Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Key Elements of Guillain-Barré Syndrome – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune attack on the peripheral nervous system which results in neuropathy. It is typically a self-limiting condition that comes on rapidly and results in muscle weakness with some mild sensory loss in the distal extremities. […] The clinical manifestations of GBS can vary from person to person and involves ascending flaccid paralysis that starts in the lower extremities and works its way upward to result in full quadriplegia and respiratory insufficiency. […] Key assessments for a patient with GBS are centered on monitoring for rapid deterioration namely due to respiratory compromise. […] When assessing respiratory status, monitor the patient’s respiratory effort, depth of respirations, rate, oxygen saturation level, shortness of breath, work of breathing, and lung sounds.

• #1 Diagnosis and management of Guillain–Barré syndrome in ten steps | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-019-0250-9

  GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) is a rare, but potentially fatal, immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nerves and nerve roots that is usually triggered by infections. […] Diagnosis and management of GBS can be complicated as its clinical presentation and disease course are heterogeneous, and no international clinical guidelines are currently available. […] To support clinicians, especially in the context of an outbreak, we have developed a globally applicable guideline for the diagnosis and management of GBS. […] The ten steps then cover early recognition and diagnosis of GBS, admission to the intensive care unit, treatment indication and selection, monitoring and treatment of disease progression, prediction of clinical course and outcome, and management of complications and sequelae.

• #1 8 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/guillain-barre-syndrome-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for Guillain-Barre Syndrome in this guide. […] Nursing care planning goals for a pediatric client with Guillain-Barre syndrome include improved respiratory function, promotion of physical mobility, prevention of contractures, decreased anxiety and pain, relief of urinary retention, improvement of parental care, and prevention of complications. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome: Recognize and assess signs and symptoms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). Monitor respiratory function and ensure adequate ventilation support if necessary. Provide supportive care to manage pain and discomfort. Administer immunoglobulin therapy or plasmapheresis as prescribed. Monitor and manage potential complications, such as autonomic dysfunction or respiratory failure. Collaborate with healthcare professionals to develop an individualized care plan for GBS. Facilitate physical therapy and rehabilitation to optimize functional recovery. Educate patients and families on the course of GBS, expected recovery timeline, and strategies for managing residual symptoms. Offer emotional support and counseling to patients and families during the recovery process. Schedule regular follow-up appointments to monitor progress and address any ongoing needs or concerns.

• #1 8 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/guillain-barre-syndrome-nursing-care-plans/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome may include: Enhancing respiratory function and improving breathing patterns. Providing adequate pain relief and comfort. Enhancing physical mobility. Improving bladder and urinary elimination. Reducing anxiety and providing emotional support. Initiating patient education and health teachings. Administering medications and providing pharmacologic support. Monitoring results of diagnostic and laboratory procedures. Assessing and monitoring for potential complications. […] Guillain-Barre syndrome can affect the muscles used for breathing, resulting in a weakened or paralyzed diaphragm, which can lead to an ineffective breathing pattern. This is because the muscles responsible for breathing are not functioning properly, leading to shallow breathing, difficulty taking deep breaths, and an increased risk of respiratory failure. Enhancing respiratory function and improving breathing patterns are crucial aspects of managing GBS to ensure adequate oxygenation and prevent respiratory complications.

• #1 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital and Emergency Department Care, ICU Treatment

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-treatment

  Patients who are diagnosed with GBS should be admitted to a hospital for close monitoring until it has been determined that the course of the disease has reached a plateau or undergone reversal. […] Approximately one third of patients require admission to an ICU, primarily because of respiratory failure. […] Continued care also is needed to minimize problems related to immobility, neurogenic bowel and bladder, and pain. Early involvement of allied health staff is recommended. […] Good supportive care is critical in the treatment of patients with GBS. […] Close monitoring of heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmias allows early detection of life-threatening situations. […] Enteral or parenteral feedings are required for patients on mechanical ventilation to ensure that adequate caloric needs are met when the metabolic demand is high.

• #1 8 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/guillain-barre-syndrome-nursing-care-plans/

  Acute pain in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome can be caused by nerve damage and inflammation. The nerves become hypersensitive due to the demyelination process, resulting in intense and sudden pain. Addressing pain not only improves the patients comfort but also contributes to overall well-being and facilitates rehabilitation. […] Impairment in physical mobility can occur in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome due to weakness or paralysis of muscles. The disease affects the peripheral nervous system, causing damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds nerves, leading to difficulty in movement, coordination, and muscle weakness. By focusing on specific interventions and strategies, healthcare professionals can help patients regain and improve their physical mobility. […] Impairment in urinary elimination can occur in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome due to the involvement of the autonomic nervous system. The disease can affect the nerves that control bladder and bowel function, leading to urinary retention, incontinence, and constipation. By implementing appropriate strategies and interventions, healthcare professionals can help patients manage their bladder function effectively.

• #1 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0201/p191.html

  Guillain-Barr syndrome consists of a group of neuropathic conditions characterized by progressive weakness and diminished or absent myotatic reflexes. […] Patients should be hospitalized for multidisciplinary supportive care and disease-modifying therapy. […] Supportive care of patients hospitalized with acute GBS should include anticoagulation and graduated compression stockings to prevent venous thrombosis. […] Patients hospitalized with GBS also should be monitored for autonomic disturbances, including changes in blood pressure and pulse rate (especially bradycardia) and respiratory, bowel, and bladder dysfunction. […] Patients with GBS often experience both neuropathic and nociceptive pain, and one-half of patients rate the pain as severe. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioid medications may not provide adequate relief, and opioids may exacerbate autonomic symptoms, especially constipation.

• #1 Guide | Physical Therapy Guide to Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Choose PT

  https://www.choosept.com/guide/physical-therapy-guide-guillain-barre-syndrome

  Physical therapists can provide a variety of treatments to address the symptoms of GBS. These will include activities to improve function and patient education. They will work with you to set goals based on your needs and how you are progressing. […] Your physical therapist will design your treatment plan to help improve your: Comfort level. GBS may cause pain or discomfort. Your physical therapist can show you how to position your body for better comfort when seated, lying down, or moving. […] Your physical therapist will guide you through activities to help restore movement in any stiff joints and muscles. […] Your physical therapist will teach you how to move around safely. If needed, they will help you regain your ability to: Move from your bed to a chair. Sit and stand. Use a wheelchair, if needed. Walk and climb stairs. Do other daily activities you need to do.

• #1 8 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/guillain-barre-syndrome-nursing-care-plans/

  Anxiety can occur in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome due to the sudden onset of symptoms, the uncertainty of the disease course, and the fear of potential complications such as respiratory failure or paralysis. Additionally, patients may experience anxiety and stress due to hospitalization and separation from their daily routine and support system. […] Patient education and health teachings are essential for patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) to understand their condition, manage symptoms, and actively participate in their care. […] In the treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), several medications may be utilized to manage symptoms, address complications, and support the recovery process. […] Ongoing monitoring of vital signs, assessment of bowel and bladder function, and infection surveillance are also crucial components of nursing care in GBS patients. Assessing and monitoring for potential complications in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is crucial to ensure early detection and prompt management. Nursing interventions play a vital role in identifying complications and minimizing their impact on the patients health.

• #1 Guillain-Barré Syndrome NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/guillain-barre-syndrome-nclex-review/

  What is Guillain-Barr syndrome? Its an autoimmune neuro condition where the immune system attacks the nerves in the peripheral nervous system and cranial nerves. […] As a nurse always complete a thorough health history. […] As a side note: Its very important to note that GBS PEAKS in about 2 weeks with its severity of symptoms, and then slowly recovery occurs (remylenation of the myelin sheath). Nurse: reassure the patient and always communicate with them because patients who experience GBS are extremely fearful. […] Nursing Interventions for Guillain-Barr Syndrome: Focus: Respiratory, blood clots (immobility) risk for PE and DVTs, heart rhythm, blood pressure issues, nutrition, infection (urinary retention and lung from vent or pneumonia), pain, pressure injuries, atrophy of muscles, extreme fear.

• #1 Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568815/

  1. Identify and discuss nursing diagnoses relevant to the care of the Gullain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) patient […] […] 2. Identify key components of nursing management and monitoring of GBS […] […] 3. Nursing management for identified nursing diagnoses includes: […] […] 4. The nurse will need to carefully monitor vital signs for changes in respiratory rate, quality of respirations, and decreasing vital capacity. […] […] 5. The nurse will need to assess for problems associated with immobility related to muscle weakness and paralysis. […] […] 6. The nurse will need to carefully work to assist in the maintenance of optimal nutrition in the patient with GBS. […] […] 7. The nurse will need to provide strategies for adequate communication with the patient who is unable to verbally communicate due to paralysis associated with GBS. […]

• #1 Guillain-Barre Syndrome – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/guillain-barre-syndrome.html

  Drink liquids as directed. Liquids can help prevent constipation. Ask how much liquid to drink each day and which liquids are best for you. […] Eat healthy foods. Healthy foods can help you build your strength. Healthy foods include fruits, vegetables, whole-grain breads, low-fat dairy products, beans, lean meats, and fish. Ask if you need to be on a special diet. A dietitian can help you plan meals with foods that are easier or safer for you to swallow. […] Do not smoke. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and cigars increase your risk for nerve damage. Ask your healthcare provider for information if you currently smoke and need help to quit. E-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco still contain nicotine. Talk to your healthcare provider before you use these products. […] Ask about vaccines. You may have an increased risk of problems after you get certain vaccines. Ask your healthcare provider before you get immunizations to help prevent the flu or pneumonia.

• #1 Key Elements of Guillain-Barré Syndrome – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Of course, you’re also carefully monitoring neurological status with frequent neuro assessments. […] Due to autonomic dysfunction, the patient will also be at risk for cardiovascular abnormalities including hypotension and hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, significant bradycardia and bradyarrhythmias, and even asystole. […] Just because the condition involves paralysis and sensory impairment does not mean the patient is not at risk for pain. […] Neuropathy and decreased mobility both put your patient with GBS at high risk for skin breakdown. […] Immunomodulatory therapy – Two types of immunomodulatory therapy are utilized in the treatment of GBS, and these are intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasma exchange. […] The preferred therapy is generally intravenous immunoglobulin which is better tolerated in most cases and easier to administer than plasma exchange.

• #1 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/ddi/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Chest physiotherapy and suctioning should be done to decrease the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia. Attention to skin care and frequent repositioning is necessary to prevent skin breakdown, which is common among immobilized patients in the ICU. […] Two interventions commonly used to treat Guillain-Barr syndrome are infusion of IV immunoglobulins (IVIG), and therapeutic plasma exchange (plasmapheresis). […] In the United States, IVIG (0.4 g/kg/d for 5 days) is the preferred treatment for Guillain-Barr syndrome due to its ease of administration. […] Plasmapheresis (3 liters per session) is recommended for patients with moderate to severe weakness. This treatment may reduce the need mechanical ventilation in rapidly progressive cases and speed recovery if started within 7 days of the onset of symptoms.

• #1 Understanding and Treating Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/neurology/diseases/guillain-barre-syndrome

  Plasmapheresis (plasma exchange): Plasma exchange removes the harmful antibodies your body has created from the liquid part of the blood (plasma) and returns healthy plasma back to you. The exchange helps reduce the immune response causing nerve damage and can help make GBS shorter and less severe. […] After GBS is treated youll probably need rehabilitation to help in your recovery: Physical therapy can help you regain muscle strength and coordination. […] Occupational therapy can help you perform daily activities. […] Speech therapy can help treat trouble with communication and swallowing. […] Using a cane, walker, wheelchair or brace can help prevent falls and fatigue as you become more mobile. […] It can be challenging to cope during recovery. You may also want to seek mental health counseling or join a support group for people with GBS.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome

  Guillain-Barr syndrome is potentially life-threatening. GBS patients should be hospitalized so that they can be monitored closely. […] Supportive care includes monitoring of breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure. In cases where a person’s ability to breathe is impaired, he or she is usually put on a ventilator. All GBS patients should be monitored for complications, which can include abnormal heart beat, infections, blood clots, and high or low blood pressure. […] There is no known cure for GBS, but treatments can help improve symptoms of GBS and shorten its duration. […] Given the autoimmune nature of the disease, its acute phase is typically treated with immunotherapy, such as plasma exchange to remove antibodies from the blood or intravenous immunoglobulin. It is most often beneficial when initiated 7 to 14 days after symptoms appear. […] In cases where muscle weakness persists after the acute phase of the illness, patients may require rehabilitation services to strengthen their muscles and restore movement.

• #1 Guillain-Barré syndrome

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  If you’ve been diagnosed with Guillain-Barr syndrome, you’ll be treated in hospital straight away. You’ll usually be in hospital for several weeks. Some people may need to stay for several months. […] You’ll also have treatment to help manage your symptoms and monitor your condition. You might need: medicine and compression stockings to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), if you cannot walk; medicines for pain such as gabapentin, carbamazepine or amitriptyline; to be on a ventilator, if you have severe breathing problems this would be in an intensive care unit (ICU). […] You may be offered: physiotherapy to treat muscle stiffness and help you to move more easily; occupational therapy to help you manage everyday tasks and go back to work. […] Your doctor will check you every few months after you recover. You’ll then have checks once a year, because some people can become unwell again and need more treatment.

• #1 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital and Emergency Department Care, ICU Treatment

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-treatment

  Plasma exchange carried out over a 10-day period may aid in removing autoantibodies, immune complexes, and cytotoxic constituents from serum and has been shown to decrease recovery time by 50%. […] Corticosteroids are ineffective as monotherapy. […] Pain medications may be required in inpatient and outpatient settings. […] Immune adsorption is an alternative treatment for Guillain-Barr syndrome that is still being investigated. […] Prophylaxis with gradient compression hose and subcutaneous LMWH may dramatically reduce the incidence of venous thromboembolism. […] Consultation with a neurologist can be helpful in the initial diagnosis, workup, and treatment of patients admitted to the medical floor with GBS. […] Although follow-up studies generally have assessed patients 6-12 months after onset of GBS, some studies have reported continued improvements in strength even beyond 2 years.

• #1 Guillain-Barre syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20363006

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your Guillain-Barre syndrome-related health concerns […] People with Guillain-Barre syndrome need physical help and therapy before and during recovery. Your care may include: […] Movement of your arms and legs by caregivers before recovery, to help keep your muscles flexible and strong. […] Physical therapy during recovery to help you cope with fatigue and regain strength and proper movement. […] Training with adaptive devices, such as a wheelchair or braces, to give you mobility and self-care skills. […] A diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome can be emotionally hard. Although most people eventually recover fully, the condition is generally painful and requires hospitalization and months of rehabilitation. People with Guillain-Barre syndrome must adjust to limited mobility and fatigue. […] To manage the stress of recovery from Guillain-Barre syndrome, consider these suggestions: […] Maintain a strong support system of friends and family. […] Contact a support group, for yourself or for family members. […] Discuss your feelings and concerns with a counselor.

• #1 Guillain barre syndrome | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/gguillain-barre-syndrome/33372097

  Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute, frequently severe, and fulminant polyradiculoneuropathy that is autoimmune in nature. Proper management focuses on supportive care, respiratory support, pain management, and potentially plasma exchange or IVIG treatment. […] Nursing Management Assessment: Acute onset (hours to weeks) of progressive, usually ascending muscle weakness and fasciculation, possibly leading to paralysis (maximal weakness is reached within 2 weeks). Paresthesia and painful sensations. Possible hypoventilation due to chest muscle weakness. […] Maintaining respiratory function incentive spirometry and chest physiotherapy Mechanical ventilation Close monitoring Suctioning […] Enhancing physical mobility paralyzed extremities are supported in functional positions, and passive range-of-motion exercises are performed at least twice daily Range-of-motion exercises, altering positioning, anticoagulation, thigh-high elastic compression stockings or sequential compression boots, and adequate hydration

• #1 After the Hospital, A Guide to Rehabilitation for GBS – GBS/CIDP Foundation International

  https://www.gbs-cidp.org/after-the-hospital-a-guide-to-rehabilitation-for-gbs/

  The rehabilitation process itself does not improve nerve regeneration. Rather, the major goal of rehabilitation is to assist the patient in optimal use of muscles as their nerve supply returns, and to adapt to a lifestyle within their functional limitations. […] Rehabilitation in many centers is accomplished by the coordinated efforts of several groups of professionals in a team approach. […] The physiatrist (pronounced: fiz-eye’-a-trist) (not to be confused with a psychiatrist) is a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation. A physiatrist usually coordinates and oversees the total rehabilitation program. […] During the rehabilitation process, certain issues are unique to GBS patients. Most rehabilitation patients are exercised to maximum ability, to fatigue. This should be avoided in GBS patients as exhaustion requires some time to resolve and will delay the rehabilitation process without benefitting the patient.

• #1 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Ausmed

  https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/guillain-barre-syndrome

  The role of a nurse during rehabilitation is complementary to the rest of the interprofessional team and involves providing critical education to the patient and family, as well as support and reassurance during recovery. […] This education can encompass a variety of areas and will differ depending on the specific individual and their lifestyle. Often, the education will be provided to help ensure adherence to treatment recommendations made by the interprofessional team. […] The nursing care of patients with GBS should be varied and holistic, taking into account where the patient is at in their recovery. […] Key points of nursing care include: Watching for blood clots and DVT, Monitoring vital signs closely, Minimising falls risk, taking weakness and paralysis into consideration, Providing pain management appropriate to the individual – evidently, there will be a need to consider the types of analgesics used and their potential side effects, Helping the client control their body temperature, Completing regular, thorough observations and assessments (including respiratory assessments), Referring to other health professionals in the interprofessional team (e.g. physiotherapists to improve mobility), Educating patients, family members and carers.

• #1 Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK568815/

  8. The nurse will need to carefully assess the patient for pain related to GBS related muscle changes. […] […] 9. The nurse will need to carefully assess and manage the GBS patient for potential psychological problems. […] […] 10. Management of GBS requires that the nurse participates in an interprofessional team dedicated to collaborative patient care delivery. […] […] 11. Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] […] 12. The nurse will need to carefully monitor the GBS patient for: […] […] 13. The care of the patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) requires collaboration by all members of the healthcare team. […] […] 14. Health education is critical throughout the course of GBS. […] […] 15. Specific nursing liability risks in the acute and recovery phases of GBS include medication errors, inadequate monitoring of respiratory function resulting in respiratory arrest, inadequate assessment of risks such as cardiac dysrhythmias resulting in cardiac arrest, inadequate reporting of fluid and electrolyte imbalance, inadequate positioning and failure to perform ROM exercises resulting in contractures and development of decubiti, inadequate monitoring of IVs, and lines for parenteral nutrition, inadequate positioning and monitoring of feeding tube resulting in aspiration pneumonia, inadequate assessment and referrals for psychological problems including fear and anxiety resulting in psychological problems such as depression and inadequate monitoring of ambulation resulting in falls and possible fractures. […] […] 16. Discharge planning for the GBS patient should begin at the point of hospital admission for the acute phase of GBS with an emphasis on providing continuing care for the patient in acute rehabilitation, long-term care, or home care settings.

• #1 After the Hospital, A Guide to Rehabilitation for GBS – GBS/CIDP Foundation International

  https://www.gbs-cidp.org/after-the-hospital-a-guide-to-rehabilitation-for-gbs/

  The majority of patients who were in a rehabilitation center may be placed on an out-patient therapy program when sufficient strength has returned. […] Fatigue is a common problem during the early part of recovery and can even persist in some patients who appear to have recovered. […] The overall outlook for most GBS patients is good, but the course of the illness can be quite variable. […] Estimates of outcomes are based on several studies. Up to 80 percent of patients will be able to walk without aid at three months after onset of their symptoms, and by the end of a year will experience only minor residual symptoms, such as numbness of the bottom or ball of the foot. […] Since GBS rarely strikes twice, if, after recovery, a patient again develops abnormal sensations, it is usually appropriate to look for causes other than Guillain-Barré Syndrome.

• #1 Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568815/

  8. The nurse will need to carefully assess the patient for pain related to GBS related muscle changes. […] […] 9. The nurse will need to carefully assess and manage the GBS patient for potential psychological problems. […] […] 10. Management of GBS requires that the nurse participates in an interprofessional team dedicated to collaborative patient care delivery. […] […] 11. Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] […] 12. The nurse will need to carefully monitor the GBS patient for: […] […] 13. The care of the patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) requires collaboration by all members of the healthcare team. […] […] 14. Health education is critical throughout the course of GBS. […] […] 15. Discharge planning for the GBS patient should begin at the point of hospital admission for the acute phase of GBS with an emphasis on providing continuing care for the patient in acute rehabilitation, long-term care, or home care settings. […]

• #1

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=615359&Journal_ID=54014&Issue_ID=615352

  The care of a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome is challenging for the healthcare team. By incorporating both physical and psychological care in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome, the critical care nurse can adapt to the changing plan of care that accompanies this diagnosis. […] Because the disease normally starts with a motor weakness and ends with the patient requiring months or even years of rehabilitation, the patient should be prepared for this extended period of treatment. It is only by collaboration of the entire healthcare team that such tasks as diagnosis, treatment, therapy, and pharmaceutical interventions are performed in such a way to help the patient regain a previous level of independence.

• #1 Key Elements of Guillain-Barré Syndrome – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Other treatments include: Physical therapy during the recovery phase, Insulin to manage blood glucose levels, Enteral feeding as needed, Mechanical ventilation as needed, Regular oral care for ventilated patients to reduce the risk of ventilator acquired pneumonia. […] GBS rarely recurs and more than 80% of patients are independent within six months and about 65% have a full recovery. However, about 20% do have significant disability even with treatment.

• #1 Understanding and Treating Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/neurology/diseases/guillain-barre-syndrome

  While most people recover from GBS, timelines and outcomes vary. Most people recover in weeks to months, even if they have a severe case. People who become paralyzed are usually able to walk six months later. […] Many people fully recover, but some have long-lasting weakness, numbness or fatigue. In rare cases, people need ongoing care, support and management for GBS. […] Banner Brain Spine is committed to providing quality care for people with complex neurological conditions like Guillain-Barr syndrome. Our specialists are experienced in managing GBS, so you receive the highest standard of care. […] From advanced diagnostic tools to treatment plans that may include IVIG therapy, plasmapheresis and rehabilitation, our goal is to support your recovery.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Guillain Barré Syndrome – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-guillain-barre-syndrome/

  The nursing care plan for Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) aims to provide comprehensive and patient-centered care to individuals affected by this rare but serious neurological disorder. GBS is an autoimmune condition that affects the peripheral nervous system, leading to weakness, paralysis, and potentially life-threatening respiratory complications. The nursing care plan for GBS focuses on early recognition, prompt interventions, and continuous monitoring to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and support the patients recovery. […] Nurses play a crucial role in the early detection and management of GBS, as well as in providing emotional support and education to the patient and their loved ones. Through their expertise, vigilance, and compassionate care, nurses contribute significantly to the overall well-being and positive outcomes of patients with GBS.

• #1

  https://www.linkedin.com/posts/attar-mohammed-javeed-3ba59285_guillain-barre-syndrome-nursing-interventions-activity-7295680964905553920-XYv8

  Guillain-Barre syndrome: Nursing Interventions and Actions 1. Enhancing Respiratory Function and Improving Breathing Patterns 2. Providing Adequate Pain Relief and Comfort 3. Enhancing Physical Mobility 4. Improving Bladder and Urinary Elimination 5. Reducing Anxiety and Providing Emotional Support 6. Initiating Patient Education and Health Teachings 7. Administer Medications and Provide Pharmacologic Support 8. Monitoring Results of Diagnostic and Laboratory Procedures 9. Assessing and Monitoring for Potential Complications

• #2 Guillain-Barre syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20363006

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your Guillain-Barre syndrome-related health concerns […] People with Guillain-Barre syndrome need physical help and therapy before and during recovery. Your care may include: […] Movement of your arms and legs by caregivers before recovery, to help keep your muscles flexible and strong. […] Physical therapy during recovery to help you cope with fatigue and regain strength and proper movement. […] Training with adaptive devices, such as a wheelchair or braces, to give you mobility and self-care skills. […] A diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome can be emotionally hard. Although most people eventually recover fully, the condition is generally painful and requires hospitalization and months of rehabilitation. People with Guillain-Barre syndrome must adjust to limited mobility and fatigue. […] To manage the stress of recovery from Guillain-Barre syndrome, consider these suggestions: […] Maintain a strong support system of friends and family. […] Contact a support group, for yourself or for family members. […] Discuss your feelings and concerns with a counselor.

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15838-guillain-barre-syndrome

  Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare condition that causes sudden numbness and muscle weakness that can affect most of your body. […] If you experience sudden muscle weakness that gets worse over hours or days, see a healthcare provider right away. Its important to start treatment for GBS as soon as possible. […] If you have Guillain-Barr syndrome, youll likely need to receive medical care in a hospitals intensive care unit (ICU). This is so your healthcare team can monitor you for any complications of GBS, like difficulty breathing or blood pressure fluctuations. […] Theres no known cure for Guillain-Barr syndrome. But some therapies can lessen the severity of the condition and shorten your recovery time. […] Both of these treatments usually shorten your recovery time if you start one of them within two weeks of developing GBS symptoms.

• #2 Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568815/

  1. Identify and discuss nursing diagnoses relevant to the care of the Gullain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) patient […] […] 2. Identify key components of nursing management and monitoring of GBS […] […] 3. Nursing management for identified nursing diagnoses includes: […] […] 4. The nurse will need to carefully monitor vital signs for changes in respiratory rate, quality of respirations, and decreasing vital capacity. […] […] 5. The nurse will need to assess for problems associated with immobility related to muscle weakness and paralysis. […] […] 6. The nurse will need to carefully work to assist in the maintenance of optimal nutrition in the patient with GBS. […] […] 7. The nurse will need to provide strategies for adequate communication with the patient who is unable to verbally communicate due to paralysis associated with GBS. […]

• #2 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Assessment – Peripheral Nervous System Disorders for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/peripheral-nervous-system-disorders-1439/guillain-barre-syndrome-assessment_1720

  Guillain-Barre Syndrome AssessmentGuillain-Barre Syndrome Assessment […] Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a rapidly progressing and potentially fatal disorder. This is an autoimmune disorder with segmental demyelination which causes edema and inflammation of the affected nerves (peripheral and cranial). It is usually self-limiting and patients often have full neurologic recovery. […] Peripheral motor weakness occurs due to demyelination and often patients reports rapid onset of muscle weakness 1-3 weeks after an illness or vaccination. […] Be sure to assess the level of dysphagia and adjust the care plan as needed. These patients are at high risk for aspiration and may require special interventions for feeding. […] Priorities involve continuous assessment and preparation for respiratory emergencies. Considerations include frequent assessments, management of secretions with suctioning if needed, keeping intubation equipment at the bedside, and considering the need for mechanical ventilation. […] Remember careful consideration in maintaining skin integrity in these patients as they will be temporarily immobile.

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/guillain-barre-syndrome-nclex-review/

  Respiratory system is a major focus for the nurse!!! When this system is affected, most patients will need to be intubated or have a tracheostomy for assistance to breathe. Monitor for signs and symptoms that this system is being affected. […] Keep patient informed (this is scary you usually have a once healthy person now experiencing severe paralysis and cant breathe on their own.make sure you have some way to communicate because they will most likely be aware of everything going on and reassure this is most likely temporary). […] Pain control. […] Management of airway with mechanical ventilation.

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/ddi/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Nonpharmacologic management of Guillain-Barr syndrome is based on providing supportive care and close monitoring, especially of respiratory function, as respiratory failure is the most serious complication. Bulbar function, ability to handle secretions, heart rate, and blood pressure should also be carefully monitored as the syndrome progresses. Other nonpharmacologic approaches include repositioning to prevent bedsores, antithrombotic stockings to prevent venous thromboembolism, emotional support, cardiac monitoring to detect arrhythmias, and physical therapy when applicable. […] Patients presenting with rapid disease progression, facial weakness, severe limb weakness, bulbar weakness, dysautonomia, or respiratory insufficiency should be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). […] The following criteria (the 20-30-40 rule) can be used to determine when a patient should be transferred to the ICU due to an increased risk for respiratory failure: Forced vital capacity (FVC) is less than 20 mL/kg or declines 30% from baseline; Maximum inspiratory pressure is less than 30 cm H2O; and Maximum expiratory capacity is less than 40 cm H2O.

• #2 Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568815/

  8. The nurse will need to carefully assess the patient for pain related to GBS related muscle changes. […] […] 9. The nurse will need to carefully assess and manage the GBS patient for potential psychological problems. […] […] 10. Management of GBS requires that the nurse participates in an interprofessional team dedicated to collaborative patient care delivery. […] […] 11. Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] […] 12. The nurse will need to carefully monitor the GBS patient for: […] […] 13. The care of the patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) requires collaboration by all members of the healthcare team. […] […] 14. Health education is critical throughout the course of GBS. […] […] 15. Discharge planning for the GBS patient should begin at the point of hospital admission for the acute phase of GBS with an emphasis on providing continuing care for the patient in acute rehabilitation, long-term care, or home care settings. […]

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/guillain-barre-syndrome

  Pain remains an undertreated but important aspect of GBS. Furthermore, patients who are immobilized and require tracheal intubation are not able to effectively express the extent of pain experienced. A pain management regimen should therefore be considered in all patients presenting with GBS. […] About two-thirds of patients with GBS experience cardiovascular complications and need to be managed appropriately. These changes, attributable to autonomic neuropathy, include heart rhythm abnormalities, blood pressure variability (both hypo- and hypertension), myocardial involvement, acute coronary syndromes, and electrocardiographic changes.

• #2 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital and Emergency Department Care, ICU Treatment

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-treatment

  Prevention of secondary complications of immobility is also required. […] Although bowel and bladder dysfunction is generally transitory, management of these functions is needed to prevent other complications. […] Hospitalized patients with GBS may experience mental status changes, including hallucinations, delusions, vivid dreams, and sleep abnormalities. […] Estimates suggest that approximately 40% of patients who are hospitalized with GBS require inpatient rehabilitation. […] Occupational therapy professionals should be involved early in the rehabilitation program to promote upper body strengthening, ROM, and activities that aid functional self care. […] Speech therapy is aimed at promoting speech and safe swallowing skills for patients who have significant oropharyngeal weakness with resultant dysphagia and dysarthria.

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/guillain-barre-syndrome-nclex-review/

  What is Guillain-Barr syndrome? Its an autoimmune neuro condition where the immune system attacks the nerves in the peripheral nervous system and cranial nerves. […] As a nurse always complete a thorough health history. […] As a side note: Its very important to note that GBS PEAKS in about 2 weeks with its severity of symptoms, and then slowly recovery occurs (remylenation of the myelin sheath). Nurse: reassure the patient and always communicate with them because patients who experience GBS are extremely fearful. […] Nursing Interventions for Guillain-Barr Syndrome: Focus: Respiratory, blood clots (immobility) risk for PE and DVTs, heart rhythm, blood pressure issues, nutrition, infection (urinary retention and lung from vent or pneumonia), pain, pressure injuries, atrophy of muscles, extreme fear.

• #2 Caring for Someone with GBS – GBS/CIDP Foundation International

  https://www.gbs-cidp.org/gbs/loved-one-or-friend-with-gbs/

  Get support for yourself. It’s important that your help comes from a healthy physical and emotional place. This is not an easy journey for either of you. Asking for and accepting help is one of the most difficult (and important) things a caregiver can do before reaching burnout. Don’t let it reach that point if you can. Many hospitals have social workers on staff to help. […] Take care of yourself. There is a good reason that airlines ask caregivers to put their oxygen masks on first in case of an emergency. Make sure you are eating well and getting enough sleep. Your self-care will fuel you to be available for the patient. […] Become familiar with GBS. Knowledge is power. Though debilitating, this is a disease that has specific stages. It’s very helpful to know that the acute phase, however frightening, is temporary. Ask a lot of questions. The patient will be assured that you know what is going on with the disease as well as treatment and can act as an advocate.

• #2 Guillain barre syndrome | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/gguillain-barre-syndrome/33372097

  Providing adequate nutrition IV fluids and parenteral nutrition monitors for the return of bowel sounds gastrostomy tube assesses the return of the gag reflex and bowel sounds before resuming oral nutrition. […] Monitoring and managing potential complications Thorough assessment of respiratory function at regular intervals cardiac dysrhythmias, which necessitate ECG monitoring, transient hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, DVT, pulmonary embolism, urinary retention, and other threats to any immobilized and paralyzed patient. These require monitoring and attention to prevent them and prompt treatment if indicated.

• #2 Guillain-Barre Syndrome + 4 Ways to Manage Symptoms – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Physical therapy should be initiated as soon as possible for the best results. […] Working with a physical therapist allows patients to gradually regain control of their limbs following weakness or paralysis. […] Some patients with severe GBS will also need to be put on a ventilator to help them breathe. […] Nutritional support should begin as quickly as possible. […] Its recommended that patients dealing with weight loss try to eat a high-protein diet and an additional 30 percent of the normal amount of calories they consume until weight stabilizes. […] The goal of natural methods for managing GBS-related symptoms like irregular heartbeats, blood pressure changes and blood clots is to support overall heart health and prevent complications, such as a heart attack. […] GBS is usually conventionally treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (administering healthy antibodies), plasmapheresis to help cleanse the blood, physical therapy, pain management and nutritional support.

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-disorders/guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome-gbs

  Guillain-Barr syndrome is an acute, usually rapidly progressive but self-limited, inflammatory polyneuropathy characterized by muscular weakness and mild distal sensory loss. […] Treatment includes IV immune globulin, plasma exchange, and, for severe cases, mechanical ventilation. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome is a medical emergency, requiring constant monitoring and support of vital functions, typically in an intensive care unit. […] If oral fluid intake is difficult, IV fluids are given as needed to maintain a urine volume of at least 1 to 1.5 L/day. […] Extremities should be protected from trauma and from the pressure of bed rest. […] Heat therapy helps relieve pain, making early physical therapy possible. […] Immobilization, which may cause ankylosis and contractures, should be avoided.

• #2 Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568815/

  16. Specific nursing liability risks in the acute and recovery phases of GBS include medication errors, inadequate monitoring of respiratory function resulting in respiratory arrest, inadequate assessment of risks such as cardiac dysrhythmias resulting in cardiac arrest, inadequate reporting of fluid and electrolyte imbalance, inadequate positioning and failure to perform ROM exercises resulting in contractures and development of decubiti, inadequate monitoring of IVs, and lines for parenteral nutrition, inadequate positioning and monitoring of feeding tube resulting in aspiration pneumonia, inadequate assessment and referrals for psychological problems including fear and anxiety resulting in psychological problems such as depression and inadequate monitoring of ambulation resulting in falls and possible fractures. […]

• #2 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital and Emergency Department Care, ICU Treatment

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-treatment

  Patients who are diagnosed with GBS should be admitted to a hospital for close monitoring until it has been determined that the course of the disease has reached a plateau or undergone reversal. […] Approximately one third of patients require admission to an ICU, primarily because of respiratory failure. […] Continued care also is needed to minimize problems related to immobility, neurogenic bowel and bladder, and pain. Early involvement of allied health staff is recommended. […] Good supportive care is critical in the treatment of patients with GBS. […] Close monitoring of heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmias allows early detection of life-threatening situations. […] Enteral or parenteral feedings are required for patients on mechanical ventilation to ensure that adequate caloric needs are met when the metabolic demand is high.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome

  Guillain-Barr syndrome is potentially life-threatening. GBS patients should be hospitalized so that they can be monitored closely. […] Supportive care includes monitoring of breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure. In cases where a person’s ability to breathe is impaired, he or she is usually put on a ventilator. All GBS patients should be monitored for complications, which can include abnormal heart beat, infections, blood clots, and high or low blood pressure. […] There is no known cure for GBS, but treatments can help improve symptoms of GBS and shorten its duration. […] Given the autoimmune nature of the disease, its acute phase is typically treated with immunotherapy, such as plasma exchange to remove antibodies from the blood or intravenous immunoglobulin. It is most often beneficial when initiated 7 to 14 days after symptoms appear. […] In cases where muscle weakness persists after the acute phase of the illness, patients may require rehabilitation services to strengthen their muscles and restore movement.

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/guillain-barre-syndrome

  The overall treatment is the same for all GBS variants. Since the disease can be fatal, optimal care is provided in a hospital setting with intensive care facilities. Excellent multidisciplinary care involving supportive care as well as specific therapy is needed to manage the disease. […] Immunotherapy has been shown to accelerate recovery in patients with GBS, particularly when initiated early after motor symptoms appear. However, it is unnecessary in mild cases where no motor symptoms are exhibited. There are two forms of immunotherapy indicated for specific therapy of GBS, plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG). […] Even though immunotherapy has almost halved the duration of mechanical ventilation, about 25% of all patients with GBS demonstrate respiratory failure requiring ICU admission and invasive mechanical ventilation.

• #2 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital and Emergency Department Care, ICU Treatment

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-treatment

  Plasma exchange carried out over a 10-day period may aid in removing autoantibodies, immune complexes, and cytotoxic constituents from serum and has been shown to decrease recovery time by 50%. […] Corticosteroids are ineffective as monotherapy. […] Pain medications may be required in inpatient and outpatient settings. […] Immune adsorption is an alternative treatment for Guillain-Barr syndrome that is still being investigated. […] Prophylaxis with gradient compression hose and subcutaneous LMWH may dramatically reduce the incidence of venous thromboembolism. […] Consultation with a neurologist can be helpful in the initial diagnosis, workup, and treatment of patients admitted to the medical floor with GBS. […] Although follow-up studies generally have assessed patients 6-12 months after onset of GBS, some studies have reported continued improvements in strength even beyond 2 years.

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/ddi/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  FVC and negative inspiratory pressures should be assessed every 4 to 6 hours while the patient is awake. Blood oxygen levels should be measured regularly via pulse oximetry, particularly at night. […] Intubation is necessary when the patients FVC drops below 12 to 15 mL/kg, or below 18 mL/kg in cases of severe oropharyngeal weakness. […] For patients with autonomic stability, antihypertensive and vasoactive medications may be used, but with extreme caution. Pain is usually treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but opioids may be administered as needed. […] Nutritional intake must be carefully monitored to avoid starvation due to an inability to swallow and increased caloric needs. Calorie-dense foods and enteral feedings are recommended as necessary. […] For patients who are not ambulatory, standard deep vein thrombosis prevention protocols should be followed. Typical protocols include sequential compression devices in combination with heparin to prevent thromboses.

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0201/p191.html

  Patients with GBS should do strengthening exercises during the acute phase, and rehabilitation should be considered to regain mobility and function as they improve. […] Specific treatments to hasten recovery and/or ameliorate symptoms target the aberrant immune response in GBS. […] Intravenous immune globulin therapy has been shown to hasten recovery in adults and children compared with supportive therapy alone. […] The initial response does not necessarily predict the outcome because patients may stabilize or continue to decline after the therapy. […] Corticosteroids are not recommended for the treatment of GBS. […] Even with treatment, about 3 percent of patients with GBS die. […] The prognosis is worse in older patients, those with severe symptoms, and those with rapid onset of symptoms.

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15838-guillain-barre-syndrome

  As you begin to improve, your healthcare team may transfer you to a rehabilitation setting. Here, youll work with physical therapists and other therapists to regain strength and resume activities of daily living. […] Physical therapy: This helps you improve how your body moves. A physical therapist will help you manage symptoms like pain, stiffness and discomfort. […] Occupational therapy: This type of therapy helps you improve your ability to do daily tasks. […] Speech therapy: If GBS affects the muscles in your mouth or throat, a speech-language pathologist can help you regain skills of swallowing and speaking. […] The recovery process for Guillain-Barr syndrome can be slow for some. […] Know that your healthcare team will be with you every bit of the way. Be sure to lean on loved ones for support, too.

• #2 After the Hospital, A Guide to Rehabilitation for GBS – GBS/CIDP Foundation International

  https://www.gbs-cidp.org/after-the-hospital-a-guide-to-rehabilitation-for-gbs/

  The rehabilitation process itself does not improve nerve regeneration. Rather, the major goal of rehabilitation is to assist the patient in optimal use of muscles as their nerve supply returns, and to adapt to a lifestyle within their functional limitations. […] Rehabilitation in many centers is accomplished by the coordinated efforts of several groups of professionals in a team approach. […] The physiatrist (pronounced: fiz-eye’-a-trist) (not to be confused with a psychiatrist) is a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation. A physiatrist usually coordinates and oversees the total rehabilitation program. […] During the rehabilitation process, certain issues are unique to GBS patients. Most rehabilitation patients are exercised to maximum ability, to fatigue. This should be avoided in GBS patients as exhaustion requires some time to resolve and will delay the rehabilitation process without benefitting the patient.

• #2 Guide | Physical Therapy Guide to Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Choose PT

  https://www.choosept.com/guide/physical-therapy-guide-guillain-barre-syndrome

  Your physical therapist will choose exercises to help restore your ability to do daily activities. They will teach you specific strengthening, stretching, balance, and pain-reduction exercises to do on your own. […] It is important for your family to understand your condition, for your benefit and theirs. Your physical therapist can educate them on how to best support you during your recovery. […] Early diagnosis and physical therapy can be extremely helpful to maximize your recovery. If you experience symptoms, such as progressive weakness or trouble swallowing and breathing, seek urgent medical care. […] All physical therapists are prepared through education and experience to treat people who have Guillain-Barr syndrome.

• #2 Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK568815/

  8. The nurse will need to carefully assess the patient for pain related to GBS related muscle changes. […] […] 9. The nurse will need to carefully assess and manage the GBS patient for potential psychological problems. […] […] 10. Management of GBS requires that the nurse participates in an interprofessional team dedicated to collaborative patient care delivery. […] […] 11. Expected patient outcomes include the following: […] […] 12. The nurse will need to carefully monitor the GBS patient for: […] […] 13. The care of the patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) requires collaboration by all members of the healthcare team. […] […] 14. Health education is critical throughout the course of GBS. […] […] 15. Specific nursing liability risks in the acute and recovery phases of GBS include medication errors, inadequate monitoring of respiratory function resulting in respiratory arrest, inadequate assessment of risks such as cardiac dysrhythmias resulting in cardiac arrest, inadequate reporting of fluid and electrolyte imbalance, inadequate positioning and failure to perform ROM exercises resulting in contractures and development of decubiti, inadequate monitoring of IVs, and lines for parenteral nutrition, inadequate positioning and monitoring of feeding tube resulting in aspiration pneumonia, inadequate assessment and referrals for psychological problems including fear and anxiety resulting in psychological problems such as depression and inadequate monitoring of ambulation resulting in falls and possible fractures. […] […] 16. Discharge planning for the GBS patient should begin at the point of hospital admission for the acute phase of GBS with an emphasis on providing continuing care for the patient in acute rehabilitation, long-term care, or home care settings.

• #2 After the Hospital, A Guide to Rehabilitation for GBS – GBS/CIDP Foundation International

  https://www.gbs-cidp.org/after-the-hospital-a-guide-to-rehabilitation-for-gbs/

  The progression of disability during the acute phase of Guillain-Barré Syndrome can vary from a few days to four weeks, and, infrequently, six weeks. […] When the patient has recovered from acute life-threatening complications such as breathing difficulty and infections, and muscle strength has stabilized and perhaps even begun to return, treatment in an acute care hospital is usually no longer required. However, many patients will still require rehabilitative care including intensive physical and occupational therapy. […] The decision as to the type and location for rehabilitation should be individualized to each patient’s particular needs, considering factors such as overall physical condition, strength, endurance, amount of return of use of arms and legs, and insurance. […] Regardless, transfer of a patient to a rehabilitation center should be considered as a positive next step in the patient’s recovery.

• #2 Understanding and Treating Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/neurology/diseases/guillain-barre-syndrome

  While most people recover from GBS, timelines and outcomes vary. Most people recover in weeks to months, even if they have a severe case. People who become paralyzed are usually able to walk six months later. […] Many people fully recover, but some have long-lasting weakness, numbness or fatigue. In rare cases, people need ongoing care, support and management for GBS. […] Banner Brain Spine is committed to providing quality care for people with complex neurological conditions like Guillain-Barr syndrome. Our specialists are experienced in managing GBS, so you receive the highest standard of care. […] From advanced diagnostic tools to treatment plans that may include IVIG therapy, plasmapheresis and rehabilitation, our goal is to support your recovery.

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Living With Paralysis

  https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Guillain Barr Syndrome affects both the motor nerves and sensory nerves of the body. […] Registered nurses will monitor your health status, provide medications as necessary and include rehabilitation strategies into your daily routine. […] During the acute phase of GBS, your healthcare needs will probably be provided in the intensive care unit. […] In the recovery phase, more intensive therapies will be provided to improve function and mobility. […] A Physiatrist, a medical doctor who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation, will direct the care and needs of your recovery. […] Physical Therapists will provide therapy and guidance in movement and strengthening to learn to turn yourself, balance, sit, and walk as your recovery progresses. […] Occupational Therapists provide therapy for activities of daily living (ADLs).

• #2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Ausmed

  https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/guillain-barre-syndrome

  The role of a nurse during rehabilitation is complementary to the rest of the interprofessional team and involves providing critical education to the patient and family, as well as support and reassurance during recovery. […] This education can encompass a variety of areas and will differ depending on the specific individual and their lifestyle. Often, the education will be provided to help ensure adherence to treatment recommendations made by the interprofessional team. […] The nursing care of patients with GBS should be varied and holistic, taking into account where the patient is at in their recovery. […] Key points of nursing care include: Watching for blood clots and DVT, Monitoring vital signs closely, Minimising falls risk, taking weakness and paralysis into consideration, Providing pain management appropriate to the individual – evidently, there will be a need to consider the types of analgesics used and their potential side effects, Helping the client control their body temperature, Completing regular, thorough observations and assessments (including respiratory assessments), Referring to other health professionals in the interprofessional team (e.g. physiotherapists to improve mobility), Educating patients, family members and carers.

• #2 Diagnosis and management of Guillain–Barré syndrome in ten steps | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-019-0250-9

  Respiratory function should be monitored in all patients as respiratory failure can occur without symptoms of dyspnoea. […] Clinical improvement is usually most extensive in the first year after disease onset and can continue for 5 years. […] Regular assessment is required to monitor disease progression and the occurrence of complications. […] First, routine measurement of respiratory function is advised, as not all patients with respiratory insufficiency will have clinical signs of dyspnoea. […] Adequate management of complications is best undertaken by a multidisciplinary team, which might include nurses, physiotherapists, rehabilitation specialists, occupational therapists, speech therapists and dietitians. […] Patients with GBS can experience a range of long-term residual problems, including incomplete recovery of motor and sensory function, as well as fatigue, pain and psychological distress.

• #2 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Life Expectancy and Long-term Outlook – AmeriPharma® Specialty Care

  https://ameripharmaspecialty.com/guillain-barre-syndrome/guillain-barre-syndrome-life-expectancy/

  Long-term outcomes vary, but Guillain-Barre syndrome’s life expectancy remains positive for many. Early intervention and appropriate treatment are crucial in enhancing recovery and overall quality of life. […] The severity of initial symptoms in Guillain-Barre syndrome directly affects life expectancy and the likelihood of full recovery. […] Those with Guillain-Barre syndrome also face emotional difficulties as they contemplate their life expectancy. […] Individuals are encouraged to seek psychological support as it helps them adapt and may contribute to improving the overall GBS life expectancy.

• #2 Nursing Care Plan For Guillain Barré Syndrome – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-guillain-barre-syndrome/

  This care plan places a strong emphasis on respiratory support, as GBS can lead to respiratory muscle weakness and the potential need for mechanical ventilation. Nurses closely monitor respiratory function, intervene promptly to prevent respiratory complications, and provide the necessary ventilatory support when required. […] Moreover, the nursing care plan addresses issues related to mobility, pain management, nutrition, and psychosocial support. By implementing strategies to promote mobility, manage pain effectively, provide nutritional support, and offer emotional care, nurses strive to enhance the patients overall recovery and quality of life. […] By conducting a thorough nursing assessment, nurses can identify the extent and severity of GBS symptoms, tailor interventions to the patients needs, and promptly address potential complications. Regular monitoring and ongoing communication with the healthcare team are essential to ensure comprehensive care for patients with GBS, fostering positive outcomes in their management of this neurological disorder.

• #3 Understanding and Treating Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/neurology/diseases/guillain-barre-syndrome

  Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare and serious neurological disease that affects the peripheral nerves, the nerves outside of your brain and spinal cord. With GBS, your immune system mistakenly attacks the nerves in your body. Its named after the doctors who first identified it. […] Its important to be treated for GBS right away. It cant be cured but treatment can make it less severe, shorten recovery time and reduce the risk of complications. […] Most people with GBS need to stay in the hospital for monitoring, pain control, nutrition and treatment for any breathing problems. Its common for people with GBS to stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). […] The main treatment options for GBS are: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy: With it, you receive high doses of immunoglobulin, a mixture of antibodies from healthy donors, over several days. IVIG therapy helps reduce the immune system’s attack on your nerves so you can recover.

• #3 Guillain-Barre syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20362793

  Guillain-Barre syndrome care at Mayo Clinic […] Guillain-Barre syndrome is a serious condition that requires immediate hospitalization because it can worsen quickly. The sooner treatment is started, the better the chance of a complete recovery.

• #3 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/ddi/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Nonpharmacologic management of Guillain-Barr syndrome is based on providing supportive care and close monitoring, especially of respiratory function, as respiratory failure is the most serious complication. Bulbar function, ability to handle secretions, heart rate, and blood pressure should also be carefully monitored as the syndrome progresses. Other nonpharmacologic approaches include repositioning to prevent bedsores, antithrombotic stockings to prevent venous thromboembolism, emotional support, cardiac monitoring to detect arrhythmias, and physical therapy when applicable. […] Patients presenting with rapid disease progression, facial weakness, severe limb weakness, bulbar weakness, dysautonomia, or respiratory insufficiency should be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). […] The following criteria (the 20-30-40 rule) can be used to determine when a patient should be transferred to the ICU due to an increased risk for respiratory failure: Forced vital capacity (FVC) is less than 20 mL/kg or declines 30% from baseline; Maximum inspiratory pressure is less than 30 cm H2O; and Maximum expiratory capacity is less than 40 cm H2O.

• #3 Key Elements of Guillain-Barré Syndrome – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Of course, you’re also carefully monitoring neurological status with frequent neuro assessments. […] Due to autonomic dysfunction, the patient will also be at risk for cardiovascular abnormalities including hypotension and hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, significant bradycardia and bradyarrhythmias, and even asystole. […] Just because the condition involves paralysis and sensory impairment does not mean the patient is not at risk for pain. […] Neuropathy and decreased mobility both put your patient with GBS at high risk for skin breakdown. […] Immunomodulatory therapy – Two types of immunomodulatory therapy are utilized in the treatment of GBS, and these are intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasma exchange. […] The preferred therapy is generally intravenous immunoglobulin which is better tolerated in most cases and easier to administer than plasma exchange.

• #3 Guillain barre syndrome | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/gguillain-barre-syndrome/33372097

  Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute, frequently severe, and fulminant polyradiculoneuropathy that is autoimmune in nature. Proper management focuses on supportive care, respiratory support, pain management, and potentially plasma exchange or IVIG treatment. […] Nursing Management Assessment: Acute onset (hours to weeks) of progressive, usually ascending muscle weakness and fasciculation, possibly leading to paralysis (maximal weakness is reached within 2 weeks). Paresthesia and painful sensations. Possible hypoventilation due to chest muscle weakness. […] Maintaining respiratory function incentive spirometry and chest physiotherapy Mechanical ventilation Close monitoring Suctioning […] Enhancing physical mobility paralyzed extremities are supported in functional positions, and passive range-of-motion exercises are performed at least twice daily Range-of-motion exercises, altering positioning, anticoagulation, thigh-high elastic compression stockings or sequential compression boots, and adequate hydration

• #3 Caring for Someone with GBS – GBS/CIDP Foundation International

  https://www.gbs-cidp.org/gbs/loved-one-or-friend-with-gbs/

  Be with the patient as much as possible. Losing control of oneself is a frightening experience, and a steady source of encouragement and support is very helpful for the patient. Bring your outside life in—work on a project of any kind in the hospital—knit, write, organize photos, pay bills, read out loud, blog, or bring in news and well wishes from other friends/relatives. […] Find a way to communicate. If the patient is on a ventilator, speaking is impossible. Not being able to communicate needs is frustrating. The Foundation has a set of “communication cards” designed by a GBS patient/doctor (contact the Foundation to order the cards). Other options may be available in the hospital. […] Listen. This situation is new and frightening to the patient. All feelings are okay. Anger, fear, and depression are all normal reactions to a sudden, debilitating disease. […] Bring ‘home’ to the hospital. Photos of loved ones or a favorite painting can provide a sense of belonging. Watching movies and listening to favorite music or books on tape can provide a welcome respite from the realities of living through the acute phase of GBS.

• #3 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital and Emergency Department Care, ICU Treatment

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-treatment

  Patients who are diagnosed with GBS should be admitted to a hospital for close monitoring until it has been determined that the course of the disease has reached a plateau or undergone reversal. […] Approximately one third of patients require admission to an ICU, primarily because of respiratory failure. […] Continued care also is needed to minimize problems related to immobility, neurogenic bowel and bladder, and pain. Early involvement of allied health staff is recommended. […] Good supportive care is critical in the treatment of patients with GBS. […] Close monitoring of heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmias allows early detection of life-threatening situations. […] Enteral or parenteral feedings are required for patients on mechanical ventilation to ensure that adequate caloric needs are met when the metabolic demand is high.

• #3 Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/guillain-barre-syndrome

  Pain remains an undertreated but important aspect of GBS. Furthermore, patients who are immobilized and require tracheal intubation are not able to effectively express the extent of pain experienced. A pain management regimen should therefore be considered in all patients presenting with GBS. […] About two-thirds of patients with GBS experience cardiovascular complications and need to be managed appropriately. These changes, attributable to autonomic neuropathy, include heart rhythm abnormalities, blood pressure variability (both hypo- and hypertension), myocardial involvement, acute coronary syndromes, and electrocardiographic changes.

• #3 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/ddi/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  FVC and negative inspiratory pressures should be assessed every 4 to 6 hours while the patient is awake. Blood oxygen levels should be measured regularly via pulse oximetry, particularly at night. […] Intubation is necessary when the patients FVC drops below 12 to 15 mL/kg, or below 18 mL/kg in cases of severe oropharyngeal weakness. […] For patients with autonomic stability, antihypertensive and vasoactive medications may be used, but with extreme caution. Pain is usually treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but opioids may be administered as needed. […] Nutritional intake must be carefully monitored to avoid starvation due to an inability to swallow and increased caloric needs. Calorie-dense foods and enteral feedings are recommended as necessary. […] For patients who are not ambulatory, standard deep vein thrombosis prevention protocols should be followed. Typical protocols include sequential compression devices in combination with heparin to prevent thromboses.

• #3 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/ddi/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Chest physiotherapy and suctioning should be done to decrease the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia. Attention to skin care and frequent repositioning is necessary to prevent skin breakdown, which is common among immobilized patients in the ICU. […] Two interventions commonly used to treat Guillain-Barr syndrome are infusion of IV immunoglobulins (IVIG), and therapeutic plasma exchange (plasmapheresis). […] In the United States, IVIG (0.4 g/kg/d for 5 days) is the preferred treatment for Guillain-Barr syndrome due to its ease of administration. […] Plasmapheresis (3 liters per session) is recommended for patients with moderate to severe weakness. This treatment may reduce the need mechanical ventilation in rapidly progressive cases and speed recovery if started within 7 days of the onset of symptoms.

• #3 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/ddi/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Both plasmapheresis and IVIG may reduce the time it takes to recover by as much as 50%, but there is no additional benefit from combining the 2 treatments. […] Treatment with corticosteroids is not recommended. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome complications vary according to disease severity. Respiratory failure affects up to 30% of patients, and 20% experience prolonged motor weakness 1 year later. […] In many cases, physical therapy and rehabilitation help recovery and minimize lingering effects of the disease. Emotional and psychological support boosts morale of patients and their families, which may aid in the recovery process.

• #3 Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/gbs/

  IVIG is generally used since it is safer and easier to perform. The usual dose is 0.4 grams/kg/day for five days. However, there may be a contraindication to IVIG among individual patients, so plasmapheresis could be preferable. […] Dysautonomia is more frequent in patients with severe weakness. It can occur in patients with different types of GBS including demyelination (i.e., Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy) or axonal disease (i.e., Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy). […] Some patients may have alternating episodes of sympathetic hyperactivity (e.g., hypertension and tachycardia) and parasympathetic hyperactivity (e.g., bradycardia). This may be very dangerous, as bradyasystole is a potential cause of death in Guillain-Barre Syndrome. […] Neuropathic pain is common and potentially debilitating. For neuropathic-type pain, gabapentin may be useful.

• #3 Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-disorders/guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome-gbs

  Passive full-range joint movement should be started immediately, and active exercises should be initiated when acute symptoms subside. […] Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) helps prevent deep venous thrombosis in bedbound patients. […] Given early, IVIG is the treatment of choice. […] Plasma exchange helps when done early; it is used if IVIG is ineffective. […] Intensive supportive care is key to recovery. […] Try IVIG first, then if it is ineffective, plasma exchange.

• #3 After the Hospital, A Guide to Rehabilitation for GBS – GBS/CIDP Foundation International

  https://www.gbs-cidp.org/after-the-hospital-a-guide-to-rehabilitation-for-gbs/

  The progression of disability during the acute phase of Guillain-Barré Syndrome can vary from a few days to four weeks, and, infrequently, six weeks. […] When the patient has recovered from acute life-threatening complications such as breathing difficulty and infections, and muscle strength has stabilized and perhaps even begun to return, treatment in an acute care hospital is usually no longer required. However, many patients will still require rehabilitative care including intensive physical and occupational therapy. […] The decision as to the type and location for rehabilitation should be individualized to each patient’s particular needs, considering factors such as overall physical condition, strength, endurance, amount of return of use of arms and legs, and insurance. […] Regardless, transfer of a patient to a rehabilitation center should be considered as a positive next step in the patient’s recovery.

• #3 Understanding and Treating Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/neurology/diseases/guillain-barre-syndrome

  Plasmapheresis (plasma exchange): Plasma exchange removes the harmful antibodies your body has created from the liquid part of the blood (plasma) and returns healthy plasma back to you. The exchange helps reduce the immune response causing nerve damage and can help make GBS shorter and less severe. […] After GBS is treated youll probably need rehabilitation to help in your recovery: Physical therapy can help you regain muscle strength and coordination. […] Occupational therapy can help you perform daily activities. […] Speech therapy can help treat trouble with communication and swallowing. […] Using a cane, walker, wheelchair or brace can help prevent falls and fatigue as you become more mobile. […] It can be challenging to cope during recovery. You may also want to seek mental health counseling or join a support group for people with GBS.

• #3 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Ausmed

  https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/guillain-barre-syndrome

  The role of a nurse during rehabilitation is complementary to the rest of the interprofessional team and involves providing critical education to the patient and family, as well as support and reassurance during recovery. […] This education can encompass a variety of areas and will differ depending on the specific individual and their lifestyle. Often, the education will be provided to help ensure adherence to treatment recommendations made by the interprofessional team. […] The nursing care of patients with GBS should be varied and holistic, taking into account where the patient is at in their recovery. […] Key points of nursing care include: Watching for blood clots and DVT, Monitoring vital signs closely, Minimising falls risk, taking weakness and paralysis into consideration, Providing pain management appropriate to the individual – evidently, there will be a need to consider the types of analgesics used and their potential side effects, Helping the client control their body temperature, Completing regular, thorough observations and assessments (including respiratory assessments), Referring to other health professionals in the interprofessional team (e.g. physiotherapists to improve mobility), Educating patients, family members and carers.

• #3 Discharge Instructions for Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-guillain-barre-syndrome

  You have been diagnosed with Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS), a condition that affects the nervous system. In people with GBS, the immune system attacks the nerves, often following an infection. But it can also arise out of the blue. This attack can cause weakness or even paralysis. GBS is a temporary illness. Many people return to normal and have no further problems. Others may have some permanent nerve damage. Heres what you can do to help yourself recover. […] Work closely with your healthcare provider and rehab (rehabilitation) team to ensure the best possible recovery. […] Talk with your healthcare provider about physical therapy and occupational therapy. These can help you get your strength back. […] Make a follow-up appointment with your healthcare provider as advised. Keep all recommended referrals and follow-up appointments. Rarely, GBS can sometimes get worse. […] Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following: Numbness or tingling in your legs, hands, or feet that gets worse […] Weakness that gets worse […] New nervous system symptoms, such as double vision, slurred speech, or trouble swallowing.

• #3

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=615359&Journal_ID=54014&Issue_ID=615352

  The care of a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome is challenging for the healthcare team. By incorporating both physical and psychological care in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome, the critical care nurse can adapt to the changing plan of care that accompanies this diagnosis. […] Because the disease normally starts with a motor weakness and ends with the patient requiring months or even years of rehabilitation, the patient should be prepared for this extended period of treatment. It is only by collaboration of the entire healthcare team that such tasks as diagnosis, treatment, therapy, and pharmaceutical interventions are performed in such a way to help the patient regain a previous level of independence.

• #3 Understanding and Treating Guillain-Barré Syndrome

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/neurology/diseases/guillain-barre-syndrome

  While most people recover from GBS, timelines and outcomes vary. Most people recover in weeks to months, even if they have a severe case. People who become paralyzed are usually able to walk six months later. […] Many people fully recover, but some have long-lasting weakness, numbness or fatigue. In rare cases, people need ongoing care, support and management for GBS. […] Banner Brain Spine is committed to providing quality care for people with complex neurological conditions like Guillain-Barr syndrome. Our specialists are experienced in managing GBS, so you receive the highest standard of care. […] From advanced diagnostic tools to treatment plans that may include IVIG therapy, plasmapheresis and rehabilitation, our goal is to support your recovery.

• #3 Nursing Care Plan For Guillain Barré Syndrome – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-guillain-barre-syndrome/

  By implementing these nursing interventions, nurses play a crucial role in promoting the well-being and positive outcomes of patients with Guillain-Barr Syndrome. Through their expertise and compassionate care, nurses support patients and their families throughout the treatment and recovery journey, optimizing the patients chances of rehabilitation and improved neurological function. […] In conclusion, the nursing care plan for GBS reflects the dedication of nurses to providing timely, comprehensive, and compassionate care to patients with this challenging neurological disorder. By actively monitoring patients, promptly recognizing changes in their condition, and implementing appropriate interventions, nurses play a critical role in managing GBS symptoms and preventing complications.

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