Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Astrocytoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559042/

  Astrocytoma arises from astrocytes, the star-shaped glial cells found in the cerebrum. Constituting 60% of brain tumors, glial tumors include astrocytoma as the most prevalent form of glioma. While primarily impacting the brain, they can also affect the spinal cord. These tumors pose a significant threat to individuals across various age groups, contributing to both mortality and morbidity. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial in mitigating the serious consequences associated with astrocytomas. […] This educational course provides a comprehensive understanding of astrocytomas, exploring their origin, pathology, classification, and clinical management. It reviews the latest advancements in diagnosis, treatment modalities, and emerging therapies for this prevalent form of glioma. Participants will gain insight into astrocytoma management, enhancing clinical knowledge and improving patient care outcomes. The activity also highlights the role of the interprofessional team in optimizing care coordination for affected patients.

• #2 What is astrocytoma, and how is it different from glioblastoma? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-astrocytoma–and-how-is-it-different-from-glioblastoma.h00-159694389.html

  Astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor. Astrocytoma brain tumors grow from astrocytes. Astrocytoma develops when astrocytes grow abnormally. Its not known exactly what causes an astrocytoma to form. Certain genetic mutations are associated with astrocytes growing out of control and becoming tumors. Still, scientists are not sure exactly what causes abnormal astrocyte growth. […] Astrocytomas are classified by the WHO from Grade 1 to Grade 4. Astrocytoma Grade 1 and astrocytoma Grade 2 are considered low-grade astrocytomas. Low-grade astrocytoma includes pilocytic astrocytoma (WHO Grade 1). Pilocytic astrocytoma usually occurs in children. It is not considered cancerous because it does not spread in the brain. Pilocytic astrocytoma is rare in adults. […] WHO Grade 2 astrocytoma tumors are also considered low-grade astrocytomas. But they grow faster than Grade 1 tumors and can affect more parts of the brain than Grade 1 astrocytomas. Grade 2 astrocytomas are more common among young adults.

• #3 Astrocytoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559042/

  Maximum safe resection is the preferred surgical approach. Surgery aims to remove or debulk the tumor. Histological diagnosis is made possible by the tissue biopsy provided by the surgeon. […] The urgency of neurosurgical evaluation depends on whether the patient is clinically stable, the symptoms’ severity, and the tumor’s size and location. […] Effective management involves a team of neuro-oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, neurologists, pathologists, and rehabilitation specialists. […] Deterrence and patient education are pivotal in managing astrocytoma, focusing on both prevention and empowerment through knowledge. […] Effective patient education also includes discussions about lifestyle modifications, nutritional guidance, and psychosocial support, helping patients navigate their journey with astrocytoma more confidently and proactively. […] An interprofessional team is crucial in caring for patients with astrocytoma because it integrates diverse expertise from various healthcare disciplines, ensuring comprehensive and coordinated care that addresses all aspects of the patient’s condition.

• #4 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  Treatment options in astrocytomas include operative intervention, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Treatment decisions are generally best made through a team approach, including input from the involved neurosurgeon, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist or neurologist, as well as the patient and/or their family. […] Surgical resection is the mainstay of operative treatment for astrocytomas. The goals of surgery are to debulk the tumor and collect sufficient tissue for diagnosis, while avoiding or limiting complications such as further neurologic injury. […] The decision whether to perform surgical resection for astrocytoma necessitates a patient-specific discussion of risks and benefits and should be a shared decision between the neurosurgeon and the patient and/or family. […] Patients should be transferred to institutions with an appropriately equipped and adequately staffed neurosurgical intensive care unit for postoperative monitoring. Patients may require extensive or focused postoperative rehabilitation that may necessitate transfer to specialized institutions dedicated to physical and occupational therapy.

• #5 Astrocytoma – symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, support | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/brain-tumour/astrocytoma

  An astrocytoma is a type of brain tumour. Astrocytoma belongs to a group of tumours called gliomas. Astrocytomas are the most common type of glioma. […] Treatments used for an astrocytoma include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. You may have a combination of treatments. Your treatment may depend on the: the size and position of the tumour, the grade of the tumour, molecular marker results, symptoms you have. […] If you need treatment, you usually have surgery to remove the tumour. If you have a low-grade tumour, this may be the only treatment you need. […] After surgery, the MDT (multidisciplinary team) will discuss whether further treatment might be recommended. This may be radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or both. […] You may need treatment for the symptoms of an astrocytoma before you have any treatment for the tumour. You may also need your symptoms managed during your main treatment or after it has finished.

• #6 Astrocytoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17863-astrocytoma

  The main forms of treatment for astrocytomas are surgery, radiation therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and tumor-treating fields (for glioblastomas). […] Surgery is the first step in the treatment of astrocytomas. It provides three significant benefits: It allows your healthcare team to get tissue from the tumor to view it under a microscope to determine the exact type, providers can perform additional tests on the tumor to look for proteins and mutations that certain medications could target, and it offers the possibility to remove as much of the tumor as possible. […] Adjuvant therapy, sometimes called helper therapy, targets cancer cells that primary treatment didnt destroy. In the case of astrocytomas, surgery is the primary treatment. […] Grade 3 and grade 4 astrocytomas always require treatments other than surgery alone. Grade 2 astrocytomas may sometimes require adjuvant therapy.

• #7 Astrocytoma | Brain and spinal cord tumours | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/brain-tumours/types/astrocytoma-glioblastoma-multiforme

  The main treatments for astrocytomas are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. […] Your treatment depends on the grade of your astrocytoma. It also depends on whether you have changes (mutations) in certain genes. […] Surgery is the main treatment for grade 2 astrocytoma. […] Surgery is the main treatment for grade 3 and 4 astrocytomas. […] You usually have radiotherapy after surgery. […] You might take a chemotherapy drug called temozolomide if you are well and able to care for yourself. […] Treatment for astrocytoma can control the tumour for some time. […] You have regular appointments with your doctor or nurse after treatment finishes. […] Coping with a diagnosis of a brain tumour can be difficult, both practically and emotionally. […] Doctors are always trying to improve the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours.

• #8 Astrocytoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17863-astrocytoma

  The main forms of treatment for astrocytomas are surgery, radiation therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and tumor-treating fields (for glioblastomas). […] Surgery is the first step in the treatment of astrocytomas. It provides three significant benefits: It allows your healthcare team to get tissue from the tumor to view it under a microscope to determine the exact type, providers can perform additional tests on the tumor to look for proteins and mutations that certain medications could target, and it offers the possibility to remove as much of the tumor as possible. […] Adjuvant therapy, sometimes called helper therapy, targets cancer cells that primary treatment didnt destroy. In the case of astrocytomas, surgery is the primary treatment. […] Grade 3 and grade 4 astrocytomas always require treatments other than surgery alone. Grade 2 astrocytomas may sometimes require adjuvant therapy.

• #9 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  Treatment options in astrocytomas include operative intervention, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Treatment decisions are generally best made through a team approach, including input from the involved neurosurgeon, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist or neurologist, as well as the patient and/or their family. […] Surgical resection is the mainstay of operative treatment for astrocytomas. The goals of surgery are to debulk the tumor and collect sufficient tissue for diagnosis, while avoiding or limiting complications such as further neurologic injury. […] The decision whether to perform surgical resection for astrocytoma necessitates a patient-specific discussion of risks and benefits and should be a shared decision between the neurosurgeon and the patient and/or family. […] Patients should be transferred to institutions with an appropriately equipped and adequately staffed neurosurgical intensive care unit for postoperative monitoring. Patients may require extensive or focused postoperative rehabilitation that may necessitate transfer to specialized institutions dedicated to physical and occupational therapy.

• #10 Astrocytoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17863-astrocytoma

  Astrocytomas are tumors that typically form in your brain, but can develop in your spinal cord as well. Treatment varies depending on the type, but surgery is usually the first option. […] Healthcare providers use grades to describe different types of astrocytomas. They dont use a staging system as they do for many other types of cancer. […] Surgery can cure most grade 1 astrocytomas if your neurosurgeon can safely remove the entire tumor. Very rarely, surgery may also cure some grade 2 astrocytomas. […] Theres no cure for grade 3 and grade 4 astrocytomas, as they grow and spread quickly. But radiation therapy and some medications can help slow their growth and help with symptoms. […] Several specialists will work together to determine the best treatment plan for you. They may include neurologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists.

• #11 Astrocytoma

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-types/astrocytoma/

  Surgery is the standard treatment. If the tumor cannot be completely resected, radiation or chemotherapy may be given. Chemotherapy may be given to very young children instead of radiation therapy to avoid damage to the developing brain. Some of these tumors can progress to a higher grade, so it is important to be diligent about following up with the medical team after treatment. […] Treatment depends on the size and location of the tumor. The doctor will most likely perform a biopsy or surgery to remove the tumor. Partial resections or inoperable tumors may be treated with radiation. Recurring tumors may require additional surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy. […] Treatment depends on the location of the tumor and how far it has progressed. Surgery and radiation therapy, with chemotherapy during or following radiation, are the standard treatments. If surgery is not an option, then the doctor may recommend radiation and/or chemotherapy. Many clinical trials using radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination are available for initial and recurrent anaplastic astrocytomas.

• #12 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  Treatment options in astrocytomas include operative intervention, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Treatment decisions are generally best made through a team approach, including input from the involved neurosurgeon, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist or neurologist, as well as the patient and/or their family. […] Surgical resection is the mainstay of operative treatment for astrocytomas. The goals of surgery are to debulk the tumor and collect sufficient tissue for diagnosis, while avoiding or limiting complications such as further neurologic injury. […] The decision whether to perform surgical resection for astrocytoma necessitates a patient-specific discussion of risks and benefits and should be a shared decision between the neurosurgeon and the patient and/or family. […] Patients should be transferred to institutions with an appropriately equipped and adequately staffed neurosurgical intensive care unit for postoperative monitoring. Patients may require extensive or focused postoperative rehabilitation that may necessitate transfer to specialized institutions dedicated to physical and occupational therapy.

• #13 Low-Grade Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156429-treatment

  The cornerstone of therapy for most low-grade gliomas is surgery. […] Maximum safe resection is the goal of surgical treatment. […] Positive impact on progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and quality of life (QOL) is achieved when complete or even sub-total resections are performed. […] Nonetheless, even subtotal resection is of benefit if the tumor can be removed safely. […] The extent of resection is measured differently for high-grade glioma, low-grade glioma, and pediatric gliomas. […] Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring has been used increasingly in the last few years. […] This is a preferred technique to remove lesions close to, or involving, eloquent (functionally important) regions of the brain. […] One of the electrophysiological modalities is intraoperative cortical mapping, which can help to achieve a greater extent of resection.

• #14 Anaplastic Astrocytoma (AA) – Neurosurgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/anaplastic-astrocytoma-aa

  An Anaplastic Astrocytoma is a malignant type of astrocytoma (Grade 3 astrocytoma). Advances by UCLA neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists and researchers continue to improve the prognosis of anaplastic astrocytoma. The UCLA Brain Tumor Program uses a multidisciplinary team approach to offer state-of-the-art treatment regimens of both standard and experimental treatments. […] Symptoms may include seizure, focal neurologic deficit (weakness or speech problems), headaches, personality changes, or visual loss. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred imaging technique for diagnosis. An actual tissue biopsy is typically required for definitive diagnosis. […] If possible, UCLA neurosurgeons attempt to remove all of the tumor visible on the MRI to relieve pressure on the surrounding brain and improve the effectiveness of certain follow-up therapies. Advanced technologies such as intra-operative MRI and functional brain mapping available at UCLA may help improve surgical outcome.

• #15 What is astrocytoma, and how is it different from glioblastoma? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-astrocytoma–and-how-is-it-different-from-glioblastoma.h00-159694389.html

  Today, we have more treatment options than ever before to manage astrocytoma. Modern surgical procedures enable surgeons to be more precise and effective when they remove tumors. Techniques like fluorescence-guided surgery and brain mapping also allow surgeons to more precisely target areas of the brain during surgery, minimizing impact on healthy areas. […] In some cases, we can use radiation therapy instead to treat tumors without surgically opening the skull. For patients who don’t respond to radiation therapy, we can use laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) to kill the tumor. […] MD Anderson is also testing next-generation brain tumor treatments through clinical trials. These treatments include using viruses or natural killer T-cells to destroy cancer cells. Results from these clinical trials will help determine whether these therapies can become part of the standard treatment for brain tumors.

• #16 Astrocytoma Symptoms and Treatment | UPMC | Pittsburgh, PA

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/brain-tumors/astrocytoma

  Astrocytoma is a type of glioma, which is a brain tumor that arises from the brain tissue itself. […] Astrocytomas are gliomas that resemble astrocytes the supportive cells that encircle and protect the nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain. […] Some astrocytomas are extremely aggressive brain tumors. These are called glioblastomas and are remarkably difficult to treat. […] However, surgical removal of an aggressive astrocytoma can be beneficial for some people, to help alleviate symptoms associated with the tumor and to extend survival following radical removal. […] At UPMC, the preferred surgical treatment for an astrocytoma is Neuroendoport surgery. […] Neuroendoport surgery gives surgeons access to the tumor through a dime-size channel. This minimally invasive treatment offers benefits such as: Minimal scarring, Fewer side effects and complications, Faster recovery times than with traditional surgery.

• #17 Astrocytoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17863-astrocytoma

  Chemotherapy involves medications that destroy cancer cells and/or prevent them from multiplying. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a drug that works by changing the DNA of tumor cells and, thus, causing the cells to die. […] Radiation therapy uses radiation (usually high-powered X-rays) to kill cancer cells. Its typically very effective in helping treat astrocytomas. […] Its important to remember that these are just averages based on large groups of people whove had astrocytoma. Your healthcare team can provide more detailed information about survival rates based on your unique situation. […] Learning you have a tumor in your brain can be scary and stressful. Astrocytomas can vary in severity depending on the grade some are benign and some are cancerous. Know that your healthcare team will develop an individualized and thorough treatment plan to help treat the astrocytoma and improve your quality of life.

• #18 Astrocytoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/astrocytoma?content_id=CON-20117611

  Radiation therapy might be used after surgery. It can be used if the cancer wasn’t removed completely or if there’s a higher risk the cancer will return. Radiation may be used with chemotherapy for cancers that grow quickly. For people who can’t have surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be used as the main treatment. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. Sometimes, a circular wafer of chemotherapy medicine can be put in your brain after surgery. There, it slowly dissolves and releases the medicine. […] Chemotherapy is often used after surgery to kill any tumor cells that might remain. It can be used with radiation therapy for tumors that grow quickly. […] Supportive care. Supportive care, also called palliative care, focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care specialists work with you, your family and your other healthcare team members to provide extra support. Palliative care can be used at the same time as other treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Often, palliative care begins as you start your astrocytoma treatments. You may not need to wait for complications to happen in order to receive palliative care.

• #19 Astrocytoma Symptoms and Treatment | UPMC | Pittsburgh, PA

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/brain-tumors/astrocytoma

  Our neurosurgical team at UPMC may use a combination of surgical and non-surgical approaches to treat astrocytoma. […] The most common management approach for astrocytoma is surgery or biopsy, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy treatment. […] Whenever possible, neurosurgeons will remove the tumor surgically. […] Neuroendoport surgery offers a minimally invasive option for tumors within the ventricles (fluid spaces) or deep-seated tumors within the substance of the brain. […] Gamma Knife radiosurgery is a painless procedure that uses hundreds of highly focused radiation beams to target brain tumors and lesions, with no surgical incision. […] For astrocytomas, our neurosurgeons may use a Gamma Knife boost to treat recurrent or residual tumors. […] Fractionated External Beam Radiation therapy (EBRT) is a common treatment for brain tumors, either alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells. Depending on the type and stage of brain cancer, chemotherapy may be taken by mouth, injected, or placed directly into the brain tumor.

• #20

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/books/neuro-oncology/management/malignant-astrocytoma

  The most important prognostic variables for survival of patients with malignant astrocytoma are age (less than or greater than 50 years), performance status (KPS greater or less than 70) and tumour grade (grade III or grade IV)(1). Additionally, molecular markers of good survival include MGMT promoter methylation and IDH1 mutations (2,3). […] Patients who, after treatment with dexamethasone, are unfit for biopsy are unlikely to benefit from any further treatment because of their very short expected survival. […] Tumours suitable for surgery should receive maximal surgical debulking(4). […] Prospective randomized controlled trials have confirmed the benefit of postoperative radiation treatment for patients with malignant gliomas, which extends the median survival from 14 weeks to 36 weeks compared to surgery alone(5).

• #21 Astrocytomas Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/astrocytomas

  Radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy may be used next to destroy any remaining tumor. However, for younger children, radiation therapy is typically avoided because the radiation can interfere with brain development. […] Some astrocytomas are located where they cannot be surgically removed safely. Instead, radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy are used without surgery to shrink and destroy the astrocytoma.

• #22

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-astrocytoma?srsltid=AfmBOoq7w6U5ODBSkOGtjKg6KNgp5WnEQ4PpujZUYqZNTiloiUBz0GYJ

  Astrocytomas are the most common type of primary glioma brain tumour in both children and adults. […] An astrocytoma brain tumour develops from brain cells called astrocytes. […] The prognosis for astrocytoma varies between grades and will vary between individuals. […] The first line treatment for an astrocytoma in adults is usually surgery, if the tumour occurs in a position that makes this possible. Surgery is usually followed by radiotherapy. […] For astrocytoma in children, chemotherapy may be the first line of treatment offered. […] For astroctyomas that are classified grade 3 or 4, chemotherapy will be offered alongside radiotherapy. […] As astrocytoma progresses, especially in advanced stages or high-grade tumours, individuals may experience end-of-life symptoms. […] It’s important to note that the presence of these symptoms does not necessarily mean immediate end-of-life is imminent. […] Research we are funding across all of our Centres of Excellence will help lead towards finding a cure for astrocytoma brain tumours.

• #23 Astrocytoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17863-astrocytoma

  Chemotherapy involves medications that destroy cancer cells and/or prevent them from multiplying. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a drug that works by changing the DNA of tumor cells and, thus, causing the cells to die. […] Radiation therapy uses radiation (usually high-powered X-rays) to kill cancer cells. Its typically very effective in helping treat astrocytomas. […] Its important to remember that these are just averages based on large groups of people whove had astrocytoma. Your healthcare team can provide more detailed information about survival rates based on your unique situation. […] Learning you have a tumor in your brain can be scary and stressful. Astrocytomas can vary in severity depending on the grade some are benign and some are cancerous. Know that your healthcare team will develop an individualized and thorough treatment plan to help treat the astrocytoma and improve your quality of life.

• #24 Astrocytoma Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/astrocytoma-tumors/

  Temozolomide (TMZ) is a drug which is taken by mouth and works by slightly modifying the DNA of tumor cells. This effect on the DNA triggers its breakage and consequent death of the cell, unless DNA repair mechanisms override the damage. TMZ is by now a well established first line treatment for every astrocytoma which is either grade 3 or 4 and is occasionally used also for grade 2 tumors (when they are not completely resected in surgery or if their genetic analysis is not favorable). […] Radiation has been at the basis of treatment of astrocytomas for the past 50 years and it is extremely effective, at least for the first few months after treatment. Radiation, too, works by damaging DNA of the tumor cells, thus inducing their death. […] Bevacizumab is a drug that blocks the tumors ability to recruit blood vessels so that they can feed themselves and keep growing. Avastin has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013 for its use in recurrent glioblastomas.

• #25 Astrocytoma Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/astrocytoma-tumors/

  Temozolomide (TMZ) is a drug which is taken by mouth and works by slightly modifying the DNA of tumor cells. This effect on the DNA triggers its breakage and consequent death of the cell, unless DNA repair mechanisms override the damage. TMZ is by now a well established first line treatment for every astrocytoma which is either grade 3 or 4 and is occasionally used also for grade 2 tumors (when they are not completely resected in surgery or if their genetic analysis is not favorable). […] Radiation has been at the basis of treatment of astrocytomas for the past 50 years and it is extremely effective, at least for the first few months after treatment. Radiation, too, works by damaging DNA of the tumor cells, thus inducing their death. […] Bevacizumab is a drug that blocks the tumors ability to recruit blood vessels so that they can feed themselves and keep growing. Avastin has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013 for its use in recurrent glioblastomas.

• #26 Astrocytoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/astrocytoma?content_id=CON-20117611

  Radiation therapy might be used after surgery. It can be used if the cancer wasn’t removed completely or if there’s a higher risk the cancer will return. Radiation may be used with chemotherapy for cancers that grow quickly. For people who can’t have surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be used as the main treatment. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. Sometimes, a circular wafer of chemotherapy medicine can be put in your brain after surgery. There, it slowly dissolves and releases the medicine. […] Chemotherapy is often used after surgery to kill any tumor cells that might remain. It can be used with radiation therapy for tumors that grow quickly. […] Supportive care. Supportive care, also called palliative care, focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care specialists work with you, your family and your other healthcare team members to provide extra support. Palliative care can be used at the same time as other treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Often, palliative care begins as you start your astrocytoma treatments. You may not need to wait for complications to happen in order to receive palliative care.

• #27 Astrocytoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/astrocytoma?content_id=CON-20117611

  Radiation therapy might be used after surgery. It can be used if the cancer wasn’t removed completely or if there’s a higher risk the cancer will return. Radiation may be used with chemotherapy for cancers that grow quickly. For people who can’t have surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be used as the main treatment. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. Sometimes, a circular wafer of chemotherapy medicine can be put in your brain after surgery. There, it slowly dissolves and releases the medicine. […] Chemotherapy is often used after surgery to kill any tumor cells that might remain. It can be used with radiation therapy for tumors that grow quickly. […] Supportive care. Supportive care, also called palliative care, focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care specialists work with you, your family and your other healthcare team members to provide extra support. Palliative care can be used at the same time as other treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Often, palliative care begins as you start your astrocytoma treatments. You may not need to wait for complications to happen in order to receive palliative care.

• #28

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-astrocytoma?srsltid=AfmBOoq7w6U5ODBSkOGtjKg6KNgp5WnEQ4PpujZUYqZNTiloiUBz0GYJ

  Astrocytomas are the most common type of primary glioma brain tumour in both children and adults. […] An astrocytoma brain tumour develops from brain cells called astrocytes. […] The prognosis for astrocytoma varies between grades and will vary between individuals. […] The first line treatment for an astrocytoma in adults is usually surgery, if the tumour occurs in a position that makes this possible. Surgery is usually followed by radiotherapy. […] For astrocytoma in children, chemotherapy may be the first line of treatment offered. […] For astroctyomas that are classified grade 3 or 4, chemotherapy will be offered alongside radiotherapy. […] As astrocytoma progresses, especially in advanced stages or high-grade tumours, individuals may experience end-of-life symptoms. […] It’s important to note that the presence of these symptoms does not necessarily mean immediate end-of-life is imminent. […] Research we are funding across all of our Centres of Excellence will help lead towards finding a cure for astrocytoma brain tumours.

• #29 Astrocytoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/astrocytoma.html

  Astrocytoma is the most common type of childhood brain tumor. About half of brain and spinal cord tumors in children are astrocytomas. […] Treatment for astrocytoma usually includes surgery to remove the tumor. Patients may also have chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Other treatments such as targeted therapy or immunotherapy may be used based on the type of tumor. […] Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible is the main treatment for astrocytoma. For patients with grade 1 tumors, surgery alone may be an effective treatment. […] Chemotherapy is often used with surgery. It may be the main treatment if surgery is not possible. Very young children may get chemotherapy to delay radiation therapy until they are older. […] Radiation therapy may be used based on the tumor type and location, and the child’s age. It is often used after surgery in high-grade astrocytoma to kill any cancer cells left behind.

• #30 3 Brain Tumor Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/brain-tumor-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to provide care for patients with brain tumor. Enhance your understanding of nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis, all specifically tailored to address the unique needs of individuals with brain tumor. […] Nursing care planning goals for a patient with a brain tumor center on relieving pain, reducing anxiety, and promoting an understanding of the signs and symptoms of increased ICP and expected changes in body appearance related to the planned cranial surgery. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with brain tumors: Assess neurological status, Manage symptoms and provide comfort, Monitor for complications and changes in condition, Provide education and support to patients and their families, Promote self-care and independence, Provide palliative care, if needed.

• #31 Astrocytoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559042/

  Assess interprofessional team strategies for improving comprehensive care and communication for astrocytoma patients. […] The physical examination of patients with astrocytoma involves a comprehensive neurological assessment to evaluate the extent and impact of the tumor on the CNS. During the neurological examination, attention is given to cranial nerve function, motor strength, coordination, sensory perception, and reflexes. […] The evaluation of astrocytomas involves a thorough clinical assessment, advanced imaging techniques, and histopathological analysis. A definitive diagnosis is obtained through a biopsy, where histopathological examination and molecular profiling are performed. These evaluations are critical for accurately grading the tumor, guiding treatment decisions, and predicting prognosis.

• #32 3 Brain Tumor Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/brain-tumor-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to provide care for patients with brain tumor. Enhance your understanding of nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis, all specifically tailored to address the unique needs of individuals with brain tumor. […] Nursing care planning goals for a patient with a brain tumor center on relieving pain, reducing anxiety, and promoting an understanding of the signs and symptoms of increased ICP and expected changes in body appearance related to the planned cranial surgery. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with brain tumors: Assess neurological status, Manage symptoms and provide comfort, Monitor for complications and changes in condition, Provide education and support to patients and their families, Promote self-care and independence, Provide palliative care, if needed.

• #33 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  After undergoing surgical resection, most patients require initial admission to a neurologic or surgical intensive care unit for close monitoring of neurologic status, as well as management of any potential surgical complications. […] Patients with an astrocytoma and a history of seizures should receive anticonvulsant therapy, with monitoring of the drug concentration in the blood. […] The use of corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, can yield rapid improvement in many patients secondary to a reduction of tumor-associated vasogenic edema. […] Patients with astrocytomas often have glioma-associated epilepsy and seizures, and therefore should be monitored with electroencephalography and treated with anti-epileptic drugs, if necessary. […] Outpatient management includes the following: Patients should follow up with a neuro-oncologist to observe for progression of neurologic signs and symptoms, obtain serial MRI scans, and manage chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and steroid and anticonvulsant regimens.

• #34 Surgery for Glioma & Astrocytoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/glioma-astrocytoma/treatments/surgery-for-glioma-astrocytoma

  After surgery, a person typically remains in the hospital for a few days. During a brief stay in the neurosurgical intensive care unit, a specialized neurointensivist monitors neurologic function and helps manage any pain and other symptoms. […] Some people may also benefit from inpatient neuro-rehabilitation at NYU Langones Rusk Rehabilitation, which can last a few days to a few weeks, depending on your symptoms and how well you respond to surgery.

• #35 3 Brain Tumor Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/brain-tumor-nursing-care-plans/

  Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with brain tumors based on the nurses clinical judgement and understanding of the patients unique health condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The child will rate pain as less than (specify pain rating and scale used), The parent will verbalize reduced anxiety, The child will appear relaxed, with an absence of crying or irritability, The child will not exhibit signs of increased intracranial pressure and will participate in teaching about treatment options. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with brain tumors may include: Managing Pain, Reducing Anxiety and Fear, Promoting Safety and Preventing Injury Risk. […] Patients with brain tumors may experience pain due to the compression of sensitive structures, increased pressure within the skull, and the invasion of nerve pathways.

• #36 3 Brain Tumor Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/brain-tumor-nursing-care-plans/

  Patients with a brain tumor may experience anxiety due to uncertainty about prognosis, fear of the unknown, concerns about the tumors impact on their daily life, and changes in cognitive function or personality caused by the tumor or treatment. […] Patients with brain tumors are prone to injury due to several factors, such as impaired cognition, altered sensory perception, and motor deficits.

• #37 3 Brain Tumor Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/brain-tumor-nursing-care-plans/

  Patients with a brain tumor may experience anxiety due to uncertainty about prognosis, fear of the unknown, concerns about the tumors impact on their daily life, and changes in cognitive function or personality caused by the tumor or treatment. […] Patients with brain tumors are prone to injury due to several factors, such as impaired cognition, altered sensory perception, and motor deficits.

• #38 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  After undergoing surgical resection, most patients require initial admission to a neurologic or surgical intensive care unit for close monitoring of neurologic status, as well as management of any potential surgical complications. […] Patients with an astrocytoma and a history of seizures should receive anticonvulsant therapy, with monitoring of the drug concentration in the blood. […] The use of corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, can yield rapid improvement in many patients secondary to a reduction of tumor-associated vasogenic edema. […] Patients with astrocytomas often have glioma-associated epilepsy and seizures, and therefore should be monitored with electroencephalography and treated with anti-epileptic drugs, if necessary. […] Outpatient management includes the following: Patients should follow up with a neuro-oncologist to observe for progression of neurologic signs and symptoms, obtain serial MRI scans, and manage chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and steroid and anticonvulsant regimens.

• #39 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  After undergoing surgical resection, most patients require initial admission to a neurologic or surgical intensive care unit for close monitoring of neurologic status, as well as management of any potential surgical complications. […] Patients with an astrocytoma and a history of seizures should receive anticonvulsant therapy, with monitoring of the drug concentration in the blood. […] The use of corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, can yield rapid improvement in many patients secondary to a reduction of tumor-associated vasogenic edema. […] Patients with astrocytomas often have glioma-associated epilepsy and seizures, and therefore should be monitored with electroencephalography and treated with anti-epileptic drugs, if necessary. […] Outpatient management includes the following: Patients should follow up with a neuro-oncologist to observe for progression of neurologic signs and symptoms, obtain serial MRI scans, and manage chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and steroid and anticonvulsant regimens.

• #40 Astrocytoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559042/

  Maximum safe resection is the preferred surgical approach. Surgery aims to remove or debulk the tumor. Histological diagnosis is made possible by the tissue biopsy provided by the surgeon. […] The urgency of neurosurgical evaluation depends on whether the patient is clinically stable, the symptoms’ severity, and the tumor’s size and location. […] Effective management involves a team of neuro-oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, neurologists, pathologists, and rehabilitation specialists. […] Deterrence and patient education are pivotal in managing astrocytoma, focusing on both prevention and empowerment through knowledge. […] Effective patient education also includes discussions about lifestyle modifications, nutritional guidance, and psychosocial support, helping patients navigate their journey with astrocytoma more confidently and proactively. […] An interprofessional team is crucial in caring for patients with astrocytoma because it integrates diverse expertise from various healthcare disciplines, ensuring comprehensive and coordinated care that addresses all aspects of the patient’s condition.

• #41 Astrocytoma in Children

  http://healthlibrary.chnola.org/Search/160,15

  Treatment may include one or more of the below: Surgery is usually the first step in treating brain tumors. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible while keeping brain function. […] A child with a brain tumor needs ongoing care. Your child will be seen by oncologists and other healthcare providers. These providers will treat any late effects of treatment. They will also watch for symptoms of the tumor returning. […] Emotional support for the child and other family members may be helpful in dealing with the impact of the diagnosis and treatment options.

• #42 Astrocytoma – symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, support | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/brain-tumour/astrocytoma

  You may have regular scans to check if the tumour is growing again and delay having further treatment until it is needed. This might be if you have a low-grade astrocytoma. It will also depend on the molecular markers and your age. […] Your specialist doctor or specialist nurse will explain your treatment and possible side effects. Most side effects are short-term and will improve gradually when the treatment is over. Some treatments can cause side effects that can continue and may not get better. These are called long-term effects. […] You may also get side effects that start months or years later. These are called late effects. […] If you have not had a biopsy, your doctor may also suggest having a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. A biopsy is an operation to remove a small piece of the tumour. […] You may also want to get support from a brain tumour charity, such as: The Brain Tumour Charity, Brainstrust, Brain Tumour Research, Brain Tumour Support.

• #43 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  Treatment options in astrocytomas include operative intervention, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Treatment decisions are generally best made through a team approach, including input from the involved neurosurgeon, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist or neurologist, as well as the patient and/or their family. […] Surgical resection is the mainstay of operative treatment for astrocytomas. The goals of surgery are to debulk the tumor and collect sufficient tissue for diagnosis, while avoiding or limiting complications such as further neurologic injury. […] The decision whether to perform surgical resection for astrocytoma necessitates a patient-specific discussion of risks and benefits and should be a shared decision between the neurosurgeon and the patient and/or family. […] Patients should be transferred to institutions with an appropriately equipped and adequately staffed neurosurgical intensive care unit for postoperative monitoring. Patients may require extensive or focused postoperative rehabilitation that may necessitate transfer to specialized institutions dedicated to physical and occupational therapy.

• #44 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  Treatment options in astrocytomas include operative intervention, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Treatment decisions are generally best made through a team approach, including input from the involved neurosurgeon, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist or neurologist, as well as the patient and/or their family. […] Surgical resection is the mainstay of operative treatment for astrocytomas. The goals of surgery are to debulk the tumor and collect sufficient tissue for diagnosis, while avoiding or limiting complications such as further neurologic injury. […] The decision whether to perform surgical resection for astrocytoma necessitates a patient-specific discussion of risks and benefits and should be a shared decision between the neurosurgeon and the patient and/or family. […] Patients should be transferred to institutions with an appropriately equipped and adequately staffed neurosurgical intensive care unit for postoperative monitoring. Patients may require extensive or focused postoperative rehabilitation that may necessitate transfer to specialized institutions dedicated to physical and occupational therapy.

• #45 Surgery for Glioma & Astrocytoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/glioma-astrocytoma/treatments/surgery-for-glioma-astrocytoma

  After surgery, a person typically remains in the hospital for a few days. During a brief stay in the neurosurgical intensive care unit, a specialized neurointensivist monitors neurologic function and helps manage any pain and other symptoms. […] Some people may also benefit from inpatient neuro-rehabilitation at NYU Langones Rusk Rehabilitation, which can last a few days to a few weeks, depending on your symptoms and how well you respond to surgery.

• #46 Astrocytoma Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/astrocytoma-tumors/

  Surgery is the first step for the treatment of astrocytomas, as it provides two important benefits: First, it procures tumor tissue to establish a diagnosis. Secondly, it offers the possibility to remove as much tumor is safely possible to relieve mass effect, reduce swelling and facilitate response to adjuvant therapies, when indicated. The decision whether to perform a simple biopsy or a full resection depends on multiple factors, but particularly on the clinical and medical conditions of the patient, as well as the predicted extent of resectability of the tumor. […] Important tools to maximize efficiency and safety of surgery are: […] Dexamethasone is the drug of choice to relieve symptoms due to the brain swelling that is often associated to the tumor. It is a very effective drug, which acts quickly and reliably. Unfortunately, it does not have any action against the tumor, and it is associated to significant side effects when used for periods longer than 2-3 weeks: weight gain, high blood sugars, hypertension, increased risk of infection, irritability.

• #47 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  Treatment options in astrocytomas include operative intervention, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Treatment decisions are generally best made through a team approach, including input from the involved neurosurgeon, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist or neurologist, as well as the patient and/or their family. […] Surgical resection is the mainstay of operative treatment for astrocytomas. The goals of surgery are to debulk the tumor and collect sufficient tissue for diagnosis, while avoiding or limiting complications such as further neurologic injury. […] The decision whether to perform surgical resection for astrocytoma necessitates a patient-specific discussion of risks and benefits and should be a shared decision between the neurosurgeon and the patient and/or family. […] Patients should be transferred to institutions with an appropriately equipped and adequately staffed neurosurgical intensive care unit for postoperative monitoring. Patients may require extensive or focused postoperative rehabilitation that may necessitate transfer to specialized institutions dedicated to physical and occupational therapy.

• #48 Surgery for Glioma & Astrocytoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/glioma-astrocytoma/treatments/surgery-for-glioma-astrocytoma

  After surgery, a person typically remains in the hospital for a few days. During a brief stay in the neurosurgical intensive care unit, a specialized neurointensivist monitors neurologic function and helps manage any pain and other symptoms. […] Some people may also benefit from inpatient neuro-rehabilitation at NYU Langones Rusk Rehabilitation, which can last a few days to a few weeks, depending on your symptoms and how well you respond to surgery.

• #49 Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) | UCSF Brain Tumor Center

  https://braintumorcenter.ucsf.edu/condition/anaplastic-astrocytoma-grade-iii

  Patients with anaplastic astrocytoma are usually first treated with surgery. The primary objective is to remove as much of the tumor as possible, while protecting critical brain function this is called maximal safe resection. […] Neurocognitive rehabilitation is also available through our Neurocognitive Care Services. Our multi-disciplinary team will assess each patient’s needs, and devise an individualized plan to improve language, motor, or cognitive impairments caused by the brain tumor. […] The primary goal of treatment is to not only prolong survival for patients, but also to increase a patients quality of life, by addressing neurological symptoms and preserving cognitive function.

• #50 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)-Mutant Astrocytoma | UCSF Brain Tumor Center

  https://braintumorcenter.ucsf.edu/condition/diffuse-astrocytoma-grade-ii

  An IDH-mutant astrocytoma is a brain tumor that arises from astrocytes, a type of supportive cell in the nervous system. […] Depending on the size and location of the tumor, patients with IDH-mutant astrocytoma are usually first treated with surgery. The primary objective is to remove as much of the tumor as possible while protecting critical brain function. This is called maximal safe resection. […] Neurocognitive rehabilitation is also available through our Neurocognitive Care Services. Our multi-disciplinary team will assess each patient’s needs, and devise an individualized plan to improve language, motor, or cognitive impairments caused by the brain tumor. […] Typically, complete surgical removal of the tumor visible on the MRI offers the best patient outcomes for long-term survival. However, IDH-mutant astrocytoma can recur after surgery, so patients are regularly monitored for both tumor recurrence and progression to a higher-grade tumor. […] Grade 2 IDH-mutant gliomas are slow-growing tumors and hold a better prognosis than grade 3-4 IDH-mutant gliomas, which are high-grade gliomas, and progress more rapidly.

• #51 Astrocytoma | Brain Tumor Program | Barrow Neurological InstituteSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/astrocytoma/

  Astrocytomas are a type of glioma, or tumor that forms from the glial cells in the brain or spinal cord. […] The goal of surgery for an astrocytoma is to remove as much cancerous tissue as possible while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. […] At Barrow Neurological Institute, we give our patients access to various neuro-rehabilitation specialists to maximize independence. Neuro-rehabilitation can include physical therapy to help you regain strength and balance, speech therapy to support speaking, expressing thoughts, or swallowing, and occupational therapy to aid you in managing daily activities like bathing, dressing, and using the bathroom. Treating a brain tumor like an astrocytoma is about more than extending your life—it’s also equally focused on enhancing your quality of life. […] Finally, we also offer a Brain Cancer Survivorship Program to foster relationships between families affected by brain tumors and provide ongoing support.

• #52 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  After undergoing surgical resection, most patients require initial admission to a neurologic or surgical intensive care unit for close monitoring of neurologic status, as well as management of any potential surgical complications. […] Patients with an astrocytoma and a history of seizures should receive anticonvulsant therapy, with monitoring of the drug concentration in the blood. […] The use of corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, can yield rapid improvement in many patients secondary to a reduction of tumor-associated vasogenic edema. […] Patients with astrocytomas often have glioma-associated epilepsy and seizures, and therefore should be monitored with electroencephalography and treated with anti-epileptic drugs, if necessary. […] Outpatient management includes the following: Patients should follow up with a neuro-oncologist to observe for progression of neurologic signs and symptoms, obtain serial MRI scans, and manage chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and steroid and anticonvulsant regimens.

• #53 Astrocytoma | Brain and spinal cord tumours | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/brain-tumours/types/astrocytoma-glioblastoma-multiforme

  The main treatments for astrocytomas are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. […] Your treatment depends on the grade of your astrocytoma. It also depends on whether you have changes (mutations) in certain genes. […] Surgery is the main treatment for grade 2 astrocytoma. […] Surgery is the main treatment for grade 3 and 4 astrocytomas. […] You usually have radiotherapy after surgery. […] You might take a chemotherapy drug called temozolomide if you are well and able to care for yourself. […] Treatment for astrocytoma can control the tumour for some time. […] You have regular appointments with your doctor or nurse after treatment finishes. […] Coping with a diagnosis of a brain tumour can be difficult, both practically and emotionally. […] Doctors are always trying to improve the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours.

• #54 Astrocytoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord-childhood/treatment/astrocytoma

  High-grade astrocytomas are generally treated with surgery to remove as much of the tumour as possible. Even if the tumour is completely removed, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used after surgery to reduce the risk of the brain tumour coming back. In some cases, targeted therapy may also be used. […] Surgery is the main treatment for astrocytomas that can be easily removed. The goal is to remove as much of the tumour as possible without damaging the surrounding healthy tissue. […] Active surveillance involves watching the tumour with regular tests and exams to check if it is growing or causing symptoms. Active surveillance may be used for some low-grade astrocytomas. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Different drugs and drug combinations are used to treat low-grade and high-grade astrocytomas. […] Targeted therapy uses drugs to target specific molecules (such as proteins) on cancer cells or inside them to stop the growth and spread of cancer. Targeted therapy is sometimes used to treat astrocytomas.

• #55 Low-Grade Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156429-treatment

  In medically stable patients in whom no inpatient workup is required, follow-up can be done by a neurosurgeon in conjunction with a neurologist and neuro-oncologist. Some lesions might be followed in time without the need for an active acute intervention (eg, tectal gliomas, especially if found incidentally). […] Patients who have received some form of treatment (surgery, chemo/radiation therapy) and are medically stable to continue treatment on an outpatient basis will need serial imaging periodically as well as additional forms of therapy like physical and occupational depending on their individual circumstances. […] Patients with programmable ventricular shunts should be advised that after every follow-up MRI they should have their shunt settings revised to avoid complications from under or overdrainage of CSF resulting from inadvertent shunt reprogramming.

• #56 Low-Grade Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156429-treatment

  If the patient presents with seizures, first-line therapy is to start the patient on valproic acid, levetiracetam (Keppra), phenytoin (Dilantin), or carbamazepine (Tegretol). […] Treating the seizures quickly after presentation will reduce the occurrence of seizures in the following 12 years after starting the treatment, which does not affect quality of life (QOL) nor results in severe complications as compared to deferred treatment. […] If the patient presents with headache and has significant edema surrounding the tumor, dexamethasone (Decadron) therapy is appropriate in doses ranging from 2 to 4 mg every 6 hours. […] Corticosteroid therapy may also improve symptoms in patients who have low-grade astrocytomas of the spinal cord. […] Surgery is also the primary mode of treatment for low-grade astrocytomas of the spinal cord.

• #57 Low-Grade Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156429-treatment

  If the patient presents with seizures, first-line therapy is to start the patient on valproic acid, levetiracetam (Keppra), phenytoin (Dilantin), or carbamazepine (Tegretol). […] Treating the seizures quickly after presentation will reduce the occurrence of seizures in the following 12 years after starting the treatment, which does not affect quality of life (QOL) nor results in severe complications as compared to deferred treatment. […] If the patient presents with headache and has significant edema surrounding the tumor, dexamethasone (Decadron) therapy is appropriate in doses ranging from 2 to 4 mg every 6 hours. […] Corticosteroid therapy may also improve symptoms in patients who have low-grade astrocytomas of the spinal cord. […] Surgery is also the primary mode of treatment for low-grade astrocytomas of the spinal cord.

• #58 Low-Grade Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156429-treatment

  If the patient presents with seizures, first-line therapy is to start the patient on valproic acid, levetiracetam (Keppra), phenytoin (Dilantin), or carbamazepine (Tegretol). […] Treating the seizures quickly after presentation will reduce the occurrence of seizures in the following 12 years after starting the treatment, which does not affect quality of life (QOL) nor results in severe complications as compared to deferred treatment. […] If the patient presents with headache and has significant edema surrounding the tumor, dexamethasone (Decadron) therapy is appropriate in doses ranging from 2 to 4 mg every 6 hours. […] Corticosteroid therapy may also improve symptoms in patients who have low-grade astrocytomas of the spinal cord. […] Surgery is also the primary mode of treatment for low-grade astrocytomas of the spinal cord.

• #59 Low-Grade Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156429-treatment

  If the patient presents with seizures, first-line therapy is to start the patient on valproic acid, levetiracetam (Keppra), phenytoin (Dilantin), or carbamazepine (Tegretol). […] Treating the seizures quickly after presentation will reduce the occurrence of seizures in the following 12 years after starting the treatment, which does not affect quality of life (QOL) nor results in severe complications as compared to deferred treatment. […] If the patient presents with headache and has significant edema surrounding the tumor, dexamethasone (Decadron) therapy is appropriate in doses ranging from 2 to 4 mg every 6 hours. […] Corticosteroid therapy may also improve symptoms in patients who have low-grade astrocytomas of the spinal cord. […] Surgery is also the primary mode of treatment for low-grade astrocytomas of the spinal cord.

• #60

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/brain-skull-base-care/brain-tumor/astrocytoma

  All kinds of people get diagnosed with a common brain tumor called an astrocytoma. Your health care team at Aurora Health Care will work together to bring you the best options for treatment. Astrocytomas can be life-threatening even if theyre benign because they may: […] Depending on what genetic testing shows us about your tumor, we may be able to recommend targeted therapy that attacks specific parts of cancer cells and doesnt affect healthy tissues. The first step in treatment for both cancerous and benign astrocytoma tumors is brain surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Through all treatments, your multidisciplinary cancer care team will provide support, answer your questions and keep your primary care doctor informed about whats going on.

• #61 Astrocytoma – symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, support | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/brain-tumour/astrocytoma

  You may have regular scans to check if the tumour is growing again and delay having further treatment until it is needed. This might be if you have a low-grade astrocytoma. It will also depend on the molecular markers and your age. […] Your specialist doctor or specialist nurse will explain your treatment and possible side effects. Most side effects are short-term and will improve gradually when the treatment is over. Some treatments can cause side effects that can continue and may not get better. These are called long-term effects. […] You may also get side effects that start months or years later. These are called late effects. […] If you have not had a biopsy, your doctor may also suggest having a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. A biopsy is an operation to remove a small piece of the tumour. […] You may also want to get support from a brain tumour charity, such as: The Brain Tumour Charity, Brainstrust, Brain Tumour Research, Brain Tumour Support.

• #62 Astrocytoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/astrocytoma?content_id=CON-20117611

  Radiation therapy might be used after surgery. It can be used if the cancer wasn’t removed completely or if there’s a higher risk the cancer will return. Radiation may be used with chemotherapy for cancers that grow quickly. For people who can’t have surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be used as the main treatment. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. Sometimes, a circular wafer of chemotherapy medicine can be put in your brain after surgery. There, it slowly dissolves and releases the medicine. […] Chemotherapy is often used after surgery to kill any tumor cells that might remain. It can be used with radiation therapy for tumors that grow quickly. […] Supportive care. Supportive care, also called palliative care, focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care specialists work with you, your family and your other healthcare team members to provide extra support. Palliative care can be used at the same time as other treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Often, palliative care begins as you start your astrocytoma treatments. You may not need to wait for complications to happen in order to receive palliative care.

• #63 Astrocytoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/astrocytoma?content_id=CON-20117611

  Radiation therapy might be used after surgery. It can be used if the cancer wasn’t removed completely or if there’s a higher risk the cancer will return. Radiation may be used with chemotherapy for cancers that grow quickly. For people who can’t have surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be used as the main treatment. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. Sometimes, a circular wafer of chemotherapy medicine can be put in your brain after surgery. There, it slowly dissolves and releases the medicine. […] Chemotherapy is often used after surgery to kill any tumor cells that might remain. It can be used with radiation therapy for tumors that grow quickly. […] Supportive care. Supportive care, also called palliative care, focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care specialists work with you, your family and your other healthcare team members to provide extra support. Palliative care can be used at the same time as other treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Often, palliative care begins as you start your astrocytoma treatments. You may not need to wait for complications to happen in order to receive palliative care.

• #64 Childhood Anaplastic Astrocytoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-anaplastic-astrocytoma

  Anaplastic astrocytoma is a brain tumor that arises from brain cells called astrocytes, a type of glial cell. It is both a type of astrocytoma and high-grade glioma. […] At Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, our Childhood Glioma Program is one of the worlds most extensive pediatric glioma treatment programs. We bring together leading pediatric brain tumor specialists to provide children with anaplastic astrocytoma the most advanced, effective care. […] The first line of treatment for anaplastic astrocytoma is surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. We follow up surgery with radiation treatment to eliminate remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy is generally unsuccessful for this type of tumor. […] The prognosis for children with anaplastic astrocytoma is challenging. Our Pediatric Advanced Care Team (PACT) offers additional supportive treatments that help childrens quality of life and promote comfort and healing. […] Unfortunately, the prognosis for anaplastic astrocytoma remains poor. When surgery can remove the tumor almost entirely, the chance of survival is greater. Your childs doctor will discuss treatment options with you, including clinical trials and supportive care.

• #65 Astrocytoma Signs & Symptoms | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/conditions/astrocytoma

  The Rush University Cancer Center’s cancer supportive care offers many resources to help you and your family cope with the physical and emotional effects of astrocytoma. Social workers, therapists, nutritionists, integrative medicine specialists, chaplains and patient navigators are all available to support you through your treatment and beyond.

• #66 Astrocytoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/astrocytoma.html

  Astrocytoma is the most common type of childhood brain tumor. About half of brain and spinal cord tumors in children are astrocytomas. […] Treatment for astrocytoma usually includes surgery to remove the tumor. Patients may also have chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Other treatments such as targeted therapy or immunotherapy may be used based on the type of tumor. […] Surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible is the main treatment for astrocytoma. For patients with grade 1 tumors, surgery alone may be an effective treatment. […] Chemotherapy is often used with surgery. It may be the main treatment if surgery is not possible. Very young children may get chemotherapy to delay radiation therapy until they are older. […] Radiation therapy may be used based on the tumor type and location, and the child’s age. It is often used after surgery in high-grade astrocytoma to kill any cancer cells left behind.

• #67 A to Z: Astrocytoma (for Parents) – CHOC Childrens

  https://kidshealth.org/CHOC/en/parents/101555.html

  Astrocytomas come in four major subtypes: pilocytic astrocytoma (grade 1), fibrillary astrocytoma (grade 2), anaplastic astrocytoma (grade 3), and glioblastoma multiforme (grade 4. […] Low-grade astrocytomas (grades 1 and 2), seen more often in kids and young adults, are highly curable because they usually grow slowly, don’t spread, and usually are fairly easy to remove unless found in areas where surgery would be difficult. After surgery, there’s a chance that chemotherapy or radiation won’t be needed. […] High-grade astrocytomas (grades 3 and 4), which tend to be seen more in adults, are more aggressive and invade deeper into the tissues. This makes them more difficult to treat. Treatment usually includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. […] Treatment for brain tumors is getting better all the time, but a lot depends on the location of the tumor. Astrocytomas that can be completely removed surgically are much more likely to be cured, while those that can’t be completely removed are, in general, less curable.

• #68 Low-Grade Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156429-treatment

  In the pediatric population, children have excellent outcomes with prolonged survival, especially when a gross total resection (GTR) of the tumor is achieved. […] Mortality in children tends to occur either from tumor-related morbidity (tumor progression, malignant transformation) or toxicity-related morbidity from the treatments. […] In recent years, much data has been published on molecular biology and genomics of low-grade gliomas in the adult as well as pediatric population. […] Aberrant signaling in pathways like RAS/MAPK or the PI3K/Akt/mTOR network have been identified in low-grade gliomas, and clinical trials are ongoing to target this pathway as a therapeutic approach. […] In addition, ongoing studies are evaluating inhibitors of IDH. […] The ability to image levels of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is an exciting area of research to develop noninvasive robust biomarkers of treatment response and clinical outcome in IDH-mutated tumors. […] Monoclonal antibodies such as selumetinib for MERK (MAPK/ERK kinase) inhibition or dabrafenib and trametinib directing BRAF V600E mutations are currently used to target tumors with these characteristics, showing successful response in patients.

• #69 Low-Grade Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156429-treatment

  In the pediatric population, children have excellent outcomes with prolonged survival, especially when a gross total resection (GTR) of the tumor is achieved. […] Mortality in children tends to occur either from tumor-related morbidity (tumor progression, malignant transformation) or toxicity-related morbidity from the treatments. […] In recent years, much data has been published on molecular biology and genomics of low-grade gliomas in the adult as well as pediatric population. […] Aberrant signaling in pathways like RAS/MAPK or the PI3K/Akt/mTOR network have been identified in low-grade gliomas, and clinical trials are ongoing to target this pathway as a therapeutic approach. […] In addition, ongoing studies are evaluating inhibitors of IDH. […] The ability to image levels of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is an exciting area of research to develop noninvasive robust biomarkers of treatment response and clinical outcome in IDH-mutated tumors. […] Monoclonal antibodies such as selumetinib for MERK (MAPK/ERK kinase) inhibition or dabrafenib and trametinib directing BRAF V600E mutations are currently used to target tumors with these characteristics, showing successful response in patients.

• #70 Beyond childhood: exploring the state of transitional care in pediatric pilocytic astrocytoma in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 57 Issue 2 (2024) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/57/2/article-pE13.xml

  Given the importance of long-term follow-up in this population, there have been efforts in recent years to improve the pediatric-to-adult transition for pediatric patients with tumors. The transition from pediatric care to adulthood is known to be a sensitive period during which patients may experience significant fragmentation of care and can be lost to further follow-up. […] Our findings highlight a key difference in the specialties involved in pediatric versus adult care for PPA. In childhood, each patient in our cohort was seen by neurosurgery providers for the index resection and initial follow-up. However, long-term pediatric care by neuro-oncology providers was the mainstay, with 90.8% of patients being followed. In contrast, we observed that patients who transitioned to adult care were more likely to be followed by neurosurgery in adulthood; 51.6% of patients who transitioned to adult care were seen by adult neurosurgery, despite zero documented instances of reoperation in adulthood. […] Improving the rate of transition to adult care for survivors of PPA should be a priority, particularly for patients who are still within the first 10 years postresection, when the risk of tumor recurrence or progression appears to be highest.

• #71 Beyond childhood: exploring the state of transitional care in pediatric pilocytic astrocytoma in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 57 Issue 2 (2024) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/57/2/article-pE13.xml

  Given the importance of long-term follow-up in this population, there have been efforts in recent years to improve the pediatric-to-adult transition for pediatric patients with tumors. The transition from pediatric care to adulthood is known to be a sensitive period during which patients may experience significant fragmentation of care and can be lost to further follow-up. […] Our findings highlight a key difference in the specialties involved in pediatric versus adult care for PPA. In childhood, each patient in our cohort was seen by neurosurgery providers for the index resection and initial follow-up. However, long-term pediatric care by neuro-oncology providers was the mainstay, with 90.8% of patients being followed. In contrast, we observed that patients who transitioned to adult care were more likely to be followed by neurosurgery in adulthood; 51.6% of patients who transitioned to adult care were seen by adult neurosurgery, despite zero documented instances of reoperation in adulthood. […] Improving the rate of transition to adult care for survivors of PPA should be a priority, particularly for patients who are still within the first 10 years postresection, when the risk of tumor recurrence or progression appears to be highest.

• #72 Patterns of care and outcomes among elderly individuals with primary malignant astrocytoma in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 108 Issue 4 (2008) Journals

  https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/108/4/article-p642.xml

  This study was undertaken to evaluate the association between age at diagnosis, patterns of care, and outcome among elderly individuals with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM. […] Very elderly individuals ( 75 years old) with GBM were more likely to have biopsy only (odds ratio [OR] 2.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.783.59), surgery only (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.151.87), or biopsy and radiation (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.071.82) and were less likely to receive multimodal therapy. […] Very elderly individuals with malignant astrocytomas were more likely to receive limited treatment (most pronounced in individuals with GBM). […] These findings suggest that in clinical neurooncology patient age is associated with not receiving effective therapies and hence worse prognosis.

• #73 Patterns of care and outcomes among elderly individuals with primary malignant astrocytoma in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 108 Issue 4 (2008) Journals

  https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/108/4/article-p642.xml

  This study was undertaken to evaluate the association between age at diagnosis, patterns of care, and outcome among elderly individuals with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM. […] Very elderly individuals ( 75 years old) with GBM were more likely to have biopsy only (odds ratio [OR] 2.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.783.59), surgery only (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.151.87), or biopsy and radiation (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.071.82) and were less likely to receive multimodal therapy. […] Very elderly individuals with malignant astrocytomas were more likely to receive limited treatment (most pronounced in individuals with GBM). […] These findings suggest that in clinical neurooncology patient age is associated with not receiving effective therapies and hence worse prognosis.

• #74

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/books/neuro-oncology/management/malignant-astrocytoma

  The role of chemotherapy in elderly patients with GBM is less certain. […] Currently the role for concurrent chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of grade 3 astrocytomas is unknown pending ongoing clinical trials. […] Patients with good performance status and residual tumour after radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy may benefit from a second surgical resection(11).

• #75

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/books/neuro-oncology/management/malignant-astrocytoma

  The role of chemotherapy in elderly patients with GBM is less certain. […] Currently the role for concurrent chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of grade 3 astrocytomas is unknown pending ongoing clinical trials. […] Patients with good performance status and residual tumour after radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy may benefit from a second surgical resection(11).

• #76 Astrocytoma (Adult-type) – American Brain Tumor Association | Learn More

  https://www.abta.org/tumor_types/astrocytoma/

  Depending upon the amount of tumor that is not able to be removed (residual tumor) and the molecular characteristics of the tumor itself, chemotherapy or targeted therapy may be suggested to treat the remaining tumor. […] Regular MRI scans are recommended following the diagnosis of astrocytoma, generally at least once per year. […] A recurring astrocytoma may be treated with surgery, particularly when the time between initial diagnosis and recurrence is extended. […] Chemotherapy/immunotherapy and clinical trials are additional options. […] Our Mentor Program offers patients and caregivers the opportunity to connect with someone who has gone through a similar brain tumor diagnosis, treatment, and care. […] Being diagnosed with a brain tumor takes a toll physically, emotionally, and financially. Medical bills and related costs can quickly add up. We have a list of resources to help in addition to the ABTA Financial Assistance Program.

• #77 Astrocytoma (Adult-type) – American Brain Tumor Association | Learn More

  https://www.abta.org/tumor_types/astrocytoma/

  Depending upon the amount of tumor that is not able to be removed (residual tumor) and the molecular characteristics of the tumor itself, chemotherapy or targeted therapy may be suggested to treat the remaining tumor. […] Regular MRI scans are recommended following the diagnosis of astrocytoma, generally at least once per year. […] A recurring astrocytoma may be treated with surgery, particularly when the time between initial diagnosis and recurrence is extended. […] Chemotherapy/immunotherapy and clinical trials are additional options. […] Our Mentor Program offers patients and caregivers the opportunity to connect with someone who has gone through a similar brain tumor diagnosis, treatment, and care. […] Being diagnosed with a brain tumor takes a toll physically, emotionally, and financially. Medical bills and related costs can quickly add up. We have a list of resources to help in addition to the ABTA Financial Assistance Program.

• #78 Astrocytoma Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/astrocytoma-tumors/

  Temozolomide (TMZ) is a drug which is taken by mouth and works by slightly modifying the DNA of tumor cells. This effect on the DNA triggers its breakage and consequent death of the cell, unless DNA repair mechanisms override the damage. TMZ is by now a well established first line treatment for every astrocytoma which is either grade 3 or 4 and is occasionally used also for grade 2 tumors (when they are not completely resected in surgery or if their genetic analysis is not favorable). […] Radiation has been at the basis of treatment of astrocytomas for the past 50 years and it is extremely effective, at least for the first few months after treatment. Radiation, too, works by damaging DNA of the tumor cells, thus inducing their death. […] Bevacizumab is a drug that blocks the tumors ability to recruit blood vessels so that they can feed themselves and keep growing. Avastin has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013 for its use in recurrent glioblastomas.

• #79 Astrocytoma Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/astrocytoma-tumors/

  Astrocytomas, and in particular glioblastomas, are the target of intense research and every year several clinical trials are conducted to find new strategies which would improve survival. […] The major factors determining length of survival after a diagnosis of astrocytoma are the following: […] Overall median survival is 8 years. Presence of IDH1 mutation is associated with longer survival. […] Median survival is 3-5 years […] Median survival is 15 months.

• #80 Anaplastic Astrocytoma (AA) – Neurosurgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/anaplastic-astrocytoma-aa

  Six weeks of radiation therapy usually follows surgery. Gamma knife (stereotactic radiosurgery) has not been shown to be effective for anaplastic astrocytoma. Stereotactic radiotherapy (using the Novalis system) may be offered in certain circumstances. […] Standard oral chemotherapy, such as temozolomide (Temodar), is generally given during the radiation treatment with additional doses afterward. Wafers loaded with chemotherapy (Gliadel) can be placed at the time of surgery. Ask your neurosurgeon and/or neuro-oncologist about this prior to surgery. […] The UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program offers many of the latest multicenter clinical trials available for anaplastic astrocytoma. […] The Neuro-ICU cares for patients with all types of neurosurgical and neurological injuries, including stroke, brain hemorrhage, trauma and tumors. We work in close cooperation with your surgeon or medical doctor with whom you have had initial contact. Together with the surgeon or medical doctor, the Neuro-ICU attending physician and team members direct your family member’s care while in the ICU.

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