Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tonsillitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544342/

  Tonsillitis, or inflammation of the tonsils, is a common disease and makes up approximately 1.3% of outpatient visits. […] Approximately 2% of ambulatory patient visits in the United States are due to a sore throat. Though it is more common in winter and early spring, the disease can occur at any time during the year. GABHS accounts for 5% to 15% of adults with pharyngitis and 15% to 30% of patients between the ages of five and fifteen. Viral etiologies are more common in patients under five. GABHS is rare in children under two years of age.

• #2 Tonsillitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsillitis

  Tonsillitis occurs throughout the world, without racial or ethnic differences. Most children have tonsillitis at least once during their childhood, although it rarely occurs before the age of two. It most typically occurs between the ages of four and five; bacterial infections most typically occur at a later age.

• #3 Tonsillitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK544342/

  Tonsillitis, or inflammation of the tonsils, is a common disease and makes up approximately 1.3% of outpatient visits. […] Approximately 2% of ambulatory patient visits in the United States are due to a sore throat. Though it is more common in winter and early spring, the disease can occur at any time during the year. […] GABHS accounts for 5% to 15% of adults with pharyngitis and 15% to 30% of patients between the ages of five and fifteen. Viral etiologies are more common in patients under five. GABHS is rare in children under two years of age.

• #4 Acute Tonsillitis – Clinical presentation and Treatment – Dr Sanu P Moideen

  https://drsanu.com/articles/acute-tonsillitis-clinical-presentation-and-treatment/

  It constitutes approximately 1.3% of outpatient visits. […] The condition is more common in children, during autumn and winter months. […] GABHS accounts for 5% to 15% of adults with pharyngitis and 15% to 30% of patients between the ages of five and fifteen. […] GABHS is rare in children under two years of age. […] Viral etiologies are more common in patients under five.

• #5 Tonsillitis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30256

  Approximately 2% of ambulatory patient visits in the United States are due to a sore throat. […] Though it is more common in winter and early spring, the disease can occur at any time during the year. […] GABHS accounts for 5% to 15% of adults with pharyngitis and 15% to 30% of patients between the ages of five and fifteen. […] Viral etiologies are more common in patients under five. […] GABHS is rare in children under two years of age.

• #6 Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/tonsillitis-and-peritonsillar-abscess/

  Acute pharyngitis is one of the most common illnesses seen in the primary care setting accounting for up to 1.2 % of all emergency department visits and up to 6 % of office visits for children and adolescents. […] Most cases in children are observed during winter and early spring when respiratory viruses are more common. During the summer months enteroviruses are responsible for the majority of cases. […] Tonsillitis caused by Group A -hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) most commonly occurs in children 5-15 years old, affecting less than 15 % of children younger than 3 years old, 24 % of children less than 5 years old, and 37 % of school-aged children. […] The financial burden of GABHS tonsillitis is estimated to be between $224 and $539 million per year with more than half being associated to non-medical costs. […] Repeated episodes of all-cause tonsillitis is reported in 0.9 % of children less than 1 year old and 5.3 % of children between the ages of 1 and 4 years old.

• #7 Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/871977-overview

  Tonsillitis most often occurs in children; however, the condition rarely occurs in children younger than 2 years. Tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus species typically occurs in children aged 5-15 years, while viral tonsillitis is more common in younger children. Peritonsillar abscess (PTA) usually occurs in teens or young adults but may present earlier. […] Pharyngitis accompanies many upper respiratory tract infections. Between 2.5% and 10.9% of children may be defined as carriers. In one study, the mean prevalence of carrier status of schoolchildren for group A Streptococcus, a cause of tonsillitis, was 15.9%. […] According to Herzon et al, children account for approximately one third of peritonsillar abscess episodes in the United States. […] Recurrent tonsillitis was reported in 11.7% of Norwegian children in one study and estimated in another study to affect 12.1% of Turkish children.

• #8 Tonsillitis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/tonsillitis/

  Viral tonsillitis: children 5 years and young adults […] Streptococcal tonsillitis: Children aged 5-15 years (not seen in children 3 years of age) […] In adults: often before the age of 40 years […] More frequent in winter and spring.

• #9 Tonsillitis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/tonsillitis-pro

  It is a very common condition, most frequent in children aged 5-10 years and young adults between 15 and 25 years. […] A GP with a list of 2,000 can expect to see around 120 cases of sore throat a year with considerable seasonal variation – see the separate Sore Throat article. […] Most patients with sore throat do not seek medical help.

• #10 Tonsillopharyngitis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/oral-and-pharyngeal-disorders/tonsillopharyngitis

  The tonsils participate in systemic immune surveillance. […] Tonsillopharyngitis of all varieties is a very common cause of all office visits to primary care physicians. […] In about 30% of patients, the cause is bacterial (1). […] GABHS occurs most commonly between ages 5 and 15 and is uncommon before age 3. It is less common among older adults. […] Pharyngitis itself is easily recognized clinically; however, in 25 to 30% of cases, testing is likely to be required to determine whether the infection is a streptococcal infection (ie, strep throat). […] Clinical criteria (modified Centor score) can help to select patients for further testing or empiric antibiotic treatment, although some authorities recommend testing all children using a rapid antigen test and sometimes culture. […] Penicillin remains the drug of choice for streptococcal pharyngitis; cephalosporins or macrolides are alternatives for patients allergic to penicillin.

• #11 Tonsillitis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/tonsillitis/?srsltid=AfmBOoq82iP7kgJI5wy7QmhIF8aIESNzSumqAKI1XT5Nxe2EHPePn-98

  Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, a common upper respiratory tract infection. It is usually caused by bacterial or viral infection. Tonsillitis occurs most frequently in young people aged five to fifteen (Anderson Paterek, 2021). Risk factors for developing tonsillitis are young age and frequent exposure to germs (such as at daycare, school, or crowded living conditions). The decline in tonsil immune function after puberty is thought to be another reason tonsillitis is seen less frequently in adults. […] Tonsillitis accounts for 2% of outpatient visits per year in the U.S. GABHS is present in 5% to 15% of affected adults and 15% to 30% of children ages 5 to 15. Children under 5 typically have viral etiologies (Anderson Paterek, 2021). […] Five or more episodes of tonsillitis in a year is considered chronic or recurrent tonsillitis. This frequency is arbitrary but warrants further clinical investigation (Anderson Paterek, 2021). For instance, recurrent tonsillitis may be caused by primary immunodeficiency or chronic underlying infection.

• #12 Tonsillitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tonsillitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The epidemiology of adenoiditis is not completely known. There is research that indicates 15-30% of sore throats in children and 5-10% sore throats in adults are bacterial adenotonsillitis. Research on Norwegian twins indicates a prevalence of approximately 11,700 per 100,000 individuals, while a study on primary school children in Turkey indicated recurrent tonsillitis prevalence of approximately 12,100 per 100,000 individuals. […] The incidence of tonsillitis is not completely known, research indicates that 15-30% of sore throats in children and 5-10% sore throats in adults are bacterial tonsillitis. […] The prevalence of tonsillitis is not completely known. Research on Norwegian twins indicates recurrent tonsillitis prevalence of approximately 11,700 per 100,000 individuals. A study on primary school children in Turkey indicated recurrent tonsillitis prevalence of approximately 12,100 per 100,000 individuals.

• #13 Acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/acute-tonsillitis-and-pharyngitis/

  Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Peak season: Acute GAS tonsillopharyngitis most commonly occurs in winter and spring. […] Ambulatory tonsillectomy is one of the most frequently performed procedures in children 15 years of age. […] In 2010, there were almost 300,000 cases in the US.

• #14

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON429

  Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus, is a group of Gram-positive bacteria which can be carried in human throats or skin; it is responsible for more than 500 000 deaths annually worldwide. […] GAS infection commonly causes mild illnesses such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, impetigo, cellulitis and scarlet fever. […] GAS is considered a common cause of bacterial pharyngitis in school-aged children and may also affect younger children. The incidence of GAS pharyngitis usually peaks during winter months and early spring. Outbreaks in kindergartens and schools are common. […] Enhanced surveillance activities have been implemented in the countries reporting an increase in iGAS cases, together with public health messages addressing the general population and clinicians, in order to enhance early recognition, reporting and prompt treatment initiation of GAS cases.

• #15 Tonsillitis and Peritonsillar Abscess: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/871977-overview

  Klug found seasonal and/or age-based variations in the incidence and cause of PTA. Among his conclusions, he reported that the incidence of PTA increased during childhood, peaking in teenagers and then gradually falling until old age. He also found that until age 14 years, girls were more affected than boys, but that the condition subsequently was more frequent in males than in females. […] Klug also found a significantly higher incidence of Fusobacterium necrophorum than of group A Streptococcus in patients aged 15-24 years with PTA. However, the incidence of group A Streptococcus was significantly higher than F necrophorum in children aged 0-9 years and in adults aged 30-39 years. […] Although Klug determined that the incidence of PTA did not significantly vary by season, the presence of group A Streptococcus was significantly more frequent in winter and spring than in summer, while F necrophorum tended to be found more often in summer than in winter.

• #16 Tonsillitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tonsillitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Acute tonsillitis from S. pyogenes primarily affects children between 5 and 15 years old. […] Research on tonsillitis patients evidences that it is more common in females than males. […] There is no racial predisposition to tonsillitis. […] There is no geographic predisposition to tonsillitis.

• #17 Tonsillitis Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/tonsillitis

  The most common risk factor for tonsillitis is coming in contact with an affected person. Since viral infections cause the majority of the cases, they can quickly spread from one person to another through droplets coughed or sneezed in the air. Therefore any crowded space with even a single infected person is at risk. […] Tonsillitis is relatively common in children ranging from 5 years to 15 years old. However, it is more prevalent in countries with colder weather. Research has shown that females have higher susceptibility to develop tonsillitis than males.

• #18 Chronic tonsillitis and biofilms: a brief overview of treatment modali | JIR

  https://www.dovepress.com/chronic-tonsillitis-and-biofilms-a-brief-overview-of-treatment-modalit-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIR

  Chronic tonsillitis affecting both children and adults is a serious health problem, and while the definition of severe recurrent tonsillitis varies, severity is described as five or more episodes of true tonsillitis a year, symptoms for at least a year, and episodes that are disabling and prevent normal functioning. […] In one study, the lifetime prevalence of recurrent tonsillitis is described as 11.7% (95% CI, 11.0%12.3%) with a significant preponderance of females. […] Microbial biofilm formation is responsible for the development of acute-to-chronic infection in several diseases including cystic fibrosis, periodontitis, infective endocarditis, persistent otitis media, chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic tonsillitis, prostatitis, chronic osteomyelitis, atopic dermatitis, onychomycosis, dental caries, infectious kidney stones, and chronic wounds.

• #19

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON429

  WHO currently assesses the risk for the general population posed by the reported increase in iGAS infections in some European countries as low, considering the moderate rise in iGAS cases, GAS endemicity, no newly emerging emm gene sequence types identified, and no observed increases in antibiotic resistance. […] WHO recommends continued close analysis of the epidemiological situation in countries throughout the European region, which will be critical to assess ongoing risk and to adjust risk management measures in a timely manner.

• #20

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/group-a-streptococcal-infections-guidance-and-data

  Working with UKHSA, Public Health Scotland, Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), and the National Child Mortality database, Public Health Wales (PHW) published on 4 March 2024 a rapid review into iGAS deaths in children outside of hospital that occurred at the end of 2022 and in early 2023. […] Previous activity reports on group A streptococcal infections were published by Public Health England. The following are UKHSA reports. […] Group A streptococcal infections: seasonal activity in England, 2024 to 2025 […] Group A streptococcal infections: seasonal activity in England, 2023 to 2024 […] Group A streptococcal infections: activity during the 2022 to 2023 season […] Streptococcal bacteraemia: annual data from voluntary surveillance […] Group A streptococcal infections: activity during the 2021 to 2022 season […] Invasive group A streptococcal outbreaks: home healthcare.

• #21 Tonsillitis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Mouth/Tnslts.htm

  Incidence: 0.4% of outpatient clinic visits in U.S. […] Droplet transmission is primary route of infectious causes.

• #22 Acute Tonsillitis: Disease Analysis – 839 Words | Assessment Example

  https://ivypanda.com/essays/acute-tonsillitis-disease-analysis/

  Tonsillitis mainly affects children between the ages 5 and 15 years. Both boys and girls fall victims to this disease. GABHS accounts for 12 to 35% of tonsillitis infections among children. Generally, tonsillitis is an infection from beta-hemolytic streptococci, but still, it can be attributed to bacteria or viruses. The viral tonsillitis is typically self-limiting in comparison to the bacterial infections. […] Acute tonsillitis is a contagious airborne disease. Therefore, crowdiness in a room that is poorly ventilated predisposes individuals at risk of the disease in case some of the individuals in the room have the disease. […] Preventive measures are imperative for the prevention of this disease, such as proper ventilation and humidified air.

• #23 The epidemiology, antibiotic resistance and post-discharge course of peritonsillar abscesses in London, Ontario | Journal of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery | Full Text

  https://journalotohns.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1916-0216-42-5

  Peritonsillar abscesses (PTA) are a common complication of tonsillitis. Recent global epidemiological data regarding PTAs have demonstrated increasing antimicrobial resistance patterns. No similar studies have been conducted in Canada and no Canadian study has examined the post-discharge course of treated patients. […] Epidemiological studies from around the world have reported an incidence of 10 to 37 per 100,000 people. […] The objectives of this study were two-fold. The first was to characterize the bacterial flora, epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of local peritonsillar abscesses. […] The epidemiological findings in this study are consistent with what has been described previously in the literature, the exception being that smoking was not increased in our study group. The majority of drained abscesses grew a Streptococcus species and a surprisingly high 32% rate of resistance to clindamycin was discovered.

• #24 Peritonsillar abscess | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/peritonsillar-abscess?lang=us

  Peritonsillar abscesses are most common in 20-40 year-olds with a predominance for males and for smokers. It is less common in children but immunosuppression increases the risk of development 2,3. […] Peritonsillar abscess is usually a complication of tonsillitis and thus has a similar clinical presentation and infective etiology 4.

• #25 Intratonsillar abscess | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/intratonsillar-abscess?lang=us

  They can occur in both children and adults, but their incidence is not well-defined. In a series from one institution, intratonsillar abscesses were 7-9% of identified cases of intratonsillar or peritonsillar abscesses 1,3. […] Compared to peritonsillar abscess, incision and drainage or needle aspiration of intratonsillar abscess is less likely to be successful if attempted 1. Moreover, recurrence after antibiotic therapy is less common with intratonsillar than peritonsillar abscesses 1,2. Thus, many otolaryngologists prefer medical management over procedural drainage for intratonsillar abscess 1,2,5, while some attempt drainage in some scenarios 6-9.

• #26 A Complicated Tonsillitis: Lemierre’s Syndrome

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iaim/international-archives-of-internal-medicine-iaim-2-004.php?jid=iaim

  Lemierre’s syndrome is a very rare septic complication of acute tonsillitis. […] This syndrome, which occurs between 4 and 12 days after pharyngotonsillitis, is characterized by thrombosis of the internal jugular vein associated with septic pulmonary embolisms that can progress to severe sepsis. […] The septic emboli from the jugular vein facilitate the metastatic spread of the disease and the formation of abscesses in the lung, liver and joints. […] Today, the pillars of management are antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement of metastatic foci that require it (purulent arthritis, empyema, etc.). […] In conclusion, it seems important to continue considering this complication among the differential diagnoses of a case of tonsillitis or pharyngitis of torpid or septic evolution.

• #27 Chronic tonsillitis and biofilms: a brief overview of treatment modali | JIR

  https://www.dovepress.com/chronic-tonsillitis-and-biofilms-a-brief-overview-of-treatment-modalit-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIR

  Biofilms not only add to hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) by increasing their chronicity and persistence but also colonize in other areas of the environment instigating corrosion, fouling of water pipes, and food and pharmaceutical decomposition. […] Biofilms in general (and chronic tonsillitis specifically) can therefore lead to substantial economic costs for countries and individuals and health concerns and are an evolving public health problem in both high- and low-resource settings. […] Recurrent or chronic tonsillitis is currently a global public health issue which can severely impair an individual’s quality of life. […] Microbial biofilms are a major cause of repeated tonsillitis in both pediatric and adult cohorts, and more research is needed to develop new treatment strategies.

• #28 Tonsillectomy: Background, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/872119-overview

  Although tonsillectomy is performed less often than it once was, it is still among the most common surgical procedures performed in children in the United States. More than 530,000 tonsillectomies are performed in children and adolescents in the United States every year because of recurrent throat infections or sleep-disordered breathing. […] In the UK, few children with evidence-based indications undergo tonsillectomy and seven in eight of those who do (32,500 of 37,000 annually) are unlikely to benefit.

• #29 Universal protocols for Strep A surveillance set to transform research for world-first vaccine

  https://www.thekids.org.au/news–events/news-and-events-nav/2022/september/protocols-for-strep-a-surveillance/

  A global consortium of Group A Streptococcus (Strep A) researchers has launched a series of best practice surveillance protocols designed to unite international research efforts for a world-first Strep A vaccine. […] The surveillance protocols address each of the seven disease endpoints responsible for the majority of the global health and economic burden of Strep A pharyngitis; impetigo; cellulitis; invasive Group A Strep infections; acute rheumatic fever (ARF); rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. […] The new protocols are designed to be used for Strep A surveillance studies throughout the globe, making sure that research studies can be compared with each other, and that results from different populations and different studies can be compiled and analysed together.

• #30 Universal protocols for Strep A surveillance set to transform research for world-first vaccine

  https://www.thekids.org.au/news–events/news-and-events-nav/2022/september/protocols-for-strep-a-surveillance/

  Co-Chair of the SAVAC Burden of Disease Working Group that oversaw these protocols, Dr Chris Van Beneden from the US CDC Foundation, said a key aspect of robust surveillance for Strep A involves generating updated regional disease burden estimates and developing platforms for future impact evaluation. […] Given that the disease spectrum associated with Strep A is broad and complex, accurately estimating the global burden of disease is challenging. In particular, current estimates underrepresent the extent of disease in low-and middle-income countries, Dr Van Beneden said. […] With vaccine development gaining momentum, backed up by the 2018 World Health Assembly adoption of a global resolution on ARF and RHD we envisage these protocols will provide a much clearer picture of mortality and infection rates, unite global research activities and accelerate our combined efforts for a world-first Strep A vaccine.

• #31 Digital healthcare consultations not enough for safe assessment of tonsillitis | University of Gothenburg

  https://www.gu.se/en/news/digital-healthcare-consultations-not-enough-for-safe-assessment-of-tonsillitis

  Tonsillitis is a common reason for visits to the doctor and prescriptions of antibiotics in primary care. […] The current study, published in the journal Infectious Diseases, examines whether digital assessments are as reliable as physical examinations in determining whether antibiotic treatment is warranted. […] The results show that digital healthcare consultations are not sufficient to assess some of the most important criteria, such as tonsil inspection and lymph node examination. […] Our study shows that although digital healthcare consultations are convenient for many patients, they are not reliable enough to assess tonsillitis.

• #32 Chronic tonsillitis and biofilms: a brief overview of treatment modali | JIR

  https://www.dovepress.com/chronic-tonsillitis-and-biofilms-a-brief-overview-of-treatment-modalit-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JIR

  Numerous children so often suffer from recurrent tonsillitis and sore throats that these illnesses become part of their life. For example, one study indicates that ~30% of peritonsillar abscesses require a tonsillectomy, and another indicates that recurrent tonsillitis is reported in 11.7% and 12.1% of Norwegian and Turkish children, respectively. […] Scientists working at Washington University School of Medicine identified that recurrent infections are exacerbated by the creation of biofilms by microorganisms in the wet and warm folds of the tonsils which act as a repository of infection. […] A study utilizing an innovative imagining technique in single sections of human mucosal tissue reports the presence of biofilms in 70.8% of chronic tonsillitis patients. […] Another study revealed that biofilms were recognized on the surface epithelium of tonsils and adenoids in many of the patients who were waiting for adenotonsillectomy due to chronic tonsillitis and adenoiditis.

• #33 The profile of microorganisms that associate with acute tonsillitis in children and their antibiotics sensitivity pattern in Nigeria | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99570-9

  Acute tonsillitis remains one of the common childhood diseases in developing countries. […] The study aims to determine the pattern of microbiota isolates and their susceptibility pattern. […] The proportion of the cultures that were positive of significant growth, the proportion of these positive isolates that were Streptococcus spp. and varied sensitivity pattern obtained underpinned the importance to advocate for culture isolates and susceptibility pattern guided treatment. This is not only an efficient approach to management of acute tonsillitis, but also a strong approach towards effective implementation of antibiotic stewardship.

Zobacz więcej