Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Astrocytoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/astrocytoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576715

  Astrocytoma treatments include: […] Surgery to remove the astrocytoma. A brain surgeon, also called a neurosurgeon, works to remove as much of the astrocytoma as possible. The goal is to remove all of the tumor. Sometimes the tumor is in a spot that is hard to reach. It may be too risky to remove it all. Even so, removing some of the astrocytoma may lessen your symptoms. […] For some people, surgery may be the only treatment needed. For others, more treatments may be recommended to kill any remaining tumor cells and lower the risk of the tumor coming back. […] Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill tumor cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons and other sources. During radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves around you. The machine sends beams to exact points in your brain. The treatment only takes a few minutes.

• #2 Astrocytoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17863-astrocytoma

  Astrocytomas are tumors that typically form in your brain, but can develop in your spinal cord as well. Treatment varies depending on the type, but surgery is usually the first option. […] Surgery can cure most grade 1 astrocytomas if your neurosurgeon can safely remove the entire tumor. Very rarely, surgery may also cure some grade 2 astrocytomas. […] Theres no cure for grade 3 and grade 4 astrocytomas, as they grow and spread quickly. But radiation therapy and some medications can help slow their growth and help with symptoms. […] Astrocytoma treatment depends on several factors, including: The tumors location, size and type. Your age. Your overall health. […] Several specialists will work together to determine the best treatment plan for you. They may include: Neurologists. Neurosurgeons. Radiation oncologists. Medical oncologists.

• #3 Astrocytoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17863-astrocytoma

  The main forms of treatment for astrocytomas are: Surgery. Radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy. Tumor-treating fields (for glioblastomas). […] Surgery is the first step in the treatment of astrocytomas. It provides three significant benefits: It allows your healthcare team to get tissue from the tumor to view it under a microscope to determine the exact type. Providers can perform additional tests on the tumor to look for proteins and mutations that certain medications could target. It offers the possibility to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This can help relieve pressure and prevent other issues in your brain and skull. […] Adjuvant therapy, sometimes called helper therapy, targets cancer cells that primary treatment didnt destroy. In the case of astrocytomas, surgery is the primary treatment.

• #4 Astrocytoma Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/astrocytoma-tumors/

  Surgery is the first step for the treatment of astrocytomas, as it provides two important benefits: First, it procures tumor tissue to establish a diagnosis. Secondly, it offers the possibility to remove as much tumor is safely possible to relieve mass effect, reduce swelling and facilitate response to adjuvant therapies, when indicated. […] Important tools to maximize efficiency and safety of surgery are: […] Dexamethasone is the drug of choice to relieve symptoms due to the brain swelling that is often associated to the tumor. It is a very effective drug, which acts quickly and reliably. Unfortunately, it does not have any action against the tumor, and it is associated to significant side effects when used for periods longer than 2-3 weeks: weight gain, high blood sugars, hypertension, increased risk of infection, irritability.

• #5 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  Treatment options in astrocytomas include operative intervention, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Treatment decisions are generally best made through a team approach, including input from the involved neurosurgeon, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist or neurologist, as well as the patient and/or their family. […] Surgical resection is the mainstay of operative treatment for astrocytomas. The goals of surgery are to debulk the tumor and collect sufficient tissue for diagnosis, while avoiding or limiting complications such as further neurologic injury. […] Surgical resection is often used for high-grade lesions, and in low-grade lesions if the neurosurgeon believes it can be done in a safe manner. Retrospective studies have reported that in patients with low-grade glioma, early surgical resection provides longer survival compared with watchful waiting.

• #6 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  Complete resection of astrocytoma is impossible, as the tumors often invade into adjacent regions of the brain, with diffuse microscopic tumor infiltration. Gross total resection (98% based on volumetric MRI) has been shown to improve median survival compared with subtotal resection (13 vs 8.8 mo). […] In addition to surgical resection, external beam radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy can be considered for patients with IDH-mutated astrocytomas, depending on extent of surgical resection and WHO grade. […] For adult patients with low-grade astrocytoma, radiation therapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy has been found superior to radiation therapy alone. […] Typically, higher-grade astrocytomas are treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant temozolomide. Furthermore, some practitioners add temozolomide concurrently with adjuvant radiation, which has been associated with improved survival in higher-grade astrocytomas.

• #7 Astrocytoma | Brain Tumor Program | Barrow Neurological InstituteSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/astrocytoma/

  Awake Craniotomy: Awake brain surgery, or awake craniotomy, is a specialized surgery for brain tumors in areas that control critical functions, like speech or movement. During awake brain surgery, the patient is awake and alert while the surgeon removes the tumor, allowing the surgical team to monitor brain function in real time and avoid damaging critical anatomy. […] At Barrow Neurological Institute, we’ve been early adopters of a surgical method that involves injecting a special dye into the tumor. This dye causes parts of the tumor to glow when placed under fluorescent lighting, increasing the total amount of tumor removed. […] Radiation therapy uses precisely aimed beams of radiation to destroy tumors in the body. While it doesn’t remove the tumor, radiation therapy damages the DNA of the tumor cells, which then lose their ability to reproduce and eventually die. It’s typically administered after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells in the brain.

• #8 Low-Grade Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156429-treatment

  Maximum safe resection is the goal of surgical treatment. […] Positive impact on progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and quality of life (QOL) is achieved when complete or even sub-total resections are performed. […] Nonetheless, even subtotal resection is of benefit if the tumor can be removed safely. […] Surgery is also the primary mode of treatment for low-grade astrocytomas of the spinal cord. […] Intraoperative 5-ALA fluorescence can be used to help achieve a greater extent of resection. […] The use of intraoperative imaging to guide the resection of gliomas in general has provided surgeons with a new tool to improve the extent of resection. […] Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring has been used increasingly in the last few years. […] One of the classic presenting symptoms in this group of lesions is seizures, which occur in more than 90% of patients.

• #9 Astrocytoma Symptoms and Treatment | UPMC | Pittsburgh, PA

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/brain-tumors/astrocytoma

  However, surgical removal of an aggressive astrocytoma can be beneficial for some people, to help alleviate symptoms associated with the tumor and to extend survival following radical removal. […] At UPMC, the preferred surgical treatment for an astrocytoma is Neuroendoport surgery. […] Our neurosurgical team at UPMC may use a combination of surgical and non-surgical approaches to treat astrocytoma. […] The most common management approach for astrocytoma is surgery or biopsy, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy treatment. […] Whenever possible, neurosurgeons will remove the tumor surgically. […] Neuroendoport surgery offers a minimally invasive option for tumors within the ventricles (fluid spaces) or deep-seated tumors within the substance of the brain. […] Gamma Knife radiosurgery is a painless procedure that uses hundreds of highly focused radiation beams to target brain tumors and lesions, with no surgical incision.

• #10 Astrocytoma | Brain and spinal cord tumours | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/brain-tumours/types/astrocytoma-glioblastoma-multiforme

  The main treatments for astrocytomas are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. […] The main treatments for astrocytoma are: surgery, radiotherapy, which uses high energy x-rays to destroy cancer cells, chemotherapy, which uses cytotoxic drugs to destroy cancer cells. […] Your treatment depends on the grade of your astrocytoma. It also depends on whether you have changes (mutations) in certain genes. […] Surgery is the main treatment for grade 2 astrocytoma. […] Your doctor might recommend that you have radiotherapy after surgery if you: are over 40 years old, have a lot of tumour left behind after surgery. […] You might have chemotherapy after surgery and radiotherapy. You usually have a combination of chemotherapy drugs called PCV. […] Surgery is the main treatment for grade 3 and 4 astrocytomas.

• #11 Astrocytoma | Brain and spinal cord tumours | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/brain-tumours/types/astrocytoma-glioblastoma-multiforme

  You usually have radiotherapy after surgery. […] You might take a chemotherapy drug called temozolomide if you are well and able to care for yourself. […] Treatment for astrocytoma can control the tumour for some time. But the tumour can start to grow again. […] If your astrocytoma comes back, you might have: more surgery, more radiotherapy (a boost), more chemotherapy you might have temozolomide again or PCV.

• #12 Radiation Therapy for Glioma & Astrocytoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/glioma-astrocytoma/treatments/radiation-therapy-for-glioma-astrocytoma

  Specialists at NYU Langones Perlmutter Cancer Center may recommend radiation therapy to treat people who have high-grade gliomas. It involves using beams of energy to destroy cancer cells. […] Doctors treat most people who have gliomas with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. If surgery is not possible, radiation therapy alone or a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy with or without targeted therapy may be used to manage a glioma. […] This approach may also be used to destroy any cancer cells or parts of a tumor that remain after surgery. Radiation therapy usually begins two to four weeks after surgery to remove a glioma or astrocytoma. […] Doctors use external beam radiation therapy, in which radiation is given from outside the body, to manage a glioma or astrocytoma. A machine called a linear accelerator delivers external beam radiation therapy to the tumor. It rotates around you during therapy.

• #13 Astrocytoma Symptoms and Treatment | UPMC | Pittsburgh, PA

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/brain-tumors/astrocytoma

  For astrocytomas, our neurosurgeons may use a Gamma Knife boost to treat recurrent or residual tumors. […] Fractionated External Beam Radiation therapy (EBRT) is a common treatment for brain tumors, either alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells. Depending on the type and stage of brain cancer, chemotherapy may be taken by mouth, injected, or placed directly into the brain tumor.

• #14 Astrocytoma | Brain Tumor Program | Barrow Neurological InstituteSecond Opinion IconGroup 9Second Opinion IconGroup 9Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/astrocytoma/

  Radiosurgery treatment relies on radiation delivery systems to focus radiation at the site of the tumor while minimizing the radiation dose to the rest of the brain. Radiosurgery is often used for tumor recurrence but rarely in initial treatment. The two most common forms are: […] Gamma Knife radiosurgery: Using precise and focused radiation beams, this technique destroys abnormal tissue and is only lethal to cells within the immediate vicinity. Gamma Knife is an outpatient procedure that doesn’t involve incisions and requires only brief sedation under general anesthetic. […] CyberKnife radiosurgery: This technique uses targeted energy beams to destroy tumor tissue while sparing healthy tissue. It uses image-guided robotics to deliver surgically precise radiation to help destroy tumors.

• #15 logo–sylvester

  https://umiamihealth.org/en/sylvester-comprehensive-cancer-center/treatments-and-services/brain-and-spine-tumors/astrocytomas

  Astrocytomas receive a grade depending on what the cells look like and how fast they grow or spread. Astrocytomas that are grade I or grade II grow slowly. […] These types of astrocytomas are among the most treatable brain tumors. At the Brain Tumor Initiative, our expert pediatric neurosurgeons can remove tumors and relieve symptoms. […] A pediatric neurosurgeon will try to remove as much of the tumor as possible during surgery. Grade I astrocytoma typically have defined edges and are easier to remove completely. […] If the surgeon cannot remove the entire tumor, your child may need radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses energy to destroy tumor cells. […] During Gamma Knife radiosurgery, multiple weak beams of radiation are pointed at your child’s brain tumor. Where all the beams meet, there is strong radiation.

• #16 Radiation Therapy for Glioma & Astrocytoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/glioma-astrocytoma/treatments/radiation-therapy-for-glioma-astrocytoma

  Radiation oncologists at Perlmutter Cancer Center use CT scans and MRIs of the brain, in conjunction with computer software, to develop a customized treatment plan. This software creates a three-dimensional image of the tumor and enables our doctors to determine how best to target the glioma while sparing healthy brain tissue. […] Our doctors may also use frequent CT scans during treatments to ensure that radiation therapy targets the cancer and avoids other important tissues. This approach, which is called image-guided radiation therapy, enables a doctor to track the size and shape of the tumor over several weeks as radiation therapy begins to shrink the cancer. […] Our radiation oncologists may use an approach called intensity modulated radiation therapy to manage a glioma. This allows doctors to deliver radiation from different directions to target the entire tumor. They break up the radiation into many small, computer-controlled beams of different adjustable strengths. Together, these mini-beams are sculpted in three dimensions to closely conform to the size, shape, and location of the cancer.

• #17 Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/283453-treatment

  After undergoing surgical resection, most patients require initial admission to a neurologic or surgical intensive care unit for close monitoring of neurologic status, as well as management of any potential surgical complications. […] The use of corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, can yield rapid improvement in many patients secondary to a reduction of tumor-associated vasogenic edema. […] Investigational treatments are wide ranging, and fall into the following categories: Novel methods of radiotherapy, such as proton beam therapy and photodynamic therapy. […] Therapies directed at key molecular alterations, such as drugs that target the IDH mutation. […] Therapies targeted to engage the patient’s own immune system to fight the tumor, such as cellular vaccines (eg, autologous tumor lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccine), oncolytic viruses, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, antibody-armed T cells, and immune checkpoint blockade.

• #17 Radiation Therapy for Glioma & Astrocytoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/glioma-astrocytoma/treatments/radiation-therapy-for-glioma-astrocytoma

  This approach may allow for higher doses of radiation therapy and can help spare nearby healthy tissue. Doctors administer this treatment once daily, five days a week, for about six weeks. […] Gamma Knife radiosurgery may be used to boost the effects of external beam radiation therapy. Doctors may also use this combination of treatments for people with astrocytoma tumors that have returned after initial treatment. […] Doctors at Perlmutter Cancer Center may also provide proton radiotherapy for some conditions. […] Perlmutter Cancer Center doctors actively monitor you for side effects of radiation therapy, which may include nausea and fatigue. They offer integrative therapies as well as rehabilitation support for any symptoms you may experience. Symptoms tend to subside after treatment.

• #18 Astrocytoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/astrocytoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576715

  Radiation therapy might be used after surgery. It can be used if the cancer wasn’t removed completely or if there’s a higher risk the cancer will return. Radiation may be used with chemotherapy for cancers that grow quickly. For people who can’t have surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be used as the main treatment. […] Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines can be taken in pill form or injected into a vein. Sometimes, a circular wafer of chemotherapy medicine can be put in your brain after surgery. There, it slowly dissolves and releases the medicine. […] Chemotherapy is often used after surgery to kill any tumor cells that might remain. It can be used with radiation therapy for tumors that grow quickly. […] Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies offer a chance to try the latest treatment options. The risk of side effects may not be known. Ask a member of your healthcare team whether you can participate in a clinical trial.

• #19 Astrocytoma: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17863-astrocytoma

  Grade 3 and grade 4 astrocytomas always require treatments other than surgery alone. Grade 2 astrocytomas may sometimes require adjuvant therapy. […] Adjuvant therapies for astrocytomas include: Chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ): Chemotherapy involves medications that destroy cancer cells and/or prevent them from multiplying. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a drug that works by changing the DNA of tumor cells and, thus, causing the cells to die. TMZ is a first-line adjuvant therapy treatment for every grade 3 and grade 4 astrocytoma. Providers sometimes also prescribe it for grade 2 astrocytomas. […] Radiation therapy: This treatment uses radiation (usually high-powered X-rays) to kill cancer cells. Its typically very effective in helping treat astrocytomas. […] Bevacizumab: This is an injected medication that prevents blood vessels from helping the tumor to grow. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastomas. It helps reduce swelling and can help improve symptoms. […] Tumor-treating fields: This is a special device that produces electrical fields that can delay tumor growth. You wear it like a helmet. Healthcare providers may recommend this treatment for newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastomas.

• #20 Astrocytoma Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/astrocytoma-tumors/

  Temozolomide (TMZ) is a drug which is taken by mouth and works by slightly modifying the DNA of tumor cells. This effect on the DNA triggers its breakage and consequent death of the cell, unless DNA repair mechanisms override the damage. TMZ is by now a well established first line treatment for every astrocytoma which is either grade 3 or 4 and is occasionally used also for grade 2 tumors (when they are not completely resected in surgery or if their genetic analysis is not favorable). […] Radiation has been at the basis of treatment of astrocytomas for the past 50 years and it is extremely effective, at least for the first few months after treatment. […] Bevacizumab is a drug that blocks the tumors ability to recruit blood vessels so that they can feed themselves and keep growing. Avastin has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013 for its use in recurrent glioblastomas.

• #21 Childhood Astrocytomas and Other Gliomas Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-astrocytoma-glioma-treatment-pdq

  Adjuvant therapy following complete resection is generally not required unless there is a subsequent recurrence of disease. Treatment options for patients with incompletely resected tumor must be individualized and may include one or more of the following: Observation after surgery (no adjuvant therapy), Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Targeted therapy (for subependymal giant cell astrocytomas). […] Chemotherapy is recommended as first-line therapy for most pediatric patients who require adjuvant therapy after surgery. Chemotherapy may result in objective tumor shrinkage and help avoid, or at least delay, the need for radiation therapy in most patients. The most widely used regimens to treat tumor progression or symptomatic nonresectable, pediatric low-grade gliomas are the following: Carboplatin with or without vincristine, Vinblastine, A combination of thioguanine, procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (TPCV).

• #22 Grade 2 astrocytoma treatment | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/types-of-brain-tumour-adult/astrocytoma/treating-grade-2-astrocytoma/

  Chemotherapy is the use of special drugs to target a brain tumour. […] Where chemotherapy is suggested, chemotherapy drugs are sometimes put inside a polymer wafer and inserted into the brain during surgery. […] Your oncologist may also recommend a drug called temozolomide (Temadol). Both carmustine and temozolomide stop the tumour cells copying their DNA (genes), which needs to happen before the cells can divide. This in turn stops the tumour cells dividing.

• #23 Immunotherapy for Glioma & Astrocytoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/glioma-astrocytoma/treatments/immunotherapy-for-glioma-astrocytoma

  Bevacizumab can help prolong the amount of time before certain brain tumors, such as glioblastomas, start growing again after initial treatment. […] Bevacizumab can also help lower the doses of the steroid medication that many people need to take during treatment. The steroid medication, called dexamethasone, is taken to help reduce swelling in the brain. Side effects may include upset stomach, increased hair growth, easy bruising, acne, or insomnia. […] Our doctors can help manage common side effects of targeted drugs used to treat people with glioma by adjusting the dose, prescribing other medications, or referring you to our many integrative therapies and supportive services.

• #24 Childhood Astrocytomas and Other Gliomas Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-astrocytoma-glioma-treatment-pdq

  Radiation therapy is usually reserved for patients with disease that does not durably respond to chemotherapy. For children with low-grade gliomas for whom radiation therapy is indicated, approaches that contour the radiation distribution to the tumor and avoid normal brain tissue can reduce the acute and long-term toxicities associated with these modalities. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the combination of trametinib (MEK inhibitor) plus dabrafenib (BRAF inhibitor) for the treatment of pediatric patients aged 1 year and older with low-grade gliomas and a BRAF V600E variant who require systemic therapy. The approval was based on a randomized clinical trial that compared the dabrafenib-plus-trametinib combination with the carboplatin-plus-vincristine combination.

• #25 Low-Grade Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156429-treatment

  For high-risk patients, the addition of PCV to radiation therapy markedly improves PFS, doubles OS, and seems to preserve cognitive function. […] In the pediatric population, children have excellent outcomes with prolonged survival, especially when a gross total resection (GTR) of the tumor is achieved. […] In recent years, much data has been published on molecular biology and genomics of low-grade gliomas in the adult as well as pediatric population. […] Aberrant signaling in pathways like RAS/MAPK or the PI3K/Akt/mTOR network have been identified in low-grade gliomas, and clinical trials are ongoing to target this pathway as a therapeutic approach. […] Monoclonal antibodies such as selumetinib for MERK (MAPK/ERK kinase) inhibition or dabrafenib and trametinib directing BRAF V600E mutations are currently used to target tumors with these characteristics, showing successful response in patients.

• #26 Childhood Astrocytomas and Other Gliomas Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-astrocytoma-glioma-treatment-pdq

  For children with tuberous sclerosis (TS) and symptomatic subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs), agents that inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have been studied. Small series have shown significant reductions in the size of these tumors after administration of everolimus or sirolimus, often eliminating the need for surgery. […] The role of immune checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of children with recurrent high-grade astrocytoma is currently under study. Children with biallelic mismatch repair deficiency have a very high mutational burden and neoantigen expression and are at risk of developing a variety of cancers, including hematologic malignancies, gastrointestinal cancers, and brain tumors. The high variant and neoantigen load has been correlated with improved response to immune checkpoint inhibition. Early case reports have demonstrated clinical and radiographic responses in children who are treated with an anti-programmed death-1 inhibitor.

• #27 Astrocytoma (Adult-type) – American Brain Tumor Association | Learn More

  https://www.abta.org/tumor_types/astrocytoma/

  If the tumor is located in a surgically accessible part of the brain, the usual treatment for astrocytomas is removal of as much of the tumor as possible. […] If some of the tumor remains (also called residual tumor), or if the tumor has molecular characteristics that suggest it may be more likely to recur, radiation therapy may be recommended following surgery. […] Depending upon the amount of tumor that is not able to be removed (residual tumor) and the molecular characteristics of the tumor itself, chemotherapy or targeted therapy may be suggested to treat the remaining tumor. […] Vorasidinib, a targeted therapy, was recently approved by the FDA to treat grade 2 astrocytomas with IDH mutations. […] A recurring astrocytoma may be treated with surgery, particularly when the time between initial diagnosis and recurrence is extended. […] Recurrent astrocytomas may also be treated with radiation therapy, depending on whether or how much radiation was given after the original diagnosis. […] Chemotherapy/immunotherapy and clinical trials are additional options.

• #28 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)-Mutant Astrocytoma | UCSF Brain Tumor Center

  https://braintumorcenter.ucsf.edu/condition/diffuse-astrocytoma-grade-ii

  The IDH inhibitor vorasidenib may also be a treatment option for patients with grade 2 IDH-mutant astrocytomas, especially those with residual disease after surgery. This targeted drug therapy, taken once daily as an oral pill, may help slow tumor growth. […] Neurocognitive rehabilitation is also available through our Neurocognitive Care Services. Our multi-disciplinary team will assess each patient’s needs, and devise an individualized plan to improve language, motor, or cognitive impairments caused by the brain tumor.

• #29 Astrocytoma Tumors – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/astrocytoma-tumors/

  In 2011, the FDA approved the use of a special device applied to the scalp as a helmet, which produces low current electric fields which have been proved to delay tumor growth. […] Astrocytomas, and in particular glioblastomas, are the target of intense research and every year several clinical trials are conducted to find new strategies which would improve survival. […] Nowadays, the majority of treating centers perform detailed genetic analysis of any tumor tissue removed at surgery, in order to obtain patient-specific molecular signatures which can help establish the best drug for that tumor. […] A weakened immune surveillance is fundamental for the development and progression of astrocytomas. For this reason a large effort is currently underway to find strategies to boost the immune system against the tumor. […] A promising and ever expanding approach is the use of viruses which, once administered to patients (usually directly injected by the neurosurgeon into the tumor), can selectively infect and destroy tumor cells without harming the surrounding normal brain.

• #30 Oncolytic Viruses in Astrocytoma Treatment – Creative Biolabs

  https://www.creative-biolabs.com/oncolytic-virus/oncolytic-viruses-in-astrocytoma-treatment.htm

  Oncolytic virus therapy is a novel treatment option for astrocytoma. […] Multidisciplinary approach for the treatment astrocytoma, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, and novel immunotherapy (such as oncolytic virus therapy). […] Oncolytic viral therapy for astrocytoma holds great promising with high safety profiles and low off-target toxicities and it will undoubtedly impact the future of patient care. […] Various oncolytic viruses have been used in preclinical and clinical trials to evaluate safety and efficacy. […] OVs derived from Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1), Adenovirus (Ad), New Castle Disease Virus (NDV), and Reovirus (RV) have been reported in several preclinical/clinical trials for the treatment of astrocytoma.

• #31 Astrocytoma, Types, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/brain-cancer/what-is-astrocytoma

  Electric-field therapy uses electrical fields to target cells in the tumor while not damaging normal cells. It’s done by putting electrodes directly on the scalp. The device is called Optune. It’s given with chemotherapy after surgery and radiation. The FDA has approved it for both newly diagnosed people and people whose glioblastoma has come back.

• #32 Astrocytoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/astrocytoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576715

  Supportive care. Supportive care, also called palliative care, focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care specialists work with you, your family and your other healthcare team members to provide extra support. Palliative care can be used at the same time as other treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Often, palliative care begins as you start your astrocytoma treatments. You may not need to wait for complications to happen in order to receive palliative care.

• #33 Low-Grade Astrocytoma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1156429-treatment

  If the patient presents with seizures, first-line therapy is to start the patient on valproic acid, levetiracetam (Keppra), phenytoin (Dilantin), or carbamazepine (Tegretol). […] Treating the seizures quickly after presentation will reduce the occurrence of seizures in the following 12 years after starting the treatment, which does not affect quality of life (QOL) nor results in severe complications as compared to deferred treatment. […] If hydrocephalus is observed on CT scan or MRI and the patient is symptomatic, surgical placement of a ventricular drainage device or an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) may be appropriate. […] Adjuvant therapy is usually recommended in glioma patients presenting with bad prognostic factors. […] The results from the RTOG 9802 randomized trial showed that low-risk, low-grade glioma patients (those who had complete resection by postoperative imaging and were younger than 40 years old) exhibited a 93% five-year survival rate and a 48% five-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate without any adjuvant therapy.

• #34 Treatment for Astrocytoma | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/astrocytoma/treatment-astrocytoma

  Stereotactic radiosurgery is not traditional surgery at all but highly focused beams of radiation aimed at a tumor from multiple angles. […] Other treatments may include steroid treatment to reduce swelling, or antiseizure medication. […] Researchers are now investigating other treatments, including immunotherapy and gene therapy. […] Careful monitoring following treatment for astrocytoma is crucial, as this condition has a high recurrence rate, but treatment can prolong life and preserve function while laboratory researchers continue to search for better alternatives.

• #35 Treating grade 1 astrocytomas | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/types-of-brain-tumour-adult/astrocytoma/treating-grade-1-astrocytoma/

  The treatment for grade 1 depends on the tumours size and location. Astrocytoma treatment is usually surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or watch and wait. Or, it could be a combination of two or more of these. […] Grade 1 astrocytomas are normally treated with surgery where possible. The aim is to remove as much of the tumour as possible. […] If the tumour is completely removed, more treatment may not be needed. […] In some cases, complete removal of the tumour may not be possible. […] Depending on how much of the tumour is removed, you may be put on a watch and wait approach after surgery. Alternatively you may be given radiotherapy after your surgery, though doctors try to avoid this in people with the genetic condition NF1 and also in children under three years old. Occasionally chemotherapy may also be given.

• #36 Glioma (Astrocytoma) | North Bristol NHS Trust

  https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/bnog/bnog-treatments/glioma-astrocytoma

  Astrocytomas are the commonest type of gliomas. Generally the term glioma loosely implies an astrocytoma unless another particular type is specified. […] World Health Organization (WHO) grade 1 astrocytomas (pilocytic astrocytomas, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas, subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, and subependymomas) are uncommon tumours which can often be cured by surgically removing the tumour (resection). Pilocytic astrocytomas typically occur in children and young adults and the best treatment is surgical removal if technically feasible. Even if the surgeon is not able to remove the entire tumour, it may remain inactive or be successfully treated with radiation. […] Grade II tumours are defined as being infiltrative gliomas the tumour cells penetrate into the surrounding normal brain, making surgical cure more difficult. Most patients with grade II glioma (oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, mixed oligoastrocytomas) are young people who often present with seizures.

• #37 Pilocytic astrocytoma | Neurosurgery Inselspital Bern

  https://neurochirurgie.insel.ch/en/what-we-treat/brain-tumor/pilocytic-astrocytoma

  Pilocytic astrocytoma is usually curable by microneurosurgical treatment, even if it is located in a difficult-to-operate site in the brain. After complete removal of the tumor, radiation or chemotherapy are not necessary. […] If possible, the first choice treatment is the complete microsurgical removal of the pilocytic astrocytoma. Especially in juveniles, a cure can be achieved after complete removal of the tumor in most cases with a 10-year survival rate of up to 100% and a recurrence rate of only 25%. After complete tumor removal, neither radiation nor chemotherapy is necessary. […] If a residual pilocytic astrocytoma remains after surgery and cannot be surgically removed, radiotherapy is an effective option. In recent years, radiosurgery in particular, a very targeted and intensive type of radiation, has become increasingly important. […] For this reason, in younger children under 5-10 years of age, attempts are made to delay radiation and to address any residual tumor after surgery with chemotherapy to spare the growing brain the potentially harmful effect of radiation.

• #38 Grade 2 astrocytoma treatment | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/brain-tumour-diagnosis-treatment/types-of-brain-tumour-adult/astrocytoma/treating-grade-2-astrocytoma/

  Grade 2 astrocytoma treatment is usually brain surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of some or all of these. […] Surgery is usually the first treatment for grade 2 astrocytomas. The aim is to remove as much of the tumour as possible. […] If the tumour is completely removed, more treatment may not be needed. […] Depending on how much of the tumour is removed, you may be put on a watch and wait approach after surgery. Alternatively you may be given radiotherapy after your surgery, though doctors try to avoid this in people with the genetic condition NF1 and also in children under three years old. Chemotherapy may also be given. […] Radiotherapy is a type of treatment that uses radiation to destroy tumour cells. It can be used on its own or alongside neurosurgery or chemotherapy.

• #39

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-022-04216-z

  Astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas are mainly diffuse primary brain tumors harboring a diagnostic and prognostically favorable isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation. They are still incurable besides growing molecular knowledge and therapy options. […] If further treatment is necessary, either after diagnosis or at progression, diffuse astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas are mainly treated with combined radiochemotherapy or maximal safe resection followed by combined radiochemotherapy according to current guidelines based on randomized trials. […] Despite establishment of standard treatment approaches for gliomas that include resection, radio- and chemotherapy, there is a lack of effective treatments for progressive disease. Immune- and targeted therapies are currently investigated. […] The mainstay of treatment for CNS WHO grade 2 diffuse astrocytoma is surgical resection, however this is not curative.

• #40 Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) | UCSF Brain Tumor Center

  https://braintumorcenter.ucsf.edu/condition/anaplastic-astrocytoma-grade-iii

  Patients with anaplastic astrocytoma are usually first treated with surgery. The primary objective is to remove as much of the tumor as possible, while protecting critical brain function this is called maximal safe resection. […] Because anaplastic astrocytomas tend to spread into neighboring healthy tissue, it can be difficult to fully remove all malignant cells. Radiation may be suggested to treat known (or possible) residual tumor cells. […] Chemotherapy may also be suggested to continue treatment after surgery. […] A personalized treatment plan will consider a variety factors, including the tumors size, location, and extent of surgical removal, among others. […] Anaplastic astrocytomas are a serious condition that will be treated by a multidisciplinary team consisting of neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists, and radiation oncologists.

• #41

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-022-04216-z

  For patients with CNS WHO grade 3 diffuse astrocytoma maximal safe resection followed by radiochemotherapy is considered standard of care. […] Oligodendrogliomas are classified into WHO Grade 2 and 3. Operation is the first and main treatment for WHO grade 2 oligodendrogliomas. […] Ongoing clinical trials aim at improving the prognosis of patients with astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma and to reduce the burden of the therapy in patients with favorable prognosis. […] One common genetic hallmark of diffuse astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas is the IDH-mutation, which is presented on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, making mutant IDH a potential target for immunotherapy and suitable for vaccination approaches. […] New targeted advances with small molecules and immunotherapies currently focus on addressing the IDH mutation, one of the genetic hallmarks of astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma.

• #42 Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) | UCSF Brain Tumor Center

  https://braintumorcenter.ucsf.edu/condition/anaplastic-astrocytoma-grade-iii

  Typically, complete surgical removal of the tumor offers better outcomes. […] Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) are likely to progress to glioblastoma (grade IV), so patients are regularly monitored for both tumor recurrence and progression to a higher grade tumor, with additional therapies recommended as needed. […] The primary goal of treatment is to not only prolong survival for patients, but also to increase a patients quality of life, by addressing neurological symptoms and preserving cognitive function.

• #43 Astrocytoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/brain-and-spinal-cord/what-is-a-brain-or-spinal-cord-tumour/astrocytoma

  The following are treatments for glioblastoma: Surgery may be done to remove as much of the tumour as possible. Surgery is usually followed by radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy. […] Radiation therapy is given with temozolomide after surgery and may also be given as the main treatment, if surgery cant be done. […] Chemotherapy may be given at the same time as radiation therapy after surgery. It may also be used to treat GBM that comes back after treatment (called recurrent GBM). […] Targeted therapy may be helpful for some people when regular chemotherapy is no longer helping. The targeted therapy drug used to treat anaplastic astrocytoma is bevacizumab (Avastin). […] Other medicines used for people with brain tumours do not treat the tumour but help treat symptoms caused by the tumour or the treatments. […] Some clinical trials in Canada are open to people with astrocytoma. Clinical trials look at new ways to prevent, find and treat cancer.

• #44 Glioma (Astrocytoma) | North Bristol NHS Trust

  https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/bnog/bnog-treatments/glioma-astrocytoma

  Surgical removal remains the mainstay of treatment, provided that unacceptable neurologic injury can be avoided. […] Although radiotherapy rarely cures glioblastoma, studies show that it doubles the median survival of patients, compared to supportive care alone. A recent important study (known as the 'Stupp’ trial) showed a benefit for chemotherapy using temozolomide in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. […] Treatment options for glioblastoma that recurs after radiation and use of temozolomide must be carefully weighed according to the needs of each patient.

• #45 Astrocytoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and 2025 Advances – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/astrocytoma

  Grade III (Anaplastic Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant): This intermediate-grade tumor typically requires a multimodal approach. After surgical resection, adjuvant radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy with temozolomide is standard. IDH mutation status is important as it influences both prognosis and response to therapy. Patients with IDH-mutant tumors have better survival outcomes. […] Grade IV (Glioblastoma or Astrocytoma, IDH-wildtype): Previously known as glioblastoma, this is the most aggressive form of astrocytoma. Treatment includes maximal safe resection, followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (60 Gy radiation with daily temozolomide) and adjuvant temozolomide for 6 cycles, known as the Stupp protocol. The addition of tumor-treating fields (TTFields) may also be offered to prolong progression-free survival.

• #46 Astrocytoma Tumor Treatment | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/brain-cancer-treatment/astrocytoma

  At UVA Cancer Center, our expert team is experienced in treating astrocytoma. […] Treating your astrocytoma starts with understanding your specific tumor. […] Treatments we offer include: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy. […] Supportive (palliative) care is an important part of brain cancer treatment. This treatment focuses on relieving pain and easing your symptoms. […] At UVA Cancer Center, you can access new treatments not available anywhere else through our clinical trials.

• #47 Treatment for Astrocytoma | Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.weillcornell.org/condition/astrocytoma/treatment-astrocytoma

  Whether benign or malignant, a brain tumor can grow and press on nearby areas of the brain and stop that part of the brain from working as it should. […] Individuals with astrocytomas are best treated in large medical centers, where a wide variety of advanced treatment options are available from a multidisciplinary team that includes neurosurgeons, neurologists, neuro-oncologists, neuroradiologists, neuropathologists, radiation oncologists, physical therapists, social workers, and other specialists with advanced training and extensive experience in brain tumors. […] Unfortunately, most astrocytomas in adults are malignant and need immediate treatment. If left untreated, some aggressive astrocytomas can be fatal within weeks or months. […] Treatments may include surgery alone or in combination with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stereotactic radiosurgery.

• #48 Immunotherapy for Glioma & Astrocytoma | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/glioma-astrocytoma/treatments/immunotherapy-for-glioma-astrocytoma

  Doctors at NYU Langones Perlmutter Cancer Center may prescribe immunotherapy drugs that stimulate the immune system to attack glioma or astrocytoma tumors, blocking the growth and spread of cancer cells while limiting damage to healthy cells. […] Immunotherapies work differently from chemotherapy drugs. They may be effective when chemotherapy drugs are not, and they often have different side effects. They may be used in conjunction with other treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] To determine the most effective medication, our doctors run laboratory tests to identify the genes, proteins, and other traits of a tumor. This can usually be done with a blood test or by taking a sample of tumor tissue to perform our precision molecular testing. This allows doctors to better match a tumor with the most effective treatment.

• #49 Molecularly targeted treatment of recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma – a case report

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8419407/

  The patient received focal radiation and was treated with carboplatin and etoposide. […] She was started on combination treatment with temozolomide, bevacizumab, and irinotecan. […] One month after the initial appointment and approximately 14 months after the initial diagnosis, the patient was started on everolimus at 5mg daily. The dose was increased to 10mg after 1 week. The patient has been on this dose for 5 years now with dramatic tumor shrinkage and without further progression of disease (radiographically or clinically). […] The approach is exciting but poses challenges since large, randomized control trials powered to significance will be difficult to undertake since the molecular signature of each tumor is unique and may also change with radiation and treatment. Here, personalized treatment with everolimus has successfully aborted progression and stabilized and regressed an aggressive tumor in a young person.

• #50 Childhood Astrocytomas and Other Gliomas Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-astrocytoma-glioma-treatment-pdq

  Dramatic improvements in survival have been achieved for children and adolescents with cancer. Between 1975 and 2020, childhood cancer mortality decreased by more than 50%. Many of the improvements in survival in childhood cancer have been made as a result of clinical trials that have attempted to improve on the best available, accepted therapy. Clinical trials in pediatrics are designed to compare new therapy with therapy that is currently accepted as standard. This comparison may be done in a randomized study of two treatment arms or by evaluating a single new treatment and comparing the results with previously obtained results that assessed an existing therapy. Because of the relative rarity of cancer in children, all patients with brain tumors should be considered for entry into a clinical trial. Information about ongoing National Cancer Institute (NCI)-supported clinical trials is available from the NCI website.

• #51 Astrocytoma Clinical Trials – NCIFacebookFollow on XInstagramYoutubeLinkedin

  https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials/disease/astrocytoma

  Clinical trials are research studies that involve people. The clinical trials on this list are for astrocytoma. All trials on the list are NCI-supported clinical trials, which are sponsored or otherwise financially supported by NCI. […] Clinical trials look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease. You may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Talk to your doctor for help in deciding if one is right for you. […] This phase III trial compares the effect of selumetinib versus the standard of care treatment with carboplatin and vincristine (CV) in treating patients with newly diagnosed or previously untreated low-grade glioma (LGG) that does not have a genetic abnormality called BRAFV600E mutation and is not associated with systemic neurofibromatosis type 1. […] Selumetinib works by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth and may kill tumor cells.

• #52 Astrocytoma – symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, support | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/brain-tumour/astrocytoma

  You may need treatment for the symptoms of an astrocytoma before you have any treatment for the tumour. You may also need your symptoms managed during your main treatment or after it has finished. […] You may have 1 of the following treatments: Drugs called anti-convulsants, also called anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), to reduce the risk of having seizures. […] Clinical trials are a type of medical research involving people. They are important because they show which treatments are most effective and safe.

• #53 Astrocytoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocytoma

  For low-grade astrocytomas, removal of the tumor generally allows functional survival for many years. In some reports, the 5-year survival has been over 90% with well-resected tumors. […] To date, complete resection of high-grade astrocytomas is impossible because of the diffuse infiltration of tumor cells into normal parenchyma. Thus, high-grade astrocytomas inevitably recur after initial surgery or therapy and are usually treated similarly to the initial tumor. Despite decades of therapeutic research, curative intervention is still nonexistent for high-grade astrocytomas; patient care ultimately focuses on palliative management.

• #54 Update for astrocytomas: medical and surgical management considerations

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/en/Article/10069

  With unique intrinsic factors and a privileged microenvironment, astrocytomas continue to remain an elusive target for new therapeutic options. […] Staging based on physical and genetic characteristics, imaging, RT, chemotherapy, surgical management, and targeted therapies all serve an integral function in the understanding and management of astrocytomas.

• #55 Astrocytoma — Low Grade Glioma Registry

  https://gliomaregistry.org/astrocytoma

  Astrocytomas are tumors that arise from astrocytes star-shaped cells that make up the glue-like or supportive tissue of the brain. […] The usual treatment for astrocytoma is surgical removal of as much of the tumor tissue as possible. In instances in which the tumor is able to be removed, surgery may be the only treatment needed. […] If some of the tumor remains (also called residual tumor) or if the tumor has molecular characteristics that suggest it may be more likely to recur, radiation treatment may be recommended following surgery. […] Depending upon the amount of tumor that is not able to be removed (residual tumor) and the molecular characteristics of the tumor itself, chemotherapy may be suggested to treat the remaining tumor. […] Treatments for a recurrent astrocytoma may include additional surgery, radiation therapy (depending on whether or how much radiation was given after the original diagnosis), chemotherapy/immunotherapy, and clinical trials. […] Regular MRI scans are recommended following the diagnosis of astrocytoma, generally at least once per year.

• #56 What is astrocytoma, and how is it different from glioblastoma? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-astrocytoma–and-how-is-it-different-from-glioblastoma.h00-159694389.html

  Today, we have more treatment options than ever before to manage astrocytoma. Modern surgical procedures enable surgeons to be more precise and effective when they remove tumors. Techniques like fluorescence-guided surgery and brain mapping also allow surgeons to more precisely target areas of the brain during surgery, minimizing impact on healthy areas. […] In some cases, we can use radiation therapy instead to treat tumors without surgically opening the skull. For patients who don’t respond to radiation therapy, we can use laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) to kill the tumor. […] MD Anderson is also testing next-generation brain tumor treatments through clinical trials. These treatments include using viruses or natural killer T-cells to destroy cancer cells. Results from these clinical trials will help determine whether these therapies can become part of the standard treatment for brain tumors.

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