Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ureteral obstruction – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/symptoms-causes/syc-20354676

  A ureteral obstruction is a blockage in one or both of the tubes (ureters) that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Ureteral obstruction can be cured. However, if it’s not treated, symptoms can quickly move from mild pain, fever and infection to severe loss of kidney function, sepsis and death. […] Ureteral obstruction is fairly common. Because it’s treatable, severe complications are rare. […] Ureteral obstruction can lead to urinary tract infections and kidney damage, which can be irreversible.

• #2 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/ureteral-obstruction-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  When a blockage occurs in one or both of these tubes, it is called Ureteral Obstruction. Blockages can be partial or complete and slow the flow of urine, amongst other complications. Ureteral obstruction, if untreated, may lead to a fast escalation of symptoms from mild like fever, pain and infection to sepsis, loss of kidney function and death. […] Signs and symptoms depend on where and how quickly the obstruction develops, whether it affects one or both kidneys. The symptoms may be mild at first but can quickly become worse in some cases. […] Often, doctors detect these obstructions before birth during routine prenatal ultrasounds when the fetus is developing. In general, a doctor may order blood and urine tests to identify an infection, which could suggest that your kidneys arent functioning efficiently. Retroperitoneal ultrasound, an ultrasound of the area behind the abdominal organs allows your doctor to view your kidneys and ureters.

• #3 Urinary Tract Obstruction – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/obstruction-of-the-urinary-tract/urinary-tract-obstruction

  Symptoms can include pain in the side, decreased or increased urine flow, and urinating at night. […] Testing can include insertion of a urethral catheter, insertion of a viewing tube into the urethra, and imaging tests. […] Early diagnosis is important, because most cases of obstruction can be corrected and because a delay in treatment can lead to irreversible kidney damage. Doctors may suspect obstruction because of a persons symptoms, such as renal colic, symptoms of bladder distention, or a decrease in the volume of urine. […] Doctors depend on testing to make the diagnosis. […] Bladder catheterization (insertion of a hollow, soft tube through the urethra) is often the first diagnostic test done in people with symptoms that suggest the bladder is distended, such as pelvic pressure or distention.

• #4 Urinary Tract Obstruction – Symptoms, Types, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/urinary-tract-obstruction-symptoms-types-causes-and-diagnosis

  Urinary tract obstruction can be diagnosed through a combination of radiographic, clinical, and laboratory tests. Depending on the suspected blockage site (upper or lower urinary tract) and the underlying reason for the obstruction, several tests may be employed. […] Urinary tract obstruction can be diagnosed through a combination of radiographic, clinical, and laboratory tests. Depending on the suspected blockage site (upper or lower urinary tract) and the underlying reason for the obstruction, several tests may be employed. […] It’s crucial to remember that not every case of urinary tract blockage may require all of these tests. The selection of diagnostic tests will be based on the symptoms, medical background, and other criteria specific to the patient. The best tests for your particular circumstances will be chosen in collaboration with you by your healthcare professional.

• #5 Ureteral obstruction – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354680

  Often, providers diagnose ureteral obstruction disorders before birth during routine prenatal ultrasounds, which can show details of the developing fetus, including the kidneys, ureters and bladder. Providers often perform another ultrasound after birth to reevaluate the kidneys. […] If your provider suspects you have an obstructed ureter, some of these tests and scans might be used to reach a diagnosis: […] Blood and urine tests. Your provider checks samples of your blood and urine for signs of infection and the presence of creatinine, which signals that your kidneys aren’t working properly. […] Ultrasound. An ultrasound of the area behind your abdominal organs (retroperitoneal ultrasound) allows your provider to view the kidneys and ureters. […] Bladder catheterization. To test for incomplete or blocked urine flow, your provider inserts a small tube (catheter) through the urethra, injects dye into your bladder, and takes X-rays of your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra before and during urination.

• #6 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21155-ureteral-obstruction

  Your provider may also order tests to help them make a diagnosis. These tests could include: Blood tests and urinalysis: These tests can tell your provider how well your kidneys are working or if theres an infection. Ultrasound: An ultrasound can give your provider a better view of your kidneys, bladder and ureters. CT (computed tomography) scan. Bladder scan or post-void residual: This is a specific type of test that can check to see if youre emptying your bladder completely. […] The treatment you receive depends on the reason for the blockage. First, your healthcare provider will perform a procedure to allow the pee to drain from your body. These procedures include: Inserting a ureteral stent: Healthcare providers insert a thin tube in your ureter that holds the ureter open so pee can drain freely. Nephrostomy tube: In this procedure, your provider creates an opening in the skin near your kidney. They insert a catheter into the opening and drain pee directly from your kidney. Placing a catheter in your bladder: This is a procedure that involves inserting a catheter through your urethra and into your bladder to drain your pee. This is helpful when the blockage affects your bladder as well as your ureters.

• #7 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstruction can be cured. However, if it’s not treated, symptoms can quickly move from mild pain, fever and infection to severe loss of kidney function, sepsis and death. […] Ureteral obstruction is fairly common. Because it’s treatable, severe complications are rare. […] If your provider suspects you have an obstructed ureter, some of these tests and scans might be used to reach a diagnosis: […] Blood and urine tests. Your provider checks samples of your blood and urine for signs of infection and the presence of creatinine, which signals that your kidneys aren’t working properly. […] Ultrasound. An ultrasound of the area behind your abdominal organs (retroperitoneal ultrasound) allows your provider to view the kidneys and ureters. […] Bladder catheterization. To test for incomplete or blocked urine flow, your provider inserts a small tube (catheter) through the urethra, injects dye into your bladder, and takes X-rays of your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra before and during urination.

• #8 Urinary Tract Obstruction Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Diagnostic Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438890-workup

  Urinalysis can provide useful information in evaluating for infection or hematuria. White blood cells (WBCs) in the urine can indicate infection or inflammation. Nitrite- or leukocyte esterasepositive urine indicates infection. […] All urine specimens that contain WBCs or are positive for nitrite or leukocyte esterase should be sent for culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing. […] Red blood cells can be present in patients with infection, stones, or tumor. A urologist should evaluate all patients with microscopic or gross hematuria to ensure that malignancy is not present. These patients require urine cytology and a full hematuria workup (cystoscopy, upper urinary tract imaging). […] Measurement of urine pH is useful in the evaluation and workup of stones. […] Renal insufficiency is detected on a basic metabolic panel on the basis of elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. This can result from bilateral renal obstructive processes or obstruction in a solitary kidney.

• #9 Urinary Tract Obstruction Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Diagnostic Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438890-workup

  Urinalysis can provide useful information in evaluating for infection or hematuria. White blood cells (WBCs) in the urine can indicate infection or inflammation. Nitrite- or leukocyte esterasepositive urine indicates infection. […] All urine specimens that contain WBCs or are positive for nitrite or leukocyte esterase should be sent for culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing. […] Red blood cells can be present in patients with infection, stones, or tumor. A urologist should evaluate all patients with microscopic or gross hematuria to ensure that malignancy is not present. These patients require urine cytology and a full hematuria workup (cystoscopy, upper urinary tract imaging). […] Measurement of urine pH is useful in the evaluation and workup of stones. […] Renal insufficiency is detected on a basic metabolic panel on the basis of elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. This can result from bilateral renal obstructive processes or obstruction in a solitary kidney.

• #10 Urinary Tract Obstruction – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/obstruction-of-the-urinary-tract/urinary-tract-obstruction

  Imaging tests can be done to identify evidence of obstruction, such as hydronephrosis or a site of blockage, when the presence or site of obstruction is in doubt. […] Blood tests and urine tests are done. Blood test results are usually normal (particularly if obstruction is partial or acute), but tests may reveal high levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, or both if obstruction has completely blocked both kidneys for more than several hours.

• #11 Urinary Tract Obstruction – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/obstruction-of-the-urinary-tract/urinary-tract-obstruction

  Imaging tests can be done to identify evidence of obstruction, such as hydronephrosis or a site of blockage, when the presence or site of obstruction is in doubt. […] Blood tests and urine tests are done. Blood test results are usually normal (particularly if obstruction is partial or acute), but tests may reveal high levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, or both if obstruction has completely blocked both kidneys for more than several hours.

• #12 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstruction can be cured. However, if it’s not treated, symptoms can quickly move from mild pain, fever and infection to severe loss of kidney function, sepsis and death. […] Ureteral obstruction is fairly common. Because it’s treatable, severe complications are rare. […] If your provider suspects you have an obstructed ureter, some of these tests and scans might be used to reach a diagnosis: […] Blood and urine tests. Your provider checks samples of your blood and urine for signs of infection and the presence of creatinine, which signals that your kidneys aren’t working properly. […] Ultrasound. An ultrasound of the area behind your abdominal organs (retroperitoneal ultrasound) allows your provider to view the kidneys and ureters. […] Bladder catheterization. To test for incomplete or blocked urine flow, your provider inserts a small tube (catheter) through the urethra, injects dye into your bladder, and takes X-rays of your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra before and during urination.

• #13 Obstructive Uropathy – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/obstructive-uropathy/obstructive-uropathy

  Patients undergo imaging tests to detect the presence and site of obstruction. […] Abdominal ultrasonography is the initial imaging test of choice in most patients without urethral abnormalities because it avoids potential allergic and toxic complications of contrast agents and allows assessment of associated renal parenchymal atrophy. […] CT is sensitive for diagnosing obstructive nephropathy and is used when obstruction cannot be shown by ultrasonography or by intravenous urography. […] Prompt drainage of hydronephrosis is indicated if renal function is compromised, urinary tract infection (UTI) persists, or pain is uncontrollable or persistent. […] Immediate drainage is indicated if obstruction is accompanied by infection. […] Most obstruction can be corrected, but a delay in therapy can lead to irreversible renal damage. […] Prognosis is worse if UTI remains untreated.

• #14 Urinary tract obstruction – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/urinary-tract-obstruction/

  Consider screening patients with unexplained AKI for upper UTO using renal and urinary tract ultrasound. […] Typical findings include hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and perinephric fluid. […] Renal and urinary tract ultrasound is the best initial test for most patients with undifferentiated UTO. […] Ureteral stenting is used to drain fluid from the renal pelvis into the bladder. […] Consult urology for definitive management.

• #15 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Renal nuclear scan. Your provider or a technician injects a tracer that contains a small amount of radioactive material into your arm. A special camera detects the radioactivity and produces images that your provider uses to evaluate the urinary system. […] Cystoscopy. A small tube with a camera and light is inserted into your urethra or through a small incision. The optical system allows the provider to see inside the urethra and bladder. […] Computerized tomography (CT) scan. A CT scan combines a series of X-ray views taken from many different angles and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of your kidneys, ureter and bladder. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An abdominal MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues that make up your urinary system.

• #16 Obstructive Uropathy – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/obstructive-uropathy/obstructive-uropathy

  Patients undergo imaging tests to detect the presence and site of obstruction. […] Abdominal ultrasonography is the initial imaging test of choice in most patients without urethral abnormalities because it avoids potential allergic and toxic complications of contrast agents and allows assessment of associated renal parenchymal atrophy. […] CT is sensitive for diagnosing obstructive nephropathy and is used when obstruction cannot be shown by ultrasonography or by intravenous urography. […] Prompt drainage of hydronephrosis is indicated if renal function is compromised, urinary tract infection (UTI) persists, or pain is uncontrollable or persistent. […] Immediate drainage is indicated if obstruction is accompanied by infection. […] Most obstruction can be corrected, but a delay in therapy can lead to irreversible renal damage. […] Prognosis is worse if UTI remains untreated.

• #17 Urinary Tract Obstruction Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Diagnostic Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438890-workup

  Other metabolic abnormalities can also be present in renal insufficiency. Hyperkalemia and acidosis may be present. […] Ultrasonography of the kidneys and bladder is a useful imaging modality as an initial study. It is noninvasive and inexpensive and does not involve radiation exposure or depend on renal function. It is the initial study of choice in pregnant women. […] In patients with allergy to intravenous pyelography (IVP) or with elevated creatinine levels, ultrasonography is a very useful source of imaging. […] A CT scan is very useful in providing anatomic detail and is often a first-line test in the evaluation of a patient. CT provides information regarding the urinary tract, as well as any possible retroperitoneal or pelvic pathologic condition that can affect the urinary tract via direct extension or external compression.

• #18 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Renal nuclear scan. Your provider or a technician injects a tracer that contains a small amount of radioactive material into your arm. A special camera detects the radioactivity and produces images that your provider uses to evaluate the urinary system. […] Cystoscopy. A small tube with a camera and light is inserted into your urethra or through a small incision. The optical system allows the provider to see inside the urethra and bladder. […] Computerized tomography (CT) scan. A CT scan combines a series of X-ray views taken from many different angles and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of your kidneys, ureter and bladder. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An abdominal MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues that make up your urinary system.

• #19 Ureteral StrictureTexas Tech PhysiciansFacebook Logo

  https://www.texastechphysicians.com/clinics/lubbock/urology/ureteral-stricture.aspx

  CT Urography: Provides detailed images of the urinary tract and can identify the location and extent of the stricture. […] MRI: Useful in cases where radiation exposure should be minimized or when further soft tissue characterization is needed. […] Retrograde Pyelography: An invasive imaging technique that involves injecting contrast material into the ureter to visualize strictures directly. […] Ureteroscopy: Allows direct visualization of the ureteral lumen, enabling assessment of the stricture and facilitating biopsies if needed. […] Ureteral strictures, if not properly addressed, can lead to significant complications, including loss of kidney function. A thorough understanding of the etiology, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate intervention are crucial for effective management.

• #20 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Renal nuclear scan. Your provider or a technician injects a tracer that contains a small amount of radioactive material into your arm. A special camera detects the radioactivity and produces images that your provider uses to evaluate the urinary system. […] Cystoscopy. A small tube with a camera and light is inserted into your urethra or through a small incision. The optical system allows the provider to see inside the urethra and bladder. […] Computerized tomography (CT) scan. A CT scan combines a series of X-ray views taken from many different angles and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of your kidneys, ureter and bladder. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An abdominal MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues that make up your urinary system.

• #21 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Renal nuclear scan. Your provider or a technician injects a tracer that contains a small amount of radioactive material into your arm. A special camera detects the radioactivity and produces images that your provider uses to evaluate the urinary system. […] Cystoscopy. A small tube with a camera and light is inserted into your urethra or through a small incision. The optical system allows the provider to see inside the urethra and bladder. […] Computerized tomography (CT) scan. A CT scan combines a series of X-ray views taken from many different angles and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of your kidneys, ureter and bladder. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An abdominal MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues that make up your urinary system.

• #22 Hydronephrosis and Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction: Differential Diagnosis

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/hydronephrosis.html

  Upper urinary tract obstruction results in urinary stasis and pressure increase in the kidney. It may lead to urinary tract infection and urosepsis and if long-lasting, there is a risk of renal insufficiency. […] Obstructive nephropathy or uropathy: renal dysfunction due to obstruction of the urinary tract, the pathological changes are characterized by inflammation, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. […] Hydronephrosis due to Vascular Diseases: Aortic aneurysm, Renal artery aneurysm, Aneurysm of the iliac vessels, Retrocaval ureter or retroiliac ureter, Postpartal ovarian vein thrombophlebitis: 1/3000 pregnancies, may cause hydronephrosis. […] Diagnostic Workup in Hydronephrosis: Laboratory tests: urine analysis (sediment microscopy), serum electrolytes and creatinine. Sonography of kidney and ureter (see above). Intravenous urography or computed tomography of the abdomen (with or without contrast medium) or abdominal MRI. Renal scintigraphy: to differentiate between relevant obstruction or dilatation of the calyceal system without obstruction. Renal scintigraphy can determine renal function and the need for surgical interventions. Retrograde pyelography and ureterorenoscopy: necessary for diagnosis and treatment of upper urinary tract obstruction (ureteral stenting, ureterotomy).

• #23 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstruction can be cured. However, if it’s not treated, symptoms can quickly move from mild pain, fever and infection to severe loss of kidney function, sepsis and death. […] Ureteral obstruction is fairly common. Because it’s treatable, severe complications are rare. […] If your provider suspects you have an obstructed ureter, some of these tests and scans might be used to reach a diagnosis: […] Blood and urine tests. Your provider checks samples of your blood and urine for signs of infection and the presence of creatinine, which signals that your kidneys aren’t working properly. […] Ultrasound. An ultrasound of the area behind your abdominal organs (retroperitoneal ultrasound) allows your provider to view the kidneys and ureters. […] Bladder catheterization. To test for incomplete or blocked urine flow, your provider inserts a small tube (catheter) through the urethra, injects dye into your bladder, and takes X-rays of your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra before and during urination.

• #24 Diagnosing Ureteral Stricture | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/ureteral-stricture/diagnosis

  At NYU Langone, diagnostic tests for ureteral stricture include the following. […] Your doctor may recommend that you have an ultrasound test, which uses sound waves to produce images on a high definition monitor. […] A CT scan can provide a better view of the urinary tract. […] The information provided by a CT scan helps the doctor decide the cause, location, and extent of the stricture. […] In MRI scans, a magnetic field and radio waves are used to create two- and three-dimensional images of organs and tissues in the body. […] A renal scan of the urinary tract is a test used to evaluate kidney function and determine the extent of ureter obstruction. […] A retrograde ureteroscopy uses X-rays and a contrast dye injected into the ureter to determine if something is blocking the urinary tract. […] The doctor then inserts a small catheter through the ureteroscope into the opening of the ureter. Dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to determine if a ureteral stricture is the cause of the blockage.

• #25 Diagnosis of ureteral obstruction in patients with compromised renal function: the role of noninvasive imaging modalities – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15126809/

  We compared the role of noncontrast computerized tomography (NCCT), magnetic resonance urography (MRU), and combined abdominal radiography (KUB) and ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of the cause of ureteral obstruction in patients with compromised renal function. […] The sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of NCCT, MRU, and combined KUB and US in the diagnosis of ureteral obstruction were calculated in comparison with the gold standard. […] In patients with renal impairment due to ureteral obstruction NCCT has superior diagnostic accuracy for detecting calculous causes of obstruction but MRU is superior for identifying noncalculous lesions.

• #26 Diagnosis of ureteral obstruction in patients with compromised renal function: the role of noninvasive imaging modalities – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15126809/

  We compared the role of noncontrast computerized tomography (NCCT), magnetic resonance urography (MRU), and combined abdominal radiography (KUB) and ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of the cause of ureteral obstruction in patients with compromised renal function. […] The sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of NCCT, MRU, and combined KUB and US in the diagnosis of ureteral obstruction were calculated in comparison with the gold standard. […] In patients with renal impairment due to ureteral obstruction NCCT has superior diagnostic accuracy for detecting calculous causes of obstruction but MRU is superior for identifying noncalculous lesions.

• #27 Ureteral obstruction – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354680

  Often, providers diagnose ureteral obstruction disorders before birth during routine prenatal ultrasounds, which can show details of the developing fetus, including the kidneys, ureters and bladder. Providers often perform another ultrasound after birth to reevaluate the kidneys. […] If your provider suspects you have an obstructed ureter, some of these tests and scans might be used to reach a diagnosis: […] Blood and urine tests. Your provider checks samples of your blood and urine for signs of infection and the presence of creatinine, which signals that your kidneys aren’t working properly. […] Ultrasound. An ultrasound of the area behind your abdominal organs (retroperitoneal ultrasound) allows your provider to view the kidneys and ureters. […] Bladder catheterization. To test for incomplete or blocked urine flow, your provider inserts a small tube (catheter) through the urethra, injects dye into your bladder, and takes X-rays of your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra before and during urination.

• #28 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/ureteral-obstruction-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  When a blockage occurs in one or both of these tubes, it is called Ureteral Obstruction. Blockages can be partial or complete and slow the flow of urine, amongst other complications. Ureteral obstruction, if untreated, may lead to a fast escalation of symptoms from mild like fever, pain and infection to sepsis, loss of kidney function and death. […] Signs and symptoms depend on where and how quickly the obstruction develops, whether it affects one or both kidneys. The symptoms may be mild at first but can quickly become worse in some cases. […] Often, doctors detect these obstructions before birth during routine prenatal ultrasounds when the fetus is developing. In general, a doctor may order blood and urine tests to identify an infection, which could suggest that your kidneys arent functioning efficiently. Retroperitoneal ultrasound, an ultrasound of the area behind the abdominal organs allows your doctor to view your kidneys and ureters.

• #29 Ureterovesical Junction Obstruction Signs and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/ureterovesical-junction-obstruction-4845914

  A ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction is a blockage of the urinary tract at the junction where the ureter, the thin tube that drains urine from the kidney, joins the bladder. […] This article will explain how a ureterovesical junction obstruction affects the urinary tract. It also describes the causes and symptoms of a UVJ obstruction, including how the condition is diagnosed and treated. […] Congenital UVJ obstruction is often detected during a routine prenatal ultrasound. This non-invasive imaging study can visualize fetal organs using reflected sound waves. On ultrasound, the ureter and/or kidney of the fetus will show visible signs of hydroureter and hydronephrosis. […] Additional tests may be performed after delivery to evaluate the severity of the obstruction and direct the treatment plan.

• #30 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Diagnostic Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/450785-workup

  All patients with possible ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction should be evaluated with the following laboratory studies: […] Neonates who present with hydronephrosis should be fully evaluated with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG; to rule out vesicoureteral reflux) and renal ultrasonography soon after birth. […] If renal ultrasonography demonstrates hydronephrosis without reflux on VCUG, a diuretic renal scan (mercaptotriglycylglycine [MAG-3], diethylenetriamine [DTPA], or dimercaptosuccinic acid [DMSA]) should be performed to quantify relative kidney function and to define the extent of obstruction. […] Functionally significant obstruction is often diagnosed with diuretic renal scanning. […] The differential function is important in determining the need for intervention, especially in asymptomatic patients, and in selecting the appropriate treatment (pyeloplasty vs nephrectomy).

• #31 Ureterovesical Junction Obstruction Signs and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/ureterovesical-junction-obstruction-4845914

  Tests commonly used to diagnose congenital and acquired UVJ obstruction include: Creatinine clearance test: A blood test that measures kidney function, Renal bladder ultrasound (RBUS): An ultrasound examination of the urinary tract, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): An imaging study that uses magnetic and radio waves that can generate detailed images of soft tissues, Mercapto-acetyl-triglycine (MAG3): An imaging technique involving an injection of a low-dose radioactive agent to check for blockages in the urinary tract, Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG): An imaging technique in which a contrast agent is swallowed and images of the bladder and kidneys are taken as the bladder fills and empties. […] If a UVJ obstruction is severe, surgery can be performed to either remove the abnormal section of the ureter or the blockage inside the ureter.

• #32 Diagnosis and management of ureteral complications following renal transplantation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5730752/

  A kidney transplant recipient rarely develops symptoms of ureteral obstruction unless urinary tract reconstruction was done by pyeloureterostomy or ureteroureterostomy to the native ureter because the renal allograft is denervated. […] Transplant recipients presenting with an acute decline in renal function should undergo anatomic imaging. […] Renal ultrasonography (US) is an excellent study to screen for hydroureteronephrosis. […] Decompression of the collecting system to minimize allograft injury is the initial priority in recipients with ureteral obstruction. […] Both ureteral stent and nephrostomy tube placement are options. […] Following decompression, the cause of obstruction must be fully characterized unless it is obvious (e.g., ureteral stone). […] Obstruction from blood clots within the collecting system and edema of the ureteroneocystostomy will resolve with conservative management.

• #33 Diagnosis and management of ureteral complications following renal transplantation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5730752/

  A kidney transplant recipient rarely develops symptoms of ureteral obstruction unless urinary tract reconstruction was done by pyeloureterostomy or ureteroureterostomy to the native ureter because the renal allograft is denervated. […] Transplant recipients presenting with an acute decline in renal function should undergo anatomic imaging. […] Renal ultrasonography (US) is an excellent study to screen for hydroureteronephrosis. […] Decompression of the collecting system to minimize allograft injury is the initial priority in recipients with ureteral obstruction. […] Both ureteral stent and nephrostomy tube placement are options. […] Following decompression, the cause of obstruction must be fully characterized unless it is obvious (e.g., ureteral stone). […] Obstruction from blood clots within the collecting system and edema of the ureteroneocystostomy will resolve with conservative management.

• #34 Obstructive Uropathy – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/obstructive-uropathy/obstructive-uropathy

  Obstructive uropathy is structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, sometimes leading to renal dysfunction (obstructive nephropathy). […] Diagnosis is based on results of bladder catheterization, cystourethroscopy, and imaging (eg, ultrasonography, CT, pyelography), depending on the level of obstruction. […] Obstructive uropathy should be considered in patients with any of the following: diminished or absent urine output, unexplained renal insufficiency, pain that suggests distention in the urinary tract, a pattern of oliguria or anuria alternating with polyuria. […] Because early relief of obstruction usually achieves the best outcome, diagnosis should be as rapid as possible. […] Urinalysis and serum chemistries (serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine) should be done. […] If urine output is diminished or if there is a distended bladder or suprapubic pain, bladder catheterization should be done.

• #35 Obstructive Uropathy – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/obstructive-uropathy/obstructive-uropathy

  Obstructive uropathy is structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, sometimes leading to renal dysfunction (obstructive nephropathy). […] Diagnosis is based on results of bladder catheterization, cystourethroscopy, and imaging (eg, ultrasonography, CT, pyelography), depending on the level of obstruction. […] Obstructive uropathy should be considered in patients with any of the following: diminished or absent urine output, unexplained renal insufficiency, pain that suggests distention in the urinary tract, a pattern of oliguria or anuria alternating with polyuria. […] Because early relief of obstruction usually achieves the best outcome, diagnosis should be as rapid as possible. […] Urinalysis and serum chemistries (serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine) should be done. […] If urine output is diminished or if there is a distended bladder or suprapubic pain, bladder catheterization should be done.

• #36 Urinary tract obstruction – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/urinary-tract-obstruction/

  Urinary tract obstruction (UTO) is a mechanical or functional blockage that inhibits the outflow of urine. The initial evaluation of UTO includes ultrasound and laboratory studies (CBC, BMP, urinalysis). In some cases, further urinary tract imaging may be carried out to provide additional diagnostic information. […] The most common etiology of UTO is dependent on age: congenital anomalies (e.g., posterior urethral valves) in children, nephrolithiasis in young adults, and prostatic enlargement (BPH and prostate cancer) in older adults. […] Patients with a UTO may be asymptomatic. It may be an incidental finding on ultrasound or become apparent through a rise in creatinine levels seen on routine blood work. […] Do not delay relieving pressure on the urinary tract during the diagnostic workup. Perform bladder catheterization or consult urology for upper urinary tract interventions as indicated.

• #37 Obstructive Uropathy – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/obstructive-uropathy/obstructive-uropathy

  Obstructive uropathy is structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, sometimes leading to renal dysfunction (obstructive nephropathy). […] Diagnosis is based on results of bladder catheterization, cystourethroscopy, and imaging (eg, ultrasonography, CT, pyelography), depending on the level of obstruction. […] Obstructive uropathy should be considered in patients with any of the following: diminished or absent urine output, unexplained renal insufficiency, pain that suggests distention in the urinary tract, a pattern of oliguria or anuria alternating with polyuria. […] Because early relief of obstruction usually achieves the best outcome, diagnosis should be as rapid as possible. […] Urinalysis and serum chemistries (serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine) should be done. […] If urine output is diminished or if there is a distended bladder or suprapubic pain, bladder catheterization should be done.

• #38 Urinary tract obstruction – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/urinary-tract-obstruction/

  Urinary tract obstruction (UTO) is a mechanical or functional blockage that inhibits the outflow of urine. The initial evaluation of UTO includes ultrasound and laboratory studies (CBC, BMP, urinalysis). In some cases, further urinary tract imaging may be carried out to provide additional diagnostic information. […] The most common etiology of UTO is dependent on age: congenital anomalies (e.g., posterior urethral valves) in children, nephrolithiasis in young adults, and prostatic enlargement (BPH and prostate cancer) in older adults. […] Patients with a UTO may be asymptomatic. It may be an incidental finding on ultrasound or become apparent through a rise in creatinine levels seen on routine blood work. […] Do not delay relieving pressure on the urinary tract during the diagnostic workup. Perform bladder catheterization or consult urology for upper urinary tract interventions as indicated.

• #39 Urinary Tract Obstruction – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/obstruction-of-the-urinary-tract/urinary-tract-obstruction

  Symptoms can include pain in the side, decreased or increased urine flow, and urinating at night. […] Testing can include insertion of a urethral catheter, insertion of a viewing tube into the urethra, and imaging tests. […] Early diagnosis is important, because most cases of obstruction can be corrected and because a delay in treatment can lead to irreversible kidney damage. Doctors may suspect obstruction because of a persons symptoms, such as renal colic, symptoms of bladder distention, or a decrease in the volume of urine. […] Doctors depend on testing to make the diagnosis. […] Bladder catheterization (insertion of a hollow, soft tube through the urethra) is often the first diagnostic test done in people with symptoms that suggest the bladder is distended, such as pelvic pressure or distention.

• #40

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/11010/ureteral_obstruction_and_hydronephrosis_caused_by.105.aspx

  Foreign bodies related ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis is rare and usually cause numerous problems for clinical physicians. […] X-ray and abdominal CT revealed a foreign body around the upper part of the left ureter with ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis. […] This case indicated that ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis caused by foreign bodies needed to be early diagnosed and located. Invasive therapies rather than conservative treatments are preferred to remove the FBs and relieve obstruction. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for avoiding late complications. […] Invasive therapies rather than conservative treatments are preferred to remove the FBs and relieve obstruction. […] Early and accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid late complications. The patients usually have good prognoses with recovery from hydronephrosis.

• #41 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21155-ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstructions are blockages that can happen in one or both of your ureters. Your ureters are tubes that carry pee from your kidneys to your bladder. Untreated ureteral blockages can damage your kidneys and put you at risk of infection or kidney failure. […] A ureteral obstruction prevents pee from moving into your bladder and out of your body. Without treating and removing the blockage, pee can back up and damage your kidneys. This can cause pain and put you at risk of infection. In severe cases, a ureteral obstruction can lead to kidney failure, sepsis (life-threatening infection) or death. This is rare, though, because healthcare providers can treat ureteral blockages. […] If you suspect you have ureteral obstruction, you should see your healthcare provider. Some of the signs of a blocked ureter are like symptoms of other conditions that need treatment, such as urinary tract infections, having abdominal pain or not being able to pee even when you drink plenty of fluids.

• #42 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/ureteral-obstruction-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  When a blockage occurs in one or both of these tubes, it is called Ureteral Obstruction. Blockages can be partial or complete and slow the flow of urine, amongst other complications. Ureteral obstruction, if untreated, may lead to a fast escalation of symptoms from mild like fever, pain and infection to sepsis, loss of kidney function and death. […] Signs and symptoms depend on where and how quickly the obstruction develops, whether it affects one or both kidneys. The symptoms may be mild at first but can quickly become worse in some cases. […] Often, doctors detect these obstructions before birth during routine prenatal ultrasounds when the fetus is developing. In general, a doctor may order blood and urine tests to identify an infection, which could suggest that your kidneys arent functioning efficiently. Retroperitoneal ultrasound, an ultrasound of the area behind the abdominal organs allows your doctor to view your kidneys and ureters.

• #43 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/ureteral-obstruction-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Urologists (urinary tract disease experts), as well as Nephrologists (kidney specialists) generally work together to provide comprehensive care for people with Ureteral Obstruction. […] Ureteral obstructions are common but can be treated with drainage/surgical procedures if detected early. If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above, contact medical experts immediately.

• #44 Ureteral Obstruction | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/services-treatments/urology/uteteral-obstruction

  Our first priority is to drain urine from your body to relieve symptoms and prevent permanent damage to your kidneys and urinary tract. […] Addressing the common causes of urethral obstruction can provide longer-term relief. […] Urologists at UMass Memorial Medical Center routinely diagnose and treat ureteral obstructions and strictures resulting from kidney transplantation, advanced cancer and gynecological or abdominal surgeries. […] Urologists, nephrologists (kidney specialists) and interventional radiologists at UMass Memorial work together to treat urinary tract disorders such as ureteral obstructions. […] Experts at UMass Memorial Medical Center frequently use endoscopic and robotic-assisted methods.

• #45 Definition, diagnosis and management of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction: consensus of the ERKNet CAKUT-Obstructive Uropathy Work Group | Nature Reviews Urology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41585-022-00563-8

  The risk of fetal and neonatal death has to be based on the presence of oligohydramnios or anhydramnios before 20 weeks gestation, which is a strong predictor of pulmonary hypoplasia. […] The risk of kidney replacement therapy cannot be foreseen before birth, as amniotic fluid volume, kidney parenchymal echogenicity and fetal urine biomarkers are not reliable predictors. […] Fetuses with prenatal LUTO must be referred to a tertiary obstetric centre with multidisciplinary expertise in prenatal and postnatal management of obstructive uropathies. […] Based on existing evidence that vesico-amniotic shunt placement increases perinatal survival in fetuses with LUTO, fetal intervention should be offered in selected cases.

• #46 Ureteral obstruction – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/symptoms-causes/syc-20354676

  A ureteral obstruction is a blockage in one or both of the tubes (ureters) that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Ureteral obstruction can be cured. However, if it’s not treated, symptoms can quickly move from mild pain, fever and infection to severe loss of kidney function, sepsis and death. […] Ureteral obstruction is fairly common. Because it’s treatable, severe complications are rare. […] Ureteral obstruction can lead to urinary tract infections and kidney damage, which can be irreversible.

• #47 Ureteral obstruction – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/ureteral-obstruction/

  Ureteral obstruction can be cured. However, if it’s not treated, symptoms can quickly move from mild — pain, fever and infection — to severe — loss of kidney function, sepsis and death. […] Ureteral obstruction is fairly common. Because it’s treatable, severe complications are rare. […] If your provider suspects you have an obstructed ureter, some of these tests and scans might be used to reach a diagnosis: Blood and urine tests. Your provider checks samples of your blood and urine for signs of infection and the presence of creatinine, which signals that your kidneys aren’t working properly. […] Often, providers diagnose ureteral obstruction disorders before birth during routine prenatal ultrasounds, which can show details of the developing fetus, including the kidneys, ureters and bladder. Providers often perform another ultrasound after birth to reevaluate the kidneys. […] Ureteral obstruction can lead to urinary tract infections and kidney damage, which can be irreversible.

• #48 Ureteral obstruction – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/symptoms-causes/syc-20354676

  A ureteral obstruction is a blockage in one or both of the tubes (ureters) that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Ureteral obstruction can be cured. However, if it’s not treated, symptoms can quickly move from mild pain, fever and infection to severe loss of kidney function, sepsis and death. […] Ureteral obstruction is fairly common. Because it’s treatable, severe complications are rare. […] Ureteral obstruction can lead to urinary tract infections and kidney damage, which can be irreversible.

• #49 Ureteral obstruction – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354680

  The goal of ureteral obstruction treatment is to remove blockages, if possible, or bypass the blockage, which may help repair damage to the kidneys. Treatment might include antibiotics to clear associated infections. […] A ureteral obstruction that causes severe pain might require an immediate procedure to remove urine from your body and temporarily relieve the problems caused by a blockage. […] There are a number of surgical procedures used to correct ureteral obstructions. The type of procedure depends on your situation. […] Ureteral obstruction surgery may be performed through one of these surgical approaches: […] The main differences among these surgical approaches are your recovery time after surgery and the number and size of incisions used for the procedure. Your doctor (urologist) determines the type of procedure and the best surgical approach to treat your condition.

• #50 Ureteral obstruction – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354680

  The goal of ureteral obstruction treatment is to remove blockages, if possible, or bypass the blockage, which may help repair damage to the kidneys. Treatment might include antibiotics to clear associated infections. […] A ureteral obstruction that causes severe pain might require an immediate procedure to remove urine from your body and temporarily relieve the problems caused by a blockage. […] There are a number of surgical procedures used to correct ureteral obstructions. The type of procedure depends on your situation. […] Ureteral obstruction surgery may be performed through one of these surgical approaches: […] The main differences among these surgical approaches are your recovery time after surgery and the number and size of incisions used for the procedure. Your doctor (urologist) determines the type of procedure and the best surgical approach to treat your condition.

• #51 Ureteral obstruction | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstruction can lead to urinary tract infections and kidney damage, which can be irreversible. […] The goal of ureteral obstruction treatment is to remove blockages, if possible, or bypass the blockage, which may help repair damage to the kidneys. […] There are a number of surgical procedures used to correct ureteral obstructions. The type of procedure depends on your situation. […] Ureteral obstruction surgery may be performed through one of these surgical approaches: […] Your doctor (urologist) determines the type of procedure and the best surgical approach to treat your condition.

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