Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Frozen shoulder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frozen-shoulder/symptoms-causes/syc-20372684

  Frozen shoulder occurs when the connective tissue enclosing the joint thickens and tightens. […] Frozen shoulder occurs when this capsule thickens and tightens around the shoulder joint, restricting its movement. […] It’s unclear why this happens to some people. But it’s more likely to happen after keeping a shoulder still for a long period, such as after surgery or an arm fracture.

• #2 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532955/

  Adhesive capsulitis is categorized into primary and secondary types based on etiology. […] This form occurs without an obvious precipitating factor and is often considered idiopathic. and is thought to arise from an intrinsic inflammation leading to fibrotic changes within the shoulder capsule. Though the exact cause is unknown, it is frequently associated with systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders, suggesting an underlying systemic inflammatory or autoimmune component. […] This form results from an external event or condition directly affecting shoulder mobility. Common causes include: […] Trauma: A significant injury to the shoulder that leads to immobilization can precipitate adhesive capsulitis. […] Surgery: Postoperative complications, especially shoulder or chest wall surgeries, can lead to the development of adhesive capsulitis.

• #3 Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/frozen-shoulder-adhesive-capsulitis

  Frozen shoulder occurs when the strong connective tissue surrounding your shoulder joint (called the shoulder joint capsule) becomes thick, stiff and inflamed. […] Researchers dont know exactly why frozen shoulder develops. The condition occurs when inflammation causes your shoulder joint capsule to thicken and tighten. Thick bands of scar tissue called adhesions develop over time, and you have less synovial fluid to keep your shoulder joint lubricated. This makes it more difficult for your shoulder to move and rotate properly. […] The following risk factors increase your likelihood of developing frozen shoulder: Age: Frozen shoulder most commonly affects adults between the ages of 40 and 60 years old. […] Recent shoulder injury: Any shoulder injury or surgery that results in the need to keep your shoulder from moving (for example, by using a shoulder brace, sling, shoulder wrap, etc.) increases your risk of frozen shoulder.

• #4 How to release a frozen shoulder – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/how-to-release-a-frozen-shoulder

  When the shoulder becomes immobilized in this way, the connective tissue surrounding the glenohumeral joint the joint capsule thickens and contracts, losing its normal capacity to stretch. Trying to avoid the pain caused by moving the shoulder leads to further contraction of the capsule. The humerus has less space to move in, and the joint may lose its lubricating synovial fluid. In advanced cases, bands of scar tissue (adhesions) form between the joint capsule and the head of the humerus.

• #5 How to release a frozen shoulder – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/pain/how-to-release-a-frozen-shoulder

  Frozen shoulder (also called adhesive capsulitis) is a common disorder that causes pain, stiffness, and loss of normal range of motion in the shoulder. The resulting disability can be serious, and the condition tends to get worse with time if it’s not treated. It affects mainly people ages 40 to 60 with women affected more often than men. […] We don’t fully understand what causes a frozen shoulder, but an inflammatory process is probably involved. Sometimes freezing occurs because the shoulder has been immobilized for a long time by injury, surgery, or illness. In many cases the cause is obscure. […] The process usually begins with an injury (such as a fracture) or inflammation of the soft tissues, typically due to overuse injuries such as bursitis or tendinitis of the rotator cuff. Inflammation causes pain that is worse with movement and limits the shoulder’s range of motion.

• #6

  https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder-and-elbow/3059/adhesive-capsulitis-frozen-shoulder

  Adhesive capsulitis (also known as frozen shoulder) is a condition of the shoulder characterized by functional loss of both passive and active shoulder motion commonly associated with diabetes, and thyroid disease. […] Etiology includes a primary, idiopathic form, post-traumatic (following proximal humerus fracture or immobilization for other upper extremity injury), and post-surgical (following rotator cuff repair or axillary dissection for malignancy). […] The inflammatory process causes fibroblastic proliferation of the joint capsule leading to thickening, fibrosis, and adherence of the capsule to itself and humerus. […] Associated conditions include diabetes (both types), which may present with stiffness as the first manifestation and is associated with worse outcomes regardless of treatment, as well as thyroid disorders (autoimmune etiology).

• #7 The epidemiology and etiology of adhesive capsulitis in the U.S. Medicare population | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-021-04704-9

  Adhesive capsulitis (AC) of the shoulder, also known as frozen shoulder, causes substantial pain and disability. […] However, for primary AC the inciting trigger is unknown. […] The inciting trigger for this idiopathic condition remains elusive. […] The pathophysiology of AC supports the theory that the condition results from a complex chain of events starting with inflammation leading to fibrosis and contracture of the shoulder capsule, the so-called inflammatory-fibrotic cascade. […] It remains to be discovered what the inciting factor is that triggers this cascade and leads to the acute onset of AC. […] Primary AC is idiopathic with the cause unknown. Several risk factors for primary AC have been identified including diabetes, thyroid disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, hyperlipidemia, and Parkinson’s disease.

• #8 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder): Practice Essentials, Problem, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1261598-overview

  Adhesive capsulitis and frozen shoulder syndrome (FSS) are two terms that have been used to describe a painful and stiff shoulder. The current consensus definition of a frozen shoulder by the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons is „a condition of uncertain etiology characterized by significant restriction of both active and passive shoulder motion that occurs in the absence of a known intrinsic shoulder disorder.” […] Patients with primary frozen shoulder have no significant findings in the history, clinical examination, or radiographic evaluation to explain their motion loss and pain. […] In contrast to patients with primary FSS, patients with secondary FSS describe an event that preceded the onset of shoulder symptoms, such as the following: Upper extremity trauma (eg, shoulder surgery, rotator cuff tear, proximal humerus facture), Immobilization (eg, cardiothoracic surgery, neurosurgery), Metabolic/endocrine (eg, thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disease, hyperlipidemia), Neurologic (eg, stroke, Parkinson disease), Cardiac disease (eg, ischemic heart disease, hypertension), Drugs (eg, protease inhibitors, antiretrovirals, immunizations, fluoroquinolones), Malignancy.

• #9 Frozen Shoulder Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/shoulder-injuries/frozen-shoulder-causes-and-risk-factors

  Long periods of inactivity from an injury, surgery, stroke, or illness can lead to frozen shoulder. […] Frozen shoulder can occur alongside other shoulder problems, including calcific tendonitis, or calcium deposits in the rotator cuff, and rotator cuff tear, or injury to the large tendon in the shoulder comprised of four muscles. […] Frozen shoulder typically resolves with time. However, once frozen shoulder has been resolved, the opposite shoulder becomes affected in 6% to 17% of patients within 5 years. […] When frozen shoulder occurs without an identifiable cause, it is called primary adhesive capsulitis. When frozen shoulder is triggered by an event or disease, it is called secondary adhesive capsulitis.

• #10 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532955/

  Prolonged immobilization: Extended immobilization after injury or surgery can lead to stiffening of the joint capsule. […] Clinical reviews suggest that other risk factors, such as prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetics, hormonal imbalances in thyroid disorders, and possibly an increased immune response, play roles in the development of the condition.

• #11 Frozen Shoulder – Adhesive Capsulitis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/frozen-shoulder/

  Some additional medical problems associated with frozen shoulder include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Parkinson’s disease, and cardiac disease. […] Frozen shoulder can develop after a shoulder has been immobilized (held in one position without moving) for a period of time due to surgery, a fracture, or other injury. Having patients move their shoulders soon after injury or surgery is one measure prescribed to prevent frozen shoulder.

• #12 Frozen Shoulder: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-do-i-know-if-i-have-a-frozen-shoulder-2696429

  A frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition involving pain and stiffness in the ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder (the glenohumoral joint). […] The cause of frozen shoulder isn’t yet understood, but the condition is often tied to a systemic condition, or one that affects the entire body. Such a condition might include: Adrenal disease, Diabetes, Heart and lung disease, High cholesterol, Thyroid disease. […] Frozen shoulder is also associated with damage to the joint from injuries or other shoulder problems, such as: Calcific tendinitis, Dislocation, Fracture, Muscle or connective tissue injury, Osteoarthritis, Rotator cuff tendinopathy. […] Frozen shoulder related to any of these causes is considered secondary. In some cases, it can occur without there being any illness or injury. It is considered primary or idiopathic frozen shoulder. […] A frozen shoulder can be caused by prolonged immobility following an injury.

• #13 Frozen shoulder Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/frozen-shoulder

  Frozen shoulder is a condition in which the shoulder is painful and loses motion because of inflammation. […] The capsule of the shoulder joint has ligaments that hold the shoulder bones to each other. When the capsule becomes inflamed, the shoulder bones are unable to move freely in the joint. […] Most of the time, there is no cause for frozen shoulder. Women 40 to 70 years old are most affected, however, men can also get the condition. […] Risk factors include: Diabetes, Thyroid problems, Changes in your hormones, such as during menopause, Shoulder injury, Shoulder surgery, Open heart surgery, Cervical disk disease of the neck.

• #14 Patient education: Frozen shoulder (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/frozen-shoulder-beyond-the-basics/print

  Frozen shoulder often happens as a result of a shoulder injury (such as a rotator cuff tear), a bone fracture affecting the shoulder, or shoulder surgery. It can also happen after people have other types of surgery, such as heart or brain surgery. […] Frozen shoulder can also happen without a preceding injury and tends to preferentially affect people with certain diseases and conditions. People with diabetes, for example, have an increased risk of developing frozen shoulder. In fact, 10 to 20 percent of people with diabetes develop the condition. […] Experts do not know for sure what causes frozen shoulder, but they suspect it develops when the joint becomes inflamed and scar tissue forms. As this happens, the tissues inside the joint shrink and harden, making the shoulder harder to move.

• #15 Frozen Shoulder: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-a-frozen-shoulder

  Frozen shoulder happens more often in women (and those designated female at birth). You’re more likely to get it between the ages of 40 and 60. Another major risk factor is being unable to move your shoulder for a long time. So your chances go up if you’re recovering from a medical condition like a stroke, or surgery like a mastectomy that keeps you from moving your arm. […] You’re also at higher risk if you have reduced movement in your shoulder because of inflammation, like from rotator cuff tendinitis or bursitis. […] Certain medical conditions increase your risk too. You may also be more likely to get frozen shoulder if you have diabetes. About 10% to 20% of people with diabetes get frozen shoulder. Other medical problems linked to frozen shoulder include heart disease, thyroid disease, and Parkinson’s disease.

• #16 Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder): Practice Essentials, Problem, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1261598-overview

  Despite a lack of evidence linking frozen shoulder to a specific etiology, various triggers that may predispose patients to this problem appear to exist. A few reported etiologic agents include the following: Trauma, Surgery (including but not limited to shoulder surgery), Inflammatory disease, Diabetes, Regional conditions, Various shoulder maladies. […] Most patients with FSS have undergone a period of shoulder immobilization. Reasons for immobilization can be diverse; however, the common finding in all of these patients is a period of restricted shoulder motion.

• #17 Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/frozen-shoulder-adhesive-capsulitis

  Between 10% and 20% of people with diabetes develop frozen shoulder. […] Other health diseases and conditions: This includes stroke, hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland), Parkinsons disease and heart disease. Stroke is a risk factor for frozen shoulder because movement of your arm and shoulder may be limited. Researchers arent sure why other diseases and conditions increase the risk of developing frozen shoulder.

• #18 Frozen Shoulder – Adhesive Capsulitis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/frozen-shoulder/

  Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, causes pain and stiffness in the shoulder. Over time, the shoulder becomes very hard to move. […] Frozen shoulder most commonly affects people between the ages of 40 and 60, and it occurs in women more often than men. In addition, people with diabetes and thyroid conditions are at an increased risk for developing frozen shoulder. However, a frozen shoulder can happen to anyone at any time. Sometimes it may happen after an injury or surgery. […] The causes of frozen shoulder are not fully understood. There is no clear connection to arm dominance (the dominant arm is the arm you prefer to use for most tasks) or occupation. A few factors may put you more at risk for developing frozen shoulder. […] Frozen shoulder occurs much more often in people with diabetes. The reason for this is not known. In addition, diabetic patients with frozen shoulder tend to have a greater degree of stiffness that continues for a longer time before „thawing.”

• #19 Factors associated with frozen shoulder in adults: a retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200817/

  This study aims to explore the risk factors associated with frozen shoulder patients and further analyze the relationship between gender and diabetes with frozen shoulder. […] The results of this study suggest that gender and diabetes are independent risk factors for frozen shoulder. Additionally, poor sleep quality and constipation also can be correlated with the occurrence of a frozen shoulder. […] The exact cause of frozen shoulder is not yet fully understood, but several risk factors are assumed to be associated with its occurrence. In addition to the factors mentioned in the discussion section regarding gender and diabetes, age, shoulder injuries, prolonged poor posture, and certain systemic diseases can all increase the risk of frozen shoulder. […] Recent studies have shown that diabetes may be an independent risk factor for frozen shoulder.

• #20 Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis): Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/frozen-shoulder

  Frozen shoulder is the common name for adhesive capsulitis, which is a shoulder condition that limits your range of motion. […] If you have a hormonal imbalance, diabetes, or a weakened immune system, you may be prone to joint inflammation. A long period of inactivity due to an injury, illness, or surgery also makes you more vulnerable to inflammation and adhesions, which are bands of stiff tissue. […] If you have diabetes, your risk for the condition is three times greater. […] Early treatment helps keep the condition from getting worse. If you have diabetes, properly managing it can reduce your risk for a frozen shoulder.

• #21 9 Common Frozen Shoulder Causes And How To Treat It | Arizona Pain

  https://arizonapain.com/frozen-shoulder-causes/

  Frozen shoulder syndrome, also called adhesive capsulitis, is in many ways a mysterious ailment; the exact reasons why it develops are unknown. […] Diabetics are five times more likely to develop frozen shoulder syndrome than people without diabetes. […] Any injury may leave you susceptible to frozen shoulder syndrome. […] A 2008 study found that, out of 126 new frozen shoulder patients, 13.5% suffered from a thyroid disorder. […] If it affects the shoulder, arthritis can increase your risk of frozen shoulder syndrome. […] Other frozen shoulder causes include hormone imbalance, Parkinson’s disease, tuberculosis, and Dupuytren’s contracture.

• #22 Frozen Shoulder Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/frozen-shoulder

  Frozen shoulder syndrome is a common health issue. […] The cause of frozen shoulder isn’t clear. It’s more likely to happen if you need to keep your arm still for an extended period, like during recovery from surgery or a broken bone. […] Some health issues or injuries can increase your risk of developing frozen shoulder. If you have to keep your arm still for a long time during treatment, it can increase your risk of frozen shoulder. […] Also at a higher risk for frozen shoulder are people who have chronic health issues, such as: Diabetes, Heart or vascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, Thyroid disease. […] Complete immobilization is also a common complication of frozen shoulder.

• #23 Understanding Causes And Symptoms Of Frozen Shoulder

  https://centenoschultz.com/condition/frozen-shoulder/

  Hypothyroidism can also lead to frozen shoulder. This is because the thyroid hormones are involved in the synthesis and degeneration of collagen. They also play a role in the proliferation and programmed self-death of human tenocytes. […] Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, known as the bad cholesterol in the medical space, is prone to oxidative modification. Oxidized LDL can induce endothelial cell activation in the walls of the blood vessel walls. This attracts inflammatory cells and inflammation-related cytokines. These cytokines can stimulate the production of scar tissue which can lead to a frozen shoulder. […] Tuberculosis can mimic the symptoms of and also cause a frozen shoulder. When tubercular mycobacteria infiltrate areas of high vascularity in the shoulder, a granuloma can develop. This is then followed by the destruction of the bone and surrounding tissues of the shoulder joint. […] Parkinsons disease can also increase the risk of a frozen shoulder. In this condition, posture is severely impaired due to increased thoracic kyphosis and decreased mobility of the trunk. This can cause subacromial impingement syndrome and capsulitis.

• #24 Frozen Shoulder (Capsulitis) Risk Factors & Treatments | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_frozen-shoulder.asp

  Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis or shoulder contracture, is a condition where the synovial membrane a soft tissue that forms a protective capsule around the shoulder joint swells, thickens and contracts. Scar tissue forms, leaving less room for the upper arm to move around. This causes pain and restricts movement in the shoulder. The cause of this condition is unknown, but it often occurs in people who have other inflammatory disorders. Other people develop frozen shoulder after an injury or period of immobilization, such as after a traumatic fall or surgery. […] Frozen shoulder is an inflammatory process that usually appears unexpectedly with no known cause. There are, however, certain factors that put some people at greater risk for getting frozen shoulder, including evidence to suggest that some people are genetically predisposed to it.

• #25 Frozen Shoulder – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/frozen-shoulder

  Frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis is a shoulder condition causing limited range of motion. This condition occurs when the tissues in the shoulder joint become thicker and tighter. […] The reason why the tissues get thicken and tighten are still unclear. However, systemic diseases and immobilizing the shoulder for a long period, such as in people after a surgery or arm fracture tend to be involved with the development of this condition. […] Some systemic diseases may encourage the development of frozen shoulders. For example: Diabetes, Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Cardiovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, Tuberculosis.

• #26 Understanding Causes And Symptoms Of Frozen Shoulder

  https://centenoschultz.com/condition/frozen-shoulder/

  Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a painful loss of shoulder movement and range in motion. The causes of frozen shoulder are poorly understood but may include trauma, prolonged immobility, systemic diseases such as diabetes, stroke, connective tissue disease, and heart disease. A frozen shoulder can also occur post-surgery and chronic inflammation which stimulates myofibroblasts to proliferate. […] In diabetes, studies show that higher levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) can cause changes in the rotator cuff tendons and increase capsular stiffness. This can cause adhesive capsulitis. […] Hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune condition in which the thyroid is highly active. Graves disease is an overactive thyroid disorder that results in high amounts of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon- (IFN-), and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) cytokines being secreted by Th1 cells, causing the production of fibroblast cells. These fibroblast cells lay down scar tissue which causes the joint capsule to stiffen, ultimately leading to a frozen shoulder.

• #27 Factors associated with frozen shoulder in adults: a retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200817/

  The results of our study indicate a significant relationship between diabetes and frozen shoulder. […] Additionally, it has been confirmed that the incidence of complications and frozen shoulder ranges from 10 to 35%, and these patients have more severe stiffness, which should be actively managed. […] Gender plays an independent risk factor role in the development of frozen shoulder. Especially females are more prone to develop frozen shoulder than males, and female patients are at a higher risk of developing the condition. […] Our study has shown that women are more likely to develop frozen shoulder compared to men and that female patients are at a higher risk of developing the condition. This result is consistent with the conclusions drawn from previous studies, and emphasizes the importance of gender in the development of frozen shoulder.

• #28 Frozen Shoulder Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/shoulder-injuries/frozen-shoulder-causes-and-risk-factors

  Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) often affects adults between the ages of 40 and 60, but this condition can occur at any age. […] Women are more likely to develop frozen shoulder. Experts suspect this is due to changes in hormone levels, such as menopause. […] People with diabetes have a higher rate of frozen shoulder compared to the general population, which is about 2%. The exact reason for this increase is not known, but some experts theorize that glucose molecules (sugar) attach to the collagen proteins naturally found in the shoulder joint capsule, causing stiffness. […] In addition to diabetes, other health issues increase the risk of developing frozen shoulder, including thyroid problems (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism), depression, cardiovascular disease, lung disease, breast cancer, open heart surgery, polymyalgia rheumatica (an inflammatory condition causing stiffness and muscle discomfort), and Parkinson’s disease.

• #29 Frozen Shoulder Causes and Treatment – Your Shoulder

  https://your-shoulder.com/frozen-shoulder-causes-treatment/

  Many of the patients I meet who have a frozen shoulder, are going through some hormonal shifts which may contribute to their condition. They might be experiencing a drop in oestrogen levels as they approach and continue into menopause. Sometimes stressful life changes (such as divorce, bereavement, or negotiating the ups and downs of a teenager in the family) can produce an increase in the stress hormone, cortisol. […] It’s believed that there’s a process of inflammation and fibrosis (scarring) of the capsule, which is brought about by the action of inflammation inducing cytokines and growth factors released by cells in our immune system.

• #30 Why Are Women More Prone to Frozen Shoulder? – Shoulder Pain Clinic

  https://clevelandshoulder.com/why-are-women-more-prone-to-frozen-shoulder/

  Although frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is a common shoulder condition, it predominantly impacts women between the ages of 40 to 60. […] Although menopause and hormonal imbalances could be a contributing factor to the development of frozen shoulder in women, one of the biggest risk factors is diabetes. People with diabetes have a higher rate of frozen shoulder (10-20% compared to 2% of the general population). Other predisposing conditions may include thyroid disorders or a recent surgery. Most cases occur without an injury to the shoulder. […] The condition develops in stages. It begins with an injury or inflammation of the soft tissues of the shoulder. With inflammation comes pain that is worse with movement, which limits the ability to use the joint in its full range of motion. When there is lack of motion in the shoulder the capsule surrounding the glenohumeral joint eventually thickens, losing its capacity to stretch. It tends to get worse and can lead to considerable disability. After a period of worsening symptoms, frozen shoulder does tend to get better, although full recovery may take a couple of years.

• #31 Frozen Shoulder (Capsulitis) Risk Factors & Treatments | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_frozen-shoulder.asp

  People who have thyroid disease, diabetes, an autoimmune disease, and/or injury, stroke, heart attack, or prolonged immobilization are also at higher risk to develop frozen shoulder. Most patients are between ages 40 and 65, and women are affected more commonly than men. Occasionally, however, younger men and women without any of the above risk factors will develop frozen shoulder.

• #32 Frozen Shoulder: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/frozen-shoulder-leaflet

  Frozen shoulder (in medical terms, adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder) is a condition where the shoulder becomes painful and stiff, often for no particular reason. […] It is thought to be due to scar-like tissue forming in the shoulder capsule. […] No one quite knows the cause of frozen shoulder. It is thought that scar tissue develops inside the shoulder, in the capsule that lines the shoulder joint. The scar tissue may cause the capsule to thicken, contract and limit the movement of the shoulder. The reason why the scar tissue forms is not known. […] A frozen shoulder occasionally follows a shoulder injury. However, this is not usual and most cases occur for no apparent reason.

• #33 Frozen Shoulder Texas : Causes and Treatment | OrthoTexas

  https://www.orthotexas.com/frozen-shoulder-common-causes-ortho-texas/

  Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is one of the most common shoulder problems that an orthopedic surgeon treats. […] Frozen shoulder can affect both men and women, but it is more common in women, especially those aged 40 – 60 years old. […] Frozen shoulder occurs when the flexible tissue that surrounds the shoulder joint, known as the capsule, becomes inflamed and thickened. […] It’s not fully understood why this process happens. Frozen shoulder often develops without any apparent reason, however, the risk of developing a frozen shoulder can increase if you have any of the following: A previous shoulder injury or shoulder surgery that resulted in a lack of motion in the shoulder joint, A history of diabetes or a thyroid problem, Genetic predisposition, such as people of Scandinavian descent.

• #34 Frozen Shoulder: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments – Dr. Beth E. Shubin Stein M.D.

  https://www.drbethshubinstein.com/frozen-shoulder-symptoms-causes-and-treatments/

  It can develop after an injury or out of the blue: One day you wake up with intense pain in your shoulder, and over the next few weeks the joint grows so stiff that your range of motion becomes severely compromised. […] The exact causes of frozen shoulder remain a mystery, which is why its often referred to as idiopathic (meaning, of unknown cause). What is known is that it likely involves an element of inflammation, which triggers the release of chemicals that irritate the joint, causing pain, explains Jon J.P. Warner, M.D., cochief of the MGH Shoulder Service in Boston. That, in turn, causes the release of other chemicals that cause stiffness or freezing and scarring. […] Research has found that people with diabetes are five times more likely to develop adhesive capsulitis; those with thyroid disorders have a nearly three times higher risk of developing the condition. More common in women overall, frozen shoulder can also happen after breast cancer treatment or heart surgery, Warner explains. And there appears to be a genetic predisposition to frozen shoulder, meaning that if a first-degree relative had it, you may have a higher risk.

• #35 Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis) – Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-complications/frozen-shoulder.html

  Altered arm mobility not moving your shoulder for long periods, such as during a stay in hospital, or participating in an activity that involves arm rotation, overweight weight lifting and sudden stress via injury can cause frozen shoulder. […] Other shoulder conditions such as calcific tendonitis and rotator cuff tear.

• #36 Frozen shoulder – etiology, pathogenesis and natural course | ShoulderDoc

  https://www.shoulderdoc.co.uk/news/view/627

  The problem of identifying the true etiology arises when we look at primary frozen shoulder. Today, no comprehensive etiological model exists! […] The association with metabolic diseases is most well known regarding diabetes mellitus (both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent types), especially retinopathy, but exists also with hypo- and hyperthyroidism. […] Other factors that have been reported are neuropathy and reflex sympathetic dystrophy, chronic airway obstruction, various medications and ischemic heart disease. […] Dupuytrens disease is again shown to be related to FS. […] Pathoanatomically there is an involvement of the capsule in the glenohumeral joint. The capsule volume is reduced and this is the cause for the restricted range of motion.

• #37 Frozen shoulder | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/arm-shoulder-and-hand-problems-and-conditions/frozen-shoulder/

  Frozen shoulder occurs when the flexible tissue that surrounds the shoulder joint, known as the capsule, becomes inflamed and thickened. Its not fully understood why this process happens. This can happen in one or both shoulders. […] This condition can appear without any apparent reason, however, your risk of developing a frozen shoulder can increase if you have: a previous shoulder injury or shoulder surgery, diabetes or a thyroid problem, Dupuytrens contracture a condition where small lumps of thickened tissue form in the hands and fingers, other health conditions, such as heart disease and stroke.

• #38 Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) Causes and Treatment

  https://www.anfacademy.com/frozen-shoulder-adhesive-capsulitis-causes-and-treatment-anf-therapy/

  Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is characterised by stiffness and pain in your shoulder joint. It is caused by inflammation of the capsule and ligaments around the shoulder joint. […] The exact cause of frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is unknown. The common reason is emotional stress and trauma. However, certain conditions and risk factors are associated with its development. These factors can lead to inflammation in the shoulder joint, causing the shoulder capsule to thicken and form scar tissue. This process reduces the amount of lubricating synovial fluid in the joint, further restricting movement. […] According to Dr. Mikel H-G Hoff, continued stress makes your muscles tense and triggers inflammatory responses. It also impairs your immune system and decreases the body’s healing power. Therefore, stress increases your risk of having frozen shoulders.

• #39 Frozen Shoulder Treatment & Diagnosis | Adhesive Capsulitis

  https://frozenshoulderclinic.com/frozen-shoulder/

  Frozen shoulder always occurs in those with hormonal imbalances such as menopause, diabetes, thyroid, adrenal stress, testosterone imbalance, etc. […] When a person strains or injures a muscle or tendon, the body responds with protective inflammation (swelling) in the area. […] Besides the elements described above (age and gender, hormonal disorders and shoulder trauma or surgery), other systemic conditions have also been associated with an increased risk for developing frozen shoulder, such as heart disease and Parkinson’s disease. […] It is also hypothesized that some patients develop frozen shoulder due to severe stress causing a psychosomatic reaction, especially if they feel emotionally restricted and pressured, or “frozen” related to the decision-making processes in their day-to-day lives.

• #40 What is Frozen Shoulder? Causes? Treatment?

  https://www.ironhorsept.com/Injuries-Conditions/Shoulder/Research-Articles/Frozen-Shoulder-What-Is-It-What-Causes-It-And-What-Can-Be-Done-About-It/a~1440/article.html

  Frozen shoulder is the layperson’s term for a medical condition called adhesive capsulitis. What causes it? That’s not entirely clear either. Sometimes it just seems to come on without any reason. In other cases, it’s linked with diabetes, stroke, heart attack, or some other systemic illness. […] One method divides the condition into two separate categories: primary (cause unknown) and secondary (linked with trauma or a systemic disorder). […] What’s happening inside the joint? In other words, what’s the pathologic process causing these symptoms? Here, there is more recent information to offer. New techniques of cellular analysis have shown scientists that there is both an active inflammatory process and chronic inflammation with the formation of fibrosis as an end-product. […] Surgeons can attest to the fact that there’s definitely scarring in and around the joint.

• #41 Frozen shoulder – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/shoulder-pain/frozen-shoulder

  Most of us don’t think twice about taking a book off an overhead shelf, reaching an arm back to put on a coat, or rolling a bowling ball. But if you have a frozen shoulder (also called adhesive capsulitis), these simple movements can be painful and nearly impossible. Frozen shoulder is the temporary loss of normal range of motion in the shoulder. It tends to get worse, and can lead to considerable disability. The condition typically affects adults over age 40, and women more often than men. […] Experts don’t fully understand what causes frozen shoulder. An inflammatory process is probably involved. Often a shoulder freezes up because it hasn’t been used for a while because of pain, injury, surgery, or illness. […] A frozen shoulder develops in stages. The process usually begins with injury or inflammation of the soft tissues of the shoulder. With inflammation comes pain that is worse with movement, which limits the ability to use the joint in its full range of motion.

• #42 Frozen shoulder – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/shoulder-pain/frozen-shoulder

  When the shoulder doesn’t move, the capsule surrounding the glenohumeral joint eventually thickens and contracts, losing its normal capacity to stretch. The upper arm bone has less space to move around. The joint may also lose its lubricating synovial fluid. The less the shoulder is moved to avoid pain, the more likely the capsule will contract. In advanced cases, bands of scar tissue form between the joint capsule and the head of the upper arm bone. […] People who don’t take part in exercise therapy after an injury or tendinitis are at greatest risk of developing a frozen shoulder. Using a sling without stretching the shoulder can contribute to the condition. A period of enforced immobility as a result of a stroke, heart condition, or surgery may also result in a frozen shoulder. Sometimes the condition occurs without an obvious injury or inflammation. For example, it affects 10%20% of people with diabetes. Other predisposing conditions include thyroid disorders, depression, and Parkinson’s disease.

• #43 The epidemiology and etiology of adhesive capsulitis in the U.S. Medicare population | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-021-04704-9

  Despite what is known about the pathophysiology of AC and the associated risk factors, the trigger that sets primary frozen shoulder syndrome in motion is largely unknown and few studies have been undertaken to investigate triggers. […] The classic investigation by Nevasier (1945) reported 7 out of 8 patients had an onset during the winter months, suggesting a seasonal exposure akin to seasonality observed for influenza. […] Most recently, Ascani et al. (2021) report an increase in AC after COVID-19, supporting a potential association between viral infection and AC.

• #44 Adhesive Capsulitis ( Frozen Shoulder) – Mark W. Maffet, M.D.

  https://www.drmaffet.com/shoulder-surgery-houston/frozen-shoulder/

  Adhesive capsulitis, or frozen shoulder, causes pain and a clear loss of motion to the shoulder. It can arise from a traumatic episode, sometimes a fairly trivial trauma. It can also appear for no apparent reason. Patients in this instance will describe that they just woke up with it one day. […] The reason behind the development of adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder is largely unknown. I medical terms this is often called idiopathic. The most popular theory holds that adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder is an autoimmune reaction whereby the bodys immune system attacks itself. For example, one might catch a virus. A protein molecule on the virus may be similar to a protein molecule present on the capsule of the shoulder joint. The stimulated immune system then attacks the capsule causing an imflammatory reaction. When the capsule gets inflammed, it becomes painful and contracted causing the shoulder to lose motion.

• #45 Frozen Shoulder | Rose Physical Therapy Group

  https://rosept.com/medical-conditions/frozen-shoulder

  Frozen shoulder (know medically as adhesive capsulitis) is a painful and disabling disorder of unclear cause in which the shoulder capsule, the connective tissue surrounding the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder, becomes inflamed and stiff, greatly restricting motion and causing chronic pain. […] The actual cause of adhesive capsulitis is a matter of debate. Some believe it is caused by inflammation, such as when the lining of a joint becomes inflamed (synovitis), or by autoimmune reactions, where the body launches an „attack” against its own substances and tissues. […] Other possible causes include: Reactions after an injury or surgery, Pain from other conditions, such as arthritis, a rotator cuff tear, bursitis, or tendinitis, that has caused a person to stop moving the shoulder, Immobilization of the arm, such as in a sling, after surgery or fracture. […] Often, however, there is no clear reason why adhesive capsulitis develops.

• #46 Frozen Shoulder | Orthopedics & Sports Medicine

  https://health.uconn.edu/orthopedics-sports-medicine/conditions-and-treatments/where-does-it-hurt/shoulder/frozen-shoulder/

  Adhesive Capsulitis is commonly referred to as frozen shoulder. The cause of frozen shoulder is not fully understood. Frozen shoulder can develop after a shoulder is injured or immobilized for a period of time. […] Although several theories exist, we do not know what causes frozen shoulder. Further research is needed to determine the exact cause, so that better preventative measures and treatments can be developed.

• #47 What is Frozen Shoulder? Causes? Treatment?

  https://www.ironhorsept.com/Injuries-Conditions/Shoulder/Research-Articles/Frozen-Shoulder-What-Is-It-What-Causes-It-And-What-Can-Be-Done-About-It/a~1440/article.html

  Because the condition gradually gets better, it is considered self-limiting. […] Many studies have been done looking at various types of nonoperative treatments such as acupuncture, nerve blocks, steroid injections, joint mobilization and/or manipulation, exercise, and antiinflammatory drugs. […] If the proposed rehabilitation program using levels of irritability as a guideline fails to improve patient symptoms to his or her satisfaction, then surgery may be advised. […] When we step back and look at all the research that’s been done with short- to long-term results reported, it’s still not entirely clear what approach or approaches works best. […] The authors conclude that despite the fact that adhesive capsulitis is a fairly common problem, there isn’t a clear path in treatment to help the patient recover.

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