Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  This comprehensive review delves into the complexities surrounding Depersonalization-Derealization disorder (DPDR), a dissociative disorder characterized by enduring feelings of detachment from one’s self and surroundings. […] Despite many trials and studies conducted the exact cause of this condition is still unknown. The best way to understand its etiology is by taking into account its clinical presentations and linking it to different structural and functional alterations of the brain. […] While the precise cause remains elusive, factors such as traumatic experiences, stress, and genetic predispositions have been implicated, with modern neuroimaging studies offering insight into potential structural and functional brain alterations. […] So far there is no proper etiology that has been stated for DPDR. However, with the help of clinical associations of the symptoms and other associated conditions, potential etiology can be understood.

• #2 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9791-depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  Healthcare providers dont know exactly what causes depersonalization-derealization disorder, but its often linked to intense stress or trauma, like: […] Some people may be at higher risk for developing a dissociative disorder due to:

• #3 Depersonalization-derealization disorder // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  The cause of depersonalization-derealization disorder is not well understood. Some people may be more likely to experience depersonalization and derealization than others. This is possibly due to genetic and environmental factors. High levels of stress and fear may cause bouts. […] Symptoms of depersonalization-derealization disorder may be related to childhood trauma or other experiences or events that cause severe emotional stress or trauma.

• #4 Depersonalization-derealization disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder

  Depersonalization-derealization disorder is thought to be caused largely by interpersonal trauma such as early childhood abuse. […] Adverse childhood experiences, specifically emotional abuse and neglect have been linked to the development of depersonalization symptoms. […] Factors that tend to diminish symptoms are comforting personal interactions, intense physical or emotional stimulation, and relaxation. […] The exact cause of depersonalization is unknown, although biopsychosocial correlations and triggers have been identified. […] There is growing evidence linking physical and sexual abuse in childhood with the development of dissociative disorders. […] Childhood interpersonal trauma emotional abuse in particular is a significant predictor of a diagnosis of DPDR. […] Some studies suggest that greater emotional abuse and lower physical abuse predict depersonalization in adult women with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

• #5 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder and Neural Correlates of Trauma-related Pathology: A Critical Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10132272/

  Depersonalization and derealization refer to an estranged state of mind that involves a profound feeling of detachment from one’s sense of self and the surrounding environment, respectively. […] Lack of awareness of DPDR is partly due to a limited neurobiological framework, and there remains a significant risk of misdiagnosis in clinical practice. […] It has been shown that there exists an especially strong relationship between early interpersonal trauma and dissociative disorders. […] Emotional neglect was determined to be the most substantial pathogenic risk factor. […] It has been suggested that these highly stressful encounters fail to fit into the subjects cognitive scheme regarding the self, others, and the world; therefore, they split off from consciousness. […] Recent research exploring disorders with a traumatogenic etiology, such as PTSD+DS, has shed light on the neural processes involved in DPDR.

• #6 Depersonalization-derealization disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder

  Depersonalization-derealization disorder is thought to be caused largely by interpersonal trauma such as early childhood abuse. […] Adverse childhood experiences, specifically emotional abuse and neglect have been linked to the development of depersonalization symptoms. […] Factors that tend to diminish symptoms are comforting personal interactions, intense physical or emotional stimulation, and relaxation. […] The exact cause of depersonalization is unknown, although biopsychosocial correlations and triggers have been identified. […] There is growing evidence linking physical and sexual abuse in childhood with the development of dissociative disorders. […] Childhood interpersonal trauma emotional abuse in particular is a significant predictor of a diagnosis of DPDR. […] Some studies suggest that greater emotional abuse and lower physical abuse predict depersonalization in adult women with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

• #7 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder and Neural Correlates of Trauma-related Pathology: A Critical Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10132272/

  Depersonalization and derealization refer to an estranged state of mind that involves a profound feeling of detachment from one’s sense of self and the surrounding environment, respectively. […] Lack of awareness of DPDR is partly due to a limited neurobiological framework, and there remains a significant risk of misdiagnosis in clinical practice. […] It has been shown that there exists an especially strong relationship between early interpersonal trauma and dissociative disorders. […] Emotional neglect was determined to be the most substantial pathogenic risk factor. […] It has been suggested that these highly stressful encounters fail to fit into the subjects cognitive scheme regarding the self, others, and the world; therefore, they split off from consciousness. […] Recent research exploring disorders with a traumatogenic etiology, such as PTSD+DS, has shed light on the neural processes involved in DPDR.

• #8 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder and Neural Correlates of Trauma-related Pathology: A Critical Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10132272/

  Depersonalization and derealization refer to an estranged state of mind that involves a profound feeling of detachment from one’s sense of self and the surrounding environment, respectively. […] Lack of awareness of DPDR is partly due to a limited neurobiological framework, and there remains a significant risk of misdiagnosis in clinical practice. […] It has been shown that there exists an especially strong relationship between early interpersonal trauma and dissociative disorders. […] Emotional neglect was determined to be the most substantial pathogenic risk factor. […] It has been suggested that these highly stressful encounters fail to fit into the subjects cognitive scheme regarding the self, others, and the world; therefore, they split off from consciousness. […] Recent research exploring disorders with a traumatogenic etiology, such as PTSD+DS, has shed light on the neural processes involved in DPDR.

• #9 Dissociative disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dissociative-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20355215

  Dissociative disorders usually start as a way to cope with shocking, distressing or painful events. The disorders most often form in children who go through long-term physical, sexual or emotional abuse. Less often, the disorders form in children who’ve lived in a home where they went through frightening times or they never knew what to expect. The stress of war or natural disasters also can bring on dissociative disorders. […] When you go through an event that’s too much to handle emotionally, you may feel like you’re stepping outside of yourself and seeing the event as if it’s happening to another person. Mentally escaping in this way may help you get through a shocking, distressing or painful time.

• #10 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/derealization disorder is a type of dissociative disorder that consists of persistent or recurrent feelings of being detached (dissociated) from ones body or mental processes, usually with a feeling of being an outside observer of ones life (depersonalization) or of being detached from one’s surroundings (derealization). The disorder is often triggered by severe stress. […] Patients with depersonalization/derealization disorder often have experienced severe stress, such as the following: Being emotionally abused or neglected during childhood (a particularly common cause), being physically abused, witnessing domestic violence, having a severely impaired or mentally ill parent, having a family member or close friend die unexpectedly. […] Episodes can be triggered by interpersonal, financial, or occupational stress; depression; anxiety; or use of illicit drugs, particularly marijuana, ketamine, or hallucinogens.

• #11 Dissociative disorders – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/dissociative-disorders/

  Many people with a dissociative disorder have had a traumatic event during childhood. Dissociation can happen as a way of coping with it. […] There are many possible causes of dissociative disorders, including previous traumatic experience. Someone with a dissociative disorder may have experienced physical, sexual or emotional abuse during childhood. […] Some people dissociate after experiencing war, kidnapping or even an invasive medical procedure. Switching off from reality is a normal defence mechanism that helps the person cope during a traumatic time. […] It becomes a problem when the environment is no longer traumatic but the person still acts and lives as if it is, and has not dealt with or processed the event.

• #12 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/derealization disorder is a type of dissociative disorder that consists of persistent or recurrent feelings of being detached (dissociated) from ones body or mental processes, usually with a feeling of being an outside observer of ones life (depersonalization) or of being detached from one’s surroundings (derealization). The disorder is often triggered by severe stress. […] Patients with depersonalization/derealization disorder often have experienced severe stress, such as the following: Being emotionally abused or neglected during childhood (a particularly common cause), being physically abused, witnessing domestic violence, having a severely impaired or mentally ill parent, having a family member or close friend die unexpectedly. […] Episodes can be triggered by interpersonal, financial, or occupational stress; depression; anxiety; or use of illicit drugs, particularly marijuana, ketamine, or hallucinogens.

• #13 Mental Health: Depersonalization Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/depersonalization-disorder-mental-health

  Depersonalization-derealization disorder is one of a group of conditions called dissociative disorders. […] Little is known about the causes of depersonalization-derealization disorder, but biological, psychological, and environmental factors might play a role. […] Like other dissociative disorders, depersonalization-derealization disorder often is triggered by intense stress or a traumatic event such as war, abuse, accidents, disasters, or extreme violence that the person has experienced or witnessed. […] While the causes are not clear, experts have identified risk factors that make the disorder more likely. These include emotional abuse or neglect as a child, witnessing domestic violence, physical abuse, being raised by a parent with severe mental illness and impairment, suicide or other unexpected death of a loved one, less commonly, sexual abuse, having a personality that leads you to avoid stressful situations and makes it difficult for you to express how you experience things emotionally, depression, particularly if its serious depression, anxiety, particularly if accompanied by panic attacks, and illicit drug use. […] Although it might not be possible to prevent depersonalization-derealization disorder, it might be helpful to begin treatment in people as soon as they begin to show symptoms.

• #14 Depersonalization Disorder – Bridges to Recovery

  https://www.bridgestorecovery.com/depersonalization-disorder/

  Genetics and family history. Inherited traits usually play a role in the development of mental illness, as does the overall family environment. […] Previous history of mental illness and/or substance abuse. Having one form of mental illness is always a risk factor for others, and the likelihood of depersonalization disorder is increased if the previous disorder produced dissociative symptoms (which substance use disorders can sometimes do). […] Stressful lifestyles. In one study, nearly 80 percent of participants who reported frequent exposures to stress had experienced episodes of depersonalization and/or derealization at some time in their lives. […] Being raised by emotionally troubled parents. When parents were abused or otherwise traumatized in childhood, or even later in life, it can affect the way they relate to their children or have an impact on the way they teach their kids to relate to the world.

• #15 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #16 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/derealization disorder is a type of dissociative disorder that consists of persistent or recurrent feelings of being detached (dissociated) from ones body or mental processes, usually with a feeling of being an outside observer of ones life (depersonalization) or of being detached from one’s surroundings (derealization). The disorder is often triggered by severe stress. […] Patients with depersonalization/derealization disorder often have experienced severe stress, such as the following: Being emotionally abused or neglected during childhood (a particularly common cause), being physically abused, witnessing domestic violence, having a severely impaired or mentally ill parent, having a family member or close friend die unexpectedly. […] Episodes can be triggered by interpersonal, financial, or occupational stress; depression; anxiety; or use of illicit drugs, particularly marijuana, ketamine, or hallucinogens.

• #17 Depersonalization: Everything You Need to Know | Columbia University Irving Medical Center

  https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/depersonalization-everything-you-need-know

  Now that depersonalization is on everyone’s radar, you may wonder what it is and how to treat it. DDD can cause significant distress and morbidity to the affected individuals, but it often goes undetected or misdiagnosed, says Jacques Ambrose, MD, MPH, senior medical director at ColumbiaDoctors Psychiatry. Delays in treatments also prolong the course of DDD. […] Although specific causes are not well understood, there may be some related factors that can contribute to the condition that include: Severe trauma or abuse during childhood or as an adult. Extreme stress in personal or work situations. Prolonged depression or anxiety. Illicit substance use. […] Depersonalization-derealization disorder can affect various aspects of a person’s life, including work, relationships, and overall quality of life.

• #18 Understanding Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/understanding-depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  The exact cause of this disorder has not been identified but current research points to an imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemicals in the brain) that make the brain vulnerable to heightened responses when exposed to severe stress. […] Events that may increase the risk of neurotransmitter imbalance and lead to this condition might include: […] Exposure to trauma in childhood – directly or indirectly […] Severe stress, such as unexpected death of a loved one, car accident or other crisis […] Being brought up in a home with a mentally ill parent.

• #19 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  With the advancements in neuroimaging technologies, studies have revealed a potential association of functional and structural alteration with DPDR. […] The exact neurobiological mechanism remains unclear to date. However, the evidence from various studies as mentioned above indicates a significant association between brain regions involved in emotional perception and memory.

• #20 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder and Neural Correlates of Trauma-related Pathology: A Critical Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10132272/

  Psychological trauma has also been correlated with psychosomatic dissociative or somatoform symptoms (e.g., seizures). […] Early explanations of depersonalization/derealization theorized that it was a vestigial brain response to life-threatening conditions. […] More recent discoveries suggest that it might be related to temporal lobe dysfunction. […] Studies have opined that depersonalization and derealization might have distinct neuroanatomical correlates. […] The concept of corticolimbic disconnection is one model that explains the neurobiology of DPDR. […] It is thought that activation of PFC functions inhibits the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), an area that plays a key role in coordinating bottom-up and top-down processing within fear regulation circuitry. […] The sum of these activities is a hyperattentive state and a subsequent overmodulation of emotions findings consistent with those in patients with PTSD+DS.

• #21 Depersonalization-derealization disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder

  Patients with high interpersonal abuse histories (HIA) show significantly higher scores on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale, when compared to a control group. […] Besides traumatic experiences, other common precipitators of the disorder include severe stress, major depressive disorder or panic attacks. […] People who live in highly individualistic cultures may be more vulnerable to depersonalization due to a hypersensitivity towards threats and fears of losing control. […] It is unclear whether genetics plays a role; however, there are many neurochemical and hormonal changes in individuals with depersonalization disorder. […] DPDR may be associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the area of the brain involved in the „fight-or-flight” response.

• #22 Depersonalization Disorder | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36017

  Depersonalization-derealization disorder is thought to be caused largely by interpersonal trauma such as childhood abuse. […] The most common immediate precipitators of the disorder are severe stress, major depressive disorder and panic, and hallucinogen ingestion. […] One cognitive behavioral conceptualization is that misinterpreting normally transient dissociative symptoms as an indication of severe mental illness or neurological impairment leads to the development of the chronic disorder. […] Not much is known about the neurobiology of depersonalization disorder; however, there is converging evidence that the prefrontal cortex may inhibit neural circuits that normally form the substrate of emotional experience. […] Depersonalization disorder may be associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the area of the brain involved in the „fight-or-flight” response. […] It has been thought that depersonalization has been caused by a biological response to dangerous or life-threatening situations which causes heightened senses and emotional neutrality.

• #23

  https://consensus.app/questions/what-causes-derealization/

  Derealization is a dissociative disorder characterized by experiencing one’s surroundings as unreal or dreamlike. This condition often co-occurs with depersonalization, where individuals feel detached from their own body or self. Understanding the causes of derealization is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. This article synthesizes findings from multiple research studies to elucidate the various factors contributing to derealization. […] Research indicates that neuropsychological and neuroanatomical abnormalities can contribute to derealization. Specifically, a malfunction in the left frontal and prefrontal cortex has been linked to deficits in working memory, which may produce symptoms of derealization and depersonalization. This suggests that cognitive-neurofunctional alterations play a significant role in the manifestation of these symptoms.

• #24 Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/depersonalizationderealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/derealization disorder is not well understood. Like other dissociative disorders, depersonalization/derealization reflects a disruption in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, perception, motor control, and behavior. And like them, it often occurs in the aftermath of acute stress or trauma. Some experts believe it initially occurs as a shield, a form of mental protection from injury. […] A history of severe stress, neglect, or physical or emotional abuse can lead to depersonalization/derealization disorder. Acute moments of stress anxiety, or trauma, may also trigger symptoms in individuals without a history of such experiences. Studies have shown that poor sleep quality is associated with an increase in the severity of symptoms of dissociation. […] Research suggests that DP/DR is a disruption in interoception, the processing of internal body signals essential to self-awareness. DP/DR most often occurs under conditions of acute stress or trauma, as is the case with other dissociative states, and the relationship with acute stress suggests that stress hormones play a role in some capacity.

• #25 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder and Neural Correlates of Trauma-related Pathology: A Critical Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10132272/

  Psychological trauma has also been correlated with psychosomatic dissociative or somatoform symptoms (e.g., seizures). […] Early explanations of depersonalization/derealization theorized that it was a vestigial brain response to life-threatening conditions. […] More recent discoveries suggest that it might be related to temporal lobe dysfunction. […] Studies have opined that depersonalization and derealization might have distinct neuroanatomical correlates. […] The concept of corticolimbic disconnection is one model that explains the neurobiology of DPDR. […] It is thought that activation of PFC functions inhibits the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), an area that plays a key role in coordinating bottom-up and top-down processing within fear regulation circuitry. […] The sum of these activities is a hyperattentive state and a subsequent overmodulation of emotions findings consistent with those in patients with PTSD+DS.

• #26 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder and Neural Correlates of Trauma-related Pathology: A Critical Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10132272/

  Neuroimaging studies on DPDR have also revealed variations in cortical thickness. […] The first known study on aberrations of structural white matter connections in patients with DPDR showed that, compared to controls, patients with DPDR had disrupted connections between the left superior temporal gyrus and left temporal poles, as well as between the right middle temporal gyrus and right supramarginal gyrus. […] Overall, there are positive correlations between DPDR and neurological impairment, which are likely mediated by trauma.

• #27 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder and Neural Correlates of Trauma-related Pathology: A Critical Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10132272/

  Neuroimaging studies on DPDR have also revealed variations in cortical thickness. […] The first known study on aberrations of structural white matter connections in patients with DPDR showed that, compared to controls, patients with DPDR had disrupted connections between the left superior temporal gyrus and left temporal poles, as well as between the right middle temporal gyrus and right supramarginal gyrus. […] Overall, there are positive correlations between DPDR and neurological impairment, which are likely mediated by trauma.

• #28 Depersonalization and derealization as sequelae of a temporal lobe lesion: a case report | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-024-05641-2

  We report here a unique case of a 68-year-old female patient who experienced depersonalization and derealization secondary to a metastatic lesion in her temporal lobe, in the parahippocampal gyrus to medial occipitotemporal gyrus region, in the absence of any clinical seizure activity or other psychiatric pathology. […] Neurobiologically, depersonalization and derealization are hypothesized to arise from a vestigial hard wired distributed network, evolutionarily developed to increase attention and decrease emotional response in life-threatening situations, in order to enhance performance and theoretically increase survival especially in situations where the perceived threat cannot be localized. […] In our patient, the metastatic lesion in question likely disrupted connections between occipitotemporal, retrosplenial, and parahippocampal regions with associated structures such as amygdala and cingulate cortex, in addition to decreasing functionality of the tumor region itself, leading to experiences of depersonalization and derealization. […] This case serves as a unique contribution to the literature on the neurobiology of these phenomena, given the specific localization of the intracerebral pathology and temporal specificity of symptoms relative to tumor growth and treatment course.

• #29 Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/depersonalizationderealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/derealization disorder is not well understood. Like other dissociative disorders, depersonalization/derealization reflects a disruption in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, perception, motor control, and behavior. And like them, it often occurs in the aftermath of acute stress or trauma. Some experts believe it initially occurs as a shield, a form of mental protection from injury. […] A history of severe stress, neglect, or physical or emotional abuse can lead to depersonalization/derealization disorder. Acute moments of stress anxiety, or trauma, may also trigger symptoms in individuals without a history of such experiences. Studies have shown that poor sleep quality is associated with an increase in the severity of symptoms of dissociation. […] Research suggests that DP/DR is a disruption in interoception, the processing of internal body signals essential to self-awareness. DP/DR most often occurs under conditions of acute stress or trauma, as is the case with other dissociative states, and the relationship with acute stress suggests that stress hormones play a role in some capacity.

• #30 Depersonalization-derealization disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder

  Patients with high interpersonal abuse histories (HIA) show significantly higher scores on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale, when compared to a control group. […] Besides traumatic experiences, other common precipitators of the disorder include severe stress, major depressive disorder or panic attacks. […] People who live in highly individualistic cultures may be more vulnerable to depersonalization due to a hypersensitivity towards threats and fears of losing control. […] It is unclear whether genetics plays a role; however, there are many neurochemical and hormonal changes in individuals with depersonalization disorder. […] DPDR may be associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the area of the brain involved in the „fight-or-flight” response.

• #31 A Guide to Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder (DDD)

  https://granitehillshospital.com/blog/a-guide-to-depersonalization-derealization-disorder/

  What Causes Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder? The exact cause of DDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of biological, psychological and environmental factors. […] Potential causes: Biological Factors: Neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly those involving serotonin, may play a role. […] Psychological Factors: Traumatic experiences, severe stress or anxiety are commonly associated with DDD onset. […] Environmental Factors: Childhood trauma, neglect or abusive environments may increase the risk. […] Risk factors: People with a history of substance abuse, severe stress or other mental health disorders may be more susceptible to developing DDD.

• #32 7.2: Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/07%3A_Dissociative_Disorders/7.02%3A_Depersonalization_Derealization_Disorder

  Depersonalization/derealization disorder has been found to be comorbid with depression and anxiety disorders. […] The causes of depersonalization/derealization disorder are largely unknown. Very little is understood about the potential genetic underpinnings; however, there is some suggestion that heritability rates for dissociative experiences range from 50-60%. […] There are clear associations between all of the dissociative disorders and childhood trauma and abuse but the association is slightly weaker for depersonalization/derealization disorder than it is for the other dissociative disorders. […] The onset of the disorder is commonly triggered by severe stress, depression, anxiety, panic attacks, and drug use (particularly cannabis, hallucinogens, ketamine, ecstasy, and salvia).

• #33 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #34 Depersonalization-derealization disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder

  Patients with high interpersonal abuse histories (HIA) show significantly higher scores on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale, when compared to a control group. […] Besides traumatic experiences, other common precipitators of the disorder include severe stress, major depressive disorder or panic attacks. […] People who live in highly individualistic cultures may be more vulnerable to depersonalization due to a hypersensitivity towards threats and fears of losing control. […] It is unclear whether genetics plays a role; however, there are many neurochemical and hormonal changes in individuals with depersonalization disorder. […] DPDR may be associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the area of the brain involved in the „fight-or-flight” response.

• #35 Depersonalization Disorder (300.6) | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-abnormalpsych/chapter/depersonalization-disorder-300-6/

  Similar to the other dissociative disorders, scientists link severe childhood abuse to depersonalization disorders. […] Brain imaging, including pet scans, show sensory cortex abnormalities. […] Positron emission tomography scans used to assess brain glucose metabolism show abnormalities in the sensory cortex including the temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes. […] The sensory cortex controls the senses and perception of an individuals body in space. […] Lower levels of nerve cell responses in the area of the brain that controls emotion may correlate to the emotional detachment that individuals feel during an episode of depersonalization. […] Western cultures where individuals live in a more individualistic society, may be more likely to suffer from a depersonalization disorder. […] Individualism is stressed in most Western cultures and may have an effect on an individuals sense of self.

• #36 Understanding Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/nursing-clinic/diseases-and-conditions/mental-health/understanding-depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder (DPDR) is thought to result from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors: […] Exposure to severe trauma, such as abuse or major life stressors, is a common trigger for DPDR. The disorder can be a coping mechanism to manage overwhelming experiences. […] High levels of anxiety or panic attacks can precipitate episodes of depersonalization and derealization. […] Certain personality traits, such as high levels of neuroticism or a predisposition to dissociation, may contribute to the development of DPDR. […] Neurobiological factors, such as abnormalities in brain function or neurotransmitter imbalances, may play a role in the development of DPDR. […] The use of drugs or alcohol, as well as withdrawal from substances, can induce or exacerbate symptoms of depersonalization and derealization.

• #37 Understanding Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/nursing-clinic/diseases-and-conditions/mental-health/understanding-depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder (DPDR) is thought to result from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors: […] Exposure to severe trauma, such as abuse or major life stressors, is a common trigger for DPDR. The disorder can be a coping mechanism to manage overwhelming experiences. […] High levels of anxiety or panic attacks can precipitate episodes of depersonalization and derealization. […] Certain personality traits, such as high levels of neuroticism or a predisposition to dissociation, may contribute to the development of DPDR. […] Neurobiological factors, such as abnormalities in brain function or neurotransmitter imbalances, may play a role in the development of DPDR. […] The use of drugs or alcohol, as well as withdrawal from substances, can induce or exacerbate symptoms of depersonalization and derealization.

• #38 Mental Health: Depersonalization Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/depersonalization-disorder-mental-health

  Depersonalization-derealization disorder is one of a group of conditions called dissociative disorders. […] Little is known about the causes of depersonalization-derealization disorder, but biological, psychological, and environmental factors might play a role. […] Like other dissociative disorders, depersonalization-derealization disorder often is triggered by intense stress or a traumatic event such as war, abuse, accidents, disasters, or extreme violence that the person has experienced or witnessed. […] While the causes are not clear, experts have identified risk factors that make the disorder more likely. These include emotional abuse or neglect as a child, witnessing domestic violence, physical abuse, being raised by a parent with severe mental illness and impairment, suicide or other unexpected death of a loved one, less commonly, sexual abuse, having a personality that leads you to avoid stressful situations and makes it difficult for you to express how you experience things emotionally, depression, particularly if its serious depression, anxiety, particularly if accompanied by panic attacks, and illicit drug use. […] Although it might not be possible to prevent depersonalization-derealization disorder, it might be helpful to begin treatment in people as soon as they begin to show symptoms.

• #39 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder | Behavioral and Mental Health | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/behavioral-mental-health/conditions/depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  Doctors don’t know the exact causes of DDD. Some people are at greater risk if they’ve experienced very stressful or traumatic events. It may be related to your personality traits, especially if you often prefer to avoid difficult situations. Other factors that may influence whether you get DDD include: […] If you have family members with this condition, you may be more likely to develop it. Tending to avoid or deny difficult situations in an effort to cope is another risk factor. Other mental health conditions, including depression or anxiety, put you at higher risk. Using some recreational drugs can also lead to DDD episodes.

• #40 Understanding Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/nursing-clinic/diseases-and-conditions/mental-health/understanding-depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder (DPDR) is thought to result from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors: […] Exposure to severe trauma, such as abuse or major life stressors, is a common trigger for DPDR. The disorder can be a coping mechanism to manage overwhelming experiences. […] High levels of anxiety or panic attacks can precipitate episodes of depersonalization and derealization. […] Certain personality traits, such as high levels of neuroticism or a predisposition to dissociation, may contribute to the development of DPDR. […] Neurobiological factors, such as abnormalities in brain function or neurotransmitter imbalances, may play a role in the development of DPDR. […] The use of drugs or alcohol, as well as withdrawal from substances, can induce or exacerbate symptoms of depersonalization and derealization.

• #41 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #42 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/derealization disorder is a type of dissociative disorder that consists of persistent or recurrent feelings of being detached (dissociated) from ones body or mental processes, usually with a feeling of being an outside observer of ones life (depersonalization) or of being detached from one’s surroundings (derealization). The disorder is often triggered by severe stress. […] Patients with depersonalization/derealization disorder often have experienced severe stress, such as the following: Being emotionally abused or neglected during childhood (a particularly common cause), being physically abused, witnessing domestic violence, having a severely impaired or mentally ill parent, having a family member or close friend die unexpectedly. […] Episodes can be triggered by interpersonal, financial, or occupational stress; depression; anxiety; or use of illicit drugs, particularly marijuana, ketamine, or hallucinogens.

• #43 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/dissociative-disorders/depersonalization

  Common causes of the disorder are severe stress (interpersonal, financial, occupational), depression, anxiety (particularly panic attacks), and substance use. […] Substance such as tetrahydrocannabinol, hallucinogens, ketamine, MDMA, and salvia. […] Cannabis in particular may precipitate new-onset panic attacks and depersonalization/derealization symptoms simultaneously.

• #44 Derealization: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-derealization-overview

  Derealization sometimes can be a symptom of a medical condition. Other times, it can happen on its own, often in reaction to severe trauma or stress. […] The most common event that can trigger derealization is emotional abuse or neglect at a young age. As a child, you might have learned to detach from the world around you as a way to manage the trauma. Other sources of stress might include: […] Derealization is more likely to happen because of things like: […] Trauma or extreme stress. Whether it happened to you as a child or as an adult, your brain may be trying to protect you from overwhelming feelings. […] Derealization from drug use is common, too. For instance, it’s a well-known side effect of marijuana. But some people keep having episodes months or years after they stop using weed.

• #45 Depersonalization Disorder from Drug Use | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.recoveryteam.org/substance-use/depersonalization-disorder-from-drug-use/

  Depersonalization disorder (DPD), also known as depersonalization-derealization disorder (DPDR), is a mental disorder where a person feels disconnected from their own body and thoughts. This experience can be distressing and make it hard to connect with reality. […] The exact cause of depersonalization disorder is not well understood, but it can be triggered by severe stress, trauma, or substance abuse. Drugs like marijuana, hallucinogens, and dissociative agents can alter the brain’s processing of self-perception, leading to derealization symptoms. […] Certain substances impact brain function in ways that can cause or intensify feelings of detachment: Hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, MDMA) distort self-perception, leading to a dream-like state or a feeling of unreality. […] Neurological changes in neurotransmitters like serotonin and glutamate can disrupt self-awareness, while external factors such as stress or an unfamiliar environment can increase the risk of dissociative symptoms. […] By recognizing the effects of substance use on self-perception and mental health, individuals can take proactive steps toward managing depersonalization and seeking the right support for healing.

• #46 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/dissociative-disorders/depersonalization

  Common causes of the disorder are severe stress (interpersonal, financial, occupational), depression, anxiety (particularly panic attacks), and substance use. […] Substance such as tetrahydrocannabinol, hallucinogens, ketamine, MDMA, and salvia. […] Cannabis in particular may precipitate new-onset panic attacks and depersonalization/derealization symptoms simultaneously.

• #47 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/dissociative-disorders/depersonalization

  Common causes of the disorder are severe stress (interpersonal, financial, occupational), depression, anxiety (particularly panic attacks), and substance use. […] Substance such as tetrahydrocannabinol, hallucinogens, ketamine, MDMA, and salvia. […] Cannabis in particular may precipitate new-onset panic attacks and depersonalization/derealization symptoms simultaneously.

• #48 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #49 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #50 Depersonalization – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization

  A case-control study conducted at a specialized depersonalization clinic included 164 individuals with chronic depersonalization symptoms, of which 40 linked their symptoms to illicit drug use. […] Studies have linked dysregulation of the immune system with depersonalisation. […] Depersonalization involves disruptions in the integration of interoceptive and exteroceptive signals, particularly in response to acute anxiety or trauma-related events. […] Depersonalization is a classic response to acute trauma, and may be highly prevalent in individuals involved in different traumatic situations including motor vehicle collision and imprisonment. […] Psychologically depersonalization can, just like dissociation in general, be considered a type of coping mechanism, used to decrease the intensity of unpleasant experience, whether that is something as mild as stress or something as severe as chronically high anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.

• #51 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder – DSM-5 Code 300.6

  https://traumadissociation.com/depersonalization

  Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder (DPD) is a Dissociative Disorder involving persistently feeling like a stranger to yourself and/or your surroundings. […] Many people with this disorder have a history of childhood trauma; particularly emotional abuse and emotional neglect. Other known factors include witnessing domestic violence, by raised by a parent with serious mental illness or the sudden death or suicide of a relative or close friend. […] Another known cause of this disorder is recreational drug use (substance use), especially Marijuana, ecstasy and Ketamine (Special K). […] Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder caused by drug use cannot be cured by stopping using the drug that caused it, this is because the disorder can only be diagnosed if symptoms continue after stopping using the drug. […] Marijuana (cannabis) use may occur prior to new panic attacks and depersonalization/derealization symptoms.

• #52

  https://consensus.app/questions/what-causes-derealization/

  Derealization is frequently observed in individuals with various psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Epidemiological studies reveal high prevalence rates of derealization in these populations, suggesting common pathophysiological or etiological factors. Additionally, derealization-like symptoms have been reported in the context of epilepsy, further indicating a neurological basis for the disorder. […] Research involving autonomic responses to simulated body threats has shown that individuals predisposed to derealization exhibit distinct patterns of autonomic suppression. Specifically, threats delivered to others correlate with derealization-like experiences, implicating a fronto-limbic autonomic suppression mechanism in the disorder. […] Derealization is a complex disorder with multifaceted causes, including neuropsychological abnormalities, pharmacological triggers, sensory mismatches, emotional states, and comorbid psychiatric and neurological conditions. Understanding these diverse factors is essential for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes. Further research is needed to explore these mechanisms in greater depth and to identify potential therapeutic interventions.

• #53 7.2: Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/07%3A_Dissociative_Disorders/7.02%3A_Depersonalization_Derealization_Disorder

  Depersonalization/derealization disorder has been found to be comorbid with depression and anxiety disorders. […] The causes of depersonalization/derealization disorder are largely unknown. Very little is understood about the potential genetic underpinnings; however, there is some suggestion that heritability rates for dissociative experiences range from 50-60%. […] There are clear associations between all of the dissociative disorders and childhood trauma and abuse but the association is slightly weaker for depersonalization/derealization disorder than it is for the other dissociative disorders. […] The onset of the disorder is commonly triggered by severe stress, depression, anxiety, panic attacks, and drug use (particularly cannabis, hallucinogens, ketamine, ecstasy, and salvia).

• #54 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #55 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: Signs and Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis – Ananda

  https://ananda.ai/depersonalization-derealization-disorder/?srsltid=AfmBOooc37S_1WOEoc-jTJPtDd0mNhJIpVqlVe2GTZANLZBepnKI6cMp

  Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder is defined as persistent or recurring symptoms of depersonalization, or derealization, or both. […] Episodes may be triggered by severe stress or trauma, and can manifest in adulthood as an adaptive measure. […] Existing data points towards a 1% prevalence rate of Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder among the general population, though it is important here to note that it is severely underdiagnosed owing to its high comorbidity with several mental illnesses. […] However, the most well-known risk factors of Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder are environmental, with clear associations between the disorder and childhood trauma in a large proportion of patients. […] There is a high prevalence of Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder in depression (as high as 60%).

• #56 Dissociation and depersonalization: Causes, risk factors, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262888

  Some kinds of dissociation can occur with the following conditions: depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), phobic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), migraine. […] According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), dissociative disorders that feature dissociation or depersonalization are: Depersonalization-derealization disorder: This can involve out-of-body experiences, a feeling of being unreal, and an inability to recognize one’s image in a mirror. […] Anxiety can be a cause or a result of dissociation. […] Depersonalization, dissociation, and related experiences can happen for a number of reasons, including PTSD, the use of some substances, and other mental health conditions.

• #57 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #58 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #59 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #60 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #61 Dissociation and depersonalization: Causes, risk factors, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262888

  Some kinds of dissociation can occur with the following conditions: depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), phobic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), migraine. […] According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), dissociative disorders that feature dissociation or depersonalization are: Depersonalization-derealization disorder: This can involve out-of-body experiences, a feeling of being unreal, and an inability to recognize one’s image in a mirror. […] Anxiety can be a cause or a result of dissociation. […] Depersonalization, dissociation, and related experiences can happen for a number of reasons, including PTSD, the use of some substances, and other mental health conditions.

• #62 Depersonalization and derealization as sequelae of a temporal lobe lesion: a case report | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-024-05641-2

  Depersonalization and derealization can occur not just from psychiatric causes but also from various organic etiologies, such as seizures and intracerebral structural abnormalities. […] In this case report, we detail the unique presentation of a 68-year-old woman under the care of palliative medicine who experienced depersonalization and derealization secondary to a metastatic lesion in her temporal lobe, in the parahippocampal gyrus to medial occipitotemporal gyrus region. […] We discuss the relationship among isolated depersonalization and derealization with pathology of the left posterior temporal lobe in the context of this interesting case. […] This case expands our knowledge of the neurobiology of these phenomena, given the specific localization of the intracerebral pathology and temporal specificity of symptoms relative to tumor growth and treatment course.

• #63

  https://medium.com/@Andrea355/do-you-suffer-from-persistent-depersonalization-derealization-it-could-be-a-physical-condition-4518e8211cbd

  Depersonalization / Derealization (DPDR) is a hell of a condition, which makes sufferers feel alienated from themselves and the world around them, and commonly feel like they are going crazy. It is reported by sufferers as one of the worst states of mind a person can experience, in terms of how distressing it can feel. […] The good news: chances are, you are not going crazy. In the vast majority of cases, DPDR is a transient dissociative reaction used by your mind to protect you from feelings of anxiety, or situations where you perceive a threat to your life. […] If you have already tried everything and more, have attempted grounding techniques and distraction, but the feeling is still there since many months or years and it simply wont go away, you might want to consider that DPDR can sometimes have physical causes as well.

• #64

  https://medium.com/@Andrea355/do-you-suffer-from-persistent-depersonalization-derealization-it-could-be-a-physical-condition-4518e8211cbd

  The link between DPDR and visual snow still isnt clear: is it a physical condition causing mental feelings, or vice versa? Theories about visual snow etiology (=its causes) include neck tension/misalignment, and brain hyperactivity (or both). […] Sinusitis can commonly give feelings of brain fog, which could morph into DPDR. According to my own unofficial research in online communities, a disproportionate amount of people living with dissociative disorders seems to suffer from sinusitis, which if confirmed, could be a very interesting clue about the interplay between the physical and the mental realm. […] Particularly, deficiency in vitamin B12 (which affects the health of the nervous system), other vitamins of the B complex, and magnesium, can give rise to DPDR. […] Your gut has a direct effect on your brain, and gut imbalance, or food intolerances, can definitely cause brain fog or DPDR.

• #65

  https://medium.com/@Andrea355/do-you-suffer-from-persistent-depersonalization-derealization-it-could-be-a-physical-condition-4518e8211cbd

  Research shows that missing only one night of sleep can cause feelings of depersonalization. […] Lyme disease can often manifest through neuropsychiatric symptoms, including DPDR. […] It is important to emphasize how rare this is. Having DPDR is not, in itself, a suggestion of brain tumor. However, if you have experienced this persistently for a very long time, and you have other symptoms such as headaches, weakness on one side of the body, changes in your vision, cognitive decline, or others, you might want to speak with your doctor about getting an MRI.

• #66

  https://consensus.app/questions/what-causes-derealization/

  Certain medications have been implicated in the onset of derealization episodes. For instance, reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, has been reported to induce derealization in patients treated for major depressive episodes. The symptoms typically remit after discontinuation of the drug, suggesting a possible role of the serotonin system in the pathophysiology of derealization. Similarly, dextroamphetamine, commonly used to treat ADHD, has been associated with derealization symptoms in some patients, which also subside upon switching medications. […] Studies have shown that distorted vestibular signals can provoke derealization symptoms. For example, unilateral centrifugation in healthy subjects has been found to induce feelings of unreality, such as the sensation that the body feels strange or that time passes very slowly. These symptoms are thought to arise from a mismatch between vestibular signals and other sensory inputs, creating a misleading frame of reference.

• #67 Depersonalization – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization

  A case-control study conducted at a specialized depersonalization clinic included 164 individuals with chronic depersonalization symptoms, of which 40 linked their symptoms to illicit drug use. […] Studies have linked dysregulation of the immune system with depersonalisation. […] Depersonalization involves disruptions in the integration of interoceptive and exteroceptive signals, particularly in response to acute anxiety or trauma-related events. […] Depersonalization is a classic response to acute trauma, and may be highly prevalent in individuals involved in different traumatic situations including motor vehicle collision and imprisonment. […] Psychologically depersonalization can, just like dissociation in general, be considered a type of coping mechanism, used to decrease the intensity of unpleasant experience, whether that is something as mild as stress or something as severe as chronically high anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.

• #68 Depersonalization and derealization as sequelae of a temporal lobe lesion: a case report | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-024-05641-2

  Depersonalization and derealization can occur not just from psychiatric causes but also from various organic etiologies, such as seizures and intracerebral structural abnormalities. […] In this case report, we detail the unique presentation of a 68-year-old woman under the care of palliative medicine who experienced depersonalization and derealization secondary to a metastatic lesion in her temporal lobe, in the parahippocampal gyrus to medial occipitotemporal gyrus region. […] We discuss the relationship among isolated depersonalization and derealization with pathology of the left posterior temporal lobe in the context of this interesting case. […] This case expands our knowledge of the neurobiology of these phenomena, given the specific localization of the intracerebral pathology and temporal specificity of symptoms relative to tumor growth and treatment course.

• #69 Depersonalization and derealization as sequelae of a temporal lobe lesion: a case report | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-024-05641-2

  We report here a unique case of a 68-year-old female patient who experienced depersonalization and derealization secondary to a metastatic lesion in her temporal lobe, in the parahippocampal gyrus to medial occipitotemporal gyrus region, in the absence of any clinical seizure activity or other psychiatric pathology. […] Neurobiologically, depersonalization and derealization are hypothesized to arise from a vestigial hard wired distributed network, evolutionarily developed to increase attention and decrease emotional response in life-threatening situations, in order to enhance performance and theoretically increase survival especially in situations where the perceived threat cannot be localized. […] In our patient, the metastatic lesion in question likely disrupted connections between occipitotemporal, retrosplenial, and parahippocampal regions with associated structures such as amygdala and cingulate cortex, in addition to decreasing functionality of the tumor region itself, leading to experiences of depersonalization and derealization. […] This case serves as a unique contribution to the literature on the neurobiology of these phenomena, given the specific localization of the intracerebral pathology and temporal specificity of symptoms relative to tumor growth and treatment course.

• #70

  https://medium.com/@Andrea355/do-you-suffer-from-persistent-depersonalization-derealization-it-could-be-a-physical-condition-4518e8211cbd

  The link between DPDR and visual snow still isnt clear: is it a physical condition causing mental feelings, or vice versa? Theories about visual snow etiology (=its causes) include neck tension/misalignment, and brain hyperactivity (or both). […] Sinusitis can commonly give feelings of brain fog, which could morph into DPDR. According to my own unofficial research in online communities, a disproportionate amount of people living with dissociative disorders seems to suffer from sinusitis, which if confirmed, could be a very interesting clue about the interplay between the physical and the mental realm. […] Particularly, deficiency in vitamin B12 (which affects the health of the nervous system), other vitamins of the B complex, and magnesium, can give rise to DPDR. […] Your gut has a direct effect on your brain, and gut imbalance, or food intolerances, can definitely cause brain fog or DPDR.

• #71

  https://medium.com/@Andrea355/do-you-suffer-from-persistent-depersonalization-derealization-it-could-be-a-physical-condition-4518e8211cbd

  The link between DPDR and visual snow still isnt clear: is it a physical condition causing mental feelings, or vice versa? Theories about visual snow etiology (=its causes) include neck tension/misalignment, and brain hyperactivity (or both). […] Sinusitis can commonly give feelings of brain fog, which could morph into DPDR. According to my own unofficial research in online communities, a disproportionate amount of people living with dissociative disorders seems to suffer from sinusitis, which if confirmed, could be a very interesting clue about the interplay between the physical and the mental realm. […] Particularly, deficiency in vitamin B12 (which affects the health of the nervous system), other vitamins of the B complex, and magnesium, can give rise to DPDR. […] Your gut has a direct effect on your brain, and gut imbalance, or food intolerances, can definitely cause brain fog or DPDR.

• #72

  https://medium.com/@Andrea355/do-you-suffer-from-persistent-depersonalization-derealization-it-could-be-a-physical-condition-4518e8211cbd

  The link between DPDR and visual snow still isnt clear: is it a physical condition causing mental feelings, or vice versa? Theories about visual snow etiology (=its causes) include neck tension/misalignment, and brain hyperactivity (or both). […] Sinusitis can commonly give feelings of brain fog, which could morph into DPDR. According to my own unofficial research in online communities, a disproportionate amount of people living with dissociative disorders seems to suffer from sinusitis, which if confirmed, could be a very interesting clue about the interplay between the physical and the mental realm. […] Particularly, deficiency in vitamin B12 (which affects the health of the nervous system), other vitamins of the B complex, and magnesium, can give rise to DPDR. […] Your gut has a direct effect on your brain, and gut imbalance, or food intolerances, can definitely cause brain fog or DPDR.

• #73

  https://medium.com/@Andrea355/do-you-suffer-from-persistent-depersonalization-derealization-it-could-be-a-physical-condition-4518e8211cbd

  Research shows that missing only one night of sleep can cause feelings of depersonalization. […] Lyme disease can often manifest through neuropsychiatric symptoms, including DPDR. […] It is important to emphasize how rare this is. Having DPDR is not, in itself, a suggestion of brain tumor. However, if you have experienced this persistently for a very long time, and you have other symptoms such as headaches, weakness on one side of the body, changes in your vision, cognitive decline, or others, you might want to speak with your doctor about getting an MRI.

• #74 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #75 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/Depersonalization/comments/lylqh6/a_complete_guide_to_depersonalizationderealization/

  As far as common, personal causes for DPDR, some include: -Drugs. Your brain can easily recognize drugs or alcohol as a danger if youre either doing them for the first time, having a bad experience on them, or overusing them. (Prescription or recreational, even drugs with no high can cause it) […] -physical trauma. A Car crash. A physical confrontation, etc.. […] -Social anxiety. […] -OCD. Obsessively worrying about something to an extreme can put you in a disassociated state […] -Coronavirus. Coronavirus is neuro-invasive. A very large percent of people report brain fog after getting sick from Coronavirus. Brain fog can be a synonym of disassociation.

• #76 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  This comprehensive review delves into the complexities surrounding Depersonalization-Derealization disorder (DPDR), a dissociative disorder characterized by enduring feelings of detachment from one’s self and surroundings. […] Despite many trials and studies conducted the exact cause of this condition is still unknown. The best way to understand its etiology is by taking into account its clinical presentations and linking it to different structural and functional alterations of the brain. […] While the precise cause remains elusive, factors such as traumatic experiences, stress, and genetic predispositions have been implicated, with modern neuroimaging studies offering insight into potential structural and functional brain alterations. […] So far there is no proper etiology that has been stated for DPDR. However, with the help of clinical associations of the symptoms and other associated conditions, potential etiology can be understood.

• #77 Derealization: Understanding, Diagnosing, and TreatmentToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to top

  https://healyournervoussystem.com/derealization-comprehensive-guide-to-understanding-diagnosing-and-treating-the-disorder/

  Derealization/Derealization disorder (DPDR) is a complex mental health condition. It’s influenced by genetics, environmental factors, stress, trauma, and other mental health disorders. […] The role of genetics in DPDR isn’t fully understood. However, research suggests that individuals with a family history of DPDR or other dissociative disorders are at higher risk. This implies a genetic predisposition to the disorder. […] Environmental triggers also play a part. Exposure to severe stressors or traumatic events can trigger symptoms of DPDR. These could include neglect during childhood or witnessing violence. […] For instance, studies have shown that children who experience emotional abuse are more likely to develop DPDR later in life. This confirms the significant impact of environmental factors on this disorder.

• #78 Depersonalization – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization

  A case-control study conducted at a specialized depersonalization clinic included 164 individuals with chronic depersonalization symptoms, of which 40 linked their symptoms to illicit drug use. […] Studies have linked dysregulation of the immune system with depersonalisation. […] Depersonalization involves disruptions in the integration of interoceptive and exteroceptive signals, particularly in response to acute anxiety or trauma-related events. […] Depersonalization is a classic response to acute trauma, and may be highly prevalent in individuals involved in different traumatic situations including motor vehicle collision and imprisonment. […] Psychologically depersonalization can, just like dissociation in general, be considered a type of coping mechanism, used to decrease the intensity of unpleasant experience, whether that is something as mild as stress or something as severe as chronically high anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.

• #79 Dissociative disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dissociative-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20355215

  Dissociative disorders usually start as a way to cope with shocking, distressing or painful events. The disorders most often form in children who go through long-term physical, sexual or emotional abuse. Less often, the disorders form in children who’ve lived in a home where they went through frightening times or they never knew what to expect. The stress of war or natural disasters also can bring on dissociative disorders. […] When you go through an event that’s too much to handle emotionally, you may feel like you’re stepping outside of yourself and seeing the event as if it’s happening to another person. Mentally escaping in this way may help you get through a shocking, distressing or painful time.

• #80 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder and Neural Correlates of Trauma-related Pathology: A Critical Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10132272/

  Neuroimaging studies on DPDR have also revealed variations in cortical thickness. […] The first known study on aberrations of structural white matter connections in patients with DPDR showed that, compared to controls, patients with DPDR had disrupted connections between the left superior temporal gyrus and left temporal poles, as well as between the right middle temporal gyrus and right supramarginal gyrus. […] Overall, there are positive correlations between DPDR and neurological impairment, which are likely mediated by trauma.

• #81

  https://consensus.app/questions/what-causes-derealization/

  Derealization is frequently observed in individuals with various psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Epidemiological studies reveal high prevalence rates of derealization in these populations, suggesting common pathophysiological or etiological factors. Additionally, derealization-like symptoms have been reported in the context of epilepsy, further indicating a neurological basis for the disorder. […] Research involving autonomic responses to simulated body threats has shown that individuals predisposed to derealization exhibit distinct patterns of autonomic suppression. Specifically, threats delivered to others correlate with derealization-like experiences, implicating a fronto-limbic autonomic suppression mechanism in the disorder. […] Derealization is a complex disorder with multifaceted causes, including neuropsychological abnormalities, pharmacological triggers, sensory mismatches, emotional states, and comorbid psychiatric and neurological conditions. Understanding these diverse factors is essential for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes. Further research is needed to explore these mechanisms in greater depth and to identify potential therapeutic interventions.

• #82 Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/depersonalizationderealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/derealization disorder is not well understood. Like other dissociative disorders, depersonalization/derealization reflects a disruption in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, perception, motor control, and behavior. And like them, it often occurs in the aftermath of acute stress or trauma. Some experts believe it initially occurs as a shield, a form of mental protection from injury. […] A history of severe stress, neglect, or physical or emotional abuse can lead to depersonalization/derealization disorder. Acute moments of stress anxiety, or trauma, may also trigger symptoms in individuals without a history of such experiences. Studies have shown that poor sleep quality is associated with an increase in the severity of symptoms of dissociation. […] Research suggests that DP/DR is a disruption in interoception, the processing of internal body signals essential to self-awareness. DP/DR most often occurs under conditions of acute stress or trauma, as is the case with other dissociative states, and the relationship with acute stress suggests that stress hormones play a role in some capacity.

• #83 Depersonalization vs Psychosis – Remedy Psychiatry, Inc

  https://remedypsychiatry.com/depersonalization-vs-psychosis/

  Depersonalization, as with other dissociative disorders, may stem from a reaction to trauma. In truth, researchers and health professionals do not know the root cause for the disorder, but biological and environmental factors may contribute to its fruition. Things related to abuse in childhood, extreme levels of stress in personal and work environments, physical conditions (such as seizure disorders), accidents, natural disasters, sudden death, personality or mental disorders, and so many other things can play a part in causing depersonalization to take place. […] Lets begin with this thought: what is significant about the fact that depersonalization is a dissociative disorder? Well, dissociative disorders are mental conditions in which individuals feel a disconnection between themselves and their thoughts, actions, self, and environment.

• #84 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  This comprehensive review delves into the complexities surrounding Depersonalization-Derealization disorder (DPDR), a dissociative disorder characterized by enduring feelings of detachment from one’s self and surroundings. […] Despite many trials and studies conducted the exact cause of this condition is still unknown. The best way to understand its etiology is by taking into account its clinical presentations and linking it to different structural and functional alterations of the brain. […] While the precise cause remains elusive, factors such as traumatic experiences, stress, and genetic predispositions have been implicated, with modern neuroimaging studies offering insight into potential structural and functional brain alterations. […] So far there is no proper etiology that has been stated for DPDR. However, with the help of clinical associations of the symptoms and other associated conditions, potential etiology can be understood.

• #85 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  This comprehensive review delves into the complexities surrounding Depersonalization-Derealization disorder (DPDR), a dissociative disorder characterized by enduring feelings of detachment from one’s self and surroundings. […] Despite many trials and studies conducted the exact cause of this condition is still unknown. The best way to understand its etiology is by taking into account its clinical presentations and linking it to different structural and functional alterations of the brain. […] While the precise cause remains elusive, factors such as traumatic experiences, stress, and genetic predispositions have been implicated, with modern neuroimaging studies offering insight into potential structural and functional brain alterations. […] So far there is no proper etiology that has been stated for DPDR. However, with the help of clinical associations of the symptoms and other associated conditions, potential etiology can be understood.

• #86 Depersonalization-derealization Disorder: Symptoms, Treatment – MEDvidi

  https://medvidi.com/blog/depersonalization-derealization-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  According to DSM-V, when these feelings are not transient but experienced repeatedly, they form depersonalization-derealization disorder and affect your functioning. […] Individuals with a history of traumatic experiences are at a higher risk of having depersonalization episodes or developing the condition. Such traumatic situations may include: […] Other triggers of derealization symptoms include severe stress, overstimulation, anxiety, sleep deprivation, depression, and substance abuse, especially hallucinogens. […] Traumatic events, severe stress, and substance abuse are the major precipitators of the disorder.

• #87 Depersonalization-derealization disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder

  Depersonalization-derealization disorder is thought to be caused largely by interpersonal trauma such as early childhood abuse. […] Adverse childhood experiences, specifically emotional abuse and neglect have been linked to the development of depersonalization symptoms. […] Factors that tend to diminish symptoms are comforting personal interactions, intense physical or emotional stimulation, and relaxation. […] The exact cause of depersonalization is unknown, although biopsychosocial correlations and triggers have been identified. […] There is growing evidence linking physical and sexual abuse in childhood with the development of dissociative disorders. […] Childhood interpersonal trauma emotional abuse in particular is a significant predictor of a diagnosis of DPDR. […] Some studies suggest that greater emotional abuse and lower physical abuse predict depersonalization in adult women with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

• #88 Dissociation and depersonalization: Causes, risk factors, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262888

  Some kinds of dissociation can occur with the following conditions: depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), phobic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), migraine. […] According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), dissociative disorders that feature dissociation or depersonalization are: Depersonalization-derealization disorder: This can involve out-of-body experiences, a feeling of being unreal, and an inability to recognize one’s image in a mirror. […] Anxiety can be a cause or a result of dissociation. […] Depersonalization, dissociation, and related experiences can happen for a number of reasons, including PTSD, the use of some substances, and other mental health conditions.

• #89 Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Etiological Mechanism, Diagnosis and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11910194/

  Among the most widespread causes of patients with DPDR some of the frequent ones are a family history of anxiety disorders, daily life stress events, COVID-19, parental divorce, personal relationship issues, interpersonal conflicts, and less common episodes associated with acute onset including a drug history involving cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cannabis, and Ritalin among many others. […] The exact etiology is unknown. However, certain studies suggest that the reduction of serotonin levels due to viral persistence may be a reason for these symptoms in long COVID. […] In most cases, depersonalization and derealization are seen as a response to a traumatic incident and occur simultaneously in someone’s life. […] Some of the most reported comorbidities are anxiety disorders (45%), dissociative spectrum disorders (15%), substance use disorders (15%), interpersonal abuse (10%), borderline personality disorder (5%), schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders (5%) and depression (5%).

• #90 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative-disorders/depersonalization-derealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/derealization disorder is a type of dissociative disorder that consists of persistent or recurrent feelings of being detached (dissociated) from ones body or mental processes, usually with a feeling of being an outside observer of ones life (depersonalization) or of being detached from one’s surroundings (derealization). The disorder is often triggered by severe stress. […] Patients with depersonalization/derealization disorder often have experienced severe stress, such as the following: Being emotionally abused or neglected during childhood (a particularly common cause), being physically abused, witnessing domestic violence, having a severely impaired or mentally ill parent, having a family member or close friend die unexpectedly. […] Episodes can be triggered by interpersonal, financial, or occupational stress; depression; anxiety; or use of illicit drugs, particularly marijuana, ketamine, or hallucinogens.

• #91 Depersonalization and derealization as sequelae of a temporal lobe lesion: a case report | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-024-05641-2

  Depersonalization and derealization can occur not just from psychiatric causes but also from various organic etiologies, such as seizures and intracerebral structural abnormalities. […] In this case report, we detail the unique presentation of a 68-year-old woman under the care of palliative medicine who experienced depersonalization and derealization secondary to a metastatic lesion in her temporal lobe, in the parahippocampal gyrus to medial occipitotemporal gyrus region. […] We discuss the relationship among isolated depersonalization and derealization with pathology of the left posterior temporal lobe in the context of this interesting case. […] This case expands our knowledge of the neurobiology of these phenomena, given the specific localization of the intracerebral pathology and temporal specificity of symptoms relative to tumor growth and treatment course.

• #92 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder and Neural Correlates of Trauma-related Pathology: A Critical Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10132272/

  Depersonalization and derealization refer to an estranged state of mind that involves a profound feeling of detachment from one’s sense of self and the surrounding environment, respectively. […] Lack of awareness of DPDR is partly due to a limited neurobiological framework, and there remains a significant risk of misdiagnosis in clinical practice. […] It has been shown that there exists an especially strong relationship between early interpersonal trauma and dissociative disorders. […] Emotional neglect was determined to be the most substantial pathogenic risk factor. […] It has been suggested that these highly stressful encounters fail to fit into the subjects cognitive scheme regarding the self, others, and the world; therefore, they split off from consciousness. […] Recent research exploring disorders with a traumatogenic etiology, such as PTSD+DS, has shed light on the neural processes involved in DPDR.

• #93 Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/depersonalizationderealization-disorder

  Depersonalization/derealization disorder is not well understood. Like other dissociative disorders, depersonalization/derealization reflects a disruption in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, perception, motor control, and behavior. And like them, it often occurs in the aftermath of acute stress or trauma. Some experts believe it initially occurs as a shield, a form of mental protection from injury. […] A history of severe stress, neglect, or physical or emotional abuse can lead to depersonalization/derealization disorder. Acute moments of stress anxiety, or trauma, may also trigger symptoms in individuals without a history of such experiences. Studies have shown that poor sleep quality is associated with an increase in the severity of symptoms of dissociation. […] Research suggests that DP/DR is a disruption in interoception, the processing of internal body signals essential to self-awareness. DP/DR most often occurs under conditions of acute stress or trauma, as is the case with other dissociative states, and the relationship with acute stress suggests that stress hormones play a role in some capacity.

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