Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9340334/

  Growth plate injury is a debilitating condition for children. Physeal injuries are common among children and comprise 15%30% of all bony injuries. […] Epidemiologic study is needed for critical step toward bettering treatment options and developing preventive measures to combat this debilitating condition. […] The epiphyseal injury usually resolves without complication. However, this entity may pose serious complications such as premature physeal closure, bone bridge formation, deformity, and limb-length discrepancy. […] To our knowledge, there is currently no systematic review regarding the complication of epiphyseal injury. Thus, the authors would like to conduct a systematic review regarding this topic. […] The most common Salter-Harris classification mentioned is Salter-Harris type II fracture. This is understandable because type II is the most prevalent.

• #2 Pediatric Physeal Injuries Overview – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560546/

  Pediatric fractures involve the growth plate 15% to 18% of the time. […] Physeal injuries are common in the pediatric population, accounting for approximately 30% of all bony injuries. […] Most fractures occur in ambulatory children and are especially common in the adolescent population. […] Overall, physeal injuries are twice as prevalent in boys than in girls. […] The most commonly involved location is the phalanges, accounting for 30% of these injuries.

• #3 Fractures Of The Growth Plate – OrthoPaedia

  https://www.orthopaedia.com/fractures-of-the-growth-plate/

  Physeal fractures make up 15-30% of all fractures in children. They are more common in boys than in girls (2:1), and occur more frequently in adolescents during periods of rapid growth when the physis is weaker. […] Growth plate fractures are typically the result of trauma and often occur due to falls engaging in sports and other recreational activities. Physeal fractures can, however, be caused by high energy mechanisms as well as physical abuse. […] The physis is an area of weakness and is less resistant to stress than the surrounding bone, ligaments, and other soft tissues. As such, mechanisms of injury that in an adult would cause sprain ligaments more likely will cause physeal fractures in skeletally immature patients.

• #4 Analysis of Physeal Fractures from the United States National Trauma Data Bank

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/6/914

  In conclusion, we found that 5.7% of all pediatric long-bone fractures involved the physis, with the distal tibia the most common site of injury. […] It is estimated that 18% to 30% of all pediatric fractures involve the physis, a cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones. […] Understanding the epidemiology of physeal injuries is important for the early identification of these injuries, as late presentation can result in complex deformities that can lead to greater challenges in achieving good clinical results. […] Previous epidemiology studies of physeal fractures have largely been completed through an analysis of fractures at single academic institutions. […] Our analysis indicated that physeal fractures made up 5.7% of the total fractures, which is less than the rate of 18–30% found in previous studies.

• #5 Fractures Of The Growth Plate – OrthoPaedia

  https://www.orthopaedia.com/fractures-of-the-growth-plate/

  Physeal fractures make up 15-30% of all fractures in children. They are more common in boys than in girls (2:1), and occur more frequently in adolescents during periods of rapid growth when the physis is weaker. […] Growth plate fractures are typically the result of trauma and often occur due to falls engaging in sports and other recreational activities. Physeal fractures can, however, be caused by high energy mechanisms as well as physical abuse. […] The physis is an area of weakness and is less resistant to stress than the surrounding bone, ligaments, and other soft tissues. As such, mechanisms of injury that in an adult would cause sprain ligaments more likely will cause physeal fractures in skeletally immature patients.

• #6 Growth plate fractures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/growth-plate-fractures/symptoms-causes/syc-20351979

  Growth plate fractures often need immediate treatment because they can affect how the bone will grow. An improperly treated growth plate fracture could result in a fractured bone ending up more crooked or shorter than its opposite limb. With proper treatment, most growth plate fractures heal without complications. […] Growth plate fractures occur twice as often in boys as in girls, because girls finish growing earlier than do boys. By the age of 12, most girls’ growth plates have already matured and been replaced with solid bone. […] Most growth plate fractures heal with no complications. But the following factors can increase the risk of crooked, accelerated or stunted bone growth.

• #7 Pediatric Fractures in Developing Bone | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pediatric-fractures-in-developing-bone/

  Fractures involving the growth plate constitute about 20% of all fractures in skeletally immature patients and peak at 13-14 years in boys and 11-12 years in girls.1 […] Fractures are common in children, occurring at a rate of 12 to 30 per 1000 children every year.5 Fractures account for 10 to 15% of childhood injuries. Approximately 42% of boys and 27% of girls will sustain a fracture between birth and 16 years of age. Overall incidence of childhood fractures has been rising in the United States. […] Fracture incidence increases with age from birth to a peak between ages 10 to 14 years old. 5 The ratio of fractures in boys to girls is 2.7:1.7 Fractures of the lower arm are the most common, accounting for 18% of all fractures, followed by finger and wrist fractures.6 […] Factors contributing to fractures include low socioeconomic status, African American race, obesity, summer season, and risk taking behaviors. Any risk factors for decreased bone density such as eating disorder or poor nutrition, chronic corticosteroid or performance-enhancing drug use, smoking, and genetic factors can contribute to both traumatic and low trauma fracture occurrences.6,8 […] High-velocity injuries such as MVAs and falls are common causes of pediatric multi-trauma with fractures.6 Nearly 25% of pediatric lower extremity injuries seen in the emergency department involve a fracture.7

• #8 Analysis of Physeal Fractures from the United States National Trauma Data Bank

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/6/914

  The most common age for physeal fractures was 14 years for males and 11 years for females. […] Of physeal fractures, males accounted for 71.0%. […] Lower extremity physeal injuries comprised a majority of injuries for both males and females. […] The second most common long bone with physeal fractures was the radius with 26.4%. […] Tibial physeal fractures were more commonly fractured at the distal end than the proximal end. […] SH Type II fractures were the dominant type of physeal injuries observed in this study, which has been a consistent pattern throughout the decades.

• #9 Growth plate fractures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/growth-plate-fractures/symptoms-causes/syc-20351979

  Growth plate fractures often need immediate treatment because they can affect how the bone will grow. An improperly treated growth plate fracture could result in a fractured bone ending up more crooked or shorter than its opposite limb. With proper treatment, most growth plate fractures heal without complications. […] Growth plate fractures occur twice as often in boys as in girls, because girls finish growing earlier than do boys. By the age of 12, most girls’ growth plates have already matured and been replaced with solid bone. […] Most growth plate fractures heal with no complications. But the following factors can increase the risk of crooked, accelerated or stunted bone growth.

• #10 Growth Plate Fractures (Physeal Fractures): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1260663-overview

  Mann and Rajmaira collected data on 2650 long bone fractures, 30% of which involved the physes. Neer and Horowitz evaluated 2500 fractures to the physes (growth plate) and determined that the distal radius was the most frequent site of injury (44%), followed by the distal humerus (13%), distal fibula, distal tibia, distal ulna, proximal humerus, distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal fibula. […] According to a 1972 retrospective analysis of 330 acute physeal (growth plate) injuries seen over the course of 20 years, males were affected more than twice as often as females. Females were most frequently affected at a younger age than males (11-12 y vs 12-14 y). These findings correspond with the growth spurts (when the physes are weakest) of the respective sexes and with males’ increased willingness to engage in high-risk activities. Within this population, upper-extremity injuries were more frequent than lower-extremity injuries overall.

• #11 Pediatric fractures – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pediatric-fractures/

  Salter-Harris fractures involve the epiphyseal plate, also known as the growth plate or the physis of long bones, and only occur in children and adolescents, whose skeletal growth is not yet complete. […] Peak incidence: during growth spurts at the beginning of puberty (11-12 years of age for girls and 13-14 years of age for boys). […] Most common sites: distal radius and distal humerus. […] Salter-Harris types I and II: Perform closed reduction if displaced and immobilize in a cast or splint; arrange orthopedic follow-up within one week. […] Salter-Harris types III, IV, and V: Consult orthopedics urgently for surgical intervention (e.g., open reduction and internal fixation, followed by casting). […] Disruption of growth and bone deformity (especially Salter-Harris types II-IV) results in limb-length discrepancies and/or angular deformities. […] Younger patients are more likely to experience growth arrest.

• #12 Analysis of Physeal Fractures from the United States National Trauma Data Bank

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/6/914

  The most common age for physeal fractures was 14 years for males and 11 years for females. […] Of physeal fractures, males accounted for 71.0%. […] Lower extremity physeal injuries comprised a majority of injuries for both males and females. […] The second most common long bone with physeal fractures was the radius with 26.4%. […] Tibial physeal fractures were more commonly fractured at the distal end than the proximal end. […] SH Type II fractures were the dominant type of physeal injuries observed in this study, which has been a consistent pattern throughout the decades.

• #13 Physeal fracture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/physeal-fracture?lang=us

  Physeal fractures represent ~35% of all skeletal injuries in children 2. […] Physeal fractures are most common in 10-to-16-year-old children, except for elbow fractures, which are more common in 3-to-6-year-old children 2.

• #14 Pediatric Physeal Injuries Overview – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560546/

  Pediatric fractures involve the growth plate 15% to 18% of the time. […] Physeal injuries are common in the pediatric population, accounting for approximately 30% of all bony injuries. […] Most fractures occur in ambulatory children and are especially common in the adolescent population. […] Overall, physeal injuries are twice as prevalent in boys than in girls. […] The most commonly involved location is the phalanges, accounting for 30% of these injuries.

• #15 Growth Plate Fractures (Physeal Fractures): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1260663-overview

  Mann and Rajmaira collected data on 2650 long bone fractures, 30% of which involved the physes. Neer and Horowitz evaluated 2500 fractures to the physes (growth plate) and determined that the distal radius was the most frequent site of injury (44%), followed by the distal humerus (13%), distal fibula, distal tibia, distal ulna, proximal humerus, distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal fibula. […] According to a 1972 retrospective analysis of 330 acute physeal (growth plate) injuries seen over the course of 20 years, males were affected more than twice as often as females. Females were most frequently affected at a younger age than males (11-12 y vs 12-14 y). These findings correspond with the growth spurts (when the physes are weakest) of the respective sexes and with males’ increased willingness to engage in high-risk activities. Within this population, upper-extremity injuries were more frequent than lower-extremity injuries overall.

• #16 Growth Plate Fractures (Physeal Fractures): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1260663-overview

  Mann and Rajmaira collected data on 2650 long bone fractures, 30% of which involved the physes. Neer and Horowitz evaluated 2500 fractures to the physes (growth plate) and determined that the distal radius was the most frequent site of injury (44%), followed by the distal humerus (13%), distal fibula, distal tibia, distal ulna, proximal humerus, distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal fibula. […] According to a 1972 retrospective analysis of 330 acute physeal (growth plate) injuries seen over the course of 20 years, males were affected more than twice as often as females. Females were most frequently affected at a younger age than males (11-12 y vs 12-14 y). These findings correspond with the growth spurts (when the physes are weakest) of the respective sexes and with males’ increased willingness to engage in high-risk activities. Within this population, upper-extremity injuries were more frequent than lower-extremity injuries overall.

• #17 Distal forearm fractures in children: Diagnosis and assessment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/distal-forearm-fractures-in-children-diagnosis-and-assessment

  Forearm fractures are the most common fractures in children, representing 40 to 50 percent of all childhood fractures. The distal third of the forearm, involving the radius and/or ulna, is the most common location, accounting for about 75 percent of forearm fractures and 20 to 25 percent of all pediatric fractures. This high incidence can be explained by increased body mass in relation to an overall decreased bone mineral content during growth and development. Most of these fractures will occur in children older than five years (peak age 10 to 14).

• #18 Analysis of Physeal Fractures from the United States National Trauma Data Bank

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/6/914

  In conclusion, we found that 5.7% of all pediatric long-bone fractures involved the physis, with the distal tibia the most common site of injury. […] It is estimated that 18% to 30% of all pediatric fractures involve the physis, a cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones. […] Understanding the epidemiology of physeal injuries is important for the early identification of these injuries, as late presentation can result in complex deformities that can lead to greater challenges in achieving good clinical results. […] Previous epidemiology studies of physeal fractures have largely been completed through an analysis of fractures at single academic institutions. […] Our analysis indicated that physeal fractures made up 5.7% of the total fractures, which is less than the rate of 18–30% found in previous studies.

• #19 Analysis of Physeal Fractures from the United States National Trauma Data Bank

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/6/914

  The most common age for physeal fractures was 14 years for males and 11 years for females. […] Of physeal fractures, males accounted for 71.0%. […] Lower extremity physeal injuries comprised a majority of injuries for both males and females. […] The second most common long bone with physeal fractures was the radius with 26.4%. […] Tibial physeal fractures were more commonly fractured at the distal end than the proximal end. […] SH Type II fractures were the dominant type of physeal injuries observed in this study, which has been a consistent pattern throughout the decades.

• #20

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9340334/

  Growth plate injury is a debilitating condition for children. Physeal injuries are common among children and comprise 15%30% of all bony injuries. […] Epidemiologic study is needed for critical step toward bettering treatment options and developing preventive measures to combat this debilitating condition. […] The epiphyseal injury usually resolves without complication. However, this entity may pose serious complications such as premature physeal closure, bone bridge formation, deformity, and limb-length discrepancy. […] To our knowledge, there is currently no systematic review regarding the complication of epiphyseal injury. Thus, the authors would like to conduct a systematic review regarding this topic. […] The most common Salter-Harris classification mentioned is Salter-Harris type II fracture. This is understandable because type II is the most prevalent.

• #21 Growth Plate Fracture

  https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/growth-plate-fracture

  Most growth plate fractures can be divided into 5 categories based on the degree of damage (the Salter-Harris classification of epiphysial plate injuries). The type of injury determines patient prognosis, particularly the effect on growth and bone deformity: […] II: Fracture through the physis and metaphysis that spares the epiphysis. This is the most common type of growth plate fracture. The injury may result in minimal shortening of the involved extremity; long-term complications, such as joint instability, growth arrest, compartment syndrome of the calf or foot, or osteochondroma formation, are unusual. […] V: Compression fracture or crush injury of the physis. This injury most commonly occurs at the knee and ankle and almost always results in growth stunting.

• #22 Analysis of Physeal Fractures from the United States National Trauma Data Bank

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/6/914

  The most common age for physeal fractures was 14 years for males and 11 years for females. […] Of physeal fractures, males accounted for 71.0%. […] Lower extremity physeal injuries comprised a majority of injuries for both males and females. […] The second most common long bone with physeal fractures was the radius with 26.4%. […] Tibial physeal fractures were more commonly fractured at the distal end than the proximal end. […] SH Type II fractures were the dominant type of physeal injuries observed in this study, which has been a consistent pattern throughout the decades.

• #23 Growth Plate Fracture

  https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/growth-plate-fracture

  Most growth plate fractures can be divided into 5 categories based on the degree of damage (the Salter-Harris classification of epiphysial plate injuries). The type of injury determines patient prognosis, particularly the effect on growth and bone deformity: […] II: Fracture through the physis and metaphysis that spares the epiphysis. This is the most common type of growth plate fracture. The injury may result in minimal shortening of the involved extremity; long-term complications, such as joint instability, growth arrest, compartment syndrome of the calf or foot, or osteochondroma formation, are unusual. […] V: Compression fracture or crush injury of the physis. This injury most commonly occurs at the knee and ankle and almost always results in growth stunting.

• #24 Growth Plate (Physis) Fractures – WikiMSK

  https://wikimsk.org/wiki/Growth_Plate_(Physis)_Fractures

  Physeal fractures make up 15-30% of all fractures in children. They are more common in boys than in girls (2:1), and occur more frequently in adolescents during periods of rapid growth when the physis is weaker. Growth plate fractures are typically the result of trauma and often occur due to falls engaging in sports and other recreational activities. Physeal fractures can, however, be caused by high energy mechanisms as well as physical abuse. The physis is an area of weakness and is less resistant to stress than the surrounding bone, ligaments, and other soft tissues. As such, mechanisms of injury that in an adult would cause sprain ligaments more likely will cause physeal fractures in skeletally immature patients. […] The risk growth disturbance increases with increasing Salter-Harris type number. In Type I and Type II injuries, the fracture typically travels through the hypertrophic zone and the germinal and proliferative zones stay in continuity. The likelihood of growth disturbance is therefore lower. In some regions of the body, such as the distal femur and proximal tibia, where the growth plate is undulated (that is, more curvilinear), Type I and II fractures are at higher risk of growth disturbance. […] In Type III and IV fractures, the germinal and proliferative zones are interrupted leading to higher rates of physeal bar formation and growth disturbance. Type V crush injuries cause severe damage to all layers of the physis and have a very high rate of growth arrest.

• #25 Growth Plate (Physis) Fractures – WikiMSK

  https://wikimsk.org/wiki/Growth_Plate_(Physis)_Fractures

  Physeal fractures make up 15-30% of all fractures in children. They are more common in boys than in girls (2:1), and occur more frequently in adolescents during periods of rapid growth when the physis is weaker. Growth plate fractures are typically the result of trauma and often occur due to falls engaging in sports and other recreational activities. Physeal fractures can, however, be caused by high energy mechanisms as well as physical abuse. The physis is an area of weakness and is less resistant to stress than the surrounding bone, ligaments, and other soft tissues. As such, mechanisms of injury that in an adult would cause sprain ligaments more likely will cause physeal fractures in skeletally immature patients. […] The risk growth disturbance increases with increasing Salter-Harris type number. In Type I and Type II injuries, the fracture typically travels through the hypertrophic zone and the germinal and proliferative zones stay in continuity. The likelihood of growth disturbance is therefore lower. In some regions of the body, such as the distal femur and proximal tibia, where the growth plate is undulated (that is, more curvilinear), Type I and II fractures are at higher risk of growth disturbance. […] In Type III and IV fractures, the germinal and proliferative zones are interrupted leading to higher rates of physeal bar formation and growth disturbance. Type V crush injuries cause severe damage to all layers of the physis and have a very high rate of growth arrest.

• #26 Fractures Of The Growth Plate – OrthoPaedia

  https://www.orthopaedia.com/fractures-of-the-growth-plate/

  Physeal fractures make up 15-30% of all fractures in children. They are more common in boys than in girls (2:1), and occur more frequently in adolescents during periods of rapid growth when the physis is weaker. […] Growth plate fractures are typically the result of trauma and often occur due to falls engaging in sports and other recreational activities. Physeal fractures can, however, be caused by high energy mechanisms as well as physical abuse. […] The physis is an area of weakness and is less resistant to stress than the surrounding bone, ligaments, and other soft tissues. As such, mechanisms of injury that in an adult would cause sprain ligaments more likely will cause physeal fractures in skeletally immature patients.

• #27 Fractures Of The Growth Plate – OrthoPaedia

  https://www.orthopaedia.com/fractures-of-the-growth-plate/

  Physeal fractures make up 15-30% of all fractures in children. They are more common in boys than in girls (2:1), and occur more frequently in adolescents during periods of rapid growth when the physis is weaker. […] Growth plate fractures are typically the result of trauma and often occur due to falls engaging in sports and other recreational activities. Physeal fractures can, however, be caused by high energy mechanisms as well as physical abuse. […] The physis is an area of weakness and is less resistant to stress than the surrounding bone, ligaments, and other soft tissues. As such, mechanisms of injury that in an adult would cause sprain ligaments more likely will cause physeal fractures in skeletally immature patients.

• #28 Pediatric fractures in sports: Epidemiology and strategies for prevention

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/pediatric-fractures-sports-epidemiology-and-strategies-prevention

  One-third of growth plate fractures occur in competitive sports, such as football, basketball, and gymnastics. Only about 20% of these fractures occur in recreational activities, such as bicycling, skiing, and skateboarding. […] A large proportion of pediatric fractures involve some part of the upper limb, often the wrist. Because childhood upper limb fractures often occur in bicycling and roller sports, a stricter policy of using wrist guards in these sports may reduce the incidence of wrist fractures. […] There also is little prospective evidence of the effectiveness of preventive strategies for pediatric sport fractures. Data from a 1995 study that analyzed 162,100 children treated in EDs for baseball injuries suggested 3 changes in the use of safety equipment that could reduce the number of injuries: face guards on helmets, softer balls, and breakaway bases (to reduce base-sliding injuries).

• #29 Growth Plate Fractures From Trampoline Injury

  https://www.cbrattorneys.com/growth-plate-fractures-from-trampoline-injury/

  According to a 2022 report by Pediatric Emergency Care, The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database revealed over 800,000 trampoline injuries involving children. […] Young children and teenagers have growth plates, which are soft areas of cartilage near the ends of their bones to help them grow. Because these plates are not as strong as solid bone, they are more vulnerable to injuries.

• #30 Pediatric Fractures in Developing Bone | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pediatric-fractures-in-developing-bone/

  Fractures involving the growth plate constitute about 20% of all fractures in skeletally immature patients and peak at 13-14 years in boys and 11-12 years in girls.1 […] Fractures are common in children, occurring at a rate of 12 to 30 per 1000 children every year.5 Fractures account for 10 to 15% of childhood injuries. Approximately 42% of boys and 27% of girls will sustain a fracture between birth and 16 years of age. Overall incidence of childhood fractures has been rising in the United States. […] Fracture incidence increases with age from birth to a peak between ages 10 to 14 years old. 5 The ratio of fractures in boys to girls is 2.7:1.7 Fractures of the lower arm are the most common, accounting for 18% of all fractures, followed by finger and wrist fractures.6 […] Factors contributing to fractures include low socioeconomic status, African American race, obesity, summer season, and risk taking behaviors. Any risk factors for decreased bone density such as eating disorder or poor nutrition, chronic corticosteroid or performance-enhancing drug use, smoking, and genetic factors can contribute to both traumatic and low trauma fracture occurrences.6,8 […] High-velocity injuries such as MVAs and falls are common causes of pediatric multi-trauma with fractures.6 Nearly 25% of pediatric lower extremity injuries seen in the emergency department involve a fracture.7

• #31 Pediatric Fractures in Developing Bone | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pediatric-fractures-in-developing-bone/

  Fractures involving the growth plate constitute about 20% of all fractures in skeletally immature patients and peak at 13-14 years in boys and 11-12 years in girls.1 […] Fractures are common in children, occurring at a rate of 12 to 30 per 1000 children every year.5 Fractures account for 10 to 15% of childhood injuries. Approximately 42% of boys and 27% of girls will sustain a fracture between birth and 16 years of age. Overall incidence of childhood fractures has been rising in the United States. […] Fracture incidence increases with age from birth to a peak between ages 10 to 14 years old. 5 The ratio of fractures in boys to girls is 2.7:1.7 Fractures of the lower arm are the most common, accounting for 18% of all fractures, followed by finger and wrist fractures.6 […] Factors contributing to fractures include low socioeconomic status, African American race, obesity, summer season, and risk taking behaviors. Any risk factors for decreased bone density such as eating disorder or poor nutrition, chronic corticosteroid or performance-enhancing drug use, smoking, and genetic factors can contribute to both traumatic and low trauma fracture occurrences.6,8 […] High-velocity injuries such as MVAs and falls are common causes of pediatric multi-trauma with fractures.6 Nearly 25% of pediatric lower extremity injuries seen in the emergency department involve a fracture.7

• #32

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9340334/

  Growth plate injury is a debilitating condition for children. Physeal injuries are common among children and comprise 15%30% of all bony injuries. […] Epidemiologic study is needed for critical step toward bettering treatment options and developing preventive measures to combat this debilitating condition. […] The epiphyseal injury usually resolves without complication. However, this entity may pose serious complications such as premature physeal closure, bone bridge formation, deformity, and limb-length discrepancy. […] To our knowledge, there is currently no systematic review regarding the complication of epiphyseal injury. Thus, the authors would like to conduct a systematic review regarding this topic. […] The most common Salter-Harris classification mentioned is Salter-Harris type II fracture. This is understandable because type II is the most prevalent.

• #33 Growth Plate Fractures: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17969-growth-plate-fractures

  Growth plate fractures are one of the most common bone injuries children experience. Around one-third of all childhood bone fractures are growth plate fractures. […] Healthcare providers classify growth plate fractures into five types depending on where your child’s growth plate and bone are broken. […] Most growth plate fractures don’t lead to complications, especially if a healthcare provider diagnoses and treats them within a week of the original injury. […] The best way to reduce the odds of complications is to get a growth plate fracture diagnosed as soon as possible (within a week).

• #34

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9340334/

  Growth plate injury is a debilitating condition for children. Physeal injuries are common among children and comprise 15%30% of all bony injuries. […] Epidemiologic study is needed for critical step toward bettering treatment options and developing preventive measures to combat this debilitating condition. […] The epiphyseal injury usually resolves without complication. However, this entity may pose serious complications such as premature physeal closure, bone bridge formation, deformity, and limb-length discrepancy. […] To our knowledge, there is currently no systematic review regarding the complication of epiphyseal injury. Thus, the authors would like to conduct a systematic review regarding this topic. […] The most common Salter-Harris classification mentioned is Salter-Harris type II fracture. This is understandable because type II is the most prevalent.

• #35 Growth Plate Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/growth-plate-fractures/

  Growth plates are areas of cartilage located near the ends of bones. Because they are the last portion of a child’s bones to harden, growth plates are particularly vulnerable to injury. […] Because the growth plate helps determine the future length and shape of the mature bone, this type of fracture usually requires prompt attention. If not treated properly, it could result in a limb that is crooked or unequal in length when compared to its opposite limb. […] Growth plate fractures vary greatly in terms of the risk for growth problems. Factors that affect the risk of problems over time include: The patient’s age, The bone involved, Specific fracture pattern, How much the bone is out of alignment (displaced). […] Growth plate fractures occur twice as often in boys as in girls, because girls finish growing earlier than boys.

• #36

  https://actaorthop.org/actao/article/view/13654

  Premature physeal closure (PPC) is a common and concerning complication to distal femoral fractures as the distal growth plate accounts for 70% of the growth of the femur. […] The literature is not unanimous in determining the risk factors of PPC, and the epidemiological characterization of these fractures is limited. […] Physeal fractures of the distal femur occurred with an annual incidence of 6/105 children, and a resulting PPC occurred in 16/70 (23%) with an annual incidence of 1.3/105 children. […] One-fourth of distal femoral physeal fractures developed PPC. […] Greater dislocation and higher injury energy were significant risk factors, whereas choice of fracture treatment was not an independent risk factor.

• #37

  https://actaorthop.org/actao/article/view/13654

  Premature physeal closure (PPC) is a common and concerning complication to distal femoral fractures as the distal growth plate accounts for 70% of the growth of the femur. […] The literature is not unanimous in determining the risk factors of PPC, and the epidemiological characterization of these fractures is limited. […] Physeal fractures of the distal femur occurred with an annual incidence of 6/105 children, and a resulting PPC occurred in 16/70 (23%) with an annual incidence of 1.3/105 children. […] One-fourth of distal femoral physeal fractures developed PPC. […] Greater dislocation and higher injury energy were significant risk factors, whereas choice of fracture treatment was not an independent risk factor.

• #38 Growth Plate Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/growth-plate-fractures/

  Growth plates are areas of cartilage located near the ends of bones. Because they are the last portion of a child’s bones to harden, growth plates are particularly vulnerable to injury. […] Because the growth plate helps determine the future length and shape of the mature bone, this type of fracture usually requires prompt attention. If not treated properly, it could result in a limb that is crooked or unequal in length when compared to its opposite limb. […] Growth plate fractures vary greatly in terms of the risk for growth problems. Factors that affect the risk of problems over time include: The patient’s age, The bone involved, Specific fracture pattern, How much the bone is out of alignment (displaced). […] Growth plate fractures occur twice as often in boys as in girls, because girls finish growing earlier than boys.

• #39 Pediatric fractures – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/pediatric-fractures/

  Salter-Harris fractures involve the epiphyseal plate, also known as the growth plate or the physis of long bones, and only occur in children and adolescents, whose skeletal growth is not yet complete. […] Peak incidence: during growth spurts at the beginning of puberty (11-12 years of age for girls and 13-14 years of age for boys). […] Most common sites: distal radius and distal humerus. […] Salter-Harris types I and II: Perform closed reduction if displaced and immobilize in a cast or splint; arrange orthopedic follow-up within one week. […] Salter-Harris types III, IV, and V: Consult orthopedics urgently for surgical intervention (e.g., open reduction and internal fixation, followed by casting). […] Disruption of growth and bone deformity (especially Salter-Harris types II-IV) results in limb-length discrepancies and/or angular deformities. […] Younger patients are more likely to experience growth arrest.

• #40

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9340334/

  The most common immobilization method is immobilization by cast. There is currently no standard for epiphyseal injury treatment. […] However, generally, most of the studies mentioned good results. […] Growth plate injury is a debilitating condition for children if not treated properly. Even though there is no common standardized treatment for epiphyseal injury, proper reduction and immobilization are mandatory. The most mentioned treatment method is conservative treatment using cast as a means of immobilization, presented with good outcome. However there is small number of complications including limb-length discrepancy, deformity, growth disturbance, and premature physeal closure caused by various factors such as mechanism of injury, Salter-Harris type of fracture, patients age and methods of treatment.

• #41 Growth Plate Fractures – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/growth-plate-fractures/

  The incidence of growth plate fractures peaks in adolescence. […] Growth plate fractures with risks for problems must be treated early and watched carefully to ensure proper long-term results. Regular follow-up visits to the doctor should continue for at least a year after injury to make sure that the growth plate is growing appropriately.

• #42 What Is Growth Plate Fracture in Children?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/orthopedic-health/growth-plate-fracture-in-children

  Monitoring healing and growth requires routine examinations and imaging studies. Severe fractures require long-term surveillance in order to identify any abnormalities early. […] The incidence of these fractures can be significantly decreased by taking preventive actions, including wearing protective gear, encouraging safe play behaviors, and making sure one eats healthily.

• #43 Growth Plate Fractures: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17969-growth-plate-fractures

  Growth plate fractures are one of the most common bone injuries children experience. Around one-third of all childhood bone fractures are growth plate fractures. […] Healthcare providers classify growth plate fractures into five types depending on where your child’s growth plate and bone are broken. […] Most growth plate fractures don’t lead to complications, especially if a healthcare provider diagnoses and treats them within a week of the original injury. […] The best way to reduce the odds of complications is to get a growth plate fracture diagnosed as soon as possible (within a week).

• #44 Pediatric fractures in sports: Epidemiology and strategies for prevention

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/pediatric-fractures-sports-epidemiology-and-strategies-prevention

  As children’s involvement in sports activities increases, prospective research is needed to identify effective injury prevention strategies. Safety guidelines need to be re-evaluated in most major sports with the use of evidence-based models from prospective studies of preventive strategies for pediatric sport fractures. […] The establishment of preventive policies would require cooperation at multiple local, state, and national levels, including patient education, parental control, physician counseling, and policy changes.

• #45 Pediatric fractures in sports: Epidemiology and strategies for prevention

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/pediatric-fractures-sports-epidemiology-and-strategies-prevention

  One-third of growth plate fractures occur in competitive sports, such as football, basketball, and gymnastics. Only about 20% of these fractures occur in recreational activities, such as bicycling, skiing, and skateboarding. […] A large proportion of pediatric fractures involve some part of the upper limb, often the wrist. Because childhood upper limb fractures often occur in bicycling and roller sports, a stricter policy of using wrist guards in these sports may reduce the incidence of wrist fractures. […] There also is little prospective evidence of the effectiveness of preventive strategies for pediatric sport fractures. Data from a 1995 study that analyzed 162,100 children treated in EDs for baseball injuries suggested 3 changes in the use of safety equipment that could reduce the number of injuries: face guards on helmets, softer balls, and breakaway bases (to reduce base-sliding injuries).

• #46 Pediatric fractures in sports: Epidemiology and strategies for prevention

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/pediatric-fractures-sports-epidemiology-and-strategies-prevention

  As children’s involvement in sports activities increases, prospective research is needed to identify effective injury prevention strategies. Safety guidelines need to be re-evaluated in most major sports with the use of evidence-based models from prospective studies of preventive strategies for pediatric sport fractures. […] The establishment of preventive policies would require cooperation at multiple local, state, and national levels, including patient education, parental control, physician counseling, and policy changes.

• #47 What Is Growth Plate Fracture in Children?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/orthopedic-health/growth-plate-fracture-in-children

  Monitoring healing and growth requires routine examinations and imaging studies. Severe fractures require long-term surveillance in order to identify any abnormalities early. […] The incidence of these fractures can be significantly decreased by taking preventive actions, including wearing protective gear, encouraging safe play behaviors, and making sure one eats healthily.

• #48

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9340334/

  Growth plate injury is a debilitating condition for children. Physeal injuries are common among children and comprise 15%30% of all bony injuries. […] Epidemiologic study is needed for critical step toward bettering treatment options and developing preventive measures to combat this debilitating condition. […] The epiphyseal injury usually resolves without complication. However, this entity may pose serious complications such as premature physeal closure, bone bridge formation, deformity, and limb-length discrepancy. […] To our knowledge, there is currently no systematic review regarding the complication of epiphyseal injury. Thus, the authors would like to conduct a systematic review regarding this topic. […] The most common Salter-Harris classification mentioned is Salter-Harris type II fracture. This is understandable because type II is the most prevalent.

• #49 Analysis of Physeal Fractures from the United States National Trauma Data Bank

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/6/914

  In conclusion, we found that 5.7% of all pediatric long-bone fractures involved the physis, with the distal tibia the most common site of injury. […] It is estimated that 18% to 30% of all pediatric fractures involve the physis, a cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones. […] Understanding the epidemiology of physeal injuries is important for the early identification of these injuries, as late presentation can result in complex deformities that can lead to greater challenges in achieving good clinical results. […] Previous epidemiology studies of physeal fractures have largely been completed through an analysis of fractures at single academic institutions. […] Our analysis indicated that physeal fractures made up 5.7% of the total fractures, which is less than the rate of 18–30% found in previous studies.

• #50 Analysis of Physeal Fractures from the United States National Trauma Data Bank

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/6/914

  In conclusion, we found that 5.7% of all pediatric long-bone fractures involved the physis, with the distal tibia the most common site of injury. […] It is estimated that 18% to 30% of all pediatric fractures involve the physis, a cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones. […] Understanding the epidemiology of physeal injuries is important for the early identification of these injuries, as late presentation can result in complex deformities that can lead to greater challenges in achieving good clinical results. […] Previous epidemiology studies of physeal fractures have largely been completed through an analysis of fractures at single academic institutions. […] Our analysis indicated that physeal fractures made up 5.7% of the total fractures, which is less than the rate of 18–30% found in previous studies.

• #51 Clinical characteristics of 1124 children with epiphyseal fractures | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-023-06728-9

  In this study, to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the clinical characteristics of epiphyseal fractures in children and improving their management, we explored and analyzed the proportions of different types of epiphyseal fractures in children and evaluated the causes of injury and epidemiological characteristics. […] Epidemiological studies on epiphyseal fractures in Chinese children and adolescents are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to obtain the epidemiological data of young patients with epiphyseal fractures admitted to our hospital and provide a theory for reducing the incidence of epiphyseal fractures in children and improving the management of these fractures. These findings can be expected to provide a scientific basis for improving the quality of children’s life with epiphyseal fractures, formulating health education policies, and reducing the economic burden associated with these fractures.

• #52 Clinical characteristics of 1124 children with epiphyseal fractures | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-023-06728-9

  In this study, to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the clinical characteristics of epiphyseal fractures in children and improving their management, we explored and analyzed the proportions of different types of epiphyseal fractures in children and evaluated the causes of injury and epidemiological characteristics. […] Epidemiological studies on epiphyseal fractures in Chinese children and adolescents are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to obtain the epidemiological data of young patients with epiphyseal fractures admitted to our hospital and provide a theory for reducing the incidence of epiphyseal fractures in children and improving the management of these fractures. These findings can be expected to provide a scientific basis for improving the quality of children’s life with epiphyseal fractures, formulating health education policies, and reducing the economic burden associated with these fractures.

• #53 Clinical characteristics of 1124 children with epiphyseal fractures | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-023-06728-9

  The epidemiological characteristics of epiphyseal fractures in children indicate the need to strengthen health and safety education and protective measures to prevent the occurrence of these fractures in children. In addition, emergency surgeons and orthopedic surgeons in general hospitals should strengthen their basic knowledge of diagnosing and treating epiphyseal injuries in children to reduce missed diagnoses, misdiagnoses or malpractice.

• #54 Clinical characteristics of 1124 children with epiphyseal fractures | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-023-06728-9

  The epidemiological characteristics of epiphyseal fractures in children indicate the need to strengthen health and safety education and protective measures to prevent the occurrence of these fractures in children. In addition, emergency surgeons and orthopedic surgeons in general hospitals should strengthen their basic knowledge of diagnosing and treating epiphyseal injuries in children to reduce missed diagnoses, misdiagnoses or malpractice.

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