Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532955/

  Adhesive capsulitis exhibits specific epidemiological patterns that highlight its impact on various population segments: […] Prevalence: Adhesive capsulitis affects approximately 2% to 5% of the general population. […] Age of onset: The mean age of onset is typically around 55. This population often corresponds with an increase in the incidence of various systemic conditions like diabetes and thyroid disorders. […] Gender disparity: Women have a slight predominance, with a ratio of about 1.4:1 compared to men. This sex disparity may be related to hormonal factors or differences in immune system functioning. […] Impact of comorbid conditions: Individuals with autoimmune and endocrine comorbidities, such as thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus, are more prone to developing adhesive capsulitis. These conditions alter the body’s inflammatory and fibrotic responses, exacerbating the progression and symptoms of adhesive capsulitis.

• #2 Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/frozen-shoulder-adhesive-capsulitis

  Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) […] EPIDEMIOLOGY […] The lifetime prevalence of frozen shoulder is estimated to be 2 to 5 percent of the general population. In a questionnaire study of 9696 randomly selected adults, frozen shoulder was found to affect 8.2 percent of men and 10.1 percent of women of working age. The condition is most common in the fifth and sixth decades of life, with the peak age in the mid-50s. Onset before the age of 40 is rare. Women are more often affected than men. The non-dominant shoulder is involved slightly more often. In 6 to 17 percent of patients, the other shoulder becomes affected within five years. […] Frozen shoulder occurs predominantly unilaterally and is usually self-limited, although evidence about prognosis is limited, and the course can be prolonged, in some cases lasting over two to three years. Some studies suggest that up to 40 percent of patients have persistent but mostly mild symptoms beyond three years, and 15 percent have long-term disability. Patients with type 1 diabetes often have a more prolonged course and are more resistant to therapy.

• #3 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder): Practice Essentials, Problem, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1261598-overview

  Frozen shoulder syndrome (FSS) usually affects patients aged 40-60 years. The incidence of FSS is not precisely known; however, it is estimated that 2% to 5% of the general population develops the disease over their lifetime. Women tend to be affected more often than men, and there is no predilection for race. In general, bilateral shoulder involvement is rarely simultaneous and instead occurs sequentially. […] Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for FSS. A meta-analysis by Zreik concluded that diabetic patients are 5 times more likely to develop adhesive capsulitis compared with non-diabetic controls. They reported a 13.4% overall mean prevalence of adhesive capsulitis in patients with diabetes, and a 30% mean prevalence of diabetes in a population with adhesive capsulitis. Zreik found no significant difference in the prevalence of the disorder with type 1 versus type 2 diabetes, or between patients on insulin therapy and those on oral hypoglycemic agents.

• #4 Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/frozen-shoulder-adhesive-capsulitis/print

  Frozen shoulder is also referred to as adhesive capsulitis, painful stiff shoulder, and periarthritis. […] The lifetime prevalence of frozen shoulder is estimated to be 2 to 5 percent of the general population. In a questionnaire study of 9696 randomly selected adults, frozen shoulder was found to affect 8.2 percent of men and 10.1 percent of women of working age. The condition is most common in the fifth and sixth decades of life, with the peak age in the mid-50s. Onset before the age of 40 is rare. Women are more often affected than men. The non-dominant shoulder is involved slightly more often. In 6 to 17 percent of patients, the other shoulder becomes affected within five years. […] Frozen shoulder occurs predominantly unilaterally and is usually self-limited, although evidence about prognosis is limited, and the course can be prolonged, in some cases lasting over two to three years. Some studies suggest that up to 40 percent of patients have persistent but mostly mild symptoms beyond three years, and 15 percent have long-term disability. Patients with type 1 diabetes often have a more prolonged course and are more resistant to therapy.

• #5 Frozen Shoulder / Adhesive Capsulitis | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.physiotutors.com/conditions/frozen-shoulder/

  Primary FS in the general population is reported to affect 2 to 5.3% of patients during their lifetime. The prevalence of secondary FS increased in patients with diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease from 4.3% to 38% (Kelley et al. 2013). In most cases, FS occurs between ages 40 and 65 with a slightly higher prevalence among women compared to men (Tasto et al. 2007). […] In Japan and China, FS is therefore called the 50-year-old shoulder due to the mean age of onset of 55.08.4 years for women and 54.78.7 years for men. In 17% of all cases, FS is reported to occur on the contralateral side within five years after the first episode, while FS occurs bilaterally in 14% of all cases. Recurrence in the same shoulder are rare (Kelley et al. 2013). […] At last, the literature describes that the non-dominant side is affected more often than the dominant side, although hard evidence is lacking (Lewis et al. 2015).

• #6 UMEM Educational Pearls – University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine

  https://umem.org/educational_pearls/4199/

  Affects up to 8-10% of people of working age. […] Affects patients between the ages of 40 and 60. […] Peak age mid 50s. […] Onset before 40 is rare (consider other diagnosis). […] Affects women more than men. […] Diabetes is the most common risk factor. […] Patients with DM, suffer a more prolonged course and are more resistant to therapy. […] Also associated with thyroid disease and prolonged immobilization. […] Increased risk following trauma to shoulder region (rotator cuff tear, following shoulder surgery, fracture of proximal humerus). […] Presents unilaterally (other shoulder may become involved in next 5 years). […] Slight increased risk of non-dominant shoulder.

• #7 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688738/all/Adhesive_Capsulitis__Frozen_Shoulder_?q=Parkinsonism

  Incidence 2.4/1,000 people per year […] Female:male ratio (1.4:1) […] Prevalence 25% in the general population, 10-20% among diabetes.

• #8 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17206

  Adhesive capsulitis exhibits specific epidemiological patterns that highlight its impact on various population segments: […] Prevalence: Adhesive capsulitis affects approximately 2% to 5% of the general population. […] Age of onset: The mean age of onset is typically around 55. This population often corresponds with an increase in the incidence of various systemic conditions like diabetes and thyroid disorders. […] Gender disparity: Women have a slight predominance, with a ratio of about 1.4:1 compared to men. This sex disparity may be related to hormonal factors or differences in immune system functioning. […] Affected side: The nondominant hand is more often affected. This observation might relate to differential use patterns and compensatory behaviors affecting biomechanics and physiological stress responses.

• #9 Frozen Shoulder Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/frozen-shoulder

  Age is a major risk factor for the development of frozen shoulders. People over the age of 40, particularly women, are at higher risk of getting a frozen shoulder. The presence of a secondary disease such as diabetes, hypo or hyperthyroidism, etc., can contribute to stiffness and immobility of the shoulder joint. […] Adhesive capsulitis can affect anyone at any age, but it is more common among the older population. About 70% of the people affected by this condition are females. Diabetes is considered the most known secondary disease to cause frozen shoulder.

• #10 Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder in Older Adults from Germany

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9866675/

  This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for adhesive capsulitis in older adults from Germany. The one-year and lifetime prevalence of adhesive capsulitis were assessed in adults aged 65 years with at least one visit to one of 1207 general practices in Germany in 2021. The one-year and lifetime prevalence of adhesive capsulitis in older adults in 2021 were 0.4% and 2.4%, respectively. […] The prevalence of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder is between 3% and 5% in the general population. […] Given that approximately 18.4 million people were aged 65 years in Germany in 2021, the present proportion translates into more than 73,000 new diagnoses of adhesive capsulitis each year in the older population living in Germany. […] The one-year and lifetime prevalence of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder in adults aged 65 years from general practices in Germany in 2021 were 0.4% and 2.4%, respectively.

• #11 Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder in Older Adults from Germany

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/2/669

  The one-year and lifetime prevalence of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder in adults aged ≥65 years from general practices in Germany in 2021 were 0.4% and 2.4%, respectively. […] The prevalence of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder is between 3% and 5% in the general population. […] A study of more than 26 million people aged ≥65 years from the United States revealed that the one-year prevalence of adhesive capsulitis was 0.35%. […] Therefore, the present retrospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder in patients aged ≥65 years from general practices in Germany. […] The one-year and lifetime prevalence of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder in the overall sample and by sex are displayed in Figure 2. Among 859,166 patients aged ≥65 years with at least one visit to one of 1207 general practices in Germany in 2021, the one-year and lifetime prevalence of adhesive capsulitis were 0.4% and 2.4%, respectively. Similar findings were obtained in men and women.

• #12 The epidemiology and etiology of adhesive capsulitis in the U.S. Medicare population | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-021-04704-9

  Adhesive capsulitis (AC) of the shoulder, also known as frozen shoulder, causes substantial pain and disability. […] The burden of the disorder among the elderly is also unknown leading to this age group being left out of therapeutic research studies, potentially receiving delayed diagnoses, and unknown financial costs to the Medicare system. […] The purpose of this analysis was to describe the epidemiology of AC in individuals over the age of 65, an age group little studied for this disorder. […] We found a one-year prevalence rate of AC of approximately 0.35% among adults aged 65 years and older which translates to approximately 142,000 older adults in the United States having frozen shoulder syndrome. […] This investigation identified the burden of AC in the US elderly population and applied case-control methodology to identify triggers for its onset in this population.

• #13 The epidemiology and etiology of adhesive capsulitis in the U.S. Medicare population | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-021-04704-9

  The first objective was to describe the epidemiology of AC in older adults, an age-group infrequently studied. […] Although AC is not typically thought to be a condition common among elderly adults, we estimate more than 140,000 Medicare beneficiaries were diagnosed with primary or secondary AC in 2011, accounting for 4% of shoulder diagnoses in this age group. […] The growing elderly population and prevalence of AC in this age group suggests that AC can be a significant cause of disability for this population.

• #14 Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/adhesive-capsulitis-of-the-shoulder?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%27%5B0%5D%27%5B0%5D&lang=us

  Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder, also known as frozen shoulder, is a self-limiting painful condition characterized by restricted active and passive range of motion of the shoulder lasting for more than one month and unremarkable shoulder x-ray findings. […] The incidence in the general population is thought to be ~3.5% (range 2-5%). Adhesive capsulitis typically affects women in their 5th to 6th decades. […] Diabetes mellitus has a 2-4x increased incidence; it may occur at an earlier age.

• #15 The Risk of Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis in Individuals with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Nationwide Population-Based Study

  https://e-dmj.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4093/dmj.2022.0275

  The Risk of Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis in Individuals with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Nationwide Population-Based Study confirmed that the risk of AC increases in prediabetic subjects and is associated with T2DM status. […] The IRs of AC were 9.453 (normal), 11.912 (prediabetes), 14.933 (new-T2DM), and 24.3761 (T2DM). […] Diabetic patients have a 2 to 4-fold higher risk of developing AC compared to the general population. […] This large-scale, longitudinal, nationwide, population-based cohort study of 3,471,745 subjects demonstrated that the risk of AC increased in the prediabetes group and was associated with T2DM status. […] The secular trend of the IRs and the HRs according to duration of T2DM was statistically significant. […] The prevalence of AC (12.4%) in their DM subjects is between those found in T1DM (10.3%) and T2DM (22.4%). […] Our results revealed that prediabetes increases the risk of AC.

• #16 Adhesive Capsulitis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0301/p297.html

  Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is a common shoulder condition characterized by pain and decreased range of motion, especially in external rotation. Adhesive capsulitis is predominantly an idiopathic condition and has an increased prevalence in patients with diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. […] The prevalence of adhesive capsulitis is estimated at 2% to 5% of the general population. Most patients diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis are women between 40 and 60 years of age. […] Evidence supports an association of adhesive capsulitis with diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. A 2016 meta-analysis found that patients with diabetes were five times more likely than the control group to have adhesive capsulitis. The same meta-analysis estimated the prevalence of diabetes in patients with adhesive capsulitis to be 30% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24% to 37%).

• #17 Frozen Shoulder – Adhesive Capsulitis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/frozen-shoulder

  Frozen shoulder most commonly affects people between the ages of 40 and 60, and it occurs in women more often than men. In addition, people with diabetes and thyroid conditions are at an increased risk for developing frozen shoulder. However, a frozen shoulder can happen to anyone at any time. Sometimes it may happen after an injury or surgery. […] Frozen shoulder generally gets better over time without surgery, although it may take up to 3 years. The focus of treatment is to control pain and restore motion and strength through physical therapy. […] Most people with frozen shoulder improve with relatively simple treatments to control pain and restore motion. […] Frozen shoulder occurs much more often in people with diabetes. The reason for this is not known. In addition, diabetic patients with frozen shoulder tend to have a greater degree of stiffness that continues for a longer time before „thawing.” […] Although uncommon, frozen shoulder can recur (come back), especially if a contributing factor like diabetes is still present.

• #18 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532955/

  Influence of diabetes duration: The duration of the disease can significantly influence treatment outcomes for patients with diabetes. Longer durations of diabetes are often associated with poorer outcomes in managing adhesive capsulitis, likely due to the chronic hyperglycemic environment affecting collagen elasticity.

• #19 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17206

  Impact of comorbid conditions: Individuals with autoimmune and endocrine comorbidities, such as thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus, are more prone to developing adhesive capsulitis. These conditions alter the body’s inflammatory and fibrotic responses, exacerbating the progression and symptoms of adhesive capsulitis. […] Influence of diabetes duration: The duration of the disease can significantly influence treatment outcomes for patients with diabetes. Longer durations of diabetes are often associated with poorer outcomes in managing adhesive capsulitis, likely due to the chronic hyperglycemic environment affecting collagen elasticity.

• #20 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder): Practice Essentials, Problem, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1261598-overview

  Thyroid disease has also been linked to FSS. A meta-analysis by Chuang et al found significantly higher rates of hypothyroidism (odds ratio [OR] = 1.92, P = 0.02) and subclinical hypothyroidism (OR = 2.56, P 0.00001) in patients with FSS than in those without FSS. A nationwide longitudinal population-based study from Taiwan concluded that hyperthyroidism is an independent risk factor for FSS, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.22.

• #21 Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/frozen-shoulder-pro

  Adhesive capsulitis occurs in approximately 2-5% of the population with a peak incidence between 40 and 70 years of age. […] It is more common in females and bilateral in 20-30% of cases. […] The incidence of adhesive capsulitis is two to four times higher in those with diabetes than in the general population. It is also associated with thyroid disease.

• #22 Adhesive Capsulitis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0301/p297.html

  A 2017 case-control study reported the prevalence of a hypothyroidism diagnosis to be significantly higher in the adhesive capsulitis group compared with the control group (27.2% vs. 10.7%; P= .001). […] Traditionally, the natural history of frozen shoulder has been described as a progression through three phases: painful, stiffness, and recovery. Full resolution of symptoms without treatment has been the expected outcome for most patients over one to two years. However, recent clinical evidence of persistent functional limitation, lasting for years, has challenged this theory.

• #23 Epidemiology of Frozen Shoulder | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/epidemiology-of-frozen-shoulder/

  Epidemiology of Frozen Shoulder […] Fig. 2.1 The most common comorbidities found in patients with frozen shoulder. After a multivariate analysis, thyropathy, diabetes, nephrolithiasis, and cancer remained statistically significant, while hypertension was shown to be a protective factor […] In our data, we found individuals with thyropathy (hypothyroidism, nodules, Hashimotos disease, Graves disease, or thyroiditis) (Fig. 2.2) were 4 times more likely to develop frozen shoulder (p0.001) (Fig. 2.3); however, as the sample consisted of 88 frozen shoulder patients and 229 control patients, further studies should be performed to confirm this data. […] The diabetic population has a higher incidence of frozen shoulder, between 10 and 36 %, which is 24 times greater than in the general population [33]. […] Cancer has also been pointed to as a risk factor for frozen shoulder. In our study, there was a history of tumor (malignant or benign) in 18.2 % of the frozen shoulder patients (p=0.017), mainly represented by breast cancer and breast tumor, thyroid cancer, and thyroid nodules (Fig. 2.4). […] In patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis, findings of frozen shoulder, as rotator interval obliteration, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlates with the range limitation of shoulder motion [19]. […] A 2014 study showed that there is not a clear correlation between metabolic syndrome markers and frozen shoulder, but, for the first time, an association of hypertension with frozen shoulder resulting from a proinflammatory condition was described [2]. […] Parkinsons disease may also correlate with frozen shoulder. […] Dupuytrens disease is believed to have a strong correlation with frozen shoulder. […] While strong evidence exists that Dupuytrens disease has an inheritable component and a racial predilection, the same has not yet been shown in frozen shoulder [25]. […] Other risk factors are thought to contribute to the development of frozen shoulder, including ischemic heart disease, use of a pacemaker, stroke, depression and other psychiatric diseases, immobility, neck surgery, cardiac surgery, neurosurgery, smoking, low body mass index, and some medications, such as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with protease inhibitors for HIV [10, 13, 21], anticonvulsant drugs, and others [1, 11, 28, 39, 42].

• #24 PREVALENCE OF FROZEN SHOULDER IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/7958

  Out of the 220 hypertensive patients, 44 were diagnosed with frozen shoulder, giving a prevalence rate of 20%. The prevalence of frozen shoulder was significantly higher in hypertensive patients (20%) compared to the general population, where the estimated prevalence was around 5% (p-value = 0.02). […] The study concludes that the prevalence of frozen shoulder in hypertensive patients is significantly higher compared to the general population. The findings suggest that a longer duration of hypertension may be a contributing factor to the development and severity of a frozen shoulder.

• #25 Frozen shoulder and risk of cancer: a population-based cohort study | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc2017146

  Frozen shoulder might be a complication or a presenting symptom of cancer. We examined the risk of a cancer diagnosis after an incident diagnosis of frozen shoulder. […] We observed 2572 incident cancers among 29098 frozen shoulder patients. The expected number of incident cancers in the general population was 2434. The 6-month cumulative incidence of any cancer was 0.70%, corresponding to a standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of 1.38 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.191.58). Risk increases were highest for lung cancer (SIR=2.19, 95% CI: 1.483.13), breast cancer (SIR=1.51, 95% CI: 1.022.15), and non-Hodgkins lymphoma (SIR=2.28, 95% CI: 1.094.20). The cumulative incidence of any cancer during the remainder of follow-up (6 months to a maximum 18.9 years) was 24.8% with an SIR of 1.04 (95% CI: 1.001.08).

• #26 Frozen Shoulder and the Risk of Parkinson’s Disease | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/frozen-shoulder-and-the-risk-of-parkinsons-disease-a-danish-registry-b-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  Frozen shoulder may be an early preclinical symptom of Parkinsons disease (PD). […] To examine PD risk after frozen shoulder diagnosis and to evaluate this disorder as a possible manifestation of parkinsonism preceding the clinical recognition of PD and possible target for screening. […] We identified 37,041 individuals with frozen shoulder, 370,410 general population comparators, and 111,101 back pain comparators. […] The cumulative incidence of PD at 0-22 years follow-up was 1.51% in the frozen shoulder cohort, 1.03% in the general population cohort, and 1.32% in the back pain cohort. […] Patients with frozen shoulder had an increased PD risk compared with the general population, although the absolute risks were low. […] Frozen shoulder might sometimes represent early manifestations of PD.

• #27 Frozen Shoulder and the Risk of Parkinson’s Disease | CLEP

  https://www.dovepress.com/frozen-shoulder-and-the-risk-of-parkinsons-disease-a-danish-registry-b-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP

  In this large population-based cohort study of 37,041 patients with frozen shoulder diagnoses, we found an increased risk of PD diagnosis at short- and long-term follow-up when comparing to a general population cohort. […] Our results suggest that individuals with frozen shoulder have a higher chance of being diagnosed with PD than the general population, with the risk persisting for up to 22 years. […] Although, the absolute risk of PD and presumably the population-attributable risk are too low to recommend routine screening for PD in patients with frozen shoulder, it remains important for physicians to consider the possibility of PD, especially in the presence of PD suspect symptomatology.

• #28 Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder in Older Adults from Germany

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9866675/

  Multiple physical and psychiatric conditions were significantly associated with adhesive capsulitis, and effect sizes were the strongest for osteoarthritis and injuries to the shoulder, upper arm, and thorax. More studies on the epidemiology of adhesive capsulitis in older adults are needed to confirm the present results.

• #29 Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder in Older Adults from Germany

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/2/669

  To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is only the second study to investigate the epidemiology of adhesive capsulitis in the older population, while this research is the first to analyze the effects of a large number of physical and psychiatric disorders on adhesive capsulitis, particularly in older age. […] Based on these findings, adhesive capsulitis can occur at older age, and osteoarthritis and injuries are major risk factors.

• #30 Epidemiology – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/rheumatology/frozen-shoulder/epidemiology

  Prevalence of frozen shoulder is estimated to be 2%5% in the general population (1). […] a peak in the condition is seen in the fifth and sixth decades of life and is rare outside these age groups […] 23fold risk is reported in twins when one of them has developed a frozen shoulder. […] women are affected more than men. […] Simultaneous occurrence of the condition in both shoulders is seen in 14% of patients whilst up to 20% of patients will develop some form of similar symptoms in the other shoulder (2). […] The risk of recurrence on the contralateral side after an episode of frozen shoulder is 6%17% within 5 years. Recurrence in the same shoulder is rare (1)

• #31 Adhesive Capsulitis: A Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0215/p417.html

  The incidence of adhesive capsulitis is approximately 3 percent in the general population. It is rare in children, and peaks between 40 and 70 years of age. Women are more often affected than men, but there is no known genetic or racial predilection. It is common in persons with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes, and in those with prediabetes (glucose intolerance). […] Persons with a history of adhesive capsulitis are at increased risk of developing the condition on the contralateral side. Recurrence on the affected side is also possible, especially in patients with diabetes.

• #32

  https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder-and-elbow/3059/adhesive-capsulitis-frozen-shoulder

  Adhesive capsulitis (also known as frozen shoulder) is a condition of the shoulder characterized by functional loss of both passive and active shoulder motion commonly associated with diabetes, and thyroid disease. […] Epidemiology: more common among women. […] ages 40-60 years. […] Those younger than 50 at higher risk for bilateral disease. […] diabetes (both types) higher risk for bilateral disease. […] worse outcomes regardless of treatment.

• #33 Adhesive Capsulitis | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/adhesive-capsulitis/

  A 2022 genome wide association study consisting of 500,000 patients identified 3 loci (WNT7B, POU1F1, and MAU2) that carried nearly a six-fold increase in developing adhesive capsulitis. There also appears to be an association between AC and depression but likely not a causal relationship. Recent studies have found a significant association between diabetes and Parkinsons disease and the diagnosis of AC in the elderly.

• #34 Risk factors and predictive models for frozen shoulder | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-66360-y

  Frozen shoulder (FS) is characterized by enduring shoulder pain and restricted mobility. The incidence of FS varies between 2 and 5%, with a higher occurrence in females, particularly among individuals aged 40-70 years. The natural progression of FS is typically self-limiting, with symptoms subsiding within a span of 2 years. Nevertheless, a considerable number of individuals encounter persistent symptoms and functional impairments. In their study, Kim et al. discovered that 41% of the 223 patients examined continued to experience persistent symptoms four years after the initial onset. Additionally, 6% of these patients reported severe pain and loss of function. The symptoms associated with FS have the potential to cause disability in patients and contribute to increased public healthcare expenditures.

• #35 Idiopathic frozen shoulder

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/november/idiopathic-frozen-shoulder

  Shoulder pain and stiffness affects at least one-quarter of the Australian population, with the primary care physician seeing 95% of these patients. Idiopathic frozen shoulder affects 250,000 Australians, making it a significant burden on both the individual and society. […] Frozen shoulder is thought to have an incidence of 35% in the general population and up to 20% in individuals with diabetes. […] The peak age is 56 years, and the condition occurs slightly more often in women than men. […] It is a rare diagnosis before the age of 35 years and is unusual in patients aged over 70 years. […] A shared care approach with a skilled physiotherapist is essential. […] Once a diagnosis of frozen shoulder is made, it may be appropriate, with certain patient groups, to exclude the possibility of other conditions such as diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension for which there is an increased incidence of idiopathic frozen shoulder.

• #36 SciELO Brazil – INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

  https://www.scielo.br/j/aob/a/wxT7WdcSDjKgVdsrs7SZxdF

  During the pandemic, there was a 2.41-fold increase (p 0.001) in cases of adhesive capsulitis (compared to the previous year). […] A significant increase in the incidence of frozen shoulder was observed after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to a simultaneous increase of psychosomatic disorders. […] We observed that in the second period analyzed, there was a significantly higher percentage of patients with anxiety (p 0.01) and depression (p = 0.018) who sought the Shoulder Outpatient Clinic, as well as a significant increase in new cases of adhesive capsulitis, whose incidence increased from 1.7% in the pre-pandemic period to 4.1% in the post-pandemic period. This means that the incidence of the disease was 2.41 times higher in the second period (p 0.001). […] The study showed a significant increase in the incidence of frozen shoulder after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, coinciding with the increase and intensification of psychosomatic symptoms in the population caused by sudden lifestyle changes.

• #37 Idiopathic frozen shoulder

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/november/idiopathic-frozen-shoulder

  The potential chronicity of this problem is a burden to the patient and also a considerable cost to society in terms of health dollars, lost productivity and quality of life. […] Most patients with idiopathic frozen shoulder are best managed conservatively. Involving a physiotherapist in the management plan is best practice.

• #38 Risk factors and predictive models for frozen shoulder | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-66360-y

  Despite the existence of numerous studies investigating the risk factors associated with FS, the challenge of early diagnosis persists. Furthermore, a significant proportion of patients exhibit multiple comorbidities. Currently, no research has been conducted to determine whether diverse risk factors can predict the onset of FS. Consequently, the objective of this study is to identify the risk factors associated with FS by means of a case-control study, develop a predictive model, and formulate a simplified equation, with the ultimate aim of offering valuable insights for the early detection of FS. […] The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed that low BMI, cervical spondylosis, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia were identified as independent risk factors for FS. These factors were subsequently incorporated into a diagnostic prediction model, resulting in the development of simplified equations. The findings indicate that the combined index of BMI, cervical spondylosis, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia exhibits a favorable predictive capability for the occurrence of FS, as evidenced by an area under the curve of 0.787, a sensitivity of 0.621, and a specificity of 0.822. Consequently, this combined index holds promise as a valuable tool for early clinical diagnosis of FS.

• #39 British Elbow and Shoulder Society patient care pathway: Frozen shoulder — Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences

  https://www.ndorms.ox.ac.uk/publications/2120158

  Current guidelines from the British Elbow and Shoulder Society (BESS) were published in 2015 for managing frozen shoulders in the primary and secondary care setting. […] This updated guideline provides evidence-based guidance for managing frozen shoulder and identifies key areas for future research.

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