Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The “Silent Enemy” Called Renal Artery Stenosis: A Mini-Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2475/4/1/10

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a vascular condition characterized by narrowing of one or both renal arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the kidneys, activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), and subsequent renovascular hypertension. […] Epidemiological surveys have revealed that the prevalence of RAS ranges from 4% to 53% and is especially high among patients with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or CKD. […] The determination of the true prevalence of RAS is challenging in the general population because a large part of the population has not been covered in such studies; most have not been performed since there is no screening test that is both accessible, reliable, and widely applicable. […] Quantification of different populations has enabled estimation of the numbers of persons affected by RAS. The prevalence of RAS in the general population is expected to range between 4% and 53%.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/jasn/fulltext/2002/11003/atherosclerotic_renal_artery_stenosis_.5.aspx

  Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is the most common primary disease of the renal arteries, and it is associated with two major clinical syndromes, ischemic renal disease and hypertension. The prevalence of this disease in the population is undefined because there is no simple and reliable test that can be applied on a large scale. […] Another factor that hinders the definition of the problem is that there is no study on the prevalence of renal artery stenosis at population level. Such a study would demand the availability of a simple and reliable screening test, and this is beyond available diagnostic technology. The large majority of studies performed so far selected patients having the risk factors of this disease (e.g., hypertension or renal insufficiency). The problem is relevant because hemodynamically significant renal artery stenosis may occur in patients with normal BP and/or normal GFR.

• #3

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jojun/JOJUN.MS.ID.555754.php

  The prevalence of Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) is challenging to determine in the general population due to the necessity of advanced imaging techniques for accurate identification. […] RAS has two leading causes, atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic. Atherosclerotic RAS accounts for 90% of cases, with the prevalence among individuals over 65 years of age reaching up to 7%, based on community-based screenings. […] Nonatherosclerotic RAS, which includes fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) as the most common cause, comprises approximately 10% of RAS cases. […] Age-related data showed an increase in atherosclerotic RAS prevalence: 0% in individuals aged 40-49, 2% in those aged 50-59, and 11%, 13%, and 14% in the age groups 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years, respectively. […] Additional studies indicate that RAS may be responsible for 1-5% of hypertension cases in unselected patients and 5-22% in patients aged 50 and above with end-stage renal disease. […] Our narrative review emphasizes the prevalence of RAS varies significantly across different populations and conditions, influenced by factors such as age, presence of hypertension, renal insufficiency, and coexisting atherosclerotic diseases.

• #4 The “Silent Enemy” Called Renal Artery Stenosis: A Mini-Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2475/4/1/10

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a vascular condition characterized by narrowing of one or both renal arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the kidneys, activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), and subsequent renovascular hypertension. […] Epidemiological surveys have revealed that the prevalence of RAS ranges from 4% to 53% and is especially high among patients with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or CKD. […] The determination of the true prevalence of RAS is challenging in the general population because a large part of the population has not been covered in such studies; most have not been performed since there is no screening test that is both accessible, reliable, and widely applicable. […] Quantification of different populations has enabled estimation of the numbers of persons affected by RAS. The prevalence of RAS in the general population is expected to range between 4% and 53%.

• #5 Renal and cardiac arterial disease: parallels and pitfalls – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2008/09/renal-and-cardiac-arterial-disease-parallels-and-pitfalls/

  Renal artery stenosis is a condition that has significant effects on the progression and outcomes of co-existent cardiac disease. The most important cause of renal artery stenosis is atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARVD). […] The prevalence of RAS is estimated to be around 7% in people over 65 years of age. It does not show any racial bias and its incidence increases with age. In patients with suspected cardiac disease requiring diagnostic coronary angiography the prevalence of renal artery stenosis is 10-15%. […] ARVD is associated with poorer outcomes in cardiac patients. The four-year unadjusted survival for patients undergoing coronary artery disease who have RAS with a stenosis 50% is 65% compared with 86% for those without RAS. […] The uncertainty about what truly constitutes significant ARVD has led to much difficulty in designing trials as different investigators have used different definitions of significant stenosis.

• #6 Renovascular Disease: Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/renovascular-disease

  Renovascular disease is an important cause of secondary hypertension and chronic kidney disease. […] The prevalence of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is high – about 7% in individuals older than 65 years and about 50% in patients with diffuse arterial disease, and it is increasingly frequent in an ageing population. […] About 10-15% of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis cases lead to the development of resistant hypertension and/or ischaemic nephropathy. […] In a study of people in the UK with type 2 diabetes with hypertension (a high-risk group for renovascular disease) and normal serum creatinine levels, using magnetic resonance angiography to detect the disease, a prevalence of 17% was found. 95% of these patients had unilateral disease.

• #7 Renal Artery Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245023-overview

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the major cause of renovascular hypertension and may account for 1-10% of the 50 million cases of hypertension in the United States population. […] In patients with mild hypertension, the prevalence of renal artery stenosis is probably less than 1%, while in those with acute as high as 10 % to 40% in patients with acute, severe, or refractory hypertension, the prevalence may be as high as 10-40%. Studies suggest that ischemic nephropathy may be responsible for 5-22% of advanced kidney disease in all patients older than 50 years. […] A review of a random sample of Medicare claims data (patients 67 years of age and older) found that the incidence of atherosclerotic renovascular disease was 3.7 per 1000 patient-years. The prevalence decreased with advancing age; the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.86 for patients age 75 to 84 years and 0.44 for those age 85 years, compared with those age 67 to 74 years. The prevalence was highest in whites (adjusted OR for Blacks, 0.66).

• #8

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jojun/JOJUN.MS.ID.555754.php

  The prevalence of Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) is challenging to determine in the general population due to the necessity of advanced imaging techniques for accurate identification. […] RAS has two leading causes, atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic. Atherosclerotic RAS accounts for 90% of cases, with the prevalence among individuals over 65 years of age reaching up to 7%, based on community-based screenings. […] Nonatherosclerotic RAS, which includes fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) as the most common cause, comprises approximately 10% of RAS cases. […] Age-related data showed an increase in atherosclerotic RAS prevalence: 0% in individuals aged 40-49, 2% in those aged 50-59, and 11%, 13%, and 14% in the age groups 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years, respectively. […] Additional studies indicate that RAS may be responsible for 1-5% of hypertension cases in unselected patients and 5-22% in patients aged 50 and above with end-stage renal disease. […] Our narrative review emphasizes the prevalence of RAS varies significantly across different populations and conditions, influenced by factors such as age, presence of hypertension, renal insufficiency, and coexisting atherosclerotic diseases.

• #9 Renal Artery Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245023-overview

  RVD is less common in Blacks than in Whites. The incidence rate in two studies of patients with severe hypertension was 27-45% in Whites versus 8-19% in Blacks. […] Although the incidence of atherosclerotic RVD is independent of sex, Crowley et al showed that female sex (as well as older age, elevated serum creatinine level, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease) is an independent predictor of RVD progression. […] In 1964, Holley et al reported data from 295 consecutive autopsies performed in their institution during a 10-month period. The mean age at death was 61 years. The prevalence rate of renal artery stenosis was 27% of 256 cases identified as having history of hypertension, while 56% showed significant stenosis (50% luminal narrowing). In normotensive patients, 17% had severe renal artery stenosis (80% luminal narrowing). In those older than 70 years, 62% had severe renal artery stenosis. […] Renal artery stenosis develops in 1%-12% of transplanted kidneys and is the principal vascular complication of kidney transplantation. Risk factors include older age in donors and recipients and expanded donor criteria. These cases most often occur 3-6 months after kidney transplantation.

• #10 Renal Artery Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430718/

  Renal artery stenosis is narrowing of the one or both of renal arteries. It is the major cause of hypertension and according to some reports is the cause of hypertension in 1% to 10% of the 50 million people in the United States. […] The prevalence of renal artery stenosis is probably less than 1% of patients with mild hypertension but can increase to as high as 10 % to 40% in patients with acute (even if superimposed on a preexisting elevation in blood pressure), severe, or refractory hypertension. Several studies report the prevalence of unilateral stenosis (compared with bilateral stenosis) approximately from 53 % to 80%. […] Studies suggest that ischemic nephropathy may be the cause of 5% to 22% of advanced renal disease in all patients older than 50 years.

• #11 Renal Artery Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245023-overview

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the major cause of renovascular hypertension and may account for 1-10% of the 50 million cases of hypertension in the United States population. […] In patients with mild hypertension, the prevalence of renal artery stenosis is probably less than 1%, while in those with acute as high as 10 % to 40% in patients with acute, severe, or refractory hypertension, the prevalence may be as high as 10-40%. Studies suggest that ischemic nephropathy may be responsible for 5-22% of advanced kidney disease in all patients older than 50 years. […] A review of a random sample of Medicare claims data (patients 67 years of age and older) found that the incidence of atherosclerotic renovascular disease was 3.7 per 1000 patient-years. The prevalence decreased with advancing age; the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.86 for patients age 75 to 84 years and 0.44 for those age 85 years, compared with those age 67 to 74 years. The prevalence was highest in whites (adjusted OR for Blacks, 0.66).

• #12 Renal artery stenosis in older people – Pavilion Health Today

  https://pavilionhealthtoday.com/fm/renal-artery-stenosis-in-older-people/

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a vascular disease characterised by narrowing of one or more main renal arteries or its branches. It is a major cause of hypertension, particularly among older people. […] The exact incidence of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) in the general population is unknown as the majority with this condition will remain asymptomatic. There seems to be a substantial risk of ARAS in those with atherosclerosis-related vascular disease elsewhere in the body. In patients with coronary artery disease, the prevalence of ARAS is estimated to be 11 to 23%. […] The prevalence of RAS is probably less than 1% of patients with mild hypertension but can increase to as high as 10 % to 40% in patients with acute (even if superimposed on a pre-existing elevation in blood pressure), severe, or refractory hypertension.

• #13

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jojun/JOJUN.MS.ID.555754.php

  The prevalence of Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) is challenging to determine in the general population due to the necessity of advanced imaging techniques for accurate identification. […] RAS has two leading causes, atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic. Atherosclerotic RAS accounts for 90% of cases, with the prevalence among individuals over 65 years of age reaching up to 7%, based on community-based screenings. […] Nonatherosclerotic RAS, which includes fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) as the most common cause, comprises approximately 10% of RAS cases. […] Age-related data showed an increase in atherosclerotic RAS prevalence: 0% in individuals aged 40-49, 2% in those aged 50-59, and 11%, 13%, and 14% in the age groups 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years, respectively. […] Additional studies indicate that RAS may be responsible for 1-5% of hypertension cases in unselected patients and 5-22% in patients aged 50 and above with end-stage renal disease. […] Our narrative review emphasizes the prevalence of RAS varies significantly across different populations and conditions, influenced by factors such as age, presence of hypertension, renal insufficiency, and coexisting atherosclerotic diseases.

• #14 Treatment of unilateral atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-unilateral-atherosclerotic-renal-artery-stenosis

  Renal artery stenosis is a relatively common finding in older patients with hypertension. The vast majority (≥85 percent) of cases in Western societies are the result of atherosclerosis. However, renal artery stenosis is the primary cause of hypertension (ie, renovascular hypertension) only in certain settings. […] The treatment of unilateral atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis will be reviewed here. The primary concern with unilateral renal artery disease focuses on its role in raising systemic arterial pressure. Clinical clues suggesting the presence of renovascular hypertension and establishing the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis, treatment of bilateral atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, issues related to chronic kidney disease associated with atherosclerotic renovascular disease, and diagnosis and treatment of fibromuscular disease are presented in detail elsewhere.

• #15 Percutaneous renal artery intervention versus medical therapy in patients with renal artery stenosis: a meta-analysis | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/percutaneous-renal-artery-intervention-versus-medical-therapy-in-patients-with-renal-artery-stenosis-a-meta-analysis

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the most common secondary cause of hypertension and affects 1-5% of hypertensive patients, but the true prevalence of RAS is not known. […] It has been estimated that there are 2-4 million people with RAS in the United States alone. […] Over 40,000 percutaneous renal artery interventions are performed in the United States on a yearly basis. […] Several randomised control trials have looked at the benefits of percutaneous renal artery interventions and medical therapy versus medical therapy alone, and have provided conflicting results. […] This meta-analysis of 1,030 patients who received renal artery intervention and medical therapy for ARAS or medical therapy alone showed a trend toward, but no statistically significant benefit of, PTRI in combination with medical therapy on SBP, DBP, or SCr.

• #16 The “Silent Enemy” Called Renal Artery Stenosis: A Mini-Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2475/4/1/10

  Among hypertensive patients, prevalence ranges from 1% to 5%, while in patients with coronary artery disease, the numbers vary between 11% and 23%. […] The effect of gender on the incidence of RAS has not been very elucidated. Some studies suggested that females might have a higher tendency to RAS than males. […] A cross-sectional study conducted as part of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) analyzed the prevalence of RAS in 870 elderly persons and its association with various cardiovascular risk factors. […] Several studies have suggested that the higher prevalence of severe hypertension amongst people of African descent may lead to an increase in the incidence of renal lesions, including RAS. […] The determination of the true prevalence of RAS is challenging in the general population because a large part of the population has not been covered in such studies; most have not been performed since there is no screening test that is both accessible, reliable, and widely applicable.

• #17 Renal artery stenosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Renal_artery_stenosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Renal artery stenosis considered a disease of the elderly. It most commonly affects patients with cardiovascular co-morbidities, such as those with diabetes mellitus, coronary and peripheral artery disease, dyslipidemia, essential hypertension, and smoking history. […] It is difficult to assess the real incidence and prevalence of renal artery stenosis because most patients with the disease are in fact asymptomatic. In one study that involved 14,152 patients undergoing abdominal aortography, approximately 10% of the patients had RAS and 1.3% had bilateral RAS, 60% of which were considered significant stenosis. […] Autopsy findings among 5194 patients between 1980 and 1988 showed that 4.3% of all patients RAS, most of which were not diagnosed. The frequency of RAS among patients with diabetes and hypertension was higher, reaching up to 10% of all patients.

• #18

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120701/renal-artery-stenosis

  Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] 7% in the United States […] present in up to 1/3 of patients with malignant or resistant hypertension […] Demographics […] atherosclerotic disease […] patients 50 years of age […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] young women […] Risk factors […] atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet) […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] kidney transplant patients […] high calcium or phosphorous levels […] high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels […] […] […] Survival with treatment […] 91% at 1 year […] 67% at 5 years […] 41% at 10 years

• #19

  https://step1.medbullets.com/renal/113078/renal-artery-stenosis

  A 23-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presents to her primary care physician for an annual physical exam. She was found to have a blood pressure of 156/94 mmHg. She has never had any episodes of high blood pressure in the past and she has no family history of hypertension. She is prescribed captopril. After two weeks, she presents to the emergency room with hypertensive urgency. Captopril was immediately stopped and after stabilizing her blood pressure, an ultrasound revealed bilateral renal artery stenosis. […] Renal artery stenosis (RAS) occurs when one or both of the renal arteries are narrowed. This often causes renovascular hypertension. […] Prevalence: 7% in the United States; present in up to 1/3 of patients with malignant or resistant hypertension. […] Atherosclerotic disease: patients 50 years of age; fibromuscular dysplasia: young women.

• #20 Prevalence of and Risk Factors of Renal Artery Stenosis in Patients With Resistant Hypertension – EM consulte

  https://www.em-consulte.com/article/868572/prevalence-of-and-risk-factors-of-renal-artery-ste

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a common cause of secondary hypertension. […] The aim of this study is to report (1) the prevalence of RAS in patients with resistant hypertension and (2) the association of RAS with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). […] Sixty-nine cases of RAS were identified (incidence: 24.2%). […] In conclusion, results from this study define the prevalence of RAS in patients with resistant hypertension.

• #21 Renal Artery Stenosis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Renal/CV/RnlArtryStns.htm

  Renal Artery Stenosis is the most common cause of Secondary Hypertension (1-5%) […] Responsible for as much as 25% of Hypertension refractory to medications […] Responsible for 10-25% of Severe Hypertension or Malignant Hypertension in white patients.

• #22 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027852/

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a frequently encountered problem in clinical practice. […] The study of RAS has expanded and evolved rapidly. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the amassed body of literature with a focus on the epidemiology of RAS including prevalence, overlap with other atherosclerotic disease, and prognosis. […] It is well established that the prevalence of RAS is increased in elderly patients, particularly in those with additional comorbid conditions such as diabetes, aortoiliac occlusive disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), or hypertension. […] The risk of concurrent ARAS ranges from 26% to 50% with a diagnosis of arterial atherosclerotic disease elsewhere in the arterial vasculature. […] A history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is quite prevalent among patients with significant RAS, ~39%.

• #23 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment | IJNRD

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNRD

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a frequently encountered problem in clinical practice. […] In this review, we will attempt to summarize the amassed body of literature with a focus on the epidemiology of RAS including prevalence, overlap with other atherosclerotic disease, and prognosis. […] A diagnosis of ARAS is associated with a poor prognosis and often with atherosclerotic disease in other vascular beds. […] Historically, it has been difficult to determine the true prevalence of RAS in the general population. […] It is well established that the prevalence of RAS is increased in elderly patients, particularly in those with additional comorbid conditions such as diabetes, aortoiliac occlusive disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), or hypertension. […] The risk of concurrent ARAS ranges from 26% to 50% with a diagnosis of arterial atherosclerotic disease elsewhere in the arterial vasculature.

• #24 Renal Artery Stenosis | Definition and Overview – Doctorable

  https://www.doctorable.com/renal-artery-stenosis.html

  Renal artery stenosis is a vascular lesion most commonly found in people with atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia. […] The prevalence of ARAS varies from 30% in patients with coronary artery disease identified by angiography to 50% among elderly people or those with diffuse atherosclerotic vascular diseases. […] A recent study found that 6.8% of elderly patients enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study had 60% stenosis or occlusion as determined by renal duplex sonography. […] It has been recognized that patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease have 26-50% of risk of concurrent RAS. […] The incidence of RAS in patients with angiographically significant coronary artery disease (CAD) is 15% with mild RAS (50% stenosis) and 18% with significant RAS (50% stenosis). […] The prevalence of RAS tends to increase with the number of coronary vessels involved.

• #25 The “Silent Enemy” Called Renal Artery Stenosis: A Mini-Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2475/4/1/10

  Among hypertensive patients, prevalence ranges from 1% to 5%, while in patients with coronary artery disease, the numbers vary between 11% and 23%. […] The effect of gender on the incidence of RAS has not been very elucidated. Some studies suggested that females might have a higher tendency to RAS than males. […] A cross-sectional study conducted as part of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) analyzed the prevalence of RAS in 870 elderly persons and its association with various cardiovascular risk factors. […] Several studies have suggested that the higher prevalence of severe hypertension amongst people of African descent may lead to an increase in the incidence of renal lesions, including RAS. […] The determination of the true prevalence of RAS is challenging in the general population because a large part of the population has not been covered in such studies; most have not been performed since there is no screening test that is both accessible, reliable, and widely applicable.

• #26 Renal artery stenosis in older people – Pavilion Health Today

  https://pavilionhealthtoday.com/fm/renal-artery-stenosis-in-older-people/

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a vascular disease characterised by narrowing of one or more main renal arteries or its branches. It is a major cause of hypertension, particularly among older people. […] The exact incidence of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) in the general population is unknown as the majority with this condition will remain asymptomatic. There seems to be a substantial risk of ARAS in those with atherosclerosis-related vascular disease elsewhere in the body. In patients with coronary artery disease, the prevalence of ARAS is estimated to be 11 to 23%. […] The prevalence of RAS is probably less than 1% of patients with mild hypertension but can increase to as high as 10 % to 40% in patients with acute (even if superimposed on a pre-existing elevation in blood pressure), severe, or refractory hypertension.

• #27 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027852/

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a frequently encountered problem in clinical practice. […] The study of RAS has expanded and evolved rapidly. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the amassed body of literature with a focus on the epidemiology of RAS including prevalence, overlap with other atherosclerotic disease, and prognosis. […] It is well established that the prevalence of RAS is increased in elderly patients, particularly in those with additional comorbid conditions such as diabetes, aortoiliac occlusive disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), or hypertension. […] The risk of concurrent ARAS ranges from 26% to 50% with a diagnosis of arterial atherosclerotic disease elsewhere in the arterial vasculature. […] A history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is quite prevalent among patients with significant RAS, ~39%.

• #28 Renal Artery Stenosis | Definition and Overview – Doctorable

  https://www.doctorable.com/renal-artery-stenosis.html

  Renal artery stenosis is a vascular lesion most commonly found in people with atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia. […] The prevalence of ARAS varies from 30% in patients with coronary artery disease identified by angiography to 50% among elderly people or those with diffuse atherosclerotic vascular diseases. […] A recent study found that 6.8% of elderly patients enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study had 60% stenosis or occlusion as determined by renal duplex sonography. […] It has been recognized that patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease have 26-50% of risk of concurrent RAS. […] The incidence of RAS in patients with angiographically significant coronary artery disease (CAD) is 15% with mild RAS (50% stenosis) and 18% with significant RAS (50% stenosis). […] The prevalence of RAS tends to increase with the number of coronary vessels involved.

• #29 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment | IJNRD

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNRD

  The prevalence of RAS tends to increase with the number of coronary vessels involved. […] The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] RAS is associated with poor prognosis in terms of lesion progression, decline of renal function, and overall mortality.

• #30 Renal Artery Stenosis | Definition and Overview – Doctorable

  https://www.doctorable.com/renal-artery-stenosis.html

  In a group of patients that underwent a routine angiographic evaluation of vascular pathology, RAS of more than 50% was found in 38% of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm, 33% with aorto-occlusive disease, and 39% with lower-extremity occlusive disease. […] Fibromuscular dysplasia accounts for less than 10% of cases of RAS.

• #31 Prevalence and predictors of renal artery stenosis in hypertensive patients undergoing coronary angiography | Hypertension Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/hr2009149

  The reported prevalence of significant RAS (50%) among patients undergoing coronary angiography ranges from 6.2% to as high as 28%. […] In our study of hypertensive patients with suspected CAD, the estimated prevalence of RAS was 11.9%, and severe RAS was present in 4.8% of the cases. […] The prevalence of RAS ranged from 14.9% in patients with 1-VD to 25.3% in those with 2-VD and 35.6% in those with three-vessel involvement. […] In multivariate logistic regression, three-vessel CAD, history of CABG and higher serum creatinine concentration were independent predictors of RAS in our study. […] A higher prevalence of RAS in patients with CAD and a poor prognosis independently associated with RAS suggest the importance of early diagnosis and screening.

• #32 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027852/

  The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] The detection of RAS can be accomplished via several effective diagnostic modalities, the choice of which can be tailored to the needs of individual patients. […] More outcome studies are needed to justify routine renal artery stenting for hypertension or chronic kidney disease. […] Better clinical predictors are needed to help with patient selection in hopes of identifying subgroups that might more consistently benefit from renal artery revascularization.

• #33 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment | IJNRD

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNRD

  The prevalence of RAS tends to increase with the number of coronary vessels involved. […] The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] RAS is associated with poor prognosis in terms of lesion progression, decline of renal function, and overall mortality.

• #34 Renal Artery Stenosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17422-renal-artery-disease

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) occurs when the arteries that carry blood to your kidneys narrow. Its usually the result of atherosclerosis. RAS is a serious condition that can lead to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. […] Renal artery stenosis can lead to hypertension (high blood pressure), chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. […] People with atherosclerosis are at the highest risk for renal artery stenosis. […] Studies show that between 14% to 35% of people with PAD also have RAS. […] Between 60% and 90% of RAS cases result from atherosclerosis. […] Potential complications of RAS include chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, kidney atrophy (reduced kidney size), kidney failure, peripheral artery disease, and renal hypertension (high blood pressure in your renal arteries).

• #35 Renal Artery Stenosis | Definition and Overview – Doctorable

  https://www.doctorable.com/renal-artery-stenosis.html

  In a group of patients that underwent a routine angiographic evaluation of vascular pathology, RAS of more than 50% was found in 38% of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm, 33% with aorto-occlusive disease, and 39% with lower-extremity occlusive disease. […] Fibromuscular dysplasia accounts for less than 10% of cases of RAS.

• #36 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027852/

  The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] The detection of RAS can be accomplished via several effective diagnostic modalities, the choice of which can be tailored to the needs of individual patients. […] More outcome studies are needed to justify routine renal artery stenting for hypertension or chronic kidney disease. […] Better clinical predictors are needed to help with patient selection in hopes of identifying subgroups that might more consistently benefit from renal artery revascularization.

• #37 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment | IJNRD

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNRD

  The prevalence of RAS tends to increase with the number of coronary vessels involved. […] The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] RAS is associated with poor prognosis in terms of lesion progression, decline of renal function, and overall mortality.

• #38 Renal Artery Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245023-overview

  RVD is less common in Blacks than in Whites. The incidence rate in two studies of patients with severe hypertension was 27-45% in Whites versus 8-19% in Blacks. […] Although the incidence of atherosclerotic RVD is independent of sex, Crowley et al showed that female sex (as well as older age, elevated serum creatinine level, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease) is an independent predictor of RVD progression. […] In 1964, Holley et al reported data from 295 consecutive autopsies performed in their institution during a 10-month period. The mean age at death was 61 years. The prevalence rate of renal artery stenosis was 27% of 256 cases identified as having history of hypertension, while 56% showed significant stenosis (50% luminal narrowing). In normotensive patients, 17% had severe renal artery stenosis (80% luminal narrowing). In those older than 70 years, 62% had severe renal artery stenosis. […] Renal artery stenosis develops in 1%-12% of transplanted kidneys and is the principal vascular complication of kidney transplantation. Risk factors include older age in donors and recipients and expanded donor criteria. These cases most often occur 3-6 months after kidney transplantation.

• #39 The “Silent Enemy” Called Renal Artery Stenosis: A Mini-Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2475/4/1/10

  Among hypertensive patients, prevalence ranges from 1% to 5%, while in patients with coronary artery disease, the numbers vary between 11% and 23%. […] The effect of gender on the incidence of RAS has not been very elucidated. Some studies suggested that females might have a higher tendency to RAS than males. […] A cross-sectional study conducted as part of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) analyzed the prevalence of RAS in 870 elderly persons and its association with various cardiovascular risk factors. […] Several studies have suggested that the higher prevalence of severe hypertension amongst people of African descent may lead to an increase in the incidence of renal lesions, including RAS. […] The determination of the true prevalence of RAS is challenging in the general population because a large part of the population has not been covered in such studies; most have not been performed since there is no screening test that is both accessible, reliable, and widely applicable.

• #40 The “Silent Enemy” Called Renal Artery Stenosis: A Mini-Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2813-2475/4/1/10

  Among hypertensive patients, prevalence ranges from 1% to 5%, while in patients with coronary artery disease, the numbers vary between 11% and 23%. […] The effect of gender on the incidence of RAS has not been very elucidated. Some studies suggested that females might have a higher tendency to RAS than males. […] A cross-sectional study conducted as part of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) analyzed the prevalence of RAS in 870 elderly persons and its association with various cardiovascular risk factors. […] Several studies have suggested that the higher prevalence of severe hypertension amongst people of African descent may lead to an increase in the incidence of renal lesions, including RAS. […] The determination of the true prevalence of RAS is challenging in the general population because a large part of the population has not been covered in such studies; most have not been performed since there is no screening test that is both accessible, reliable, and widely applicable.

• #41 Renal Artery Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245023-overview

  RVD is less common in Blacks than in Whites. The incidence rate in two studies of patients with severe hypertension was 27-45% in Whites versus 8-19% in Blacks. […] Although the incidence of atherosclerotic RVD is independent of sex, Crowley et al showed that female sex (as well as older age, elevated serum creatinine level, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease) is an independent predictor of RVD progression. […] In 1964, Holley et al reported data from 295 consecutive autopsies performed in their institution during a 10-month period. The mean age at death was 61 years. The prevalence rate of renal artery stenosis was 27% of 256 cases identified as having history of hypertension, while 56% showed significant stenosis (50% luminal narrowing). In normotensive patients, 17% had severe renal artery stenosis (80% luminal narrowing). In those older than 70 years, 62% had severe renal artery stenosis. […] Renal artery stenosis develops in 1%-12% of transplanted kidneys and is the principal vascular complication of kidney transplantation. Risk factors include older age in donors and recipients and expanded donor criteria. These cases most often occur 3-6 months after kidney transplantation.

• #42 Renal Artery Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430718/

  Renal artery stenosis is narrowing of the one or both of renal arteries. It is the major cause of hypertension and according to some reports is the cause of hypertension in 1% to 10% of the 50 million people in the United States. […] The prevalence of renal artery stenosis is probably less than 1% of patients with mild hypertension but can increase to as high as 10 % to 40% in patients with acute (even if superimposed on a preexisting elevation in blood pressure), severe, or refractory hypertension. Several studies report the prevalence of unilateral stenosis (compared with bilateral stenosis) approximately from 53 % to 80%. […] Studies suggest that ischemic nephropathy may be the cause of 5% to 22% of advanced renal disease in all patients older than 50 years.

• #43 Renal Artery Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245023-overview

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the major cause of renovascular hypertension and may account for 1-10% of the 50 million cases of hypertension in the United States population. […] In patients with mild hypertension, the prevalence of renal artery stenosis is probably less than 1%, while in those with acute as high as 10 % to 40% in patients with acute, severe, or refractory hypertension, the prevalence may be as high as 10-40%. Studies suggest that ischemic nephropathy may be responsible for 5-22% of advanced kidney disease in all patients older than 50 years. […] A review of a random sample of Medicare claims data (patients 67 years of age and older) found that the incidence of atherosclerotic renovascular disease was 3.7 per 1000 patient-years. The prevalence decreased with advancing age; the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.86 for patients age 75 to 84 years and 0.44 for those age 85 years, compared with those age 67 to 74 years. The prevalence was highest in whites (adjusted OR for Blacks, 0.66).

• #44

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jojun/JOJUN.MS.ID.555754.php

  The prevalence of Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) is challenging to determine in the general population due to the necessity of advanced imaging techniques for accurate identification. […] RAS has two leading causes, atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic. Atherosclerotic RAS accounts for 90% of cases, with the prevalence among individuals over 65 years of age reaching up to 7%, based on community-based screenings. […] Nonatherosclerotic RAS, which includes fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) as the most common cause, comprises approximately 10% of RAS cases. […] Age-related data showed an increase in atherosclerotic RAS prevalence: 0% in individuals aged 40-49, 2% in those aged 50-59, and 11%, 13%, and 14% in the age groups 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years, respectively. […] Additional studies indicate that RAS may be responsible for 1-5% of hypertension cases in unselected patients and 5-22% in patients aged 50 and above with end-stage renal disease. […] Our narrative review emphasizes the prevalence of RAS varies significantly across different populations and conditions, influenced by factors such as age, presence of hypertension, renal insufficiency, and coexisting atherosclerotic diseases.

• #45 Renal artery stenosis in older people – Pavilion Health Today

  https://pavilionhealthtoday.com/fm/renal-artery-stenosis-in-older-people/

  Studies suggest that ischaemic nephropathy may be the cause of 5% to 22% of advanced renal disease in all patients older than 50 years. […] The indications for revascularisation are less clear and available RCTs have their limitations. Further studies are needed to clearly identify those who will benefit from revascularisation. Until more robust evidence emerges, it is rational to follow existing guidelines.

• #46 Renal artery stenosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Renal_artery_stenosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis affects approximately 0.5-7% of the U.S. population above the age of 65 years. It is present in almost 5% of patients with chronic kidney disease. […] Although stenosis may progress in 30-53% of patients within only 2-5 years after diagnosis, only 3-15% of patients with ARAS progress to total occlusion of the renal arteries. The definition of disease progression, however, may vary between individual studies. […] To date, there is no reliable information about the prevalence of secondary hypertension due to renal artery stenosis. Follow-up and prognosis for hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis has not yet been achieved.

• #47 Renal Artery Stenosis in the Patient with Hypertension: Prevalence, Im | IBPC

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-in-the-patient-with-hypertension-prevalence-impa-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IBPC

  Atherosclerosis is by far the most prevalent etiology of renal artery stenosis. The prevalence of ARAS identified by Doppler ultrasound (DUS) within a US Medicare population ranges from 0.5% to 7% of individuals. ARAS accounts for 10-20% of individuals with end stage renal disease who are on dialysis. There is a significant rate of natural disease progression with worsening severity of renal artery stenosis shown by previous studies reporting the progression of ARAS by 50% at 5 years. […] Randomized clinical trials have not shown a benefit for renal artery stenting in the management of ARAS when used as an adjunct treatment to optimal medical therapy (OMT). However, selective sub-groups of individuals with ARAS that include those with resistant hypertension, ischemic nephropathy and cardiac destabilization syndrome have had good outcomes after percutaneous renal artery stenting (PTRAS).

• #48 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027852/

  The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] The detection of RAS can be accomplished via several effective diagnostic modalities, the choice of which can be tailored to the needs of individual patients. […] More outcome studies are needed to justify routine renal artery stenting for hypertension or chronic kidney disease. […] Better clinical predictors are needed to help with patient selection in hopes of identifying subgroups that might more consistently benefit from renal artery revascularization.

• #49 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment | IJNRD

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNRD

  The prevalence of RAS tends to increase with the number of coronary vessels involved. […] The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] RAS is associated with poor prognosis in terms of lesion progression, decline of renal function, and overall mortality.

• #50 Renal Artery Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Therapy

  http://www.urology-textbook.com/renal-artery-stenosis.html

  2040% of patients with atherosclerosis (peripheral arterial disease, aortic aneurysm, or coronary heart disease, usually over 50 years old) have also a significant renal artery stenosis. […] Ischemic nephropathy due to renal artery stenosis is the cause of terminal renal failure in 14% of patients over 60 years requiring dialysis. […] Fibromuscular dysplasia is seldom the cause of renal artery stenosis, predominantly in younger patients and women.

• #51 Renal Artery Stenosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245023-overview

  RVD is less common in Blacks than in Whites. The incidence rate in two studies of patients with severe hypertension was 27-45% in Whites versus 8-19% in Blacks. […] Although the incidence of atherosclerotic RVD is independent of sex, Crowley et al showed that female sex (as well as older age, elevated serum creatinine level, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease) is an independent predictor of RVD progression. […] In 1964, Holley et al reported data from 295 consecutive autopsies performed in their institution during a 10-month period. The mean age at death was 61 years. The prevalence rate of renal artery stenosis was 27% of 256 cases identified as having history of hypertension, while 56% showed significant stenosis (50% luminal narrowing). In normotensive patients, 17% had severe renal artery stenosis (80% luminal narrowing). In those older than 70 years, 62% had severe renal artery stenosis. […] Renal artery stenosis develops in 1%-12% of transplanted kidneys and is the principal vascular complication of kidney transplantation. Risk factors include older age in donors and recipients and expanded donor criteria. These cases most often occur 3-6 months after kidney transplantation.

• #52

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jojun/JOJUN.MS.ID.555754.php

  The prevalence of Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) is challenging to determine in the general population due to the necessity of advanced imaging techniques for accurate identification. […] RAS has two leading causes, atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic. Atherosclerotic RAS accounts for 90% of cases, with the prevalence among individuals over 65 years of age reaching up to 7%, based on community-based screenings. […] Nonatherosclerotic RAS, which includes fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) as the most common cause, comprises approximately 10% of RAS cases. […] Age-related data showed an increase in atherosclerotic RAS prevalence: 0% in individuals aged 40-49, 2% in those aged 50-59, and 11%, 13%, and 14% in the age groups 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years, respectively. […] Additional studies indicate that RAS may be responsible for 1-5% of hypertension cases in unselected patients and 5-22% in patients aged 50 and above with end-stage renal disease. […] Our narrative review emphasizes the prevalence of RAS varies significantly across different populations and conditions, influenced by factors such as age, presence of hypertension, renal insufficiency, and coexisting atherosclerotic diseases.

• #53

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jojun/JOJUN.MS.ID.555754.php

  The prevalence of Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) is challenging to determine in the general population due to the necessity of advanced imaging techniques for accurate identification. […] RAS has two leading causes, atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic. Atherosclerotic RAS accounts for 90% of cases, with the prevalence among individuals over 65 years of age reaching up to 7%, based on community-based screenings. […] Nonatherosclerotic RAS, which includes fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) as the most common cause, comprises approximately 10% of RAS cases. […] Age-related data showed an increase in atherosclerotic RAS prevalence: 0% in individuals aged 40-49, 2% in those aged 50-59, and 11%, 13%, and 14% in the age groups 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years, respectively. […] Additional studies indicate that RAS may be responsible for 1-5% of hypertension cases in unselected patients and 5-22% in patients aged 50 and above with end-stage renal disease. […] Our narrative review emphasizes the prevalence of RAS varies significantly across different populations and conditions, influenced by factors such as age, presence of hypertension, renal insufficiency, and coexisting atherosclerotic diseases.

• #54 Renal Artery Stenosis | Definition and Overview – Doctorable

  https://www.doctorable.com/renal-artery-stenosis.html

  In a group of patients that underwent a routine angiographic evaluation of vascular pathology, RAS of more than 50% was found in 38% of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm, 33% with aorto-occlusive disease, and 39% with lower-extremity occlusive disease. […] Fibromuscular dysplasia accounts for less than 10% of cases of RAS.

• #55 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027852/

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a frequently encountered problem in clinical practice. […] The study of RAS has expanded and evolved rapidly. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the amassed body of literature with a focus on the epidemiology of RAS including prevalence, overlap with other atherosclerotic disease, and prognosis. […] It is well established that the prevalence of RAS is increased in elderly patients, particularly in those with additional comorbid conditions such as diabetes, aortoiliac occlusive disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), or hypertension. […] The risk of concurrent ARAS ranges from 26% to 50% with a diagnosis of arterial atherosclerotic disease elsewhere in the arterial vasculature. […] A history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is quite prevalent among patients with significant RAS, ~39%.

• #56 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment | IJNRD

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNRD

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a frequently encountered problem in clinical practice. […] In this review, we will attempt to summarize the amassed body of literature with a focus on the epidemiology of RAS including prevalence, overlap with other atherosclerotic disease, and prognosis. […] A diagnosis of ARAS is associated with a poor prognosis and often with atherosclerotic disease in other vascular beds. […] Historically, it has been difficult to determine the true prevalence of RAS in the general population. […] It is well established that the prevalence of RAS is increased in elderly patients, particularly in those with additional comorbid conditions such as diabetes, aortoiliac occlusive disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), or hypertension. […] The risk of concurrent ARAS ranges from 26% to 50% with a diagnosis of arterial atherosclerotic disease elsewhere in the arterial vasculature.

• #57

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120701/renal-artery-stenosis

  Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] 7% in the United States […] present in up to 1/3 of patients with malignant or resistant hypertension […] Demographics […] atherosclerotic disease […] patients 50 years of age […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] young women […] Risk factors […] atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet) […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] kidney transplant patients […] high calcium or phosphorous levels […] high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels […] […] […] Survival with treatment […] 91% at 1 year […] 67% at 5 years […] 41% at 10 years

• #58

  https://step1.medbullets.com/renal/113078/renal-artery-stenosis

  Risk factors: atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet); fibromuscular dysplasia; in kidney transplant patients; high calcium or phosphorous levels; high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. […] Prognostic variable: negative – elevated serum creatinine; comorbid heart disease; comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Survival with treatment: 91% at 1 year; 67% at 5 years; 41% at 10 years.

• #59

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120701/renal-artery-stenosis

  Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] 7% in the United States […] present in up to 1/3 of patients with malignant or resistant hypertension […] Demographics […] atherosclerotic disease […] patients 50 years of age […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] young women […] Risk factors […] atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet) […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] kidney transplant patients […] high calcium or phosphorous levels […] high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels […] […] […] Survival with treatment […] 91% at 1 year […] 67% at 5 years […] 41% at 10 years

• #60

  https://step1.medbullets.com/renal/113078/renal-artery-stenosis

  Risk factors: atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet); fibromuscular dysplasia; in kidney transplant patients; high calcium or phosphorous levels; high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. […] Prognostic variable: negative – elevated serum creatinine; comorbid heart disease; comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Survival with treatment: 91% at 1 year; 67% at 5 years; 41% at 10 years.

• #61

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120701/renal-artery-stenosis

  Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] 7% in the United States […] present in up to 1/3 of patients with malignant or resistant hypertension […] Demographics […] atherosclerotic disease […] patients 50 years of age […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] young women […] Risk factors […] atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet) […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] kidney transplant patients […] high calcium or phosphorous levels […] high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels […] […] […] Survival with treatment […] 91% at 1 year […] 67% at 5 years […] 41% at 10 years

• #62

  https://step1.medbullets.com/renal/113078/renal-artery-stenosis

  Risk factors: atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet); fibromuscular dysplasia; in kidney transplant patients; high calcium or phosphorous levels; high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. […] Prognostic variable: negative – elevated serum creatinine; comorbid heart disease; comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Survival with treatment: 91% at 1 year; 67% at 5 years; 41% at 10 years.

• #63

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120701/renal-artery-stenosis

  Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] 7% in the United States […] present in up to 1/3 of patients with malignant or resistant hypertension […] Demographics […] atherosclerotic disease […] patients 50 years of age […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] young women […] Risk factors […] atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet) […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] kidney transplant patients […] high calcium or phosphorous levels […] high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels […] […] […] Survival with treatment […] 91% at 1 year […] 67% at 5 years […] 41% at 10 years

• #64

  https://step1.medbullets.com/renal/113078/renal-artery-stenosis

  Risk factors: atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet); fibromuscular dysplasia; in kidney transplant patients; high calcium or phosphorous levels; high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. […] Prognostic variable: negative – elevated serum creatinine; comorbid heart disease; comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Survival with treatment: 91% at 1 year; 67% at 5 years; 41% at 10 years.

• #65

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120701/renal-artery-stenosis

  Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] 7% in the United States […] present in up to 1/3 of patients with malignant or resistant hypertension […] Demographics […] atherosclerotic disease […] patients 50 years of age […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] young women […] Risk factors […] atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet) […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] kidney transplant patients […] high calcium or phosphorous levels […] high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels […] […] […] Survival with treatment […] 91% at 1 year […] 67% at 5 years […] 41% at 10 years

• #66

  https://step1.medbullets.com/renal/113078/renal-artery-stenosis

  Risk factors: atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet); fibromuscular dysplasia; in kidney transplant patients; high calcium or phosphorous levels; high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. […] Prognostic variable: negative – elevated serum creatinine; comorbid heart disease; comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Survival with treatment: 91% at 1 year; 67% at 5 years; 41% at 10 years.

• #67

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120701/renal-artery-stenosis

  Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] 7% in the United States […] present in up to 1/3 of patients with malignant or resistant hypertension […] Demographics […] atherosclerotic disease […] patients 50 years of age […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] young women […] Risk factors […] atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet) […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] kidney transplant patients […] high calcium or phosphorous levels […] high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels […] […] […] Survival with treatment […] 91% at 1 year […] 67% at 5 years […] 41% at 10 years

• #68

  https://step1.medbullets.com/renal/113078/renal-artery-stenosis

  A 23-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presents to her primary care physician for an annual physical exam. She was found to have a blood pressure of 156/94 mmHg. She has never had any episodes of high blood pressure in the past and she has no family history of hypertension. She is prescribed captopril. After two weeks, she presents to the emergency room with hypertensive urgency. Captopril was immediately stopped and after stabilizing her blood pressure, an ultrasound revealed bilateral renal artery stenosis. […] Renal artery stenosis (RAS) occurs when one or both of the renal arteries are narrowed. This often causes renovascular hypertension. […] Prevalence: 7% in the United States; present in up to 1/3 of patients with malignant or resistant hypertension. […] Atherosclerotic disease: patients 50 years of age; fibromuscular dysplasia: young women.

• #69 Renal Artery Stenosis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/renal-artery-stenosis/

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) accounts for 2% of all cases of hypertension. […] 2 main types of RAS: Atherosclerotic type: 80% of all RAS cases. […] Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) type: 20% of all RAS cases. […] Most patients with RAS are asymptomatic, with only mild hemodynamic effects, if the lumen is 70% occluded. […] RVH should be suspected, and investigation for RVH initiated, if there are any of the following findings: Diastolic hypertension develops abruptly in a patient 30 years or 50 years. […] Atherosclerotic-type RAS: 50 years of age. […] FMD-type RAS: Mostly in premenopausal women 15-50 years of age. […] Renal artery stenosis is usually diagnosed through clinical presentation followed by imaging studies, including duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography angiography, and sometimes catheter-based angiography.

• #70

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120701/renal-artery-stenosis

  Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] 7% in the United States […] present in up to 1/3 of patients with malignant or resistant hypertension […] Demographics […] atherosclerotic disease […] patients 50 years of age […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] young women […] Risk factors […] atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet) […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] kidney transplant patients […] high calcium or phosphorous levels […] high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels […] […] […] Survival with treatment […] 91% at 1 year […] 67% at 5 years […] 41% at 10 years

• #71 Renal Artery Stenosis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/renal-artery-stenosis/

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) accounts for 2% of all cases of hypertension. […] 2 main types of RAS: Atherosclerotic type: 80% of all RAS cases. […] Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) type: 20% of all RAS cases. […] Most patients with RAS are asymptomatic, with only mild hemodynamic effects, if the lumen is 70% occluded. […] RVH should be suspected, and investigation for RVH initiated, if there are any of the following findings: Diastolic hypertension develops abruptly in a patient 30 years or 50 years. […] Atherosclerotic-type RAS: 50 years of age. […] FMD-type RAS: Mostly in premenopausal women 15-50 years of age. […] Renal artery stenosis is usually diagnosed through clinical presentation followed by imaging studies, including duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography angiography, and sometimes catheter-based angiography.

• #72 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027852/

  The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] The detection of RAS can be accomplished via several effective diagnostic modalities, the choice of which can be tailored to the needs of individual patients. […] More outcome studies are needed to justify routine renal artery stenting for hypertension or chronic kidney disease. […] Better clinical predictors are needed to help with patient selection in hopes of identifying subgroups that might more consistently benefit from renal artery revascularization.

• #73 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment | IJNRD

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNRD

  The prevalence of RAS tends to increase with the number of coronary vessels involved. […] The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] RAS is associated with poor prognosis in terms of lesion progression, decline of renal function, and overall mortality.

• #74 Renal Artery Stenosis in the Patient with Hypertension: Prevalence, Im | IBPC

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-in-the-patient-with-hypertension-prevalence-impa-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IBPC

  Atherosclerosis is by far the most prevalent etiology of renal artery stenosis. The prevalence of ARAS identified by Doppler ultrasound (DUS) within a US Medicare population ranges from 0.5% to 7% of individuals. ARAS accounts for 10-20% of individuals with end stage renal disease who are on dialysis. There is a significant rate of natural disease progression with worsening severity of renal artery stenosis shown by previous studies reporting the progression of ARAS by 50% at 5 years. […] Randomized clinical trials have not shown a benefit for renal artery stenting in the management of ARAS when used as an adjunct treatment to optimal medical therapy (OMT). However, selective sub-groups of individuals with ARAS that include those with resistant hypertension, ischemic nephropathy and cardiac destabilization syndrome have had good outcomes after percutaneous renal artery stenting (PTRAS).

• #75 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027852/

  The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] The detection of RAS can be accomplished via several effective diagnostic modalities, the choice of which can be tailored to the needs of individual patients. […] More outcome studies are needed to justify routine renal artery stenting for hypertension or chronic kidney disease. […] Better clinical predictors are needed to help with patient selection in hopes of identifying subgroups that might more consistently benefit from renal artery revascularization.

• #76 Renal artery stenosis and hypertension: when to screen and how to treat | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2023/march/feature-article/renal-artery-stenosis-and-hypertension-when-screen-and-how-treat

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a common cause of secondary hypertension. Individuals with RAS are at increased risk of cardiovascular events. […] Renovascular hypertension is one of the most common causes of secondary hypertension. It occurs when the main renal artery and proximal branches narrow to a sufficient degree to trigger the kidneys adaptive mechanisms to counteract the fall in pressure beyond the stenosis. […] The three main aetiologies of RAS are atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and a third group of myriad uncommon vascular pathologies. About 90% of all renovascular lesions are secondary to atherosclerosis as a manifestation of systemic vascular disease. […] The presence of hypertension should trigger clinicians to consider the possibility of underlying RAS. However, as not all individuals with hypertension warrant investigation, careful patient assessment to determine a high pre-test probability of RAS is important to avoid unnecessary testing that carries cost, inconvenience and the potential for harm.

• #77 Takayasu Arteritis with Severe Renal Artery Stenosis and an Aberrant Renal Artery in a Child: A Case Report and Discussion | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  http://mjrheum.org/sept-2023/newsid792/474/showfulltext792/1/showreferences792/1

  The prevalence of renal artery involvement in patients of TA varies from 11.5% to 62%, which is higher in Asian population as compared to North America, Northern Europe and Africa. Childhood TA is the leading cause of paediatric hypertension secondary to renal artery stenosis or mid-aorta stenosis in Asian countries. […] Renal Doppler ultrasonography should be the first line of investigation in children with hypertension. Though conventional angiography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of TA, it does not give information on vessel wall thickening, oedema, and inflammation, which is picked up accurately by MRA. Currently, it is the imaging tool of choice in the early diagnosis of TA. […] Surgical options available are percutaneous transluminal renal arterial dilatation (PTRA), renal artery stenting, and surgical bypass. Though these surgical procedures have a short-term benefit in children with TA, a high failure rate in the long term is a matter of concern.

• #78 Stages of renal artery stenosis: a hypothesis based on ultrasound findings: A narrative review

  https://www.pfmjournal.org/journal/view.php?number=140

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a major cause of secondary hypertension and renal impairment. Atherosclerosis is the most common etiology for RAS and usually involves the ostium and proximal artery. This disease entity is a kind of inflammation that occurs when atherosclerotic plaques build up on the inside walls of the arteries. Accordingly, the early-stage of RAS is not clear on imaging examination, and visualization is achieved starting in the intermediate stage. […] Renal artery ultrasound (RAUS) shows high sensitivity for detecting RAS, but specificity is relatively low. In addition, the detection ability of RAUS differs from that of arteriography. There has been no report demonstrating the cause of discrepancy between RAUS and arteriography. Moreover, because vascular intervention is limited in improving renal function in the late-stage of RAS, earlier detection is necessary for management.

• #79 Imaging for Renal Artery Stenosis and In-Stent Restenosis – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2008-nov/EVT1108_02-php

  Proper diagnosis is essential to the treatment and follow-up of RAS. Clinical history and laboratory abnormalities suspicious for RAS require confirmation by imaging modalities. […] Catheter-based angiography remains the gold standard for the confirmation of RAS and renal in-stent restenosis (ISR). However, noninvasive imaging techniques have now replaced invasive angiography as the screening test of choice for RAS and renal ISR. […] The advantages of MRA include the lack of radiation exposure, the lack of iodinated contrast exposure, and superior renal parenchymal detail compared to CTA. […] Color DU, CTA, and MRA which carry sensitivities of up to 96% to 100% have become the preferred screening tests for patients with suspected RAS.

• #80 Imaging for Renal Artery Stenosis and In-Stent Restenosis – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2008-nov/EVT1108_02-php

  Proper diagnosis is essential to the treatment and follow-up of RAS. Clinical history and laboratory abnormalities suspicious for RAS require confirmation by imaging modalities. […] Catheter-based angiography remains the gold standard for the confirmation of RAS and renal in-stent restenosis (ISR). However, noninvasive imaging techniques have now replaced invasive angiography as the screening test of choice for RAS and renal ISR. […] The advantages of MRA include the lack of radiation exposure, the lack of iodinated contrast exposure, and superior renal parenchymal detail compared to CTA. […] Color DU, CTA, and MRA which carry sensitivities of up to 96% to 100% have become the preferred screening tests for patients with suspected RAS.

• #81 Imaging for Renal Artery Stenosis and In-Stent Restenosis – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2008-nov/EVT1108_02-php

  Proper diagnosis is essential to the treatment and follow-up of RAS. Clinical history and laboratory abnormalities suspicious for RAS require confirmation by imaging modalities. […] Catheter-based angiography remains the gold standard for the confirmation of RAS and renal in-stent restenosis (ISR). However, noninvasive imaging techniques have now replaced invasive angiography as the screening test of choice for RAS and renal ISR. […] The advantages of MRA include the lack of radiation exposure, the lack of iodinated contrast exposure, and superior renal parenchymal detail compared to CTA. […] Color DU, CTA, and MRA which carry sensitivities of up to 96% to 100% have become the preferred screening tests for patients with suspected RAS.

• #82 Imaging for Renal Artery Stenosis and In-Stent Restenosis – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2008-nov/EVT1108_02-php

  Proper diagnosis is essential to the treatment and follow-up of RAS. Clinical history and laboratory abnormalities suspicious for RAS require confirmation by imaging modalities. […] Catheter-based angiography remains the gold standard for the confirmation of RAS and renal in-stent restenosis (ISR). However, noninvasive imaging techniques have now replaced invasive angiography as the screening test of choice for RAS and renal ISR. […] The advantages of MRA include the lack of radiation exposure, the lack of iodinated contrast exposure, and superior renal parenchymal detail compared to CTA. […] Color DU, CTA, and MRA which carry sensitivities of up to 96% to 100% have become the preferred screening tests for patients with suspected RAS.

• #83 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027852/

  The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] The detection of RAS can be accomplished via several effective diagnostic modalities, the choice of which can be tailored to the needs of individual patients. […] More outcome studies are needed to justify routine renal artery stenting for hypertension or chronic kidney disease. […] Better clinical predictors are needed to help with patient selection in hopes of identifying subgroups that might more consistently benefit from renal artery revascularization.

• #84 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment | IJNRD

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNRD

  The prevalence of RAS tends to increase with the number of coronary vessels involved. […] The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] RAS is associated with poor prognosis in terms of lesion progression, decline of renal function, and overall mortality.

• #85 Renal artery stenosis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Renal_artery_stenosis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis affects approximately 0.5-7% of the U.S. population above the age of 65 years. It is present in almost 5% of patients with chronic kidney disease. […] Although stenosis may progress in 30-53% of patients within only 2-5 years after diagnosis, only 3-15% of patients with ARAS progress to total occlusion of the renal arteries. The definition of disease progression, however, may vary between individual studies. […] To date, there is no reliable information about the prevalence of secondary hypertension due to renal artery stenosis. Follow-up and prognosis for hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis has not yet been achieved.

• #86 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment | IJNRD

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-epidemiology-and-treatment-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNRD

  The prevalence of RAS tends to increase with the number of coronary vessels involved. […] The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] RAS is associated with poor prognosis in terms of lesion progression, decline of renal function, and overall mortality.

• #87 Renal and cardiac arterial disease: parallels and pitfalls – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2008/09/renal-and-cardiac-arterial-disease-parallels-and-pitfalls/

  Renal artery stenosis is a condition that has significant effects on the progression and outcomes of co-existent cardiac disease. The most important cause of renal artery stenosis is atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARVD). […] The prevalence of RAS is estimated to be around 7% in people over 65 years of age. It does not show any racial bias and its incidence increases with age. In patients with suspected cardiac disease requiring diagnostic coronary angiography the prevalence of renal artery stenosis is 10-15%. […] ARVD is associated with poorer outcomes in cardiac patients. The four-year unadjusted survival for patients undergoing coronary artery disease who have RAS with a stenosis 50% is 65% compared with 86% for those without RAS. […] The uncertainty about what truly constitutes significant ARVD has led to much difficulty in designing trials as different investigators have used different definitions of significant stenosis.

• #88

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/120701/renal-artery-stenosis

  Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] 7% in the United States […] present in up to 1/3 of patients with malignant or resistant hypertension […] Demographics […] atherosclerotic disease […] patients 50 years of age […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] young women […] Risk factors […] atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet) […] fibromuscular dysplasia […] kidney transplant patients […] high calcium or phosphorous levels […] high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels […] […] […] Survival with treatment […] 91% at 1 year […] 67% at 5 years […] 41% at 10 years

• #89

  https://step1.medbullets.com/renal/113078/renal-artery-stenosis

  Risk factors: atherosclerosis and its risk factors (e.g., smoking and fatty diet); fibromuscular dysplasia; in kidney transplant patients; high calcium or phosphorous levels; high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. […] Prognostic variable: negative – elevated serum creatinine; comorbid heart disease; comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Survival with treatment: 91% at 1 year; 67% at 5 years; 41% at 10 years.

• #90 Renal Artery Stenosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17422-renal-artery-disease

  The most common treatments for RAS are lifestyle changes and medication. […] Medication, combined with lifestyle changes, can help regulate high blood pressure and slow or prevent the progression of kidney disease. […] Severe RAS not managed by medication may require surgery. […] You can reduce your risk of RAS by eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, managing your blood pressure, maintaining a healthy body weight, and not smoking. […] Research shows that the four-year survival rate for people with renal artery blockage of 95% or more is only 48%. […] RAS can lead to serious health problems, including high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. Lifestyle changes and medication are the most common treatments for RAS. In some cases, surgery is necessary.

• #91 Treatment of hypertension in patients with renal artery stenosis due to fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries – Chrysant – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/3369/html

  Renal artery stenosis (RAS) from fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is an uncommon cause of hypertension that affects mostly women. […] The prevalence of FMD in the general population is not well known. Estimates are derived from screening kidney donors, with a prevalence of about 2.6%. Among patients with renovascular hypertension (RVH), its incidence is about 10%, whereas 80-90% of RVH is due to atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS). […] FMD should be considered in a young person, usually female, who presents with severe hypertension and headaches in the absence of obesity, use of contraceptives, and history of parenchymal renal disease. Early diagnosis and treatment is very important for good long-term results. […] The treatment of choice in patients with RAFMD with hypertension is PTRA, with or without stent placement. This leads to successful control of BP either alone or less frequently in combination with pharmacological antihypertensive treatment. In contrast, in patients with ARAS, PTRA is less frequently successful in lowering the BP and will often require the addition of medical therapy.

• #92 Renal artery stenosis and hypertension: when to screen and how to treat | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2023/march/feature-article/renal-artery-stenosis-and-hypertension-when-screen-and-how-treat

  Atherosclerotic RAS is frequently associated with disease in other vascular beds and, therefore, affected patients should be considered to be at high risk for progressive chronic kidney disease, stroke, myocardial infarction and vascular death, and managed accordingly. […] The rising incidence of risk factors for atherosclerosis and PAD and an ageing Australian population are likely to result in higher rates of RAS. Identifying patients with RAS can help stratify those who are at high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and aggressively maximise the medical treatment of their modifiable risk factors.

• #93 Prevalence and predictors of renal artery stenosis in hypertensive patients undergoing coronary angiography | Hypertension Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/hr2009149

  The reported prevalence of significant RAS (50%) among patients undergoing coronary angiography ranges from 6.2% to as high as 28%. […] In our study of hypertensive patients with suspected CAD, the estimated prevalence of RAS was 11.9%, and severe RAS was present in 4.8% of the cases. […] The prevalence of RAS ranged from 14.9% in patients with 1-VD to 25.3% in those with 2-VD and 35.6% in those with three-vessel involvement. […] In multivariate logistic regression, three-vessel CAD, history of CABG and higher serum creatinine concentration were independent predictors of RAS in our study. […] A higher prevalence of RAS in patients with CAD and a poor prognosis independently associated with RAS suggest the importance of early diagnosis and screening.

• #94 Stages of renal artery stenosis: a hypothesis based on ultrasound findings: A narrative review

  https://www.pfmjournal.org/journal/view.php?number=140

  Atherosclerotic RAS is a multi-stage inflammatory process involving renal artery and consists of early, intermediate, and late stages. RAUS is useful in depicting characteristic imaging features according to each stage. Intermediate-stage RAS is positive on RAUS but frequently negative on arteriography. Detecting RAS prior to the late stage is of great importance in improving treatment outcome.

• #95 Renal artery stenosis – how do we confirm the diagnosis? – GP Voice

  https://gpvoice.com.au/index.php/2023/12/12/renal-artery-stenosis-how-do-we-confirm-the-diagnosis/

  ARAS is a progressive disorder that can lead to worsening ct renal angiogram stenosis where 51% of patients reported worsening stenosis 5 years after diagnosis. It is associated with renovascular hypertension, ischemic nephropathy, decreased kidney function, chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Individuals with RAS are at an increased risk of cardiovascular events, with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates. It was found that greater than 25% of all patients who die of cardiovascular disease have some degree of RAS. Thus, it is imperative to promptly diagnose and commence treatment as appropriate to achieve optimal patient outcomes. […] Diagnosis of RAS using imaging techniques such as CT renal angiography, is useful for guiding clinical decision making and appropriate therapy. Optimal medical therapy remains the central approach to treatment and management of RAS. Medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) can be prescribed. Other medications may be prescribed to manage comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes as these conditions contribute to decline in renal function and accelerate the disease progression in ARAS. In addition, statins or antiplatelet therapy may be recommended. […] It is evident that CT renal angiogram is a valuable tool for diagnosing renal artery stenosis, and crucial in assisting with treatment pathways to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

• #96 Renal Artery Stenosis Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245023-guidelines

  The following organizations have released guidelines for the management of renal artery stenosis (RAS): American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), European Renal Association (ERA) and European Society of Hypertension (ESH) […] The ACC/AHA also recommends beta-blockers for treatment of hypertension associated with RAS. The ESC considers the use of antiplatelet agents to be part of best medical therapy. […] The ERA/ESH guidelines consider percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty strongly indicated in patients with high-grade ( 70%) atherosclerotic RAS in association with one of the following criteria: Resistant hypertension, New-onset or recently uncontrolled hypertension, Acute pulmonary edema or acute decompensated heart failure, Rapid decline of eGFR (bilateral stenosis or solitary kidney), ACE inhibitor or ARB intolerance (30% eGFR reduction), Renal replacement treatment (with possibly viable renal parenchyma) if stenosis detected 3 months after renal replacement treatment or if uncontrolled hypertension with multiple (five or more) antihypertensive agents, Acute kidney injury due to acute renal artery occlusion or high-grade stenosis, Kidney transplant recipient.

• #97 Renal artery stenosis – how do we confirm the diagnosis? – GP Voice

  https://gpvoice.com.au/index.php/2023/12/12/renal-artery-stenosis-how-do-we-confirm-the-diagnosis/

  ARAS is a progressive disorder that can lead to worsening ct renal angiogram stenosis where 51% of patients reported worsening stenosis 5 years after diagnosis. It is associated with renovascular hypertension, ischemic nephropathy, decreased kidney function, chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Individuals with RAS are at an increased risk of cardiovascular events, with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates. It was found that greater than 25% of all patients who die of cardiovascular disease have some degree of RAS. Thus, it is imperative to promptly diagnose and commence treatment as appropriate to achieve optimal patient outcomes. […] Diagnosis of RAS using imaging techniques such as CT renal angiography, is useful for guiding clinical decision making and appropriate therapy. Optimal medical therapy remains the central approach to treatment and management of RAS. Medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) can be prescribed. Other medications may be prescribed to manage comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes as these conditions contribute to decline in renal function and accelerate the disease progression in ARAS. In addition, statins or antiplatelet therapy may be recommended. […] It is evident that CT renal angiogram is a valuable tool for diagnosing renal artery stenosis, and crucial in assisting with treatment pathways to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

• #98 Renal Artery Stenosis Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245023-guidelines

  The following organizations have released guidelines for the management of renal artery stenosis (RAS): American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), European Renal Association (ERA) and European Society of Hypertension (ESH) […] The ACC/AHA also recommends beta-blockers for treatment of hypertension associated with RAS. The ESC considers the use of antiplatelet agents to be part of best medical therapy. […] The ERA/ESH guidelines consider percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty strongly indicated in patients with high-grade ( 70%) atherosclerotic RAS in association with one of the following criteria: Resistant hypertension, New-onset or recently uncontrolled hypertension, Acute pulmonary edema or acute decompensated heart failure, Rapid decline of eGFR (bilateral stenosis or solitary kidney), ACE inhibitor or ARB intolerance (30% eGFR reduction), Renal replacement treatment (with possibly viable renal parenchyma) if stenosis detected 3 months after renal replacement treatment or if uncontrolled hypertension with multiple (five or more) antihypertensive agents, Acute kidney injury due to acute renal artery occlusion or high-grade stenosis, Kidney transplant recipient.

• #99 Renal Artery Stenosis Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245023-guidelines

  The following organizations have released guidelines for the management of renal artery stenosis (RAS): American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), European Renal Association (ERA) and European Society of Hypertension (ESH) […] The ACC/AHA also recommends beta-blockers for treatment of hypertension associated with RAS. The ESC considers the use of antiplatelet agents to be part of best medical therapy. […] The ERA/ESH guidelines consider percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty strongly indicated in patients with high-grade ( 70%) atherosclerotic RAS in association with one of the following criteria: Resistant hypertension, New-onset or recently uncontrolled hypertension, Acute pulmonary edema or acute decompensated heart failure, Rapid decline of eGFR (bilateral stenosis or solitary kidney), ACE inhibitor or ARB intolerance (30% eGFR reduction), Renal replacement treatment (with possibly viable renal parenchyma) if stenosis detected 3 months after renal replacement treatment or if uncontrolled hypertension with multiple (five or more) antihypertensive agents, Acute kidney injury due to acute renal artery occlusion or high-grade stenosis, Kidney transplant recipient.

• #100 Renal artery stenosis – how do we confirm the diagnosis? – GP Voice

  https://gpvoice.com.au/index.php/2023/12/12/renal-artery-stenosis-how-do-we-confirm-the-diagnosis/

  ARAS is a progressive disorder that can lead to worsening ct renal angiogram stenosis where 51% of patients reported worsening stenosis 5 years after diagnosis. It is associated with renovascular hypertension, ischemic nephropathy, decreased kidney function, chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Individuals with RAS are at an increased risk of cardiovascular events, with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates. It was found that greater than 25% of all patients who die of cardiovascular disease have some degree of RAS. Thus, it is imperative to promptly diagnose and commence treatment as appropriate to achieve optimal patient outcomes. […] Diagnosis of RAS using imaging techniques such as CT renal angiography, is useful for guiding clinical decision making and appropriate therapy. Optimal medical therapy remains the central approach to treatment and management of RAS. Medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) can be prescribed. Other medications may be prescribed to manage comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes as these conditions contribute to decline in renal function and accelerate the disease progression in ARAS. In addition, statins or antiplatelet therapy may be recommended. […] It is evident that CT renal angiogram is a valuable tool for diagnosing renal artery stenosis, and crucial in assisting with treatment pathways to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

• #101 Renal and cardiac arterial disease: parallels and pitfalls – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2008/09/renal-and-cardiac-arterial-disease-parallels-and-pitfalls/

  The evidence for medical treatment is good and all patients should be treated with an ACE inhibitor and a statin. […] The evidence for percutaneous revascularisation is poor and it should not be used as first-line therapy. […] ARVD is a condition of interest to cardiologists as it has an increased incidence in patients with coronary artery disease and is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with ischaemic heart disease and cardiac failure, independent of its effects on blood pressure and renal function.

• #102 Renal and cardiac arterial disease: parallels and pitfalls – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2008/09/renal-and-cardiac-arterial-disease-parallels-and-pitfalls/

  The evidence for medical treatment is good and all patients should be treated with an ACE inhibitor and a statin. […] The evidence for percutaneous revascularisation is poor and it should not be used as first-line therapy. […] ARVD is a condition of interest to cardiologists as it has an increased incidence in patients with coronary artery disease and is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with ischaemic heart disease and cardiac failure, independent of its effects on blood pressure and renal function.

• #103 Renal Artery Stenosis in the Patient with Hypertension: Prevalence, Im | IBPC

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-in-the-patient-with-hypertension-prevalence-impa-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IBPC

  Atherosclerosis is by far the most prevalent etiology of renal artery stenosis. The prevalence of ARAS identified by Doppler ultrasound (DUS) within a US Medicare population ranges from 0.5% to 7% of individuals. ARAS accounts for 10-20% of individuals with end stage renal disease who are on dialysis. There is a significant rate of natural disease progression with worsening severity of renal artery stenosis shown by previous studies reporting the progression of ARAS by 50% at 5 years. […] Randomized clinical trials have not shown a benefit for renal artery stenting in the management of ARAS when used as an adjunct treatment to optimal medical therapy (OMT). However, selective sub-groups of individuals with ARAS that include those with resistant hypertension, ischemic nephropathy and cardiac destabilization syndrome have had good outcomes after percutaneous renal artery stenting (PTRAS).

• #104 Renal Artery Stenosis in the Patient with Hypertension: Prevalence, Im | IBPC

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-in-the-patient-with-hypertension-prevalence-impa-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IBPC

  Atherosclerosis is by far the most prevalent etiology of renal artery stenosis. The prevalence of ARAS identified by Doppler ultrasound (DUS) within a US Medicare population ranges from 0.5% to 7% of individuals. ARAS accounts for 10-20% of individuals with end stage renal disease who are on dialysis. There is a significant rate of natural disease progression with worsening severity of renal artery stenosis shown by previous studies reporting the progression of ARAS by 50% at 5 years. […] Randomized clinical trials have not shown a benefit for renal artery stenting in the management of ARAS when used as an adjunct treatment to optimal medical therapy (OMT). However, selective sub-groups of individuals with ARAS that include those with resistant hypertension, ischemic nephropathy and cardiac destabilization syndrome have had good outcomes after percutaneous renal artery stenting (PTRAS).

• #105 Renal Artery Stenosis in the Patient with Hypertension: Prevalence, Im | IBPC

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-in-the-patient-with-hypertension-prevalence-impa-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IBPC

  Observational studies have shown that PTRAS in individuals with ARAS who also have concomitant chronic kidney disease (CKD) can improve or stabilize renal function and preserve kidney size. Overall, renal revascularization with PTRAS provides patient survival advantage in those with significant hemodynamic renal artery stenosis lesions and advanced CKD (stage 4 and stage 5). […] The clinical outcome of individuals with ARAS depends on both the degree of underlying renal parenchymal damage and atherosclerotic burden.

• #106 Renal Artery Stenosis Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/245023-guidelines

  The following organizations have released guidelines for the management of renal artery stenosis (RAS): American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), European Renal Association (ERA) and European Society of Hypertension (ESH) […] The ACC/AHA also recommends beta-blockers for treatment of hypertension associated with RAS. The ESC considers the use of antiplatelet agents to be part of best medical therapy. […] The ERA/ESH guidelines consider percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty strongly indicated in patients with high-grade ( 70%) atherosclerotic RAS in association with one of the following criteria: Resistant hypertension, New-onset or recently uncontrolled hypertension, Acute pulmonary edema or acute decompensated heart failure, Rapid decline of eGFR (bilateral stenosis or solitary kidney), ACE inhibitor or ARB intolerance (30% eGFR reduction), Renal replacement treatment (with possibly viable renal parenchyma) if stenosis detected 3 months after renal replacement treatment or if uncontrolled hypertension with multiple (five or more) antihypertensive agents, Acute kidney injury due to acute renal artery occlusion or high-grade stenosis, Kidney transplant recipient.

• #107 Takayasu Arteritis with Severe Renal Artery Stenosis and an Aberrant Renal Artery in a Child: A Case Report and Discussion | MJR – Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology

  http://mjrheum.org/sept-2023/newsid792/474/showfulltext792/1/showreferences792/1

  The prevalence of renal artery involvement in patients of TA varies from 11.5% to 62%, which is higher in Asian population as compared to North America, Northern Europe and Africa. Childhood TA is the leading cause of paediatric hypertension secondary to renal artery stenosis or mid-aorta stenosis in Asian countries. […] Renal Doppler ultrasonography should be the first line of investigation in children with hypertension. Though conventional angiography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of TA, it does not give information on vessel wall thickening, oedema, and inflammation, which is picked up accurately by MRA. Currently, it is the imaging tool of choice in the early diagnosis of TA. […] Surgical options available are percutaneous transluminal renal arterial dilatation (PTRA), renal artery stenting, and surgical bypass. Though these surgical procedures have a short-term benefit in children with TA, a high failure rate in the long term is a matter of concern.

• #108

  https://juniperpublishers.com/jojun/JOJUN.MS.ID.555754.php

  The prevalence of Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) is challenging to determine in the general population due to the necessity of advanced imaging techniques for accurate identification. […] RAS has two leading causes, atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic. Atherosclerotic RAS accounts for 90% of cases, with the prevalence among individuals over 65 years of age reaching up to 7%, based on community-based screenings. […] Nonatherosclerotic RAS, which includes fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) as the most common cause, comprises approximately 10% of RAS cases. […] Age-related data showed an increase in atherosclerotic RAS prevalence: 0% in individuals aged 40-49, 2% in those aged 50-59, and 11%, 13%, and 14% in the age groups 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years, respectively. […] Additional studies indicate that RAS may be responsible for 1-5% of hypertension cases in unselected patients and 5-22% in patients aged 50 and above with end-stage renal disease. […] Our narrative review emphasizes the prevalence of RAS varies significantly across different populations and conditions, influenced by factors such as age, presence of hypertension, renal insufficiency, and coexisting atherosclerotic diseases.

• #109 Renal artery stenosis and hypertension: when to screen and how to treat | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2023/march/feature-article/renal-artery-stenosis-and-hypertension-when-screen-and-how-treat

  Atherosclerotic RAS is frequently associated with disease in other vascular beds and, therefore, affected patients should be considered to be at high risk for progressive chronic kidney disease, stroke, myocardial infarction and vascular death, and managed accordingly. […] The rising incidence of risk factors for atherosclerosis and PAD and an ageing Australian population are likely to result in higher rates of RAS. Identifying patients with RAS can help stratify those who are at high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and aggressively maximise the medical treatment of their modifiable risk factors.

• #110 Renal Artery Stenosis in the Patient with Hypertension: Prevalence, Im | IBPC

  https://www.dovepress.com/renal-artery-stenosis-in-the-patient-with-hypertension-prevalence-impa-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IBPC

  Observational studies have shown that PTRAS in individuals with ARAS who also have concomitant chronic kidney disease (CKD) can improve or stabilize renal function and preserve kidney size. Overall, renal revascularization with PTRAS provides patient survival advantage in those with significant hemodynamic renal artery stenosis lesions and advanced CKD (stage 4 and stage 5). […] The clinical outcome of individuals with ARAS depends on both the degree of underlying renal parenchymal damage and atherosclerotic burden.

• #111 Renal artery stenosis: epidemiology and treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027852/

  The overlap of PAD with RAS is significant. […] Carotid artery lesions are more common and more severe in patients with renovascular hypertension. […] ARAS is a progressive disease in regards to both lesion and kidney function, conferring a poor prognosis to affected patients. […] Atherosclerotic RAS is associated with decreased kidney function, renal atrophy, and ultimately, renal failure. […] The detection of RAS can be accomplished via several effective diagnostic modalities, the choice of which can be tailored to the needs of individual patients. […] More outcome studies are needed to justify routine renal artery stenting for hypertension or chronic kidney disease. […] Better clinical predictors are needed to help with patient selection in hopes of identifying subgroups that might more consistently benefit from renal artery revascularization.

• #112 Renal artery stenosis and hypertension: when to screen and how to treat | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2023/march/feature-article/renal-artery-stenosis-and-hypertension-when-screen-and-how-treat

  Atherosclerotic RAS is frequently associated with disease in other vascular beds and, therefore, affected patients should be considered to be at high risk for progressive chronic kidney disease, stroke, myocardial infarction and vascular death, and managed accordingly. […] The rising incidence of risk factors for atherosclerosis and PAD and an ageing Australian population are likely to result in higher rates of RAS. Identifying patients with RAS can help stratify those who are at high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and aggressively maximise the medical treatment of their modifiable risk factors.

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