rather than destroying it, and also because they are associated with less brain swelling than malignant ones. […] Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant, aggressive and common (60%) form of astrocytomas. […] Regardless of its presentation, this tumor is a highly aggressive cancer, with pronounced brain invasion and destruction and very fast progression.

• #3 Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) | UCSF Brain Tumor Center

  https://braintumorcenter.ucsf.edu/condition/anaplastic-astrocytoma-grade-iii

  Symptoms of anaplastic astrocytoma can result from an increase of pressure in the brain. This occurs as the tumor grows larger and takes up space, compressing healthy brain tissue within the fixed volume of the skull. Tumors can also grow large enough to block the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, which can also cause a buildup of pressure. Symptoms related to increased intracranial pressure include the following: […] More specific symptoms depend on the location of tumor, and the functions affected. For example, anaplastic astrocytomas that occur near the motor cortex (the part of the brain involved in body movement) may affect a patients ability to move, causing symptoms like weakness on one side of the body. Tumors near the language regions of the brain may cause problems with speech. […] Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) are likely to progress to glioblastoma (grade IV), so patients are regularly monitored for both tumor recurrence and progression to a higher grade tumor, with additional therapies recommended as needed.

• #4 Symptoms and Signs of Astrocytoma | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/astrocytoma/symptoms-and-signs-astrocytoma

  Symptoms and signs of astrocytoma result from increased pressure as an astrocytoma grows and presses against brain structures. […] The effects of astrocytoma vary depending upon the area of the brain affected and the size and grade of the tumor. Noticeable effects of grade I and grade II astrocytomas may be quite subtle because the brain is able to temporarily adapt to the presence of a slow-growing tumor, while the symptoms and signs of grade III and grade IV astrocytomas may be sudden and debilitating. Any of the following symptoms should prompt consultation with a physician: Seizures (most individuals with astrocytoma experience seizures) […] The seizures caused by astrocytoma may manifest as twitching or jerky movements in the face, arm, or leg. Sometimes a seizure in a person with astrocytoma is described as an episode in which the individual appears detached, or staring. Rarely, astrocytomas that infiltrate the spinal cord can cause weakness and disability related to the function of the nerves where the tumor is located (such as bowel or bladder problems). Fatigue and depression are common in individuals with an astrocytoma.

• #5 Glioma (Astrocytoma) | North Bristol NHS Trust

  https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/bnog/bnog-treatments/glioma-astrocytoma

  Astrocytomas are the commonest type of gliomas. Generally the term glioma loosely implies an astrocytoma unless another particular type is specified. […] Most patients with grade II glioma (oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, mixed oligoastrocytomas) are young people who often present with seizures. […] Anaplastic astrocytomas occur more often in young adults. Patients with anaplastic astrocytoma often present with seizures, neurologic deficits, headaches, or changes in mental status. […] Glioblastoma multiforme usually spreads quickly to other parts of the brain. For this reason, these tumours are difficult to treat. It is not uncommon for them to recur after initial treatment. […] Symptoms often begin abruptly. Seizures are also relatively common. […] Common symptoms include: Headaches: due to increased pressure in the head, these can be present irrespective of where the tumour is in the brain and will frequently be worse in the early hours of the morning and may be associated with vomiting.

• #5 Glioma (Astrocytoma) | North Bristol NHS Trust

  https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/bnog/bnog-treatments/glioma-astrocytoma

  Lower grade tumours (Grades I and II) present more often with seizures or fits. The higher grade tumours (Grades III and IV) grow more rapidly and can produce a lump inside the brain in a short span of time. […] Headaches, seizures, memory loss, and changes in behaviour are generally the most common symptoms of intrinsic (i.e. inside the brain tissue) brain tumours. […] The most frequent symptoms are change in personality, mood and behaviour. […] Seizures in this area are a common symptom. […] May cause loss of sensation and or power on one side of the body. […] This can cause problems with balance and co-ordination.

• #6 Anaplastic Astrocytoma Symptoms | Longevity

  https://vocal.media/longevity/anaplastic-astrocytoma-symptoms

  The symptoms of this type of tumor differ depending on where it is located in the brain and how large it is. […] In this article, Dr. Gurneet Shawney, who provides efficient surgery for a brain tumor in Mumbai, discusses both common symptoms, such as headaches, and less common symptoms, such as seizures, associated with this type of tumor. […] Like other types of brain cancer, the majority of symptoms of anaplastic astrocytoma are caused by an increase in intracranial pressure in the brain. […] The tumor’s growth is usually the first cause. […] Headaches can be a symptom of brain tumors, but tumor-related headaches usually have distinct characteristics or are followed by additional signs such as vomiting. […] Vomiting: It occurs most frequently in the morning and is commonly triggered by a sharp movement, such as rolling over in bed.

• #7

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-astrocytoma?srsltid=AfmBOopImvTX6hV8qWd2OW2KznwfNGk5E1SF2eEiHp09NP-S7Tss3MQp

  Astrocytomas can affect motor function, leading to weakness, difficulty with movement, coordination problems, and paralysis in some cases. This decline in physical functioning can affect mobility, self-care, and overall independence. […] Advanced astrocytoma can cause profound fatigue and weakness. Individuals may experience extreme tiredness, reduced energy levels, and a general decline in physical strength. […] Individuals with astrocytoma may experience disruptions in their sleep patterns. This can include difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or excessive sleepiness. […] Loss of appetite and unintentional weight loss are common in end-stage astrocytoma. The tumour’s effects on the brain and changes in overall health can lead to reduced interest in food and difficulty with eating.

• #7

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-astrocytoma?srsltid=AfmBOopImvTX6hV8qWd2OW2KznwfNGk5E1SF2eEiHp09NP-S7Tss3MQp

  Astrocytomas can cause progressive neurological decline as the tumour affects brain function. This may manifest as worsening cognitive impairment, confusion, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding, and changes in behavior or personality. […] Seizures are common in individuals with astrocytoma. As the tumour progresses, seizures may become more frequent and severe, sometimes leading to status epilepticus, a prolonged seizure activity that requires immediate medical attention. […] Headaches are a common symptom of astrocytoma. They may become more intense and resistant to treatment as the tumour progresses. The headaches may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. […] As the tumour grows, it can cause an increase in intracranial pressure. This can result in symptoms such as persistent headaches, drowsiness, confusion, changes in vision, difficulty with balance and coordination, and in severe cases, coma.

• #7

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-astrocytoma?srsltid=AfmBOopImvTX6hV8qWd2OW2KznwfNGk5E1SF2eEiHp09NP-S7Tss3MQp

  As the tumour affects the areas of the brain responsible for swallowing and speaking, individuals may experience difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and speech problems (dysarthria). […] In advanced stages of astrocytoma, individuals may experience respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath, labored breathing, or irregular breathing patterns.

• #8 Astrocytoma | Brain Tumor Program | Barrow Neurological InstituteSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/astrocytoma/

  Cognitive impairment: Changes in mental clarity, alertness, and consciousness, or a change in speech, hearing, or memory, like problems understanding or retrieving words, can be indications of an astrocytoma. Fatigue and lethargy: An astrocytoma can cause an increase in the pressure in the skull, which disrupts normal brain tissue and leads to symptoms like fatigue, drowsiness, and lethargy. Sensory changes: If the astrocytoma affects sensory pathways in the brain, numbness or tingling sensations can occur in various body parts. Personality or behavior changes: These can manifest as new or unusual emotional states, like changes in judgment, aggressiveness, loss of initiative, and even sluggishness. Depression and anxiety, especially sudden onset, can be an early symptom of a brain tumor like an astrocytoma.

• #8 Astrocytoma | Brain Tumor Program | Barrow Neurological InstituteSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/astrocytoma/

  Astrocytoma Symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor. Symptoms of grade 1 and grade 2 astrocytomas are usually subtle, as the brain is temporarily able to adapt to the slow-growing tumor. Symptoms of grade 3 and grade 4 astrocytomas are often the opposite and can be sudden and debilitating. […] Symptoms you might notice if you or someone you know has an astrocytoma include: Headache: New or worsening headaches that don’t improve with typical remedies or grow in frequency and intensity are a common symptom. Nausea and vomiting: Increased pressure inside the skull from the tumor’s aggressive nature can result in nausea and vomiting. Vision changes: Vision changes, like partial vision loss or even double vision, can result from an astrocytoma in the temporal lobe, occipital lobe, or brain stem. Weakness and coordination problems: A tumor that grows in the brain’s frontal lobe can cause weakness on one side of the body or even paralysis, while those affecting the cerebellum or brainstem can lead to difficulties with coordination or balance. Seizures can be one of the first signs of an astrocytoma, as the tumor begins to disrupt the brain’s regular electrical activity. Seizures can range from muscle jerks and spasms to a loss of consciousness and body functions. They can also resemble a vision, smell, or sensation change without losing consciousness.

• #8 Astrocytoma | Brain Tumor Program | Barrow Neurological InstituteSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/astrocytoma/

  Remember that an astrocytoma cannot be diagnosed based on symptoms alone. However, if you or someone you know is experiencing any of these symptoms—especially if they’re persistent or severe—it’s critical to consult a healthcare professional for evaluation. With brain tumors, early detection can improve outcomes.

• #9 Astrocytoma – symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, support | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/brain-tumour/astrocytoma

  The type of symptoms can depend on the size and position of the tumour. They also depend on how slowly or quickly it grows. They may develop suddenly or slowly over months or even years. […] Symptoms may happen if a tumour presses on or grows into nearby areas of the brain. This can stop that part of the brain from working normally and cause symptoms. Some symptoms can also happen because the tumour causes a build-up of pressure inside the skull. This is called raised intracranial pressure. […] Possible symptoms include: seizures (fits), headaches, feeling or being sick, difficulty speaking or understanding words, memory problems, being confused, changes in mood and personality, weakness in an arm or a leg, or the face, problems with movement and balance, problems with sight. […] The tumour may also cause other symptoms, depending on which part of the brain is affected.

• #10 Analysis of Spinal Pilocytic Astrocytoma in 12 Case Reports and Literature Review | Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology

  https://jbsr.be/articles/10.5334/jbsr.3328

  Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is classified as grade I astrocytoma in the 2021 WHO Classification of central nervous system tumors due to its benign biological behavior, limited growth and slow progression. […] The clinical signs of spinal cord PA depend on the involved spinal cord segments and tumor size, with symptoms such as pain, decreased motility, numbness and decreased perception, which may overlap with other intramedullary space-occupying lesions. […] Among the 12 patients with spinal PA, 6 had limb numbness, and 4 had limb movement disorder. The most common initial clinical symptoms were limb pain, limb weakness and paresthesia (9 cases). […] Due to the hidden growth of spinal cord PA, its progression can last several months to years. […] The lack of specific clinical manifestations, the rarity of the condition, and its likelihood of misdiagnosis often confused with ependymoma, neurogenic tumor, or other diseases, impacting the treatment strategy. […] In this study, seven patients underwent total tumor resection, five underwent major tumor resection, and most of the patients (10 out of 12) had significant improvement in nerve function.

• #11 Astrocytoma | Brain and spinal cord tumours | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/brain-tumours/types/astrocytoma-glioblastoma-multiforme

  Astrocytomas are a common type of brain tumours in both adults and children. […] The main treatments for astrocytomas are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. […] Astrocytomas develop from a type of glial cells called astrocytes. […] Some astrocytomas are very localised (focal). This means it is easy to see the border between the tumour and the normal brain tissue on a scan or during surgery. […] Other astrocytomas are called diffuse astrocytomas. They dont have a clear boundary between the tumour and the normal brain tissue. Most grade 2 astrocytomas are diffuse. […] Astrocytomas are put into groups according to how quickly they are likely to grow. These are called grades. […] The grade depends on how the cells look. Generally, the more normal the cells look, the lower the grade. The more abnormal the cells look, the higher the grade.

• #11 Astrocytoma | Brain and spinal cord tumours | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/brain-tumours/types/astrocytoma-glioblastoma-multiforme

  Treatment for astrocytoma can control the tumour for some time. But the tumour can start to grow again. […] If your astrocytoma comes back, you might have more surgery, more radiotherapy (a boost), or more chemotherapy you might have temozolomide again or PCV. […] Coping with a diagnosis of a brain tumour can be difficult, both practically and emotionally. It can be especially difficult when you have a high grade tumour. Being well informed about the type of tumour you have, and its treatment can make it easier to cope. […] Common symptoms of brain tumours include headaches, feeling or being sick and seizures (fits).

• #12 Astrocytoma Brain Tumors | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/a/astrocytoma-brain-tumors.html

  Astrocytoma tumors are a form of glioma with star-shaped cells. They often grow very slowly or not at all for long periods of time. Therefore, close observation rather than treatment is possible in some cases (especially ones associated with neurofibromatosis). […] General symptoms of an astrocytoma tumor are a result of growing pressure inside the skull. These symptoms include headache, vomiting and mental status changes. Other symptoms, such as drowsiness, lethargy, obtuseness, personality changes, disordered conduct and impaired mental faculties show up early in about one out of every four patients with malignant brain tumors. […] In young children, the growing pressure of an astrocytoma tumor inside the skull may enlarge the head. Changes (such as swelling) may be observed in the back of the eye, where the blind spot is. […] Symptoms of an astrocytoma tumor vary depending on what part of the brain (or which glands or nerves) are affected by the tumor. Sometimes the nature of the seizures can help determine the location of the brain tumor.

• #13 Astrocytoma in children | Children’s brain tumours

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/brain-tumours/types/astrocytoma

  Some children may have symptoms for a few weeks or months before they’re diagnosed with an astrocytoma. This is especially true if they have a low grade, slow growing astrocytoma. […] Many symptoms are general and non specific. Some are similar to less serious childhood illnesses. Symptoms include: headaches in the morning, feeling or being sick being sick often makes the headaches feel better, double vision, seizures (fits). […] Other symptoms depend on where the astrocytoma is in the brain. […] Young infants might have an increasing head circumference. A health professional measures this during their well baby check ups. Or the soft spot on top of the skull (fontanelle) might be swollen. […] Take your child to the general practitioner (GP) to get checked out if you are worried they have symptoms of a brain tumour.

• #14 What is astrocytoma, and how is it different from glioblastoma? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-astrocytoma–and-how-is-it-different-from-glioblastoma.h00-159694389.html

  Signs and symptoms of astrocytoma include headaches, blurry or double vision, seizures, trouble with balance and coordination, and mood changes. […] Some low-grade astrocytomas progress to high-grade tumors (WHO Grade 3 or 4). Astrocytoma Grade 3 and astrocytoma Grade 4 are considered high-grade astrocytomas. High-grade tumors are fast-growing and aggressive.

• #15 Astrocytoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-overview

  Neurologic signs and symptoms from astrocytoma depend foremost on the site and extent of tumor growth in the CNS but may include any of the following: […] Astrocytomas of the spinal cord or brainstem are less common and present as motor/sensory or cranial nerve deficits referable to the tumor’s location. […] Higher-grade astrocytomas tend to produce more-pronounced symptoms, focal neurologic symptoms, and functional impairment.

• #16

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/brain-spine-institute/brain-spine-tumors/astrocytoma

  Astrocytoma symptoms depend on where the tumors occur in the brain or spine. If the tumor grows in a space where there is more room to grow, it might not cause symptoms until it gets very large. High grade astrocytomas may start to cause symptoms even when theyre still small because they cause more brain swelling, grow more quickly and destroy parts of the brain where theyre growing. Lower grade astrocytomas dont destroy brain tissue. Common astrocytoma symptoms include: […] Persistent headaches […] Headaches which are worse in the morning or cause awakening from sleep […] Double or blurred vision […] Speech problems […] Problems with thinking, concentrating and making decisions […] Weakness in arms or legs […] New seizures.

• #17 Astrocytoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17863-astrocytoma

  The symptoms of astrocytoma can vary based on its size and location. Common symptoms include: […] See a healthcare provider as soon as possible if you have these symptoms. […] Surgery can cure most grade 1 astrocytomas if your neurosurgeon can safely remove the entire tumor. Very rarely, surgery may also cure some grade 2 astrocytomas. […] Theres no cure for grade 3 and grade 4 astrocytomas, as they grow and spread quickly. But radiation therapy and some medications can help slow their growth and help with symptoms. […] The prognosis (outlook) of astrocytoma depends on several factors, including: […] The average survival rate varies depending on the grade of astrocytoma: […] Its important to remember that these are just averages based on large groups of people whove had astrocytoma. Your healthcare team can provide more detailed information about survival rates based on your unique situation.

• #18 Astrocytomas – symptoms, treatment, prognosis. The most important information

  https://tumor3d.com/en/blog/astrocytomas-symptoms-treatment-prognosis-the-most-important-information

  Astrocytomas are one of the most common tumors located within the nervous system. […] The prognosis for astrocytomas varies depending on their nature and location. When the cancer has entered the brainstem, the survival time is shorter. However, it is longer when the tumor infiltrates the white matter of the hemispheres, the hypothalamus, or the cerebellum. The age of the patient also influences the survival rate a younger age extends the survival rate. In addition, relapse is associated with the risk of developing the more malignant type of tumor.

• #19 Pilocytic Astrocytoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560614/

  Pilocytic astrocytoma is a typically benign and slow-growing brain tumor that primarily affects children and young adults. Patients with pilocytic astrocytomas often present with symptoms related to increased intracranial pressure, such as headaches, nausea, and balance problems. However, life-threatening presentations such as brainstem compression and hydrocephalus can occur, which warrants urgent intervention. […] Symptoms typically develop gradually. Patients with pilocytic astrocytomas can present symptoms secondary to a posterior fossa mass effect. This may include obstructive hydrocephalus with resultant headache, nausea, vomiting, and papilledema. Seizures are rare in cases of posterior fossa lesions. […] Physical examination often reveals signs of increased intracranial pressure and cerebellar dysfunction. Focal neurological deficits depend on the tumor’s specific location and its impact on surrounding structures. […] Pilocytic astrocytoma is a slow-growing tumor that is often curative with gross total resection. The 10-year survival rate is approximately 95% if the tumor is completely resected. Recurrence is rare if a complete resection is achieved.

• #20 Astrocytoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord/what-is-a-brain-or-spinal-cord-tumour/astrocytoma

  Astrocytomas are a type of glioma that starts in glial cells called astrocytes. Astrocytes surround, support and protect neurons. The majority of gliomas are astrocytomas. […] Most astrocytomas spread throughout the brain and blend with normal tissue, which can make it difficult to remove the tumour with surgery. They can spread throughout the cerebrospinal fluid but rarely spread outside the brain and spinal cord. […] Low-grade astrocytomas include both grade 1 and grade 2 tumours. A low-grade astrocytoma may turn into an anaplastic astrocytoma. […] Diffuse or infiltrating astrocytomas are grade 2 tumours. They tend to grow slowly into nearby areas of the brain and may become more aggressive and fast growing over time. They most often affect young adults. […] Anaplastic astrocytomas (also called malignant astrocytomas) are grade 3 tumours that grow at a moderate rate. The average age at diagnosis is 41. Anaplastic astrocytomas tend to turn into glioblastoma multiforme.

• #20 Astrocytoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord/what-is-a-brain-or-spinal-cord-tumour/astrocytoma

  Glioblastomas (also called glioblastoma multiforme or GBM) are grade 4 tumours. They are the most common malignant brain tumour in adults. Glioblastoma tumours grow quickly and spread to nearby tissue. They may develop in one place or in many places throughout the brain. Most cases occur in people between the ages of 45 and 70.

• #21 Astrocytoma – Goodman Campbell

  https://www.goodmancampbell.com/conditions/brain/tumor/astrocytoma/

  Symptoms generally depend on the size and location of the tumor. Symptoms can be produced by altered brain function within the area of the tumor or by the tumor exerting pressure on normal areas. If edema (swelling) develops around an astrocytoma, symptoms may increase or worsen. […] Some of the more common symptoms associated with an astrocytoma may include: New or worsening headache, Seizures, Nausea and vomiting, Difficulty thinking, Difficulty speaking or reading, Blurry vision, Weakness in an arm and/or leg, Difficulty with balance or walking, Confusion, irritability or personality change, Drowsiness or lethargy. […] Over the course of many years, more genetic mutations can accumulate. The tumor cells become less differentiated (anaplastic) and transform into a high-grade tumor. This process is termed malignant transformation. […] Grade IV astrocytomas are also referred to as glioblastoma. It is the most poorly differentiated glial tumor and, in general, carries the worst prognosis for progression-free and overall survival.

• #22 :: BTRT :: Brain Tumor Research and Treatment

  https://btrt.org/DOIx.php?id=10.14791/btrt.2024.0022

  High-grade transformation of low-grade gliomas has long been a poor prognostic factor during therapy. […] High-grade transformation after surgical resection of low-grade gliomas is a well-recognized phenomenon that leads to poor prognosis, but its pathophysiology is not yet completely understood. […] Research has reported that approximately 45% of oligodendrogliomas, 70% of oligoastrocytomas, and 74% of astrocytomas eventually undergo high-grade transformation. […] Old age, male sex, and residual tumor after resection are common risk factors for high-grade transformation of low-grade gliomas. […] In the case of astrocytomas, gemistocytic tumor histology was shown to be an independent risk factor for both high-grade transformation and shorter overall survival. […] Six months after surgery, a follow-up brain MRI showed no signs of tumor recurrence. However, 1 year after surgery, a brain MRI revealed an approximately 2-cm round, solid, enhancing mass in the left insular region, with perilesional T2 high signal intensity.

• #22 :: BTRT :: Brain Tumor Research and Treatment

  https://btrt.org/DOIx.php?id=10.14791/btrt.2024.0022

  Although the patient did not show any symptoms or neurological deficits, surgical resection was recommended for diagnostic and curative purposes. […] The final pathology results revealed an IDH-mutant, CNS WHO grade 4 astrocytoma according to the 2021 classification system. […] High-grade transformation of low-grade gliomas poses significant clinical challenges due to its unexpectedly aggressive clinical course. […] This case highlights the limitations of relying solely on the most recent WHO classification system for risk stratification. Multiple histopathological characteristics should be incorporated into clinical decision-making.

• #23 Genomic characterization of IDH-mutant astrocytoma progression to grade 4 in the treatment setting | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text

  https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-023-01669-9

  As the progression of low-grade diffuse astrocytomas into grade 4 tumors significantly impacts patient prognosis, a better understanding of this process is of paramount importance for improved patient care. […] Many grade 23 IDHmut astrocytomas eventually progress to grade 4, previously referred to as secondary glioblastomas. […] Because tumor progression drastically worsens patient prognosis, understanding the mechanisms leading to tumor progression is important for the development and implementation of optimal treatment strategies. […] The number of chromosomal rearrangements and DNA copy number alterations (CNA) increased notably in all progressed cases except in one hypermutator case that carried a biallelic loss of the MSH2 gene. […] In our retrospective analysis of patient treatment and survival timelines (n=75), the combination of postoperative radiation and chemotherapy (mainly TMZ) outperformed radiation, especially in the grade 3 tumor cohort, in which it was typically given after primary surgery.

• #23 Genomic characterization of IDH-mutant astrocytoma progression to grade 4 in the treatment setting | Acta Neuropathologica Communications | Full Text

  https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-023-01669-9

  Our results provide further insight into the contribution of treatment and genetic alterations in cell cycle, growth factor signaling, and DNA repair-related genes to tumor evolution and progression. […] Progression-related alterations in RAD51B and other DNA repair pathway genes associated with the promotion of error-prone DNA repair, potentially facilitating tumor progression. […] The inactivation of the CDKN2A/RB1 cell cycle checkpoint pathway was associated with postoperative combination therapy. […] Recurrent progression-related PDGFRA amplifications were concomitant with acquired CDKN2A inactivation. […] Our results show that the frequency of inactivating CDKN2A/RB1 alterations is highest after tumor progression following post-operative combination therapy, and PDGFRA/MET alterations co-appear with CDKN2A inactivation.

• #24 Astrocytoma progression scoring system based on the WHO 2016 criteria | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36471-4

  Diffuse astrocytoma (including glioblastoma) is morbid with a worse prognosis than other types of glioma. […] The analyses indicated that the AP score was a robust predictor of patient survival, and its ability to predict astrocytoma malignancy was well elucidated. […] A low AP score was a potent independent marker for predicting better overall survival in the training dataset (median survival: 2835 days for the low AP score group vs 492 days for the high AP score group, P0.0001, HR=7.47). […] A total of 6/7 of the tumours had an elevated AP score when recurrent (grades III to IV: 4/7; grades III to III: 2/7). […] The AP score was calculated for the 14 astrocytomas. […] The AP score of the recurrent group was significantly higher than that of the primary group (t test, P=0.02). […] A high AP score accounted for a significantly high proportion of the patients with an older age, grade IV, IDH1 wild type, unmethylated MGMT status, and classical and mesenchymal subtypes, whereas a low AP score accounted for a significantly high proportion of the patients with a younger age, grades II and III, IDH1 mutant, methylated MGMT status, and neural and proneural subtypes.

• #25 Astrocytoma Progression Stages – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/astrocytoma-progression-stages/

  In the early stages, astrocytoma symptoms can be small and easy to miss. People might have headaches, mild seizures, or mood and behavior changes. As the tumor gets worse, symptoms get stronger. This can lead to more seizures, thinking problems, and physical issues like muscle weakness. […] When astrocytoma reaches anaplastic stages, the effects on the brain are much worse. Patients may have bad headaches, forget things easily, and have trouble moving. At this point, managing symptoms is very important. It often needs a team of doctors working together to help. […] Knowing what symptoms to look for at each stage helps patients and caregivers. This way, they can get ready for the challenges of a brain tumor. It helps with managing symptoms and keeping quality of life good during treatment.

• #26 Astrocytoma – Diagnosis & Disease Information for HCPs

  https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/ddi/astrocytoma/

  The prognosis of astrocytoma varies depending on the tumor grade and other factors. Grade 1 astrocytoma is almost always curable by surgery, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 96%. The 5-year survival rate in patients age 20 to 44 years with grade 1 or grade II tumors is 70% or higher. However, lower-grade astrocytoma sometimes progress to higher grades. Higher-grade tumors such as anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) and glioblastoma (grade IV) have a poorer prognosis. Glioblastoma has a median survival of 15 months despite aggressive treatment. Gross total resection is associated with improved survival. Molecular markers, including in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status, also appear to impact prognosis; patients with IDH-mutant tumors generally have better outcomes.

• #27 Brain astrocytoma – symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in the best clinics

  https://medtour.help/disease/brain-astrocytoma/

  In order to predict the further development of events with astrocytoma, it is necessary to take into account several factors: Degree of tumor malignancy. Benign neoplasms generally have a favorable outcome, and patients can live long and healthy lives. Malignant astrocytomas, such as glioblastoma, have a poorer prognosis, and a person’s life expectancy after diagnosis averages about 1 year. […] According to statistics, life expectancy with astrocytoma depends on the aggressiveness of the tumor: For benign astrocytomas, the 5-year survival rate is about 90%. Anaplastic astrocytomas have a 5-year survival rate of 30%. For glioblastomas, the five-year survival rate is less than 5%.

• #28 Astrocytoma | Neuro-Oncology | UH Seidman Cancer Center | University Hospitals | Cleveland, OH | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/cancer-services/neuro-oncology/diagnosis-and-treatments/astrocytomas

  Astrocytoma is a type of glioma, which is class of tumors that begin in the glial cells the supportive cells that surround, support and protect nerve cells (neurons). […] Astrocytomas are the most common malignant (cancerous) brain tumors diagnosed in adults and children. Approximately 15,000 new astrocytomas are diagnosed every year in the U.S. […] Symptoms of astrocytoma brain tumors can include the following: Persistent headaches, Headaches which are worse in the morning or disrupt sleep (a sign of increased intracranial pressure), Blurred or double vision, Difficulty speaking, Decreased cognitive abilities, Grasp or limb weakness, Seizures, Altered sensations, including strange smells and hallucinations relating to sense of smell, Behavior, mood or personality changes, Difficulty with balance, Dizziness, Memory loss, Muscular weakness on one side of body and loss of control of bodily movements, Nausea and vomiting. […] The average survival time for glioblastoma patients is 12 to 18 months following diagnosis. About 25% of glioblastoma patients survive more than one year; only 5% of patients survive more than five years.

• #29 Astrocytoma (Adult-type) – American Brain Tumor Association | Learn More

  https://www.abta.org/tumor_types/astrocytoma/

  Common signs of an astrocytoma are seizures, headaches, and personality changes. Other symptoms may include weakness or numbness in an arm or leg, or changes related to thinking, learning, concentrating, problem-solving, and decision-making. Symptoms will vary by location and size of the tumor. […] A recurring astrocytoma may be treated with surgery, particularly when the time between initial diagnosis and recurrence is extended. In this way, the diagnosis can be updated to reflect any molecular changes in the tumor that may have occurred over time as the tumor adapts to treatments. Recurrent astrocytomas may also be treated with radiation therapy, depending on whether or how much radiation was given after the original diagnosis.

• #30

  https://medschool.cuanschutz.edu/neurosurgery/patientresources/conditions-and-diseases/anaplastic-astrocytoma

  Anaplastic astrocytomas are classified as grade III by the World Health Organization. They tend to grow more quickly than low-grade astrocytomas. The goal of treatment is to decrease symptoms and slow the progression of the tumor as much as possible. […] The most common symptoms of an anaplastic astrocytoma are headaches and changes in behavior. Other symptoms depend on the location of the tumor. Seizures may also occur. […] Long-term close follow-up with regular MRI scans is recommended to watch for tumor growth or transformation to a higher grade.

• #31 Pilocytic Astrocytoma | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pilocytic-astrocytoma

  Pilocytic astrocytomas are the most common and treatable group of pediatric gliomas or brain tumors. […] The symptoms of pilocytic astrocytomas depend on the area of the brain the tumor is in. If the tumor is mostly in the cerebellum, you may see changes in the way your child walks. They may start to fall or have issues with coordination. Tasks they were able to complete easily before are now more difficult. Other symptoms caused by cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas are signs of increased intracranial pressure. This is a result of the tumor blocking the flow of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) out of the brain. This is called obstructive hydrocephalus. Signs and symptoms of this include headache, vomiting often in the morning, poor balance and fatigue. […] If the pilocytic astrocytoma involves the optic pathway, signs and symptoms may include blurred vision, double vision or rapid eye movements.

• #32 What Causes Pilocytic Astrocytoma? Its Types, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-pilocytic-astrocytoma

  Pilocytic astrocytoma symptoms depend on the size and location of the central nervous system tumor. If the tumor is small, it won’t cause any visible symptoms. But if it’s large enough to press on the nearby tissues, it can cause severe symptoms. […] PAs usually grow in the lower back of your brain, known as the cerebellum. The cerebellum manages your body’s balance and coordination. Some PAs may also grow near the optic nerve that may affect your vision. […] Other PAs can also restrict the usual cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. The fluid performs several functions for your brain and spinal cord. It serves as a cushion, delivers nutrients, and removes waste materials from your brain. […] The abnormal build-up of CSF may cause high pressure on the brain, known as intracranial pressure.

• #33 Pilocytic Astrocytoma: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pilocytic-astrocytoma

  Symptoms of pilocytic astrocytoma vary based on the size and location of the tumor. In some cases, you might not experience any symptoms until the size of the tumor increases. Symptoms could include: […] Seizures aren’t common, but they’re possible. […] Complications of pilocytic astrocytoma may include: Vision loss. Bulging eyes. Weight loss or gain. Among rare and severe cases, the location and size of the tumor can cause brainstem compression (pressure against your brainstem) or hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in your brain). These can be life-threatening. […] For a grade 1 pilocytic astrocytoma, your prognosis (outlook) is excellent. The tumor is nonmalignant (not cancerous) and usually doesn’t spread to other parts of your body. Your outlook is best if a healthcare provider finds and treats the tumor early. Your prognosis also varies based on your general health, age and other factors at the time of a diagnosis. A healthcare provider can give you a detailed outlook based on your situation. […] The life expectancy for children and adults who receive a pilocytic astrocytoma diagnosis before age 20 is very high. One study found that the 10-year survival rate was above 92%. The survival rate further increases if surgeons are able to completely remove the tumor.

• #34 Astrocytoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/astrocytoma.html

  Astrocytoma symptoms in children may include: […] Symptoms of astrocytoma depend on factors such as the child’s age, the tumor’s location and size, and how fast the tumor grows. […] Some tumors do not cause any symptoms until they become large. Symptoms may be gradual and hard to notice. Other times, symptoms may be severe and develop quickly. […] As the tumor grows, it often blocks the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This causes a buildup of fluid within the brain known as hydrocephalus. The fluid increases pressure in the brain. Hydrocephalus may cause some astrocytoma symptoms. […] The chance of cure depends on the type of tumor and its location. Some low-grade astrocytomas have a survival rate of 95% or higher in the United States. But certain high-grade astrocytomas have a survival rate of 10-30%. […] Factors that influence chance of cure include: Type and grade of the tumor: Low-grade astrocytomas grow more slowly. They are less likely to come back. High-grade astrocytomas can be harder to treat and often come back. […] Most astrocytomas in children are low-grade.

• #35 Childhood Anaplastic Astrocytoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-anaplastic-astrocytoma

  Anaplastic astrocytoma is a brain tumor that arises from brain cells called astrocytes, a type of glial cell. […] Each child’s symptoms will vary depending on the tumor’s size and location and related inflammation. Symptoms may appear slowly and subtly or quickly and aggressively. If you witness any unusual symptoms, prompt medical attention is critical. […] Common symptoms include: Headache (generally upon awakening in the morning), Lethargy, Vomiting, Seizures, Weakness and other motor dysfunction neuroendocrine abnormalities, Changes in behavior or thought processes. […] Unfortunately, the prognosis for anaplastic astrocytoma remains poor. When surgery can remove the tumor almost entirely, the chance of survival is greater.

• #36 Childhood Pilocytic Astrocytoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-pilocytic-astrocytoma

  Pilocytic astrocytoma is typically slow-growing. Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the tumor. For example, if the tumor blocks the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, a liquid that cushions the brain and spine, symptoms can come on quickly. […] Possible symptoms may include: […] Headache, particularly in the morning or made better by vomiting […] Severe or frequent vomiting without other signs of gastrointestinal illness […] Vision problems, such as double vision, blurry vision, or loss of vision […] Difficulty walking or balancing […] Seizures […] Weight gain or loss […] Premature puberty […] Clumsiness […] Confusion […] Sleepiness […] Changes in behavior. […] Innovative treatments have led to very high cure rates of 90 to 95 percent. Children cured of pilocytic astrocytoma enjoy a quality of life better than most other children with cancer. Balance, strength, and coordination may be compromised, but fertility and life expectancy are not.

• #37 Astrocytomas – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/pediatric-cancers/astrocytomas

  Most patients have symptoms consistent with increased intracranial pressure (eg, morning headaches, vomiting, lethargy). […] Location of the tumor determines other symptoms and signs, for example Cerebellum: Weakness, tremor, or ataxia […] Cerebral hemispheres: Weakness, numbness, or seizures […] Visual pathway: Visual loss, proptosis, or nystagmus […] Spinal cord: Pain, weakness, changes in bowel/bladder function, or gait disturbance. […] Prognosis is poor; overall survival at 3 years is only 20 to 30%.

• #38 Astrocytoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559042/

  Astrocytomas represent a significant and complex subset of brain tumors originating from astrocytes, the star-shaped glial cells that play a critical role in supporting neuronal function within the cerebrum. Amongst brain tumors, glial tumors comprise 60% of the tumors. As the most common form of glioma, astrocytomas primarily affect the brain, although they can also involve the spinal cord. These tumors present a considerable clinical challenge due to their prevalence and the serious morbidity and mortality they cause across all age groups. […] General symptoms include headache (usually early morning), nausea, vomiting, cognitive difficulties, personality changes, and gait disorders. Localizing symptoms include seizures, aphasia, or visual field defects. About 50% of patients with supratentorial brain tumors may present with seizures. A visual field defect is often unnoticed by the patient and may be revealed after it leads to injury, such as motor vehicle accidents.

• #39 Astrocytoma — Low Grade Glioma Registry

  https://gliomaregistry.org/astrocytoma

  Astrocytomas are tumors that arise from astrocytes star-shaped cells that make up the glue-like or supportive tissue of the brain. […] They are slow growing and tend to invade surrounding tissue and thus are known as diffuse. […] Common signs of an astrocytoma are: Seizures, Headaches, Personality changes. Other symptoms may also be noted including weakness or numbness in an arm or leg or changes related to thinking, learning, concentrating, problem-solving, and decision-making. Symptoms may vary by location and size of the tumor. […] Prognosis means a prediction of outcome. This information is usually based on information gathered from groups of people with the same disease. It is important to remember these statistics are not individualized. The 5-year relative survival rate for diffuse astrocytoma by age group are as follows: Children (0-14): 82.2%, Adolescents and Young Adults (15-39): 77.6%, Adults (40+): 33.1%. […] Diffuse astrocytomas most often occur between the ages of 20-60 with a median age at diagnosis of 46 and 54 years for lower and higher grade lesions, respectively.

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