Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The Epidemiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Worldwide | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/6567540

  Most studies investigated populations in Europe and North America and reported similar annual incidence rates, i.e. between 0.84 and 1.91/100,000. […] A decrease in incidence over the time between the 1980s and 1990s was found. […] Up to 70% of cases of GBS were caused by antecedent infections. […] Our best estimate of the overall incidence of GBS was between 1.1/100,000/year and 1.8/100,000/year. […] The incidence of GBS increased with age after 50 years from 1.7/100,000/year to 3.3/100,000/year.

• #2 Population Incidence of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/50394

  Population incidence of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is required to assess changes in GBS epidemiology, but published estimates of GBS incidence vary greatly depending on case ascertainment, definitions, and sample size. […] We included studies from North America and Europe with at least 20 cases, and used population-based data, subject matter experts to confirm GBS diagnosis, and an accepted GBS case definition. […] GBS incidence increased by 20% for every 10-year increase in age; the risk of GBS was higher for males than females. […] Our findings provide a robust estimate of background GBS incidence in Western countries. […] Our regression model may be used in comparable populations to estimate the background age-specific rate of GBS incidence for future studies.

• #3 The epidemiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome worldwide. A systematic literature review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19088488/

  This systematic literature review of the epidemiology of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) identifies trends in incidence rates by age, study method and cause of disease. […] It is important to have a reliable estimate of incidence to determine and investigate any changes: no previous systematic reviews of GBS have been found. […] Sixty-three papers were included in this review; these studies were prospective, retrospective reviews of medical records or retrospective database studies. […] Ten studies reported on the incidence in children (0-15 years old), and found the annual incidence to be between 0.34 and 1.34/100,000. […] Most studies investigated populations in Europe and North America and reported similar annual incidence rates, i.e. between 0.84 and 1.91/100,000. […] A decrease in incidence over the time between the 1980s and 1990s was found. […] Up to 70% of cases of GBS were caused by antecedent infections. […] Our best estimate of the overall incidence of GBS was between 1.1/100,000/year and 1.8/100,000/year. […] The incidence of GBS increased with age after 50 years from 1.7/100,000/year to 3.3/100,000/year.

• #4 Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-overview

  The annual US incidence of GBS is 1.2-3 per 100,000 inhabitants, making GBS the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis in the United States. […] In comparing age groups, the annual mean rate of hospitalizations in the United States related to GBS increases with age, being 1.5 cases per 100,000 population in persons aged less than 15 years and peaking at 8.6 cases per 100,000 population in persons aged 70-79 years. […] US military personnel are at slightly increased risk of GBS compared with the general population. An antecedent episode of infectious gastroenteritis was a significant risk factor for the development of GBS among military personnel. […] GBS has been reported throughout the world. […] Most studies show annual incidence figures similar to those in the United States, without geographical clustering.

• #5 Global, regional, and national burden of Guillain–Barré syndrome and its underlying causes from 1990 to 2019 | Journal of Neuroinflammation | Full Text

  https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-021-02319-4

  This article presents the first detailed analysis of the prevalence and disability burden of GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) from 1990 to 2019 by cause, age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. […] In 2019, there were 150,095 total cases of GBS worldwide, which resulted in 44,407 YLDs. Globally, there was a 6.4% increase in the age-standardised prevalence of GBS per 100,000 population between 1990 and 2019. […] The age-standardised burden of GBS increased with increasing age and was higher in males in all age groups. […] Globally, the prevalence of GBS continues to increase. […] The global number of cases of GBS increased from 90,249 in 1990 to 150,095 in 2019. […] The national age-standardised point prevalence of GBS ranged from 0.8 to 6.4 cases per 100,000 population.

• #6 Global, regional, and national burden of Guillain–Barré syndrome and its underlying causes from 1990 to 2019 | Journal of Neuroinflammation | Full Text

  https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-021-02319-4

  This article presents the first detailed analysis of the prevalence and disability burden of GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) from 1990 to 2019 by cause, age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. […] In 2019, there were 150,095 total cases of GBS worldwide, which resulted in 44,407 YLDs. Globally, there was a 6.4% increase in the age-standardised prevalence of GBS per 100,000 population between 1990 and 2019. […] The age-standardised burden of GBS increased with increasing age and was higher in males in all age groups. […] Globally, the prevalence of GBS continues to increase. […] The global number of cases of GBS increased from 90,249 in 1990 to 150,095 in 2019. […] The national age-standardised point prevalence of GBS ranged from 0.8 to 6.4 cases per 100,000 population.

• #7 Global, regional, and national burden of Guillain–Barré syndrome and its underlying causes from 1990 to 2019 | Journal of Neuroinflammation | Full Text

  https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-021-02319-4

  The percentage change in the age-standardised point prevalence (per 100,000), from 1990 to 2019, differed substantially between countries. […] Between 1990 and 2019, GBS was associated with a worldwide increase in both absolute numbers and the age-standardised rate of YLDs, while also being consistently higher in males. […] The age-standardised prevalence rates of GBS in 2019 varied considerably by geographic region. […] The highest age-standardised prevalence rate of GBS was found in Japan. […] Strategies aimed at preventing infectious diseases and improving hygiene conditions may be effective in reducing the prevalence of GBS. […] Geographic differences in the burden of GBS should be considered in future health-related decision-making and planning processes.

• #8 Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-overview

  AMAN and AMSAN occur mainly in northern China, Japan, and Mexico, making up only 5-10% percent of GBS cases in the United States. […] AIDP accounts for up to 90% of cases in Europe, North America, and the developed world. […] Epidemiologic studies from Japan indicate that in this region, in comparison with North America and Europe, a greater percentage of GBS cases are associated with antecedent C jejuni infections and a lesser number are related to antecedent CMV infections. […] Similarly, it has been reported that 69% of GBS cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh, have clinical evidence of antecedent C jejuni infection.

• #9 Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-overview

  AMAN and AMSAN occur mainly in northern China, Japan, and Mexico, making up only 5-10% percent of GBS cases in the United States. […] AIDP accounts for up to 90% of cases in Europe, North America, and the developed world. […] Epidemiologic studies from Japan indicate that in this region, in comparison with North America and Europe, a greater percentage of GBS cases are associated with antecedent C jejuni infections and a lesser number are related to antecedent CMV infections. […] Similarly, it has been reported that 69% of GBS cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh, have clinical evidence of antecedent C jejuni infection.

• #10 The epidemiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2194431/

  Population-based studies of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) give crude average annual incidence rates varying from 0.4 to 1.7 per 100,000 population. […] The reported incidence is influenced by the diagnostic criteria adopted as well as the thoroughness of case-finding. […] Data from the Mayo Clinic based on National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke diagnostic criteria and thorough ascertainment methods gave a crude incidence of 1.7 per 100,000 per year (x 10(-5]. […] Incidence was higher in females (2.3 x 10(-5] than males (1.2 x 10(-5] as well as in older compared to younger people (3.2 x 10(-5) over age 60 and 0.8 x 10(-5) under age 18, respectively). […] Recent epidemiological studies of GBS suggest no clear secular trend. […] Incidence does fluctuate with time but not clearly with season. […] In virtually all studies „triggering” factors are implicated, but they appear to be diverse, making it less likely, from an epidemiological perspective, that a single antigen is of etiological importance in GBS.

• #11 Guillain-Barré Syndrome | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/ddi/guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Guillain-Barr syndrome also is slightly more likely in men than in women. The annual incidence of Guillain-Barr syndrome is 0.6 to 1.9 cases per 100,000 people, which makes it the most common cause of acute generalized paralysis. The incidence increases with age; rates are highest in older adults, with an additional small peak in older adolescents and young adults. […] Some researchers have found that the incidence of Guillain-Barr syndrome is similar around the world, while others have reported lower rates in Japan and China. Cases appear to increase with the rise of worldwide infectious diseases, such as the Zika virus and COVID-19, and can vary seasonally, with increases in upper respiratory tract infections in the winter and gastrointestinal tract infections in the summer.

• #12 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiologic features of Guillain-Barré syndrome in São Paulo, Brazil Epidemiologic features of Guillain-Barré syndrome in São Paulo, Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/wpf7L7F8kmKCDQ7qYKbHqHb/?lang=en

  The annual mean coefficient of incidence of GBS was 0.4 per 100.000 persons considering both sexes and all ages of the population located at Santa Marcelina Hospital area (three million people). […] The mean annual frequency was 11.9 cases. […] The analysis of subgroups of ages showed a higher proportion of patients aged 15 to 60 years (66.2% of all cases), and a small proportion of patients with age below fifteen (18.9%) and above sixty (16.9%). […] We found a higher incidence of the illness in the months during Spring and Summer in Brazil, when sixty-two percent of the cases occurred. […] In conclusion, our study demonstrated incidence, sex distribution and trigger events of Guillain-Barr Syndrome similar to many other previous studies. However, our data differs from that of other epidemiological studies in that we did not observe the typical bimodal distribution in age, there was a slightly lower mortality than worldwide described and we have found a seasonal preponderance in hotter months.

• #13 Pediatric Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1180594-overview

  Estimates of the annual incidence of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) range from 0.5 to 1.5 cases per 100,000 population in individuals younger than 18 years. Only rarely does GBS occur in children younger than 2 years. There is a slight male predominance. No clear seasonal preponderance of GBS has been noted in the United States, although some seasonal variation is reported in neighboring Mexico and Central America. […] Risk of occurrence is similar throughout the world, in all climates, and among all races, except for reports of seasonal predilections noted in some countries for Campylobacter-related GBS in the summer and upper respiratory illness-related GBS in the winter. […] In a prospective pediatric study (n=78) from Mexico, AMAN seemed to exhibit a seasonal peak from July to September, unlike AIDP, which seemed to be more evenly distributed throughout the year.

• #14 Population Incidence of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/50394

  Population incidence of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is required to assess changes in GBS epidemiology, but published estimates of GBS incidence vary greatly depending on case ascertainment, definitions, and sample size. […] We included studies from North America and Europe with at least 20 cases, and used population-based data, subject matter experts to confirm GBS diagnosis, and an accepted GBS case definition. […] GBS incidence increased by 20% for every 10-year increase in age; the risk of GBS was higher for males than females. […] Our findings provide a robust estimate of background GBS incidence in Western countries. […] Our regression model may be used in comparable populations to estimate the background age-specific rate of GBS incidence for future studies.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/adbm/fulltext/2018/07000/epidemiology_and_clinical_features_of.87.aspx

  Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy. We compared clinical, laboratory characteristics, and disease course of GBS subtypes in a large group of Iranian patients in Isfahan. […] We collected data from patients who were admitted to Alzahra referral university Hospital, Isfahan, Iran with a diagnosis of GBS. In this population-based cross-sectional research, characteristic of 388 cases with GBS between 2010 and 2015 were studied. […] The frequency of GBS witnessed the highest frequency in spring with 113 cases (29.1%) and winter with 101 cases (26%). […] GBS occurs worldwide with an annual incidence of 0.341.34 cases per 0.16-4/100,000 persons aged 18 years or less and 0.16 4/100,000/year in individuals of all ages. […] The incidence increases by approximately 20% with every 10-year increase in an age beyond the first decade of life.

• #16 The Epidemiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Worldwide | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/6567540

  Most studies investigated populations in Europe and North America and reported similar annual incidence rates, i.e. between 0.84 and 1.91/100,000. […] A decrease in incidence over the time between the 1980s and 1990s was found. […] Up to 70% of cases of GBS were caused by antecedent infections. […] Our best estimate of the overall incidence of GBS was between 1.1/100,000/year and 1.8/100,000/year. […] The incidence of GBS increased with age after 50 years from 1.7/100,000/year to 3.3/100,000/year.

• #17 Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-overview

  The annual US incidence of GBS is 1.2-3 per 100,000 inhabitants, making GBS the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis in the United States. […] In comparing age groups, the annual mean rate of hospitalizations in the United States related to GBS increases with age, being 1.5 cases per 100,000 population in persons aged less than 15 years and peaking at 8.6 cases per 100,000 population in persons aged 70-79 years. […] US military personnel are at slightly increased risk of GBS compared with the general population. An antecedent episode of infectious gastroenteritis was a significant risk factor for the development of GBS among military personnel. […] GBS has been reported throughout the world. […] Most studies show annual incidence figures similar to those in the United States, without geographical clustering.

• #18 The epidemiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome worldwide. A systematic literature review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19088488/

  This systematic literature review of the epidemiology of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) identifies trends in incidence rates by age, study method and cause of disease. […] It is important to have a reliable estimate of incidence to determine and investigate any changes: no previous systematic reviews of GBS have been found. […] Sixty-three papers were included in this review; these studies were prospective, retrospective reviews of medical records or retrospective database studies. […] Ten studies reported on the incidence in children (0-15 years old), and found the annual incidence to be between 0.34 and 1.34/100,000. […] Most studies investigated populations in Europe and North America and reported similar annual incidence rates, i.e. between 0.84 and 1.91/100,000. […] A decrease in incidence over the time between the 1980s and 1990s was found. […] Up to 70% of cases of GBS were caused by antecedent infections. […] Our best estimate of the overall incidence of GBS was between 1.1/100,000/year and 1.8/100,000/year. […] The incidence of GBS increased with age after 50 years from 1.7/100,000/year to 3.3/100,000/year.

• #19 The Epidemiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Worldwide | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/6567540

  This systematic literature review of the epidemiology of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) identifies trends in incidence rates by age, study method and cause of disease. It is important to have a reliable estimate of incidence to determine and investigate any changes: no previous systematic reviews of GBS have been found. […] After critical assessment of the reliability of the reported data, incidence rates were extracted from all relevant papers published between 1980 and 2008, identified through searches of Medline, Embase and Science Direct. […] Sixty-three papers were included in this review; these studies were prospective, retrospective reviews of medical records or retrospective database studies. […] Ten studies reported on the incidence in children (0-15 years old), and found the annual incidence to be between 0.34 and 1.34/100,000.

• #20 Pediatric Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1180594-overview

  Estimates of the annual incidence of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) range from 0.5 to 1.5 cases per 100,000 population in individuals younger than 18 years. Only rarely does GBS occur in children younger than 2 years. There is a slight male predominance. No clear seasonal preponderance of GBS has been noted in the United States, although some seasonal variation is reported in neighboring Mexico and Central America. […] Risk of occurrence is similar throughout the world, in all climates, and among all races, except for reports of seasonal predilections noted in some countries for Campylobacter-related GBS in the summer and upper respiratory illness-related GBS in the winter. […] In a prospective pediatric study (n=78) from Mexico, AMAN seemed to exhibit a seasonal peak from July to September, unlike AIDP, which seemed to be more evenly distributed throughout the year.

• #21 Guillain-Barré syndrome epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Guillain-Barr%C3%A9_syndrome_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Incidence vary from 0.4 to 4.0 cases per population of 100 000. […] In previous studies, Guillain-Barre syndrome mortality rate was 2.58%. […] It can happen in any age group but its more common in late adolescence. […] The reason behind this is that immune suppressor mechanisms will decrease with age. […] It was demonstrated in one study that the incidence rate for whites were 0.44 and for blacks were 0.28 per 100,000, but it seems that despite all of these, the incidence is similar across different races. […] It is more common among males compared to females. Male to female ratio 1.5:1.

• #22 Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/guillain-barre-syndrome-pro

  About 75% of patients have a history of preceding viral or bacterial infection, usually of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Several infections have been linked to GBS, including Campylobacter jejuni, Epstein Barr virus, hepatitis E virus, influenza, cytomegalovirus, mycoplasma, human immunodeficiency virus, and Zika virus. […] The crude incidence of typical Guillain-Barr syndrome in North America and Europe is 0.8-1.9 per 100,000 person-years. […] The incidence increases by 20% for every 10-year increase in age. […] There is an increased incidence in males compared to females. […] Peak ages are 15-35 years and 50-75 years.

• #23 Guillain–Barré syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome

  In Western countries, the number of new episodes per year has been estimated to be between 0.89 and 1.89 cases per 100,000 people. […] Men are more likely to develop GuillainBarr syndrome than women; the relative risk for men is 1.78 compared to women. […] The distribution of subtypes varies between countries. In Europe and the United States, 6080% of people with GuillainBarr syndrome have the demyelinating subtype (AIDP), and AMAN affects only a small number (67%). In Asia and Central and South America, that proportion is significantly higher (3065%). This may be related to the exposure to different kinds of infection, but also the genetic characteristics of that population.

• #24 Pediatric Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1180594-overview

  An Indian case-control study reported that 27.7% of childhood GBS cases were associated with C jejuni infection. […] A study in Iran showed that 47% of pediatric GBS cases had evidence of recent C jejuni infection. […] Since the disappearance of polio in 2000 in Bangladesh, a high incidence of acute flaccid weakness in Bangladeshi children (3.25 cases per 100,000) is still present but is now related mostly to GBS. Frequent exposure to enteric pathogens at an early age may increase this incidence of GBS. […] Males appear to be at greater risk for GBS than females. This increased predilection for GBS has also been reported as a male-to-female ratio of 1.2:1 in a review of children with GBS. […] In a prospective study of 78 children from Mexico, acute inflammatory demyelinative polyneuropathy (AIDP) was 3 times more common in male patients than in female patients, while acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) was slightly more common in males than in females. […] Individuals older than 40 years have a steadily increasing risk, peaking at age 70-80 years, compared with younger individuals. Children are at lower risk than adults, with incidence ranging from 0.5-1.5 cases per 100,000 children.

• #25 Pediatric Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1180594-overview

  An Indian case-control study reported that 27.7% of childhood GBS cases were associated with C jejuni infection. […] A study in Iran showed that 47% of pediatric GBS cases had evidence of recent C jejuni infection. […] Since the disappearance of polio in 2000 in Bangladesh, a high incidence of acute flaccid weakness in Bangladeshi children (3.25 cases per 100,000) is still present but is now related mostly to GBS. Frequent exposure to enteric pathogens at an early age may increase this incidence of GBS. […] Males appear to be at greater risk for GBS than females. This increased predilection for GBS has also been reported as a male-to-female ratio of 1.2:1 in a review of children with GBS. […] In a prospective study of 78 children from Mexico, acute inflammatory demyelinative polyneuropathy (AIDP) was 3 times more common in male patients than in female patients, while acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) was slightly more common in males than in females. […] Individuals older than 40 years have a steadily increasing risk, peaking at age 70-80 years, compared with younger individuals. Children are at lower risk than adults, with incidence ranging from 0.5-1.5 cases per 100,000 children.

• #26 The epidemiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2194431/

  Population-based studies of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) give crude average annual incidence rates varying from 0.4 to 1.7 per 100,000 population. […] The reported incidence is influenced by the diagnostic criteria adopted as well as the thoroughness of case-finding. […] Data from the Mayo Clinic based on National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke diagnostic criteria and thorough ascertainment methods gave a crude incidence of 1.7 per 100,000 per year (x 10(-5]. […] Incidence was higher in females (2.3 x 10(-5] than males (1.2 x 10(-5] as well as in older compared to younger people (3.2 x 10(-5) over age 60 and 0.8 x 10(-5) under age 18, respectively). […] Recent epidemiological studies of GBS suggest no clear secular trend. […] Incidence does fluctuate with time but not clearly with season. […] In virtually all studies „triggering” factors are implicated, but they appear to be diverse, making it less likely, from an epidemiological perspective, that a single antigen is of etiological importance in GBS.

• #27 The Epidemiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Worldwide | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/6567540

  Most studies investigated populations in Europe and North America and reported similar annual incidence rates, i.e. between 0.84 and 1.91/100,000. […] A decrease in incidence over the time between the 1980s and 1990s was found. […] Up to 70% of cases of GBS were caused by antecedent infections. […] Our best estimate of the overall incidence of GBS was between 1.1/100,000/year and 1.8/100,000/year. […] The incidence of GBS increased with age after 50 years from 1.7/100,000/year to 3.3/100,000/year.

• #28 Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/guillain-barre-syndrome-pro

  About 75% of patients have a history of preceding viral or bacterial infection, usually of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Several infections have been linked to GBS, including Campylobacter jejuni, Epstein Barr virus, hepatitis E virus, influenza, cytomegalovirus, mycoplasma, human immunodeficiency virus, and Zika virus. […] The crude incidence of typical Guillain-Barr syndrome in North America and Europe is 0.8-1.9 per 100,000 person-years. […] The incidence increases by 20% for every 10-year increase in age. […] There is an increased incidence in males compared to females. […] Peak ages are 15-35 years and 50-75 years.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON477

  Fifty-six percent of the cases (130 cases) were reported between epidemiological weeks 23 (10 June 2023) and 28 (15 July 2023). […] As of 15 July 2023, 100 cases have been confirmed to be compatible with GBS, including four deaths (Case Fatality Rate (CFR) 1.7%). […] The age group most affected were adults 30 years (158 cases) while children under 17 years of age accounted for 19% of the cases (44 cases). […] More than half of the reported cases (133; 57.6%) were males. […] Campylobacter jejuni infection is the most frequently identified precipitant and usually is associated with the acute motor axonal neuropathy form of GBS. […] In 2019, Peru reported an unprecedented outbreak of GBS that affected several regions of the country, with almost 700 reported cases (incidence: 1.2/100,000 inhabitants).

• #30 Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-overview

  AMAN and AMSAN occur mainly in northern China, Japan, and Mexico, making up only 5-10% percent of GBS cases in the United States. […] AIDP accounts for up to 90% of cases in Europe, North America, and the developed world. […] Epidemiologic studies from Japan indicate that in this region, in comparison with North America and Europe, a greater percentage of GBS cases are associated with antecedent C jejuni infections and a lesser number are related to antecedent CMV infections. […] Similarly, it has been reported that 69% of GBS cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh, have clinical evidence of antecedent C jejuni infection.

• #31 Pediatric Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1180594-overview

  An Indian case-control study reported that 27.7% of childhood GBS cases were associated with C jejuni infection. […] A study in Iran showed that 47% of pediatric GBS cases had evidence of recent C jejuni infection. […] Since the disappearance of polio in 2000 in Bangladesh, a high incidence of acute flaccid weakness in Bangladeshi children (3.25 cases per 100,000) is still present but is now related mostly to GBS. Frequent exposure to enteric pathogens at an early age may increase this incidence of GBS. […] Males appear to be at greater risk for GBS than females. This increased predilection for GBS has also been reported as a male-to-female ratio of 1.2:1 in a review of children with GBS. […] In a prospective study of 78 children from Mexico, acute inflammatory demyelinative polyneuropathy (AIDP) was 3 times more common in male patients than in female patients, while acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) was slightly more common in males than in females. […] Individuals older than 40 years have a steadily increasing risk, peaking at age 70-80 years, compared with younger individuals. Children are at lower risk than adults, with incidence ranging from 0.5-1.5 cases per 100,000 children.

• #32 Pediatric Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1180594-overview

  An Indian case-control study reported that 27.7% of childhood GBS cases were associated with C jejuni infection. […] A study in Iran showed that 47% of pediatric GBS cases had evidence of recent C jejuni infection. […] Since the disappearance of polio in 2000 in Bangladesh, a high incidence of acute flaccid weakness in Bangladeshi children (3.25 cases per 100,000) is still present but is now related mostly to GBS. Frequent exposure to enteric pathogens at an early age may increase this incidence of GBS. […] Males appear to be at greater risk for GBS than females. This increased predilection for GBS has also been reported as a male-to-female ratio of 1.2:1 in a review of children with GBS. […] In a prospective study of 78 children from Mexico, acute inflammatory demyelinative polyneuropathy (AIDP) was 3 times more common in male patients than in female patients, while acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) was slightly more common in males than in females. […] Individuals older than 40 years have a steadily increasing risk, peaking at age 70-80 years, compared with younger individuals. Children are at lower risk than adults, with incidence ranging from 0.5-1.5 cases per 100,000 children.

• #33 Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/gbs/

  Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) refers to a group of acute, autoimmune polyneuropathies. […] Epidemiology: The most common cause of GBS in North America and Europe (~90% of patients). […] Epidemiology: Second most common cause in North America and Europe (10% of patients). More common in Asia, South America, and Central America. […] Epidemiology: Least common in North America and Europe, but more frequently seen in Asia and South America. […] Epidemiology: Accounts for 3% of cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] GBS is the most common cause of generalized neuromuscular paralysis. […] Specific risk factors include lymphoma, lupus, and HIV. […] A trigger of GBS often occurs 5 days to four weeks before the onset of neurologic symptoms. […] Infection is involved in up to 75% of cases, especially: Campylobacter jejuni, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Herpesviruses (CMV, EBV, VZV), Hepatitis E virus, Hepatitis A virus, HIV among all these etiologies, HIV is unique in that it will require ongoing treatment, Zika virus, Influenza A, COVID-19.

• #34 Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/gbs/

  Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) refers to a group of acute, autoimmune polyneuropathies. […] Epidemiology: The most common cause of GBS in North America and Europe (~90% of patients). […] Epidemiology: Second most common cause in North America and Europe (10% of patients). More common in Asia, South America, and Central America. […] Epidemiology: Least common in North America and Europe, but more frequently seen in Asia and South America. […] Epidemiology: Accounts for 3% of cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] GBS is the most common cause of generalized neuromuscular paralysis. […] Specific risk factors include lymphoma, lupus, and HIV. […] A trigger of GBS often occurs 5 days to four weeks before the onset of neurologic symptoms. […] Infection is involved in up to 75% of cases, especially: Campylobacter jejuni, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Herpesviruses (CMV, EBV, VZV), Hepatitis E virus, Hepatitis A virus, HIV among all these etiologies, HIV is unique in that it will require ongoing treatment, Zika virus, Influenza A, COVID-19.

• #35 Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/gbs/

  Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) refers to a group of acute, autoimmune polyneuropathies. […] Epidemiology: The most common cause of GBS in North America and Europe (~90% of patients). […] Epidemiology: Second most common cause in North America and Europe (10% of patients). More common in Asia, South America, and Central America. […] Epidemiology: Least common in North America and Europe, but more frequently seen in Asia and South America. […] Epidemiology: Accounts for 3% of cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] GBS is the most common cause of generalized neuromuscular paralysis. […] Specific risk factors include lymphoma, lupus, and HIV. […] A trigger of GBS often occurs 5 days to four weeks before the onset of neurologic symptoms. […] Infection is involved in up to 75% of cases, especially: Campylobacter jejuni, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Herpesviruses (CMV, EBV, VZV), Hepatitis E virus, Hepatitis A virus, HIV among all these etiologies, HIV is unique in that it will require ongoing treatment, Zika virus, Influenza A, COVID-19.

• #36 Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/gbs/

  Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) refers to a group of acute, autoimmune polyneuropathies. […] Epidemiology: The most common cause of GBS in North America and Europe (~90% of patients). […] Epidemiology: Second most common cause in North America and Europe (10% of patients). More common in Asia, South America, and Central America. […] Epidemiology: Least common in North America and Europe, but more frequently seen in Asia and South America. […] Epidemiology: Accounts for 3% of cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] GBS is the most common cause of generalized neuromuscular paralysis. […] Specific risk factors include lymphoma, lupus, and HIV. […] A trigger of GBS often occurs 5 days to four weeks before the onset of neurologic symptoms. […] Infection is involved in up to 75% of cases, especially: Campylobacter jejuni, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Herpesviruses (CMV, EBV, VZV), Hepatitis E virus, Hepatitis A virus, HIV among all these etiologies, HIV is unique in that it will require ongoing treatment, Zika virus, Influenza A, COVID-19.

• #37 Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/gbs/

  Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) refers to a group of acute, autoimmune polyneuropathies. […] Epidemiology: The most common cause of GBS in North America and Europe (~90% of patients). […] Epidemiology: Second most common cause in North America and Europe (10% of patients). More common in Asia, South America, and Central America. […] Epidemiology: Least common in North America and Europe, but more frequently seen in Asia and South America. […] Epidemiology: Accounts for 3% of cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] GBS is the most common cause of generalized neuromuscular paralysis. […] Specific risk factors include lymphoma, lupus, and HIV. […] A trigger of GBS often occurs 5 days to four weeks before the onset of neurologic symptoms. […] Infection is involved in up to 75% of cases, especially: Campylobacter jejuni, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Herpesviruses (CMV, EBV, VZV), Hepatitis E virus, Hepatitis A virus, HIV among all these etiologies, HIV is unique in that it will require ongoing treatment, Zika virus, Influenza A, COVID-19.

• #38 Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/gbs/

  Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) refers to a group of acute, autoimmune polyneuropathies. […] Epidemiology: The most common cause of GBS in North America and Europe (~90% of patients). […] Epidemiology: Second most common cause in North America and Europe (10% of patients). More common in Asia, South America, and Central America. […] Epidemiology: Least common in North America and Europe, but more frequently seen in Asia and South America. […] Epidemiology: Accounts for 3% of cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] GBS is the most common cause of generalized neuromuscular paralysis. […] Specific risk factors include lymphoma, lupus, and HIV. […] A trigger of GBS often occurs 5 days to four weeks before the onset of neurologic symptoms. […] Infection is involved in up to 75% of cases, especially: Campylobacter jejuni, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Herpesviruses (CMV, EBV, VZV), Hepatitis E virus, Hepatitis A virus, HIV among all these etiologies, HIV is unique in that it will require ongoing treatment, Zika virus, Influenza A, COVID-19.

• #39 Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/gbs/

  Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) refers to a group of acute, autoimmune polyneuropathies. […] Epidemiology: The most common cause of GBS in North America and Europe (~90% of patients). […] Epidemiology: Second most common cause in North America and Europe (10% of patients). More common in Asia, South America, and Central America. […] Epidemiology: Least common in North America and Europe, but more frequently seen in Asia and South America. […] Epidemiology: Accounts for 3% of cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] GBS is the most common cause of generalized neuromuscular paralysis. […] Specific risk factors include lymphoma, lupus, and HIV. […] A trigger of GBS often occurs 5 days to four weeks before the onset of neurologic symptoms. […] Infection is involved in up to 75% of cases, especially: Campylobacter jejuni, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Herpesviruses (CMV, EBV, VZV), Hepatitis E virus, Hepatitis A virus, HIV among all these etiologies, HIV is unique in that it will require ongoing treatment, Zika virus, Influenza A, COVID-19.

• #40 Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/315632-overview

  AMAN and AMSAN occur mainly in northern China, Japan, and Mexico, making up only 5-10% percent of GBS cases in the United States. […] AIDP accounts for up to 90% of cases in Europe, North America, and the developed world. […] Epidemiologic studies from Japan indicate that in this region, in comparison with North America and Europe, a greater percentage of GBS cases are associated with antecedent C jejuni infections and a lesser number are related to antecedent CMV infections. […] Similarly, it has been reported that 69% of GBS cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh, have clinical evidence of antecedent C jejuni infection.

• #41 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2021.17.2.257

  The proportion of patients with GBS enrolled in the MA program was 5.0%, which is higher than the proportion of the enrollees of the MA program among the general population (about 3%). […] About 72% of the incident GBS cases had a history of antecedent infection within 42 days before GBS was diagnosed, which suggests that infection is causally associated with GBS. […] The total cost was USD 16,428 per patient, with about 96% of this cost (USD 15,791) associated with hospitalization.

• #42 Predict the incidence of Guillain Barré Syndrome and arbovirus infection in Mexico, 2014–2019 | PLOS Global Public Health

  https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000137

  The Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), and Chikungunya (CHIKV) virus infections have been linked to Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS). […] The objective of this study was to predict the number of GBS cases in relation to the cumulative incidence of ZIKV / DENV / CHIKV in Mexico from 2014 to 2019. […] The results shows that the incidence of GBS in Mexico is positively correlated with DENV and ZIKV. […] The increase in the incidence of GBS cases in Mexico can be predicted by observing DENV and ZIKV cases through the epidemiological surveillance systems. […] In Mexico the hospital mortality rate for GBS has been documented at 10.5%. […] Since 2016, the Epidemiological Surveillance System for Acute Flaccid Paralysis, where the GBS is one of the diagnoses to study, was allowed to report cases in people older than 15 years due to the context of ZIKV, this change in epidemiological surveillance of GBS has been maintained up to date.

• #43 Predict the incidence of Guillain Barré Syndrome and arbovirus infection in Mexico, 2014–2019 | PLOS Global Public Health

  https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000137

  All AFP, DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV cases are mandatorily reported to the national ESS in our country. […] This study provides information about the association with GBS between DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV infection. […] A total of 1,698 cases of GBS were diagnosed during the studied period, during that time 168,979 DENV, 42,548 ZIKV, and 30,651 CHIKV cases were estimated. […] The GBS cases increased from 2014 to 2019 by 2.4 times, and the highest growth occurred from 2015 to 2016. […] Given that the three arboviruses are transmitted by the same vector and therefore circulate at the same time in Mexico, a correlation analysis was performed for these diseases and GBS: the results showed a positive correlation for CHIKV with DENV, DENV with ZIKV, DENV with GBS and ZIKV with GBS, and a negative correlation for CHIKV with GBS. […] Our results in this study indicate a positive relationship between ZIKV and DENV with GBS; thus, in the face of abrupt increases in these diseases, it is recommended that incidences of GBS in Mexico be monitored and the health system be prepared to care for these cases.

• #44 Epidemiology of Guillain–Barré Syndrome in Aruba in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 94 Issue 6 (2016)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/94/6/article-p1380.xml

  The epidemiology of GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) in tropical areas is different compared with developed countries. […] We investigated the epidemiology of GBS on the Caribbean island of Aruba. Data were collected retrospectively from all 36 patients hospitalized with GBS between 2003 and 2011 in Aruba. […] The overall IR was 3.93/100,000, which is higher than that observed in developed countries. […] We also observed a relation between the annual number of dengue cases in Aruba and the number of GBS cases in the same year. […] We conclude that the epidemiology of GBS in tropical areas can be different from temperate climate regions and that dengue may be a trigger for developing GBS.

• #45 Guillain-Barré Syndrome Surveillance during National Influenza Vaccination Campaign, New York, USA, 2009 – Volume 19, Number 12—December 2013 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/12/13-0643_article

  The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) collected information about hospitalized patients with Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) during October 2009May 2010, statewide (excluding New York City), to examine a possible relationship with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination. […] In June 2009, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) engaged the 10 CDC-funded Emerging Infection Program (EIP) sites, including New York State (NYS), to rapidly collect and report information about hospitalized persons with GBS during October 1, 2009May 31, 2010, to examine a possible relationship with A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccines. […] Results of the overall national EIP GBS surveillance system during the A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination campaign, which includes NYS data from hospital discharge data and the physician-based reporting system, have been described.

• #46 Guillain-Barré Syndrome Surveillance | Yale School of Public Health

  https://ysph.yale.edu/emerging-infections-program/projects/completed/guillain-barre-syndrome-gbs/

  Beginning in October 2009, the Emerging Infections Program (EIP) conducted active surveillance statewide for all cases of Guillain-Barr Syndrome (GBS). GBS surveillance was a collaborative effort between the Connecticut EIP, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Connecticut hospitals, and local neurologists. Similar surveillance was also carried out in the 9 other EIP sites across the country. […] To facilitate GBS surveillance, the Commissioner of Health of the Connecticut Department of Public Health has added Guillain-Barr syndrome to the list of mandated reportable diseases and findings. […] Rapidly detect potential cases of Guillain-Barr Syndrome. […] Determine whether vaccination with the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine is associated with increased risk of developing Guillain-Barr Syndrome.

• #47 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2022.0237

  The vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) is managed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration, and is the national passive surveillance system in the USA for reporting vaccine-related adverse events. […] In 2021, 815 individuals used the VAERS platform to file a report of GBS/V following COVID-19 vaccination. The diagnosis was confirmed by a physician (as opposed to patient presumption) in 316 (39%) reports. […] The reports of GBS/V to VAERS in 2021 had some striking differences relative to typical GBS/V cohorts. In most cases of GBS/V that follow immune stimulation, there is a 1- or 2-week latency, and a time interval of 36 days is typical following diarrhea. […] During 2021, 815 reports of GBS/V following COVID-19 vaccination were filed to VAERS. A significant proportion of reports described the onset of symptoms occurring outside the expected time period for an event provoked by an immune trigger.

• #48 Do Vaccines Cause Guillain-Barré Syndrome? – Institute for Vaccine Safety

  https://www.vaccinesafety.edu/do-vaccines-cause-guillain-barre-syndrome/

  Influenza vaccines reduce the risk of influenza infection, which causes Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS). Thus, influenza vaccines prevent GBS by protecting against natural influenza infection. However, influenza vaccines can very rarely cause GBS within 6 weeks of vaccination in adults, at an estimated rate of 1-3 cases per million vaccinations. […] The incidence of GBS due to all causes has been estimated as 0.44.0 cases per 100,000 person-years. […] Adults who received the 1976-77 swine flu vaccine were 9.5 (95% confidence interval: 8.2-10.3) times more likely to develop GBS compared to those who did not receive the vaccine. […] Since the 1976-77 influenza season, safety surveillance has monitored GBS after influenza vaccination closely. […] A meta-analysis of 6 active surveillance systems in the U.S. in the 2009-10 influenza season showed a small statistically significant increased risk of GBS in the 42 days after pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccination (incident rate ratio 2.35; 95% CI 1.53-3.68).

• #49 Guillain-Barré Syndrome, 2009 – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.mn.gov/diseases/reportable/dcn/sum09/gb.html

  Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is an uncommon immune-mediated neurologic disorder causing limb weakness or numbness, ascending paralysis, and in severe cases respiratory failure and death. The estimated background rate of GBS is 1-2 cases per 100,000 people. […] In 2009, GBS was added to the Minnesota Rules Governing Communicable Diseases for a duration of 2 years. […] Enhanced surveillance was conducted October 1, 2009 through May 31, 2010. […] Epidemiologic studies showed a small, but significant, risk of GBS in adults vaccinated 6 to 8 weeks prior; the estimated risk was approximately 10 cases of GBS per 1 million vaccines. […] While the influenza A (H1N1) vaccine was anticipated to be as safe as the seasonal influenza vaccine, active post-licensure surveillance was initiated to rapidly identify all incident cases of GBS.

• #50

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome

  Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare condition in which a persons immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. […] People of all ages can be affected, but it is more common in adults and in males. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome is potentially life-threatening. […] GBS patients should be hospitalized so that they can be monitored closely. […] WHO is supporting countries to manage GBS by enhancing surveillance of causative agents such as campylobacter jejuni or Zika virus. […] providing guidelines for the assessment and management of GBS. […] supporting countries to implement guidelines and strengthen health systems to improve the management of GBS cases. […] defining the research agenda for GBS.

• #51

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome

  Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare condition in which a persons immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. […] People of all ages can be affected, but it is more common in adults and in males. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome is potentially life-threatening. […] GBS patients should be hospitalized so that they can be monitored closely. […] WHO is supporting countries to manage GBS by enhancing surveillance of causative agents such as campylobacter jejuni or Zika virus. […] providing guidelines for the assessment and management of GBS. […] supporting countries to implement guidelines and strengthen health systems to improve the management of GBS cases. […] defining the research agenda for GBS.

• #52

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome

  Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare condition in which a persons immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. […] People of all ages can be affected, but it is more common in adults and in males. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome is potentially life-threatening. […] GBS patients should be hospitalized so that they can be monitored closely. […] WHO is supporting countries to manage GBS by enhancing surveillance of causative agents such as campylobacter jejuni or Zika virus. […] providing guidelines for the assessment and management of GBS. […] supporting countries to implement guidelines and strengthen health systems to improve the management of GBS cases. […] defining the research agenda for GBS.

• #53

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome

  Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is a rare condition in which a persons immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. […] People of all ages can be affected, but it is more common in adults and in males. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome is potentially life-threatening. […] GBS patients should be hospitalized so that they can be monitored closely. […] WHO is supporting countries to manage GBS by enhancing surveillance of causative agents such as campylobacter jejuni or Zika virus. […] providing guidelines for the assessment and management of GBS. […] supporting countries to implement guidelines and strengthen health systems to improve the management of GBS cases. […] defining the research agenda for GBS.

• #54 Post-marketing active surveillance of Guillain Barré Syndrome following COVID-19 vaccination in persons aged ≥12 years in Italy: A multi-database self-controlled case series study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0290879

  As part of this surveillance, we conducted a SCCS study to evaluate the risk of GBS after vaccination with BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1-S and Ad26.COV2-S in the population aged 12 years or older, based on data from 27 December 2020 to 30 September 2021. […] This large SCCS study, covering about 16 million people, found evidence of an increased risk of GBS after administration of first and second dose of mRNA-1273 and first dose of ChAdOx1-S in the risk period of 0-42 days. We did not observe evidence of an increased risk of GBS following first and second dose of BNT162b nor after Ad26.COV2-S vaccination. […] Assuming a causal effect, the number of the estimated excess cases were low with 0.4 and 0.3 excess cases per 100,000 vaccinated for first and second dose of mRNA-1273 and 1.0 excess case per 100,000 vaccinated for the first dose of ChAdOx1-S.

• #55

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON477

  Fifty-six percent of the cases (130 cases) were reported between epidemiological weeks 23 (10 June 2023) and 28 (15 July 2023). […] As of 15 July 2023, 100 cases have been confirmed to be compatible with GBS, including four deaths (Case Fatality Rate (CFR) 1.7%). […] The age group most affected were adults 30 years (158 cases) while children under 17 years of age accounted for 19% of the cases (44 cases). […] More than half of the reported cases (133; 57.6%) were males. […] Campylobacter jejuni infection is the most frequently identified precipitant and usually is associated with the acute motor axonal neuropathy form of GBS. […] In 2019, Peru reported an unprecedented outbreak of GBS that affected several regions of the country, with almost 700 reported cases (incidence: 1.2/100,000 inhabitants).

• #56

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON477

  On 26 June 2023, the National Center for Epidemiology, Prevention, and Disease Control (CDC) of Peru issued an epidemiological alert due to an unusual increase in Guillain-Barr Syndrome (GBS) cases in different regions of the country. […] According to historical data (excluding the 2019 outbreak), the average monthly number of GBS cases registered is less than 20 suspected cases per month nationwide. However, between 10 June 15 July 2023, 130 suspected cases of GBS have been reported. Out of these cases, 44 have been confirmed. […] This increase in the number of observed cases is higher than expected. […] To date, the potential cause of the unexpected GBS incidence remains under investigation. […] Between epidemiological weeks 1 and 28 (until 15 July 2023), a total of 231 suspected GBS cases were reported in Peru as defined by the National Center for Epidemiology, Prevention, and Disease Control (CDC) Technical Health Standard for Epidemiological Surveillance and Laboratory Diagnosis for GBS in 20 of the country’s 24 departments.

• #57

  https://journals.lww.com/adbm/fulltext/2018/07000/epidemiology_and_clinical_features_of.87.aspx

  In our study, we have evaluated 388 patients: 62/1% of male (241 patients) and 37/9% female (147 patients) with mean age of 42/78 21/34 years. […] Most cases of GBS are sporadic, but in north China following campylobacter jejuni infection clustering of GBS occurred in summer. […] In our study, interestingly, we had clustering of patients in winter and autumn with AMSAN type of GBS (more than 20%) that could be related to the high frequency of URI during these seasons. […] The study demonstrated frequency, sex distribution, preceding infection, and surgery similar to other previous studies. However, our data differs from the study in Tehran that showed AIDP is more prevalence than other types.

• #58

  https://openarchive.ki.se/articles/thesis/Guillain-Barre_syndrome_in_Sweden_from_clinical_epidemiology_to_public-health_surveillance/26917723

  The study of annual incidences in SC and Sweden disclosed statistically significant higher rates in 1978 and 1983 for certain age-groups in both populations. […] PHS of GBS in Sweden is feasible for populations over 1.5 million and may be worthwhile. […] We propose a nation-wide GBS surveillance system based on notification by a sentinel network of neurologists in Sweden. […] From the results of this study, it is concluded that: 1) the quality of the register data of GBS diagnoses in Sweden is good for epidemiological research and surveillance; 2) the incidence of GBS in Sweden during the last two decades was in magnitude similar to those reported from other populations; 3) in general, rates were stable over the time with occasional significant variation, and no geographical clustering was found; 4) small epidemics of GBS in 1978 and 1983 might have been overlooked; 5) three clinicoepidemiological subgroups were identified; 6) PHS of GBS in Sweden is feasible and may be worthwhile if supported by a clinical network of neurologists; and 7) risk of GBS seems to be lower during pregnancy and increases after delivery.

• #59 Guillain–Barré syndrome in low-income and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00467-y

  The epidemiology, clinical characteristics, management and outcome of GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) differ between low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) and high-income countries (HIC). […] At present, limited data are available on GBS in LMIC and the true incidence of GBS in many LMIC remains unknown. […] Increased understanding of GBS in LMIC is needed because poor hygiene and high exposure to infections render populations in LMIC vulnerable to GBS outbreaks. […] Furthermore, insufficient diagnostic and health-care facilities in LMIC contribute to delayed diagnosis in patients with severe presentations of GBS. […] In addition, the lack of national clinical guidelines and absence of affordable, effective treatments contribute to worse outcomes and higher mortality in LMIC than HIC.

• #60 Guillain–Barré syndrome in low-income and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00467-y

  The epidemiology, clinical characteristics, management and outcome of GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) differ between low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) and high-income countries (HIC). […] At present, limited data are available on GBS in LMIC and the true incidence of GBS in many LMIC remains unknown. […] Increased understanding of GBS in LMIC is needed because poor hygiene and high exposure to infections render populations in LMIC vulnerable to GBS outbreaks. […] Furthermore, insufficient diagnostic and health-care facilities in LMIC contribute to delayed diagnosis in patients with severe presentations of GBS. […] In addition, the lack of national clinical guidelines and absence of affordable, effective treatments contribute to worse outcomes and higher mortality in LMIC than HIC.

• #61 Guillain–Barré syndrome in low-income and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00467-y

  The epidemiology, clinical characteristics, management and outcome of GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) differ between low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) and high-income countries (HIC). […] At present, limited data are available on GBS in LMIC and the true incidence of GBS in many LMIC remains unknown. […] Increased understanding of GBS in LMIC is needed because poor hygiene and high exposure to infections render populations in LMIC vulnerable to GBS outbreaks. […] Furthermore, insufficient diagnostic and health-care facilities in LMIC contribute to delayed diagnosis in patients with severe presentations of GBS. […] In addition, the lack of national clinical guidelines and absence of affordable, effective treatments contribute to worse outcomes and higher mortality in LMIC than HIC.

• #62 Guillain–Barré syndrome in low-income and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00467-y

  Systematic population-based surveillance studies, cohort and casecontrol studies are required to understand the incidence and risk factors for GBS. […] The considerable regional variation evident in the epidemiology, subtypes and management of GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) can be explained by geography, population demographics, environmental and economic factors. […] Poor hygiene and sanitation along with frequent exposure to pathogens render populations in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) prone to outbreaks of infectious diseases that can trigger GBS. […] High rates of adverse outcomes and mortality in LMIC can be explained by insufficient health-care infrastructure leading to diagnostic delays and lack of available and affordable treatment. […] Owing to differences in disease severity, clinical presentation and patient management between high-income countries (HIC) and LMIC, existing models to predict the outcome of GBS must be validated for LMIC. […] New and low-cost treatment strategies for GBS need to be developed along with improved access to integrative rehabilitation services in LMIC.

• #63 Guillain–Barré syndrome in low-income and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00467-y

  The epidemiology, clinical characteristics, management and outcome of GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) differ between low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) and high-income countries (HIC). […] At present, limited data are available on GBS in LMIC and the true incidence of GBS in many LMIC remains unknown. […] Increased understanding of GBS in LMIC is needed because poor hygiene and high exposure to infections render populations in LMIC vulnerable to GBS outbreaks. […] Furthermore, insufficient diagnostic and health-care facilities in LMIC contribute to delayed diagnosis in patients with severe presentations of GBS. […] In addition, the lack of national clinical guidelines and absence of affordable, effective treatments contribute to worse outcomes and higher mortality in LMIC than HIC.

• #64 Guillain–Barré syndrome in low-income and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00467-y

  The epidemiology, clinical characteristics, management and outcome of GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) differ between low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) and high-income countries (HIC). […] At present, limited data are available on GBS in LMIC and the true incidence of GBS in many LMIC remains unknown. […] Increased understanding of GBS in LMIC is needed because poor hygiene and high exposure to infections render populations in LMIC vulnerable to GBS outbreaks. […] Furthermore, insufficient diagnostic and health-care facilities in LMIC contribute to delayed diagnosis in patients with severe presentations of GBS. […] In addition, the lack of national clinical guidelines and absence of affordable, effective treatments contribute to worse outcomes and higher mortality in LMIC than HIC.

• #65 Pediatric Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1180594-overview

  An Indian case-control study reported that 27.7% of childhood GBS cases were associated with C jejuni infection. […] A study in Iran showed that 47% of pediatric GBS cases had evidence of recent C jejuni infection. […] Since the disappearance of polio in 2000 in Bangladesh, a high incidence of acute flaccid weakness in Bangladeshi children (3.25 cases per 100,000) is still present but is now related mostly to GBS. Frequent exposure to enteric pathogens at an early age may increase this incidence of GBS. […] Males appear to be at greater risk for GBS than females. This increased predilection for GBS has also been reported as a male-to-female ratio of 1.2:1 in a review of children with GBS. […] In a prospective study of 78 children from Mexico, acute inflammatory demyelinative polyneuropathy (AIDP) was 3 times more common in male patients than in female patients, while acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) was slightly more common in males than in females. […] Individuals older than 40 years have a steadily increasing risk, peaking at age 70-80 years, compared with younger individuals. Children are at lower risk than adults, with incidence ranging from 0.5-1.5 cases per 100,000 children.

• #66 The epidemiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome worldwide. A systematic literature review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19088488/

  This systematic literature review of the epidemiology of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) identifies trends in incidence rates by age, study method and cause of disease. […] It is important to have a reliable estimate of incidence to determine and investigate any changes: no previous systematic reviews of GBS have been found. […] Sixty-three papers were included in this review; these studies were prospective, retrospective reviews of medical records or retrospective database studies. […] Ten studies reported on the incidence in children (0-15 years old), and found the annual incidence to be between 0.34 and 1.34/100,000. […] Most studies investigated populations in Europe and North America and reported similar annual incidence rates, i.e. between 0.84 and 1.91/100,000. […] A decrease in incidence over the time between the 1980s and 1990s was found. […] Up to 70% of cases of GBS were caused by antecedent infections. […] Our best estimate of the overall incidence of GBS was between 1.1/100,000/year and 1.8/100,000/year. […] The incidence of GBS increased with age after 50 years from 1.7/100,000/year to 3.3/100,000/year.

• #67 The Epidemiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Worldwide | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/6567540

  Most studies investigated populations in Europe and North America and reported similar annual incidence rates, i.e. between 0.84 and 1.91/100,000. […] A decrease in incidence over the time between the 1980s and 1990s was found. […] Up to 70% of cases of GBS were caused by antecedent infections. […] Our best estimate of the overall incidence of GBS was between 1.1/100,000/year and 1.8/100,000/year. […] The incidence of GBS increased with age after 50 years from 1.7/100,000/year to 3.3/100,000/year.

• #68 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2021.17.2.257

  Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is rare, but its symptoms are severe and they occasionally lead to long-term disability. […] This study investigated the epidemiological and economic characteristics of GBS in South Korea. […] The incidence rate increased by 45.6% between 2010 and 2016, from 1.28 to 1.82 per 100,000 population. […] The incidence rate was highest in those aged 65 years to 74 years. […] Approximately 72% of the incident GBS cases had antecedent infection within 42 days before GBS was diagnosed. […] The economic burden from a societal perspective of treating GBS during the first year was USD 16,428. […] The increasing incidence trend and substantial economic burden of GBS strongly advocate the development of effective strategies for preventing and managing GBS. […] The population-adjusted incidence rate increased by 45.6% between 2010 and 2016, from 1.28 to 1.82 per 100,000, which is very similar to the increase of 45.2% in the total number of patients with GBS.

• #69 Global, regional, and national burden of Guillain–Barré syndrome and its underlying causes from 1990 to 2019 | Journal of Neuroinflammation | Full Text

  https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-021-02319-4

  This article presents the first detailed analysis of the prevalence and disability burden of GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) from 1990 to 2019 by cause, age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. […] In 2019, there were 150,095 total cases of GBS worldwide, which resulted in 44,407 YLDs. Globally, there was a 6.4% increase in the age-standardised prevalence of GBS per 100,000 population between 1990 and 2019. […] The age-standardised burden of GBS increased with increasing age and was higher in males in all age groups. […] Globally, the prevalence of GBS continues to increase. […] The global number of cases of GBS increased from 90,249 in 1990 to 150,095 in 2019. […] The national age-standardised point prevalence of GBS ranged from 0.8 to 6.4 cases per 100,000 population.

• #70 Deciphering changes in the incidence of the Guillain-Barré syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide time-series correlation study | BMJ Neurology Open

  https://neurologyopen.bmj.com/content/4/2/e000378

  A lower incidence of Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) and decreased number of diagnoses in respiratory and gastrointestinal infections during the COVID-19 pandemic have each been independently documented in the literature. […] The actual pandemic incidence of GBS was lower than both the prepandemic rates and the forecasted estimates in 2020. […] The incidence of GBS was significantly lower in 2020 than the forecasted estimates based on the prepandemic (20172019) incidence data. […] The incidence of common non-COVID-19 respiratory and gastrointestinal infections that were evaluated from sentinel surveillance data were significantly lower than expected during the pandemic era. […] The temporal association between GBS and sentinel surveillance pathogens, SARS-CoV-2 infection and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was determined using Pearson’s correlation analysis for data collected during the prepandemic (20172019) and pandemic (20202021) periods. […] No significant temporal association was found between SARS-CoV-2 infection and GBS from 2020 to 2021. However, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination showed strong positive temporal association with GBS trends in 2021.

• #71 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2021.17.2.257

  Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) is rare, but its symptoms are severe and they occasionally lead to long-term disability. […] This study investigated the epidemiological and economic characteristics of GBS in South Korea. […] The incidence rate increased by 45.6% between 2010 and 2016, from 1.28 to 1.82 per 100,000 population. […] The incidence rate was highest in those aged 65 years to 74 years. […] Approximately 72% of the incident GBS cases had antecedent infection within 42 days before GBS was diagnosed. […] The economic burden from a societal perspective of treating GBS during the first year was USD 16,428. […] The increasing incidence trend and substantial economic burden of GBS strongly advocate the development of effective strategies for preventing and managing GBS. […] The population-adjusted incidence rate increased by 45.6% between 2010 and 2016, from 1.28 to 1.82 per 100,000, which is very similar to the increase of 45.2% in the total number of patients with GBS.

• #72 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2021.17.2.257

  The proportion of patients with GBS enrolled in the MA program was 5.0%, which is higher than the proportion of the enrollees of the MA program among the general population (about 3%). […] About 72% of the incident GBS cases had a history of antecedent infection within 42 days before GBS was diagnosed, which suggests that infection is causally associated with GBS. […] The total cost was USD 16,428 per patient, with about 96% of this cost (USD 15,791) associated with hospitalization.

• #73 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2024-2034

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5969639/guillain-barre-syndrome-market-epidemiology?srsltid=AfmBOoopOgEpiQoM9ZeEI88iFOO85wEyDfG_fNYd-7OxS-PWb5E9iiOg

  The 7 major Guillain-Barre syndrome markets reached a value of US$ 429.5 Million in 2023. Looking forward, the publisher expects the 7MM to reach US$ 660.8 Million by 2034, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 4.90% during 2023-2034. […] The increasing prevalence of several respiratory and gastrointestinal infections is primarily driving the global Guillain-Barre syndrome market. In addition to this, the expanding geriatric population, who are more sensitive to infectious diseases due to their low immunity, is also bolstering the market growth. […] This report provides an exhaustive analysis of the Guillain-Barre syndrome market in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan. This includes treatment practices, in-market, and pipeline drugs, share of individual therapies, market performance across the seven major markets, market performance of key companies and their drugs, etc.

• #74 Guillain-Barre Syndrome Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2024-2034

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5969639/guillain-barre-syndrome-market-epidemiology?srsltid=AfmBOoopOgEpiQoM9ZeEI88iFOO85wEyDfG_fNYd-7OxS-PWb5E9iiOg

  The 7 major Guillain-Barre syndrome markets reached a value of US$ 429.5 Million in 2023. Looking forward, the publisher expects the 7MM to reach US$ 660.8 Million by 2034, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 4.90% during 2023-2034. […] The increasing prevalence of several respiratory and gastrointestinal infections is primarily driving the global Guillain-Barre syndrome market. In addition to this, the expanding geriatric population, who are more sensitive to infectious diseases due to their low immunity, is also bolstering the market growth. […] This report provides an exhaustive analysis of the Guillain-Barre syndrome market in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan. This includes treatment practices, in-market, and pipeline drugs, share of individual therapies, market performance across the seven major markets, market performance of key companies and their drugs, etc.

• #75 Guillain–Barré syndrome in low-income and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects | Nature Reviews Neurology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-021-00467-y

  Systematic population-based surveillance studies, cohort and casecontrol studies are required to understand the incidence and risk factors for GBS. […] The considerable regional variation evident in the epidemiology, subtypes and management of GuillainBarr syndrome (GBS) can be explained by geography, population demographics, environmental and economic factors. […] Poor hygiene and sanitation along with frequent exposure to pathogens render populations in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) prone to outbreaks of infectious diseases that can trigger GBS. […] High rates of adverse outcomes and mortality in LMIC can be explained by insufficient health-care infrastructure leading to diagnostic delays and lack of available and affordable treatment. […] Owing to differences in disease severity, clinical presentation and patient management between high-income countries (HIC) and LMIC, existing models to predict the outcome of GBS must be validated for LMIC. […] New and low-cost treatment strategies for GBS need to be developed along with improved access to integrative rehabilitation services in LMIC.

• #76 The Epidemiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Worldwide | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/6567540

  Most studies investigated populations in Europe and North America and reported similar annual incidence rates, i.e. between 0.84 and 1.91/100,000. […] A decrease in incidence over the time between the 1980s and 1990s was found. […] Up to 70% of cases of GBS were caused by antecedent infections. […] Our best estimate of the overall incidence of GBS was between 1.1/100,000/year and 1.8/100,000/year. […] The incidence of GBS increased with age after 50 years from 1.7/100,000/year to 3.3/100,000/year.

• #77 The Epidemiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Worldwide | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/6567540

  Most studies investigated populations in Europe and North America and reported similar annual incidence rates, i.e. between 0.84 and 1.91/100,000. […] A decrease in incidence over the time between the 1980s and 1990s was found. […] Up to 70% of cases of GBS were caused by antecedent infections. […] Our best estimate of the overall incidence of GBS was between 1.1/100,000/year and 1.8/100,000/year. […] The incidence of GBS increased with age after 50 years from 1.7/100,000/year to 3.3/100,000/year.

• #78 Guillain–Barré syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome

  In Western countries, the number of new episodes per year has been estimated to be between 0.89 and 1.89 cases per 100,000 people. […] Men are more likely to develop GuillainBarr syndrome than women; the relative risk for men is 1.78 compared to women. […] The distribution of subtypes varies between countries. In Europe and the United States, 6080% of people with GuillainBarr syndrome have the demyelinating subtype (AIDP), and AMAN affects only a small number (67%). In Asia and Central and South America, that proportion is significantly higher (3065%). This may be related to the exposure to different kinds of infection, but also the genetic characteristics of that population.

• #79 The Epidemiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Worldwide | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/6567540

  Most studies investigated populations in Europe and North America and reported similar annual incidence rates, i.e. between 0.84 and 1.91/100,000. […] A decrease in incidence over the time between the 1980s and 1990s was found. […] Up to 70% of cases of GBS were caused by antecedent infections. […] Our best estimate of the overall incidence of GBS was between 1.1/100,000/year and 1.8/100,000/year. […] The incidence of GBS increased with age after 50 years from 1.7/100,000/year to 3.3/100,000/year.

• #80 Guillain–Barré syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome

  In Western countries, the number of new episodes per year has been estimated to be between 0.89 and 1.89 cases per 100,000 people. […] Men are more likely to develop GuillainBarr syndrome than women; the relative risk for men is 1.78 compared to women. […] The distribution of subtypes varies between countries. In Europe and the United States, 6080% of people with GuillainBarr syndrome have the demyelinating subtype (AIDP), and AMAN affects only a small number (67%). In Asia and Central and South America, that proportion is significantly higher (3065%). This may be related to the exposure to different kinds of infection, but also the genetic characteristics of that population.

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