Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Brugada Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519568/

  Brugada syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening inherited disease that predisposes patients to fatal cardiac arrhythmias. […] Symptoms of Brugada syndrome range from the absence of any symptoms to sudden cardiac death. Sudden cardiac death typically occurs during sleep, possibly secondary to increased vagal tone. Approximately 80% of Brugada syndrome patients who develop ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation experience syncope. Palpitations and dizziness have also been described as possible symptoms. History of a febrile illness may be present as fever may precipitate symptoms and arrhythmias. 10 to 30% of Brugada syndrome patients will have an atrial arrhythmia, and supraventricular tachycardia is also more common in Brugada syndrome patients than the general population. However, 72% of those with Brugada syndrome will not show any symptoms, and 28% will not have a family history of sudden cardiac death.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16813-brugada-syndrome

  Brugada syndrome symptoms can happen at any age, but often start when you’re around 40 years old. Symptoms may include: […] Cardiac arrest. This may be the first symptom and the reason some people with Brugada syndrome die in their sleep. […] More than 70% of people with Brugada syndrome don’t have any symptoms. […] People with Brugada syndrome who have symptoms but aren’t receiving treatment have a high risk of sudden cardiac death. People without symptoms and with a normal EKG have a much lower risk of sudden cardiac death.

• #1 Brugada syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brugada-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20370489

  Brugada syndrome often doesn’t cause any noticeable symptoms. Many people with Brugada syndrome don’t know they have it. […] Signs and symptoms that may be associated with Brugada syndrome include: Dizziness, Fainting, Gasping and labored breathing, particularly at night, Irregular heartbeats or palpitations, Extremely fast and chaotic heartbeat, Seizures. […] A major sign of Brugada syndrome is an irregular result on an electrocardiogram (ECG), a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments – British Heart Foundation – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/brugada-syndrome

  Brugada syndrome is a rare condition that affects the electrical messages which control your heart rate. This causes an abnormal, very fast heart beat. It can be life-threatening for some, but treatment can control the risks and help you manage the condition. […] Many people with Brugada syndrome dont have any symptoms. But some people experience: feeling light headed or dizzy, fainting or blackouts, having fits, feeling breathless or shortness of breath, palpitations (a fluttering or pounding feeling in your chest or neck). […] Symptoms often show up in adulthood, but they can start at any age. Although you can have symptoms at any time, some triggers can be: dehydration, drinking lots of alcohol, having a fever or a high temperature. […] Brugada syndrome is a serious condition but its rare. Sometimes it can lead to a life-threatening abnormal heart rhythm. If its not treated quickly, it can lead to a cardiac arrest.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome: Progress in Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6434501/

  Brugada syndrome (BrS) represents an inherited disorder associated with risk of sudden cardiac death due to VF in patients without structural heart disease. […] Typical presentation of the syndrome is syncope or resuscitated sudden death, and symptoms usually occur at night or at rest especially after a large meal. Fever is a common trigger, particularly in children. […] The most typical presentation of BrS is syncope or resuscitated cardiac arrest in the third or fourth decade of life due to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) or VF. Symptoms typically occur at night or at rest during the day, and also uncommonly during exercise. […] Symptoms typically first develop during adulthood, commonly at 40 years, but they may occur also in children or older people. […] However, the clinical presentation of BrS has changed. In more recently diagnosed patients, there has been a decrease in resuscitated cardiac arrest as the first clinical presentation of the disease, thereby making inducibility and risk stratification crucial.

• #1 Brugada syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/brugada-syndrome/

  Brugada syndrome is a condition that causes a disruption of the heart’s normal rhythm. Specifically, this disorder can lead to irregular heartbeats in the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles), which is an abnormality called ventricular arrhythmia. If untreated, the irregular heartbeats can cause fainting (syncope), seizures, difficulty breathing, or sudden death. These complications typically occur when an affected person is resting or asleep. […] Brugada syndrome usually becomes apparent in adulthood, although it can develop any time throughout life. Signs and symptoms related to arrhythmias, including sudden death, can occur from early infancy to late adulthood. Sudden death typically occurs around age 40. This condition may explain some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), which is a major cause of death in babies younger than 1 year. SIDS is characterized by sudden and unexplained death, usually during sleep.

• #1 Brugada syndrome – Fraser Health AuthorityBrugada syndrome – Fraser Health Authority

  https://www.fraserhealth.ca/health-topics-a-to-z/heart-health/heart-disease/brugada-syndrome

  Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a heart rhythm disorder that causes abnormal beats in the bottom chambers of the heart (ventricles). If left undiagnosed, Brugada syndrome can cause fainting, irregular heartbeats and sudden death. […] Many people with Brugada syndrome do not show symptoms. However, some may experience: Fainting, Blackouts, Irregular heartbeat, Extremely fast and chaotic heartbeat, Unexplained nighttime urination. […] Symptoms typically first appear around 30-40 years of age and are more common in men than women.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome – SADS Foundation

  https://sads.org/sads-conditions/brugada-syndrome/

  Brugada Syndrome affects males more than females. It has an average age of onset of 40 years, although its been diagnosed in newborns and young children, and has been identified as a rare cause of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). […] The symptoms of Brugada Syndrome include fainting (syncope) and sudden cardiac arrest due to a fast and unstable rhythm (arrhythmia) in the ventricles of the heart that doesnt allow the heart to pump adequately. If the unstable rhythm stops by itself, then the symptom is fainting. If it doesnt stop, then a cardiac arrest or sudden death can occur. […] Other symptoms include seizures, unexplained nighttime urination, or strange breathing during sleep. Symptoms occur more commonly with a fever. […] The arrhythmia, as well as sudden death, commonly occurs during sleep. Many of those who have Brugada Syndrome dont have symptoms.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome: Progress in Diagnosis and Management | AER Journal

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/brugada-syndrome-progress-diagnosis-and-management?language_content_entity=en

  Brugada syndrome (BrS) represents an inherited disorder associated with risk of sudden cardiac death due to VF in patients without structural heart disease. […] Typical presentation of the syndrome is syncope or resuscitated sudden death, and symptoms usually occur at night or at rest especially after a large meal. Fever is a common trigger, particularly in children. […] The most typical presentation of BrS is syncope or resuscitated cardiac arrest in the third or fourth decade of life due to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) or VF. Symptoms typically occur at night or at rest during the day, and also uncommonly during exercise. […] Symptoms typically first develop during adulthood, commonly at 40 years, but they may occur also in children or older people. More than 80% of adult patients are men, but there is an equal male:female ratio in children. However, the clinical presentation of BrS has changed.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=134&contentid=217

  Symptoms that may occur with Brugada syndrome include: Palpitations, Fainting, Sudden death or cardiac arrest […] The most serious complication of Brugada syndrome is sudden death. This often occurs while the person is sleeping.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome

  https://healthlibrary.aultcare.com/SummerHeat/134,217

  Brugada syndrome is a genetic disorder that can cause a dangerous irregular heartbeat. When this happens, the lower chambers of your heart (ventricles) beat fast and irregularly. This prevents blood from circulating correctly in your body. This can be dangerous and may lead to fainting or even death, especially during sleep or rest. The disease has been called sudden, unexplained nocturnal death syndrome because people with it can often die in their sleep. […] Symptoms often start during adulthood. But the disorder can develop at any age. This includes infancy. The average age when the syndrome is first diagnosed is around 40 years old. […] Symptoms that may occur with Brugada syndrome include: Palpitations, Fainting, Sudden death or cardiac arrest. […] The most serious complication of Brugada syndrome is sudden death. This often occurs while the person is sleeping.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome: Progress in Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6434501/

  Unfortunately, for most patients the first symptom is cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death. Therefore, risk stratification of asymptomatic patients is of utmost importance. Identification and management of asymptomatic subjects at high risk of sudden death represent the major challenges in BrS. […] Syncope in combination with a spontaneous type 1 ECG pattern is a universally accepted risk factor because up to 62% of symptomatic BrS patients will experience a new event 4884 months after diagnosis, leading to sudden death.

• #1 Present Status of Brugada Syndrome

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2018/08/21/16/56/Present-Status-of-Brugada-Syndrome

  Brugada syndrome is a rare genetic entity thought responsible for 4-12% of all sudden deaths and is characterized by typical electrocardiographic (ECG) findings leading to ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death (SCD). […] Symptoms include syncope, seizures, nocturnal agonal breathing, or SCD. Lethal arrhythmias often occur during rest or sleep but may occur with fever. Symptoms occur most often in adulthood with apparent influence from sex-related hormones. […] Risk of SCD is higher in patients with syncope and spontaneous type 1 ECG pattern but intermediate in fever-induced type 1 ECG. An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) may be considered in asymptomatic patients with inducible ventricular arrhythmias.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/heart-and-vascular-center/diseases-and-conditions/brugada-syndrome?TRILIBIS_EMULATOR_UA=…%2C…%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn

  Brugada syndrome is an inherited disorder of the hearts electrical system that can result in an abnormal heart beat (arrhythmia). […] This defect can lead to episodes of abnormal electrical activity, which can cause a dangerous kind of arrhythmia in which the lower chambers (ventricles) beat so fast (ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation) that the heart cannot pump the blood it needs for the brain to work normally. Arrhythmia episodes can occur suddenly, leading to fainting, or sometimes to cardiac arrest and sudden death. […] Some people do not experience signs or symptoms during an arrhythmia episode, while others may experience any of the following: pounding or fluttering in the chest, shortness of breath, seizure, fainting spells (syncope), arrhythmias that occur during sleep (possibly leading to sudden cardiac death). […] If someone has a history of fainting and is found to have Brugada syndrome, the likelihood that this person will experience recurring episodes of fainting or sudden cardiac death is up to 40 percent during the next 2-3 years.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome – Melbourne Heart Rhythm

  https://www.melbourneheartrhythm.com.au/learn/conditions/52-brugada-syndrome

  Brugada Syndrome is a rare inherited cardiac arrhythmia syndrome that is characterized by a 'coved-shaped’ atypical right bundle branch pattern on a 12-lead ECG (Type-1 Brugada pattern ECG) and is associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. […] Many people who have Brugada Syndrome don’t have any symptoms, and so they’re unaware of their condition. For some, however, Brugada syndrome can cause dangerous irregular heart rhythms that can cause fainting or sudden cardiac arrest. […] Patients with Brugada Syndrome may present with syncope due to dangerous heart rhythms from the bottom chamber of the heart (Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia or Ventricular Fibrillation) or resuscitated sudden death in the third or fourth decade of life. Symptoms typically occur at night, or at rest during the day, and are due to polymorphic VT or ventricular fibrillation (VF).

• #1 BRUGADA SYNDROME: SYMPTOMS, RISK FACTORS, COMPLICATIONS, TREATMENT AND LATEST RESEARCH | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/brugada-syndrome-symptoms-risk-factors-complications-treatment-and-latest-research

  Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening genetic heart condition that can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, including the life-threatening arrhythmia known as ventricular fibrillation (v-fib). […] The presence of Brugada syndrome often goes unnoticed until a person experiences an arrhythmic event, making its diagnosis and management critical. […] In asymptomatic individuals with Brugada syndrome, life expectancy is typically normal as they are considered low-risk and do not experience arrhythmic events. However, the risk of sudden death due to arrhythmias increases in symptomatic individuals, particularly those who experience syncope or have a history of cardiac arrest. […] Many individuals with Brugada syndrome remain asymptomatic throughout their lives, only being diagnosed incidentally through family screening or routine ECGs. However, when symptoms do occur, they may include: Palpitations: A sensation of irregular or fast heartbeats. Dizziness or lightheadedness: Often a result of irregular heart rhythms. Syncope (fainting): Fainting episodes, which may occur suddenly, often without warning. Sudden cardiac arrest: This can occur most commonly during rest or sleep and is the most severe manifestation of Brugada syndrome.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/brugada-syndrome-ecg-library/

  Brugada Syndrome is a cardiac abnormality with a high incidence of sudden death in patients with structurally normal hearts. […] The mean age of sudden death is 41, with the age at diagnosis ranging from 2 days to 84 years. […] Undiagnosed, Brugada syndrome has been estimated to have a mortality of 10% per year. […] It may be appropriate for risk stratification on an outpatient basis with an electrophysiology study (EPS) to see if the patient has inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT) or fibrillation (VF) in the following settings: Asymptomatic patients with a type 1 ECG pattern. […] Pharmacological assessment has been suggested by some in Type 2 + 3 patterns, if Brugada syndrome is suspected clinically the administration of sodium channel blocking drugs may convert these non-diagnostic forms into the diagnostic type 1, however the sensitivity of this test is unknown and it would appear that this subgroup is at extremely low / no increased mortality when compared to the general population.

• #1 How Do You Know If You Have Brugada Syndrome? Symptoms

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/how_do_you_know_if_you_have_brugada_syndrome/article_em.htm

  If Brugada syndrome is untreated, the irregular heartbeats can cause fainting (syncope), seizures, and difficulty breathing, often when an affected person is resting or asleep. Sudden death is the most serious complication of Brugada syndrome. It usually happens unexpectedly, while a person is sleeping. […] Life expectancy for Brugada syndrome depends on early diagnosis and treatment. Brugada syndrome may be a major cause of sudden cardiac death in men under 40. People with Brugada syndrome on average die between the ages of 26 to 56 years, with an average age of 40 years. If treated appropriately, patients can have a normal lifespan.

• #1 Psychological profile of patients with Brugada syndrome and the impact of its diagnosis and management | npj Cardiovascular Health

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44325-024-00042-6

  Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an arrhythmic hereditary disorder affecting mainly males, aged 30-50 years. […] One out of six BrS patients could develop anxiety/depression after BrS diagnosis or after the implantation of a defibrillator. […] The diagnosis of BrS can be made by ECG findings of a type 1 BrS pattern and other clinical features, such as documented polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT)/Ventricular fibrillation (VF), arrhythmic syncope, or family history of BrS. […] In a single center study from Taiwan including 29 highly symptomatic BrS patients there were increased levels of anxiety and depression. […] In a recent Danish study, it was found that approximately one out of six (16%) BrS patients developed anxiety/depression after diagnosis. […] Moreover, when only symptomatic patients were considered at diagnosis (resuscitated arrest; occurrence of ventricular tachycardia; syncope), the incidence of new-onset depression/anxiety was higher.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments – British Heart Foundation – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/brugada-syndrome

  Many people with Brugada syndrome can live their normal lives and do everyday activities, like: driving, having sex, exercise or being physically active, getting pregnant and having children. […] But some people can experience symptoms that can affect their daily activities. Your doctor or specialist might advise you to avoid certain things that could increase your risk of developing a dangerously fast heart rhythm.

• #1 BrugadaDrugs.org | Safe drug use and the Brugada syndrome

  https://www.brugadadrugs.org/

  Worldwide, the Brugada syndrome has been recognized as an important cause of sudden cardiac death at a relatively young age. However, many or most patients with Brugada syndrome are asymptomatic and will also not experience malignant arrhythmias. […] The presence of this type-1 ECG in particular has been linked to an increased risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmias, cardiac arrest and sudden death in Brugada syndrome patients. […] It should be seriously considered to advise patients with Brugada syndrome to avoid drugs from the Red list (drugs to be avoided) because these drugs might result in arrhythmias, or to use these drugs only after extensive consideration and/or in controlled conditions. […] However, avoidance of (potential) proarrhythmic drugs and fever (a well known trigger of cardiac events in Brugada syndrome) is generally accepted to be an important part of (prophylactic) treatment.

• #1 Psychological profile of patients with Brugada syndrome and the impact of its diagnosis and management | npj Cardiovascular Health

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44325-024-00042-6

  The recognition of varying levels of psychological distress over time holds significance as it may impact cardiac outcomes differently among patient groups. […] Many patients with hereditary heart disease report levels of psychological distress that suggest the need for clinical intervention and report a reduced health-related quality of life compared to the general population. […] Psychological interventions can optimize patients treatment expectations, leading to improvements in mental quality of life. […] Targeted psychological interventions for patients and their families, such as counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and peer support groups, can play a crucial role in promoting the emotional well-being and psychological resilience of patients with this complex cardiac condition.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome | UCSF Cardiology

  https://ucsfhealthcardiology.ucsf.edu/brugada-syndrome

  Brugada syndrome is a genetic condition that causes abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Individuals with Brugada syndrome can experience syncope (fainting), ventricular tachycardia (fast heart rhythm), ventricular fibrillation (uncoordinated beating of the heart), cardiac arrest, or even sudden death. […] The severity of Brugada syndrome varies from person to person even between members of the same family. Some people may never experience symptoms. Others may have serious symptoms, including frequent syncope (fainting) or sudden cardiac death. […] The risk for cardiac arrest tends to be higher in males, in young adulthood, and when someone has had previous symptoms such as syncope, ventricular tachycardia or cardiac arrest. […] Individuals with Brugada syndrome can have an abnormal EKG at one time and normal EKGs at other times.

• #1 Brugada syndrome | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-we-treat/brugada-syndrome/

  People with Brugada syndrome do not always show symptoms so it can remain undiagnosed. […] If someone does have symptoms, they are likely to include fainting spells (syncope) or heart palpitations (flutters). […] Unfortunately, in some cases, Brugada syndrome may cause sudden death in undiagnosed individuals. […] It is therefore important that the condition is detected early so that doctors can identify and treat those patients who have a higher risk of developing dangerous heart rhythms. […] In individuals with cardiac symptoms or when the doctor thinks they have a higher risk of arrhythmia, treatment with a device called an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) may be recommended.

• #1 Brugada Syndrome – One Heart Cardiology

  https://oneheartcardiology.com.au/service/brugada-syndrome/

  Brugada syndrome signs and symptoms are similar to some other heart rhythm problems, so its essential that you see your doctor to find out if Brugada syndrome or another heart rhythm problem is causing your symptoms. […] Sudden fainting (syncope) is another complication of Brugada syndrome. If you have Brugada syndrome and you faint, seek emergency medical attention. […] Treatment of Brugada syndrome depends on the risk of an abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia). Those considered at high risk have: A family history of sudden cardiac death, A personal history of serious heart rhythm problems, A personal history of severe fainting spells. […] Because of the nature of the heart rhythm abnormality, medications cant treat Brugada syndrome only a medical device called an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator can.

• #1 Brugada syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brugada-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370494

  Brugada syndrome usually is diagnosed in adults and, sometimes, in adolescents. It’s rarely diagnosed in young children because the symptoms are often unnoticed. […] Some people have symptoms of Brugada syndrome but the results of their initial electrocardiograms (ECGs) and 24-hour Holter tests are within the standard range. These people may have additional ECGs that include medications given through an IV that can trigger an irregular heartbeat. […] Treatment for Brugada syndrome may include medication, catheter procedures or surgery to implant a device that controls the heartbeat. Brugada syndrome treatment depends on the risk of having a serious irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). […] If you have Brugada syndrome but no symptoms, you may not need specific treatment because the risk of a serious irregular heartbeat is likely low. However, a health care provider might recommend taking steps to reduce the risk of irregular heartbeats.

• #2 Brugada Syndrome: Progress in Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6434501/

  Brugada syndrome (BrS) represents an inherited disorder associated with risk of sudden cardiac death due to VF in patients without structural heart disease. […] Typical presentation of the syndrome is syncope or resuscitated sudden death, and symptoms usually occur at night or at rest especially after a large meal. Fever is a common trigger, particularly in children. […] The most typical presentation of BrS is syncope or resuscitated cardiac arrest in the third or fourth decade of life due to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) or VF. Symptoms typically occur at night or at rest during the day, and also uncommonly during exercise. […] Symptoms typically first develop during adulthood, commonly at 40 years, but they may occur also in children or older people. […] However, the clinical presentation of BrS has changed. In more recently diagnosed patients, there has been a decrease in resuscitated cardiac arrest as the first clinical presentation of the disease, thereby making inducibility and risk stratification crucial.

• #2 Brugada Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519568/

  Brugada syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening inherited disease that predisposes patients to fatal cardiac arrhythmias. […] Symptoms of Brugada syndrome range from the absence of any symptoms to sudden cardiac death. Sudden cardiac death typically occurs during sleep, possibly secondary to increased vagal tone. Approximately 80% of Brugada syndrome patients who develop ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation experience syncope. Palpitations and dizziness have also been described as possible symptoms. History of a febrile illness may be present as fever may precipitate symptoms and arrhythmias. 10 to 30% of Brugada syndrome patients will have an atrial arrhythmia, and supraventricular tachycardia is also more common in Brugada syndrome patients than the general population. However, 72% of those with Brugada syndrome will not show any symptoms, and 28% will not have a family history of sudden cardiac death.

• #2 Brugada Syndrome – Melbourne Heart Rhythm

  https://www.melbourneheartrhythm.com.au/learn/conditions/52-brugada-syndrome

  The most important sign is the presence of the diagnostic Type-1 Brugada pattern on an electrocardiogram, or ECG. […] It’s possible to have a Brugada pattern ECG without having Brugada Syndrome. However, signs and symptoms that could mean you may have Brugada Syndrome include: Fainting (syncope), Irregular heartbeats or palpitations, Stopped heartbeat (sudden cardiac arrest). […] The diagnosis of Brugada Syndrome can only be considered when a diagnostic Type-1 Brugada pattern ECG occurs spontaneously or following drug provocation. The diagnosis is further confirmed when the ECG pattern occurs in conjunction with one of the following: Documented Ventricular Fibrillation (VF), polymorphic VT, A family history of sudden cardiac death at <45 years, A diagnostic Type-1 Brugada pattern ECG in family members, Inducibility of VT during an electrical study, Syncope or nocturnal agonal respiration (attributed to self-terminating polymorphic VT or VF).

• #2 Brugada syndrome

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/brugada-syndrome/

  Brugada syndrome does not usually cause any symptoms. Sometimes it’s found when you have an electrocardiogram (ECG) for another reason. […] If you do get symptoms they can include: fainting or blackouts, feeling dizzy or lightheaded, heart palpitations, seizures or fits, shortness of breath. […] Symptoms usually start in adulthood, but it can happen at any age. […] Brugada syndrome can also cause a dangerously fast or irregular heartbeat. This can lead to a cardiac arrest, where your heart beats so fast that not enough blood gets to your brain, so you become unconscious and stop breathing.

• #2 Brugada Syndrome – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/heart-and-vascular-center/diseases-and-conditions/brugada-syndrome?TRILIBIS_EMULATOR_UA=…%2C…%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn%3Fcmp%3Dhrgn

  Brugada syndrome is an inherited disorder of the hearts electrical system that can result in an abnormal heart beat (arrhythmia). […] This defect can lead to episodes of abnormal electrical activity, which can cause a dangerous kind of arrhythmia in which the lower chambers (ventricles) beat so fast (ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation) that the heart cannot pump the blood it needs for the brain to work normally. Arrhythmia episodes can occur suddenly, leading to fainting, or sometimes to cardiac arrest and sudden death. […] Some people do not experience signs or symptoms during an arrhythmia episode, while others may experience any of the following: pounding or fluttering in the chest, shortness of breath, seizure, fainting spells (syncope), arrhythmias that occur during sleep (possibly leading to sudden cardiac death). […] If someone has a history of fainting and is found to have Brugada syndrome, the likelihood that this person will experience recurring episodes of fainting or sudden cardiac death is up to 40 percent during the next 2-3 years.

• #2 Brugada Syndrome – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments – British Heart Foundation – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/brugada-syndrome

  Brugada syndrome is a rare condition that affects the electrical messages which control your heart rate. This causes an abnormal, very fast heart beat. It can be life-threatening for some, but treatment can control the risks and help you manage the condition. […] Many people with Brugada syndrome dont have any symptoms. But some people experience: feeling light headed or dizzy, fainting or blackouts, having fits, feeling breathless or shortness of breath, palpitations (a fluttering or pounding feeling in your chest or neck). […] Symptoms often show up in adulthood, but they can start at any age. Although you can have symptoms at any time, some triggers can be: dehydration, drinking lots of alcohol, having a fever or a high temperature. […] Brugada syndrome is a serious condition but its rare. Sometimes it can lead to a life-threatening abnormal heart rhythm. If its not treated quickly, it can lead to a cardiac arrest.

• #2 Brugada syndrome – causes, symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/brugada-syndrome

  Brugada syndrome is a rare genetic condition. […] You may have no symptoms, or you may experience fainting, dizziness, palpitations or sudden cardiac arrest. […] If you have symptoms, they usually appear around the ages of 30 to 50 years. Symptoms can include: heart palpitations, feeling dizzy or lightheaded, fainting, cardiac arrest, if your heart suddenly stops beating. […] Symptoms often come on at night or when resting. […] The most serious complication of Brugada syndrome is sudden cardiac arrest. This is a medical emergency. Immediate medical attention is needed for survival.

• #2 Brugada syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/brugada-syndrome/

  Brugada syndrome is a condition that causes a disruption of the heart’s normal rhythm. Specifically, this disorder can lead to irregular heartbeats in the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles), which is an abnormality called ventricular arrhythmia. If untreated, the irregular heartbeats can cause fainting (syncope), seizures, difficulty breathing, or sudden death. These complications typically occur when an affected person is resting or asleep. […] Brugada syndrome usually becomes apparent in adulthood, although it can develop any time throughout life. Signs and symptoms related to arrhythmias, including sudden death, can occur from early infancy to late adulthood. Sudden death typically occurs around age 40. This condition may explain some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), which is a major cause of death in babies younger than 1 year. SIDS is characterized by sudden and unexplained death, usually during sleep.

• #2 Brugada Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/atrial-fibrillation/brugada-syndrome

  Brugada syndrome is one of the most common causes of heart-related sudden death in people who are otherwise young and healthy. It affects about 5 in 10,000 people worldwide. It’s most common in people of Japanese and South Asian descent and happens much more often in men. […] See your doctor if you have: Difficulty breathing, Fainting, Irregular heartbeat, Seizures. […] If you have Brugada syndrome, a high fever can bring on these symptoms or make them worse.

• #2 Brugada Syndrome

  https://healthlibrary.aultcare.com/SummerHeat/134,217

  Brugada syndrome is a genetic disorder that can cause a dangerous irregular heartbeat. When this happens, the lower chambers of your heart (ventricles) beat fast and irregularly. This prevents blood from circulating correctly in your body. This can be dangerous and may lead to fainting or even death, especially during sleep or rest. The disease has been called sudden, unexplained nocturnal death syndrome because people with it can often die in their sleep. […] Symptoms often start during adulthood. But the disorder can develop at any age. This includes infancy. The average age when the syndrome is first diagnosed is around 40 years old. […] Symptoms that may occur with Brugada syndrome include: Palpitations, Fainting, Sudden death or cardiac arrest. […] The most serious complication of Brugada syndrome is sudden death. This often occurs while the person is sleeping.

• #2 Brugada syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/brugada-syndrome/

  Sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS) is a condition characterized by unexpected cardiac arrest in young adults, usually at night during sleep. This condition was originally described in Southeast Asian populations, where it is a major cause of death. Researchers have determined that SUNDS and Brugada syndrome are the same disorder.

• #2 Brugada syndrome: A brief review on diagnostic approach, risk stratification, and management – International Journal of the Cardiovascular Academy

  https://ijcva.org/articles/brugada-syndrome-a-brief-review-on-diagnostic-approach-risk-stratification-and-management/doi/IJCA.IJCA_31_18

  Brugada syndrome is a congenital channelopathy in cardiac ion transmembrane causing an alteration in the electrical conduction of the heart. The patient might be asymptomatic or with a history of syncope and prone to develop ventricular tachyarrhythmia which may spontaneously recover or degenerates to ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest and even sudden death. […] Brugada syndrome is a genetically determined channelopathy leading to syncope and ventricular tachyarrhythmia causing sudden death in those without evident structural heart disease. It frequently manifests at the age of 40 years, causing sudden death frequently during sleep. […] VF or aborted sudden cardiac death (SCD), syncope, nocturnal agonal respiration, palpitations, and chest discomfort are associated with Brugada syndrome. These symptoms frequently occur during rest or sleep, fever, excess eating or binge drinking resulting in excess vagotonic condition nonetheless they rarely manifest during exercise. Overall 20% experienced at least 1 syncope and only 10%14% suffered cardiac arrest before 60 years old as was shown by international registries and meta-analysis.

• #2 Brugada syndrome: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/brugada-syndrome-clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-evaluation

  Sudden cardiac arrest and/or death. […] Syncope. […] Palpitations. […] Brugada syndrome is a genetic disorder that can cause life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias and thereby sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death.

• #2 Brugada Syndrome – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arrhythmogenic-cardiac-disorders/brugada-syndrome

  Brugada syndrome has no clinical expression in some patients. However, in many patients it leads to syncope or sudden cardiac death due to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. […] Ventricular arrhythmias can cause sudden death during sleep. About 10% of patients develop atrial tachyarrhythmias, predominantly atrial fibrillation, and some even present with atrial fibrillation. […] Events occur more often at night and are not usually related to exercise. Events may also be brought on by fever and by certain medications, including sodium channel blockers, beta-blockers, certain antidepressants and antipsychotics, lithium, alcohol, and cocaine.

• #2 BRUGADA SYNDROME: SYMPTOMS, RISK FACTORS, COMPLICATIONS, TREATMENT AND LATEST RESEARCH | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/brugada-syndrome-symptoms-risk-factors-complications-treatment-and-latest-research

  Symptoms may also occur after eating a heavy meal or during periods of physical exertion, though the latter is less common. […] The most significant risk associated with Brugada syndrome is ventricular fibrillation (v-fib), a rapid, irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can trigger sudden cardiac arrest. Without immediate intervention, such as defibrillation, v-fib can be fatal. Ventricular tachycardia (VT), another arrhythmic complication, can also lead to fainting, and if left untreated, it can degenerate into v-fib, increasing the risk of sudden cardiac death. […] The prognosis for individuals with Brugada syndrome largely depends on the presence of symptoms and the treatment approach. Asymptomatic individuals with no history of arrhythmic events can generally live normal lives, although regular follow-up and ECG monitoring are necessary. For those with a history of syncope or cardiac arrest, the implantation of an ICD has significantly improved survival rates.

• #2 Brugada Syndrome: Progress in Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6434501/

  Unfortunately, for most patients the first symptom is cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death. Therefore, risk stratification of asymptomatic patients is of utmost importance. Identification and management of asymptomatic subjects at high risk of sudden death represent the major challenges in BrS. […] Syncope in combination with a spontaneous type 1 ECG pattern is a universally accepted risk factor because up to 62% of symptomatic BrS patients will experience a new event 4884 months after diagnosis, leading to sudden death.

• #2 Brugada Syndrome – Heart Rhythm CentreHeart Rhythm Centre

  https://heartrhythm.com.au/symptom/brugada-syndrome/

  Many patients with Brugada Syndrome have no symptoms. However, some patients have abnormal heart rhythms which can lead to a blackout or near blackout, or a cardiac arrest. Rarely, Brugada Syndrome can cause sudden death. […] The vast majority of those with Brugada Syndrome will lead normal and productive lives with a good quality of life. The risk of death is low in those receiving appropriate treatment.

• #2 Psychological profile of patients with Brugada syndrome and the impact of its diagnosis and management | npj Cardiovascular Health

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44325-024-00042-6

  Patients with BrS and history of psychiatric disorders (40 out of 263) were taking antidepressants (42.5%), anxiolytics (27.5%), and antipsychotics (17.5%). […] On the other side, 35 out of 223 patients (15%) developed anxiety or depression following BrS diagnosis. […] The psychological impact and repercussions of this diagnosis are linked to several patient-related variables, possible comorbidities and coping behaviors, varying widely between patients. […] Type D personality is more common in patients with BrS than in the general population. […] Symptomatic disease presentation and older age are significantly associated with new-onset depression or anxiety. […] BrS patients are at higher risk of cardiac arrest, as outlined before. […] However, it is well demonstrated that a not negligible percentage of patients after OHCA may experience psychological distress, such as the development of depression and anxiety, cognitive impairment, and fatigue, which negatively affect the quality of life of both patients and their relatives.

• #2 Brugada Syndrome | UCSF Cardiology

  https://ucsfhealthcardiology.ucsf.edu/brugada-syndrome

  Many people who inherit the genetic mutation never have any health problems related to Brugada syndrome. Family members who carry the genetic mutation associated with Brugada syndrome undergo an evaluation to determine their risk for serious arrhythmias. Treatment may be recommended for those at high risk while those at low risk may only require close follow-up and avoidance of certain medications.

• #2 Brugada syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/brugada-syndrome?content_id=CON-20370473

  If your parent, sibling or child has been diagnosed with Brugada syndrome, you may want to ask your provider if you should have testing to see if you’re at risk of Brugada syndrome. […] Complications of Brugada syndrome require emergency medical care. Brugada syndrome complications include: Sudden cardiac arrest. If not treated immediately, this sudden loss of heart function, breathing and consciousness, which often occurs while sleeping, is deadly. […] With Brugada syndrome, fainting requires emergency medical attention. […] Treatment for Brugada syndrome may include medication, catheter procedures or surgery to implant a device that controls the heartbeat. […] If you have Brugada syndrome but no symptoms, you may not need specific treatment because the risk of a serious irregular heartbeat is likely low. However, a health care provider might recommend taking steps to reduce the risk of irregular heartbeats. […] Some people with Brugada syndrome are prescribed medications, such as quinidine, to prevent a potentially dangerous heart rhythm. […] People with Brugada syndrome who’ve had cardiac arrest or a worrisome fainting episode may need surgery or a catheter procedure.

• #2 Brugada syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brugada-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370494

  Some people with Brugada syndrome are prescribed medications, such as quinidine, to prevent a potentially dangerous heart rhythm. […] People with Brugada syndrome who’ve had cardiac arrest or a worrisome fainting episode may need surgery or a catheter procedure. […] If an ICD doesn’t effectively and safely control Brugada syndrome symptoms, a procedure called radiofrequency catheter ablation may be an option. […] If you have Brugada syndrome, you need regular health checkups to make sure the heart rhythm disorder is properly managed and controlled. Regular checkups can help your provider detect complications early and determine if a treatment change is needed.

• #3 Brugada Syndrome – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments – British Heart Foundation – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/brugada-syndrome

  Brugada syndrome is a rare condition that affects the electrical messages which control your heart rate. This causes an abnormal, very fast heart beat. It can be life-threatening for some, but treatment can control the risks and help you manage the condition. […] Many people with Brugada syndrome dont have any symptoms. But some people experience: feeling light headed or dizzy, fainting or blackouts, having fits, feeling breathless or shortness of breath, palpitations (a fluttering or pounding feeling in your chest or neck). […] Symptoms often show up in adulthood, but they can start at any age. Although you can have symptoms at any time, some triggers can be: dehydration, drinking lots of alcohol, having a fever or a high temperature. […] Brugada syndrome is a serious condition but its rare. Sometimes it can lead to a life-threatening abnormal heart rhythm. If its not treated quickly, it can lead to a cardiac arrest.

• #3 Brugada Syndrome – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/arrhythmogenic-cardiac-disorders/brugada-syndrome

  Brugada syndrome has no clinical expression in some patients. However, in many patients it leads to syncope or sudden cardiac death due to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. […] Ventricular arrhythmias can cause sudden death during sleep. About 10% of patients develop atrial tachyarrhythmias, predominantly atrial fibrillation, and some even present with atrial fibrillation. […] Events occur more often at night and are not usually related to exercise. Events may also be brought on by fever and by certain medications, including sodium channel blockers, beta-blockers, certain antidepressants and antipsychotics, lithium, alcohol, and cocaine.

• #3 Brugada Syndrome: Progress in Diagnosis and Management | AER Journal

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/brugada-syndrome-progress-diagnosis-and-management?language_content_entity=en

  Many people will remain asymptomatic throughout their life. […] Unfortunately, for most patients the first symptom is cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death. Therefore, risk stratification of asymptomatic patients is of utmost importance. […] Syncope in combination with a spontaneous type 1 ECG pattern is a universally accepted risk factor because up to 62% of symptomatic BrS patients will experience a new event 4884 months after diagnosis, leading to sudden death. However, there are no clear-cut recommendations for the asymptomatic group. […] Asymptomatic people are the majority (about 63%) of newly diagnosed Brugada patients. Although the reported annual rate of asymptomatic BrS events has decreased over time, this is not negligible (0.5%1.2% annual incidence), leading to a malignant arrhythmic events rate of 12% at 10-year follow-up in a population with a mean age of 40 years.

• #4 Brugada Syndrome | Irregular Heartbeat Causes | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/brugada-syndrome

  There often are no noticeable symptoms; unfortunately, the first sign may be sudden cardiac arrest or death. […] Other symptoms include: Fainting, the most common symptom. […] Difficulty breathing, especially during rest or sleep. […] Disturbed sleep, including nightmares. […] Heart palpitations, or fluttering or pounding in your chest. […] Seizure during rest or sleep.

• #4 Brugada Syndrome (BrS) in Children | UpBeat.org – powered by the Heart Rhythm Society

  https://upbeat.org/pediatrics/brugada-syndrome-brs-in-children

  Symptoms of Brugada Syndrome (BrS) may include dizziness, fainting, sudden death, or no symptoms at all. […] Development of a fever appears to trigger BrS events, so aggressive treatment of fever in addition to close monitoring, is warranted for all BrS patients regardless of their symptoms or the presence of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). […] In patients with Brugada syndrome, a fever can increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmia. It is therefore important to promptly treat fever with medications that reduce fever such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen.

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