Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Obstructive uropathy: Overview of the pathogenesis, etiology and management of a prevalent cause of acute kidney injury

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11229834/

  Obstructive uropathy is defined as the structural or functional interruption of urinary outflow at any level in the urinary tract. It is regarded as one of the most prevalent causes of acute kidney injury (AKI), accounting for 5%-10% of cases. Acute severe obstruction of the urinary tract is a potentially threatening situation for the kidneys and therefore requires prompt identification and management to relieve obstruction. […] A thorough understanding of the physiopathology behind the development of urinary obstruction is vital for correct diagnosis and management. […] Establishing the site at which UTO occurs is of vital importance for diagnosis and posterior management. From a functional perspective, UTO can be divided into three main areas depending on the level at which it is produced: Intrarenal, ureteral, or post-vesical.

• #2 Obstructive uropathy: Overview of the pathogenesis, etiology and management of a prevalent cause of acute kidney injury

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v13/i2/93322.htm

  Obstructive uropathy is defined as the structural or functional interruption of urinary outflow at any level in the urinary tract. […] It is regarded as one of the most prevalent causes of acute kidney injury (AKI), accounting for 5%-10% of cases. […] Acute obstruction of the urinary tract is a diagnostic and therapeutical challenge that may lead to important clinical complications together with direct structural and hemodynamic damage to the kidney. […] A thorough understanding of the physiopathology behind the development of urinary obstruction is vital for correct diagnosis and management. […] Despite acute kidney injury (AKI) being a very common condition observed both in the hospital and the outpatient setting, the incidence of urinary tract obstruction (UTO) as a main cause for AKI is not known with certainty.

• #3 Urinary Tract Obstruction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438890-overview

  Obstruction of urinary flow can occur anywhere from the kidneys to the urethral meatus. Dividing the urinary tract into the upper urinary tract, defined as the kidney and ureter to the hiatus with the bladder, and the lower urinary tract, defined as the bladder and urethra to the urethral meatus, allows for further delineation of the cause of obstruction. […] Certain points along the upper urinary tract are more susceptible to obstruction. The 3 points of narrowing along the ureter include the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ), the crossing of the ureter over the area of the pelvic brim (the iliac vessels), and the ureterovesical junction (UVJ). […] Obstruction can be extrinsic, from compressive or restrictive force, or intrinsic, from a multitude of factors. The most common causes of intraluminal obstruction are calculi, blood clots, tumors, or sloughed papilla. These obstructions present acutely, leading to severe renal colic with flank pain, hematuria, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Ureteral strictures, which are caused by stone disease, cancer, maldevelopment, or iatrogenic causes such as ureteroscopy, tend to develop over time, causing chronic obstruction and renal atrophy.

• #4 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/ureteral-obstruction-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment

  When a blockage occurs in one or both of these tubes, it is called Ureteral Obstruction. […] Different types of obstructions can be caused by various factors. The blockages can be intrinsic (inside the body) and extrinsic (on the outside). Some of them are congenital, that is, they are present at birth. […] Duplication of the ureter tubes: This common condition is a birth defect that can cause two ureters to develop on the same kidney. […] Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ) Obstruction: This is a blockage occurring in the renal pelvis area (located at the upper end of each ureter) of the kidney. […] This abnormality can be a birth defect, result of scarring or injury, or develop because of a tumor. […] Some other causes include ureteral stones (kidney stones that move to the ureter), gastrointestinal issues, blood clots, tumors, cysts, complications from pregnancy, endometriosis (in females), and long-term inflammation of the ureter wall caused by diseases like tuberculosis.

• #5 Obstructive uropathy: Overview of the pathogenesis, etiology and management of a prevalent cause of acute kidney injury

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11229834/

  Obstructive uropathy is defined as the structural or functional interruption of urinary outflow at any level in the urinary tract. It is regarded as one of the most prevalent causes of acute kidney injury (AKI), accounting for 5%-10% of cases. Acute severe obstruction of the urinary tract is a potentially threatening situation for the kidneys and therefore requires prompt identification and management to relieve obstruction. […] A thorough understanding of the physiopathology behind the development of urinary obstruction is vital for correct diagnosis and management. […] Establishing the site at which UTO occurs is of vital importance for diagnosis and posterior management. From a functional perspective, UTO can be divided into three main areas depending on the level at which it is produced: Intrarenal, ureteral, or post-vesical.

• #6 Urinary Tract Obstruction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438890-overview

  Obstruction of urinary flow can occur anywhere from the kidneys to the urethral meatus. Dividing the urinary tract into the upper urinary tract, defined as the kidney and ureter to the hiatus with the bladder, and the lower urinary tract, defined as the bladder and urethra to the urethral meatus, allows for further delineation of the cause of obstruction. […] Certain points along the upper urinary tract are more susceptible to obstruction. The 3 points of narrowing along the ureter include the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ), the crossing of the ureter over the area of the pelvic brim (the iliac vessels), and the ureterovesical junction (UVJ). […] Obstruction can be extrinsic, from compressive or restrictive force, or intrinsic, from a multitude of factors. The most common causes of intraluminal obstruction are calculi, blood clots, tumors, or sloughed papilla. These obstructions present acutely, leading to severe renal colic with flank pain, hematuria, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Ureteral strictures, which are caused by stone disease, cancer, maldevelopment, or iatrogenic causes such as ureteroscopy, tend to develop over time, causing chronic obstruction and renal atrophy.

• #7 Navigating Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://ugatl.com/blog/ureteral-obstruction/

  Ureteral obstructions can be caused by kidney stones, tumors, blood clots, UTIs, and kidney damage, all of which disrupt the normal flow of urine through the urinary tract. […] Kidney stones are hard deposits that form in your kidneys and can sometimes get stuck in the ureters, causing a blockage. […] UTIs can also play a role. When bacteria infect the urinary tract, it can lead to inflammation and swelling, which may block urine flow through the ureters. […] Sometimes, kidney damage from injuries or other health conditions can result in ureteral obstructions. Scar tissue can form as the kidneys heal, narrowing the ureters and hindering urine flow. […] Tumors or blood clots can also cause blockages. Tumors grow in the urinary tract and can physically block the ureters, while blood clots can form and get lodged in these narrow tubes.

• #8 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureterocele. If a ureter is too narrow and doesn’t allow urine to flow completely, a tiny bulge in the ureter (ureterocele) may develop. When a ureterocele develops, it’s usually in the section of the ureter closest to the bladder. This can block urine flow and cause urine to back up into the kidney, possibly leading to kidney damage. […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis. This rare disorder occurs when fibrous tissue grows in the area behind the abdomen. The fibers may grow as the result of cancer tumors or from taking certain medicines used to treat migraines. The fibers encircle and block the ureters, causing urine to back up into the kidneys. […] Various causes inside (intrinsic) or outside (extrinsic) the ureter can lead to ureteral obstruction, including: Kidney stones. Cancerous and noncancerous tumors. Blood clots. Enlarged lymph nodes. Internal tissue growth, such as endometriosis in females. Long-term swelling of the ureter wall, usually due to diseases such as tuberculosis or a parasite infection called schistosomiasis.

• #9 Urinary Tract Obstruction (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-obstruction

  Urinary tract obstruction can have a number of causes. […] Urethral blockage causes bladder dilation, secondary hypertrophy and diverticulae formation. […] Obstruction in a ureter causes dilation of the ureter (megaureter) and renal pelvicalyceal system (hydronephrosis). […] Unilateral – the most common causes are calculi and neuromuscular malfunction at the junction of the renal pelvis and ureter. […] Bilateral – usually with lesions in the bladder base or retroperitoneal tissues. […] Possible causes include blood clot, calculi, sloughed papillae, and tumour of renal pelvis or ureter. […] Ureteric, urethral or ureterovesical stricture, congenital megaureter, bladder neck obstruction, congenital urethral valves, pinhole meatus, neurogenic bladder, and functional failure due to denervation are also causes. […] Pressure from outside the tract can be due to PUJ compression from bands or aberrant vessels, tumours, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), retroperitoneal fibrosis, pancreatitis, retrocaval ureter, Crohn’s disease, and chronic granulomatous disease.

• #10 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureterocele. If a ureter is too narrow and doesn’t allow urine to flow completely, a tiny bulge in the ureter (ureterocele) may develop. When a ureterocele develops, it’s usually in the section of the ureter closest to the bladder. This can block urine flow and cause urine to back up into the kidney, possibly leading to kidney damage. […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis. This rare disorder occurs when fibrous tissue grows in the area behind the abdomen. The fibers may grow as the result of cancer tumors or from taking certain medicines used to treat migraines. The fibers encircle and block the ureters, causing urine to back up into the kidneys. […] Various causes inside (intrinsic) or outside (extrinsic) the ureter can lead to ureteral obstruction, including: Kidney stones. Cancerous and noncancerous tumors. Blood clots. Enlarged lymph nodes. Internal tissue growth, such as endometriosis in females. Long-term swelling of the ureter wall, usually due to diseases such as tuberculosis or a parasite infection called schistosomiasis.

• #11 Urinary Tract Obstruction – Symptoms, Types, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/urinary-tract-obstruction-symptoms-types-causes-and-diagnosis

  Blood clots: Blood clots in the urinary tract can also cause obstruction, particularly in people with a history of blood clotting disorders or those who have recently undergone surgery. […] Urethral stricture: Urinary incontinence may result from urethral strictures, which are narrowings of the urethra. Scar tissue from an accident, an infection, or surgery may be to blame. […] Bladder stones: Like kidney stones, bladder stones are hard mineral deposits that can form in the bladder. They can cause urinary tract obstruction if they become too large or if they move into the urethra. […] Blood vessel abnormalities: Rarely, abnormalities in the blood vessels in the urinary tract can cause urinary tract obstruction. […] Medications: Certain medications can cause urinary tract obstruction as a side effect. […] Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy for cancer in the pelvic area can cause scarring and inflammation in the urinary tract, which can lead to obstruction. […] Pregnancy: In rare cases, pregnancy can cause urinary tract obstruction if the growing uterus compresses the ureters or bladder.

• #12 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21155-ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstructions are blockages that can happen in one or both of your ureters. Many different conditions and diseases can cause a blockage in your ureters. […] Causes of a ureteral obstruction include: Enlarged prostate, a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Scar tissue in your ureter, which can make it hard for pee to pass through. You can develop it or be born with it (congenital). Tumors or cysts in your abdominal area that press on your ureter. Vascular (blood vessel) disease and blood clots. Gastrointestinal (GI) issues, such as Crohns disease, diverticulitis or a swollen appendix. Ureteral stones, which are kidney stones that move to your ureter. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction, which is a blockage of your ureter at its connection to your kidney. Ectopic ureter, when your ureter connects to the wrong place in your body. Ureterocele, a birth condition that causes swelling in your ureter. Pregnancy, endometriosis or uterine prolapse. […] When pee cant leave your body and starts to build up in your kidneys, it can lead to hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidneys). If left untreated, obstruction of your ureter can cause serious problems.

• #13 Urinary Obstruction and Ureteral Stricture: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.saintjohnscancer.org/urology/conditions/urinary-obstruction-urologic-reconstruction/

  Urinary obstruction can be the result of a variety of conditions. […] A blockage that prevents the voiding of urine can cause a variety of problems, including pain and infections. […] Can be caused by kidney stones, upper urinary tract inflammation, or a tumor. As scar tissue builds up in the ureter so does inflammation around the ureter. […] Often a congenital condition which is present at birth. […] Scar tissue. […] Earlier treatments for a blockage. […] Ureteroplasty is a procedure and surgery that can fix narrowing of the ureterstubes in the body that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. There are several reasons for ureteral stricture, including scar tissue that may have formed in a ureter. This can occur after trauma, operative injury to the ureter, or even have radiation treatment in that area of the body. Sometimes the ureter may be narrow from other medical issues such as endometriosis or cancer. When scarring occurs in the ureter, urine does not drain well. This is often painful and can lead to infection and long-term kidney damage.

• #14 Ureteral Stricture: Practice Essentials, Relevant Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/442469-overview

  Ureteral strictures may be classified as follows: […] Extrinsic malignant strictures include those caused by primary or metastatic cancer. Primary pelvic malignancies, particularly cancers of the cervix, prostate, bladder, and colon, frequently cause extrinsic compression of the distal ureter. Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, caused by a wide range of malignancies, particularly lymphoma, testicular carcinoma, breast cancer, or prostate cancer, may cause proximal to midureteral obstruction. […] Extrinsic benign compression due to idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis may also cause unilateral or bilateral ureteral obstruction, leading to azotemia. […] Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) may cause malignant intrinsic obstruction. […] Malignant ureteral obstruction is differentiated from benign ureteral obstruction by (1) the presence of an extrinsic mass on a CT scan or sonogram and (2) the appearance of the ureter on contrast-study images.

• #15 Obstructive uropathy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/obstructive-uropathy?lang=us

  An obstructive uropathy is a catch-all term encompassing any cause of complete or partial, congenital or acquired, and permanent or intermittent obstruction of the urinary tract. […] Causes include: […] transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter […] retrocaval ureter […] urolithiasis […] ureterocele […] transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder […] posterior urethral valves (PUV) […] urethral atresia […] urethral stenosis […] urethral carcinoma […] benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).

• #16 Urinary Tract Obstruction (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-obstruction

  Urinary tract obstruction can have a number of causes. […] Urethral blockage causes bladder dilation, secondary hypertrophy and diverticulae formation. […] Obstruction in a ureter causes dilation of the ureter (megaureter) and renal pelvicalyceal system (hydronephrosis). […] Unilateral – the most common causes are calculi and neuromuscular malfunction at the junction of the renal pelvis and ureter. […] Bilateral – usually with lesions in the bladder base or retroperitoneal tissues. […] Possible causes include blood clot, calculi, sloughed papillae, and tumour of renal pelvis or ureter. […] Ureteric, urethral or ureterovesical stricture, congenital megaureter, bladder neck obstruction, congenital urethral valves, pinhole meatus, neurogenic bladder, and functional failure due to denervation are also causes. […] Pressure from outside the tract can be due to PUJ compression from bands or aberrant vessels, tumours, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), retroperitoneal fibrosis, pancreatitis, retrocaval ureter, Crohn’s disease, and chronic granulomatous disease.

• #17 Navigating Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://ugatl.com/blog/ureteral-obstruction/

  Ureteral obstructions can be caused by kidney stones, tumors, blood clots, UTIs, and kidney damage, all of which disrupt the normal flow of urine through the urinary tract. […] Kidney stones are hard deposits that form in your kidneys and can sometimes get stuck in the ureters, causing a blockage. […] UTIs can also play a role. When bacteria infect the urinary tract, it can lead to inflammation and swelling, which may block urine flow through the ureters. […] Sometimes, kidney damage from injuries or other health conditions can result in ureteral obstructions. Scar tissue can form as the kidneys heal, narrowing the ureters and hindering urine flow. […] Tumors or blood clots can also cause blockages. Tumors grow in the urinary tract and can physically block the ureters, while blood clots can form and get lodged in these narrow tubes.

• #18 Urinary Tract Obstruction – Symptoms, Types, Causes & Diagnosis

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/urinary-tract-obstruction-symptoms-types-causes-and-diagnosis

  Tumors: Cancerous or non-cancerous growths in the urinary tract can also obstruct by blocking the flow of urine. Tumors may develop in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. […] Urinary tract infections: Infections of the urinary system can induce edema and inflammation, which can lead to blockage of the urinary tract. This can happen in the bladder or urethra and is more common in females than males. […] Neurogenic bladder: Neurogenic bladder is a condition in which there is a problem with the nerves that control the bladder. This can cause urinary tract obstruction and lead to problems with urination. […] Congenital abnormalities: Some people are born with urinary tract abnormalities, such as a constricted urethra or a restricted ureter. These diseases may necessitate surgical treatment and can block the urinary system.

• #19 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureterocele. If a ureter is too narrow and doesn’t allow urine to flow completely, a tiny bulge in the ureter (ureterocele) may develop. When a ureterocele develops, it’s usually in the section of the ureter closest to the bladder. This can block urine flow and cause urine to back up into the kidney, possibly leading to kidney damage. […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis. This rare disorder occurs when fibrous tissue grows in the area behind the abdomen. The fibers may grow as the result of cancer tumors or from taking certain medicines used to treat migraines. The fibers encircle and block the ureters, causing urine to back up into the kidneys. […] Various causes inside (intrinsic) or outside (extrinsic) the ureter can lead to ureteral obstruction, including: Kidney stones. Cancerous and noncancerous tumors. Blood clots. Enlarged lymph nodes. Internal tissue growth, such as endometriosis in females. Long-term swelling of the ureter wall, usually due to diseases such as tuberculosis or a parasite infection called schistosomiasis.

• #20 Ureteral obstruction | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20208697/

  Blood clots. […] Enlarged lymph nodes. […] Internal tissue growth, such as endometriosis in females. […] Long-term swelling of the ureter wall, usually due to diseases such as tuberculosis or a parasite infection called schistosomiasis. […] A duplicated ureter occurs when two ureters form on the same kidney. A ureterocele is a small bulge in the ureter, usually in the end closest to the bladder. Both conditions may lead to ureteral obstruction. […] Certain conditions present at birth can increase the risk of having ureteral obstruction. Having kidney stones or bladder stones also might increase the risk that one of the ureters becomes blocked. Blood clots, tumors, certain tissue growth and enlarged lymph nodes might also be factors in developing this condition.

• #21 Ureteral Stricture: Practice Essentials, Relevant Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/442469-overview

  Ureteral strictures may be classified as follows: […] Extrinsic malignant strictures include those caused by primary or metastatic cancer. Primary pelvic malignancies, particularly cancers of the cervix, prostate, bladder, and colon, frequently cause extrinsic compression of the distal ureter. Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, caused by a wide range of malignancies, particularly lymphoma, testicular carcinoma, breast cancer, or prostate cancer, may cause proximal to midureteral obstruction. […] Extrinsic benign compression due to idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis may also cause unilateral or bilateral ureteral obstruction, leading to azotemia. […] Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) may cause malignant intrinsic obstruction. […] Malignant ureteral obstruction is differentiated from benign ureteral obstruction by (1) the presence of an extrinsic mass on a CT scan or sonogram and (2) the appearance of the ureter on contrast-study images.

• #22 Urinary Tract Obstruction: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438890-overview

  In older women, prolapse of pelvic structures, such as the uterus and bladder, can lead to urinary tract obstruction. In younger women, pregnancy can result in ureteral obstruction from the gravid uterus. […] In men, an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH]) can result in bladder outlet obstruction. […] Anterior urethral stricture, which may be secondary to genitourinary tract infection or trauma, including iatrogenic trauma, can also lead to urinary tract obstruction in males. […] Other extrinsic causes of ureteral obstruction can occur. Although less common, these can still cause significant obstruction by inhibiting ureteral peristalsis or applying external pressure to the ureter. […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis can trap the ureters in fibrotic tissue, inhibiting peristalsis.

• #23 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureterocele. If a ureter is too narrow and doesn’t allow urine to flow completely, a tiny bulge in the ureter (ureterocele) may develop. When a ureterocele develops, it’s usually in the section of the ureter closest to the bladder. This can block urine flow and cause urine to back up into the kidney, possibly leading to kidney damage. […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis. This rare disorder occurs when fibrous tissue grows in the area behind the abdomen. The fibers may grow as the result of cancer tumors or from taking certain medicines used to treat migraines. The fibers encircle and block the ureters, causing urine to back up into the kidneys. […] Various causes inside (intrinsic) or outside (extrinsic) the ureter can lead to ureteral obstruction, including: Kidney stones. Cancerous and noncancerous tumors. Blood clots. Enlarged lymph nodes. Internal tissue growth, such as endometriosis in females. Long-term swelling of the ureter wall, usually due to diseases such as tuberculosis or a parasite infection called schistosomiasis.

• #24 Ureteral obstruction | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20208697/

  Blood clots. […] Enlarged lymph nodes. […] Internal tissue growth, such as endometriosis in females. […] Long-term swelling of the ureter wall, usually due to diseases such as tuberculosis or a parasite infection called schistosomiasis. […] A duplicated ureter occurs when two ureters form on the same kidney. A ureterocele is a small bulge in the ureter, usually in the end closest to the bladder. Both conditions may lead to ureteral obstruction. […] Certain conditions present at birth can increase the risk of having ureteral obstruction. Having kidney stones or bladder stones also might increase the risk that one of the ureters becomes blocked. Blood clots, tumors, certain tissue growth and enlarged lymph nodes might also be factors in developing this condition.

• #25 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureterocele. If a ureter is too narrow and doesn’t allow urine to flow completely, a tiny bulge in the ureter (ureterocele) may develop. When a ureterocele develops, it’s usually in the section of the ureter closest to the bladder. This can block urine flow and cause urine to back up into the kidney, possibly leading to kidney damage. […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis. This rare disorder occurs when fibrous tissue grows in the area behind the abdomen. The fibers may grow as the result of cancer tumors or from taking certain medicines used to treat migraines. The fibers encircle and block the ureters, causing urine to back up into the kidneys. […] Various causes inside (intrinsic) or outside (extrinsic) the ureter can lead to ureteral obstruction, including: Kidney stones. Cancerous and noncancerous tumors. Blood clots. Enlarged lymph nodes. Internal tissue growth, such as endometriosis in females. Long-term swelling of the ureter wall, usually due to diseases such as tuberculosis or a parasite infection called schistosomiasis.

• #26 Ureteral obstruction | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20208697/

  Ureterocele. If a ureter is too narrow and doesn’t allow urine to flow completely, a tiny bulge in the ureter (ureterocele) may develop. When a ureterocele develops, it’s usually in the section of the ureter closest to the bladder. This can block urine flow and cause urine to back up into the kidney, possibly leading to kidney damage. […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis. This rare disorder occurs when fibrous tissue grows in the area behind the abdomen. The fibers may grow as the result of cancer tumors or from taking certain medicines used to treat migraines. The fibers encircle and block the ureters, causing urine to back up into the kidneys. […] Various causes inside (intrinsic) or outside (extrinsic) the ureter can lead to ureteral obstruction, including: […] Kidney stones. […] Cancerous and noncancerous tumors.

• #27 Ureteropelvic junction obstruction | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ureteropelvic-junction-obstruction?lang=us

  Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction or pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction partially obstructs the passage of urine from the renal pelvis to the ureter. It is the most frequent cause of hydronephrosis in the fetus and can also present in adulthood. […] In congenital cases, some renal tract abnormalities are recognized. […] In ~40% of cases, an aberrant, accessory, or early-branching lower pole segment vessel is found and observed to compress the ureter, causing mechanical obstruction. […] Etiology includes congenital (neonatal) factors such as idiopathic causes, abnormal muscle arrangement at the pelviureteric junction, anomalous collagen collar at pelviureteric junction, ischemic insult to pelviureteric junction region, and urothelial ureteral fold. […] Extrinsic ureter compression or encasement can occur due to a crossing vessel at the pelviureteric junction. […] In adults, causes include preceding renal pelvic trauma, obstructing calculus immediately distal to pelviureteric junction, previous pyelitis with scarring, intrinsic malignancy, and extrinsic ureter compression or encasement due to fibrosis, crossing vessel, malignancy, or aortic aneurysm.

• #28 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21155-ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstructions are blockages that can happen in one or both of your ureters. Many different conditions and diseases can cause a blockage in your ureters. […] Causes of a ureteral obstruction include: Enlarged prostate, a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Scar tissue in your ureter, which can make it hard for pee to pass through. You can develop it or be born with it (congenital). Tumors or cysts in your abdominal area that press on your ureter. Vascular (blood vessel) disease and blood clots. Gastrointestinal (GI) issues, such as Crohns disease, diverticulitis or a swollen appendix. Ureteral stones, which are kidney stones that move to your ureter. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction, which is a blockage of your ureter at its connection to your kidney. Ectopic ureter, when your ureter connects to the wrong place in your body. Ureterocele, a birth condition that causes swelling in your ureter. Pregnancy, endometriosis or uterine prolapse. […] When pee cant leave your body and starts to build up in your kidneys, it can lead to hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidneys). If left untreated, obstruction of your ureter can cause serious problems.

• #29

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hydronephrosis/causes/

  Hydronephrosis is usually caused by a blockage in the urinary tract or something disrupting the normal workings of the urinary tract. […] Some of the main causes of hydronephrosis in adults include: kidney stones small stones that form in the kidneys that can sometimes travel out of a kidney and block the ureters, benign prostatic hyperplasia non-cancerous swelling of the prostate gland, pregnancy during pregnancy the enlarged womb (uterus) can sometimes place pressure on the ureters, narrowing of the ureters this can occur as a result of injury to the ureter, infection or surgery, pelvic organ prolapse where one or more of the pelvic organs bulge into the vagina, neurogenic bladder damage to the nerves that control the bladder, cancers in or around the urinary tract such as bladder cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer or womb cancer.

• #30 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21155-ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstructions are blockages that can happen in one or both of your ureters. Many different conditions and diseases can cause a blockage in your ureters. […] Causes of a ureteral obstruction include: Enlarged prostate, a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Scar tissue in your ureter, which can make it hard for pee to pass through. You can develop it or be born with it (congenital). Tumors or cysts in your abdominal area that press on your ureter. Vascular (blood vessel) disease and blood clots. Gastrointestinal (GI) issues, such as Crohns disease, diverticulitis or a swollen appendix. Ureteral stones, which are kidney stones that move to your ureter. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction, which is a blockage of your ureter at its connection to your kidney. Ectopic ureter, when your ureter connects to the wrong place in your body. Ureterocele, a birth condition that causes swelling in your ureter. Pregnancy, endometriosis or uterine prolapse. […] When pee cant leave your body and starts to build up in your kidneys, it can lead to hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidneys). If left untreated, obstruction of your ureter can cause serious problems.

• #31 Ureteral Obstruction | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/services-treatments/urology/uteteral-obstruction

  A ureteral obstruction is a blockage in your ureters, the tubes that carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder. […] A ureteral obstruction can have many causes, including: […] Congenital (present at birth) conditions […] Injuries due to trauma or surgery […] Kidney stone disease […] Ureteral cancer, benign tumors or cysts […] Urethral stricture disease (narrowing due to scar tissue) […] Obstructions can also develop when other organs press on the ureters: […] Benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate) […] Blood vessel abnormalities […] Gastrointestinal issues such as Crohns disease […] Urogynecologic disorders such as endometriosis or pelvic organ prolapse.

• #32 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21155-ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstructions are blockages that can happen in one or both of your ureters. Many different conditions and diseases can cause a blockage in your ureters. […] Causes of a ureteral obstruction include: Enlarged prostate, a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Scar tissue in your ureter, which can make it hard for pee to pass through. You can develop it or be born with it (congenital). Tumors or cysts in your abdominal area that press on your ureter. Vascular (blood vessel) disease and blood clots. Gastrointestinal (GI) issues, such as Crohns disease, diverticulitis or a swollen appendix. Ureteral stones, which are kidney stones that move to your ureter. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction, which is a blockage of your ureter at its connection to your kidney. Ectopic ureter, when your ureter connects to the wrong place in your body. Ureterocele, a birth condition that causes swelling in your ureter. Pregnancy, endometriosis or uterine prolapse. […] When pee cant leave your body and starts to build up in your kidneys, it can lead to hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidneys). If left untreated, obstruction of your ureter can cause serious problems.

• #33 Urinary Tract Obstruction – Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/kidney-and-urinary-tract-disorders/obstruction-of-the-urinary-tract/urinary-tract-obstruction

  Urinary tract obstruction is a blockage that inhibits the flow of urine through its normal path (the urinary tract), including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. […] Blockage may be partial or complete, affect one side or both sides, and develop rapidly (acutely) or slowly (chronically). The most common causes overall are […] In children: Structural abnormalitiesfor example, birth defects, such as valves in the inside back part of the urethra (called posterior urethral valves, which can occur only in boyssee Urethra Defects) and other constrictions that narrow or block the ureter or urethra […] In young adults: Stones in the kidney or ureter or elsewhere in the urinary tract […] In older adults: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral stricture, or prostate cancer, tumors, and stones.

• #34 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21155-ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstructions are blockages that can happen in one or both of your ureters. Many different conditions and diseases can cause a blockage in your ureters. […] Causes of a ureteral obstruction include: Enlarged prostate, a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Scar tissue in your ureter, which can make it hard for pee to pass through. You can develop it or be born with it (congenital). Tumors or cysts in your abdominal area that press on your ureter. Vascular (blood vessel) disease and blood clots. Gastrointestinal (GI) issues, such as Crohns disease, diverticulitis or a swollen appendix. Ureteral stones, which are kidney stones that move to your ureter. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction, which is a blockage of your ureter at its connection to your kidney. Ectopic ureter, when your ureter connects to the wrong place in your body. Ureterocele, a birth condition that causes swelling in your ureter. Pregnancy, endometriosis or uterine prolapse. […] When pee cant leave your body and starts to build up in your kidneys, it can lead to hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidneys). If left untreated, obstruction of your ureter can cause serious problems.

• #35 Ureteropelvic junction obstruction | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ureteropelvic-junction-obstruction?lang=us

  Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction or pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction partially obstructs the passage of urine from the renal pelvis to the ureter. It is the most frequent cause of hydronephrosis in the fetus and can also present in adulthood. […] In congenital cases, some renal tract abnormalities are recognized. […] In ~40% of cases, an aberrant, accessory, or early-branching lower pole segment vessel is found and observed to compress the ureter, causing mechanical obstruction. […] Etiology includes congenital (neonatal) factors such as idiopathic causes, abnormal muscle arrangement at the pelviureteric junction, anomalous collagen collar at pelviureteric junction, ischemic insult to pelviureteric junction region, and urothelial ureteral fold. […] Extrinsic ureter compression or encasement can occur due to a crossing vessel at the pelviureteric junction. […] In adults, causes include preceding renal pelvic trauma, obstructing calculus immediately distal to pelviureteric junction, previous pyelitis with scarring, intrinsic malignancy, and extrinsic ureter compression or encasement due to fibrosis, crossing vessel, malignancy, or aortic aneurysm.

• #36 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstruction might have no signs or symptoms. Signs and symptoms depend on where the obstruction occurs, whether it’s partial or complete, how quickly it develops, and whether it affects one or both kidneys. […] Different types of ureteral obstruction have different causes, some of them present at birth (congenital). They include: A second (duplicated) ureter. This common condition, which is congenital, causes two ureters to form on the same kidney. The second ureter can be fully or only partially developed. If either ureter doesn’t work properly, urine can back up into the kidney and cause damage. […] A blockage (obstruction) where the ureter connects to the kidney or bladder. This prevents urine flow. A blockage where the ureter and kidney meet (ureteropelvic junction) may cause the kidney to swell and eventually stop working. This condition can be congenital or can develop with typical childhood growth, result from an injury or scarring, or in rare cases, develop from a tumor. A blockage where the ureter and bladder meet (ureterovesical junction) may cause urine to back up into the kidneys.

• #37 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/ureteral-obstruction-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment

  When a blockage occurs in one or both of these tubes, it is called Ureteral Obstruction. […] Different types of obstructions can be caused by various factors. The blockages can be intrinsic (inside the body) and extrinsic (on the outside). Some of them are congenital, that is, they are present at birth. […] Duplication of the ureter tubes: This common condition is a birth defect that can cause two ureters to develop on the same kidney. […] Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ) Obstruction: This is a blockage occurring in the renal pelvis area (located at the upper end of each ureter) of the kidney. […] This abnormality can be a birth defect, result of scarring or injury, or develop because of a tumor. […] Some other causes include ureteral stones (kidney stones that move to the ureter), gastrointestinal issues, blood clots, tumors, cysts, complications from pregnancy, endometriosis (in females), and long-term inflammation of the ureter wall caused by diseases like tuberculosis.

• #38 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstruction might have no signs or symptoms. Signs and symptoms depend on where the obstruction occurs, whether it’s partial or complete, how quickly it develops, and whether it affects one or both kidneys. […] Different types of ureteral obstruction have different causes, some of them present at birth (congenital). They include: A second (duplicated) ureter. This common condition, which is congenital, causes two ureters to form on the same kidney. The second ureter can be fully or only partially developed. If either ureter doesn’t work properly, urine can back up into the kidney and cause damage. […] A blockage (obstruction) where the ureter connects to the kidney or bladder. This prevents urine flow. A blockage where the ureter and kidney meet (ureteropelvic junction) may cause the kidney to swell and eventually stop working. This condition can be congenital or can develop with typical childhood growth, result from an injury or scarring, or in rare cases, develop from a tumor. A blockage where the ureter and bladder meet (ureterovesical junction) may cause urine to back up into the kidneys.

• #39 Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ) Obstruction: Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16596-ureteropelvic-junction-obstruction

  Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is a blockage in the upper end of your ureter (renal pelvis). In most cases, it occurs during fetal development. But it can occur in adults, too, sometimes after a kidney stone or surgery in the area. […] Most ureteropelvic junction obstructions are present at birth. That means the structures of the ureter or kidney didn’t form as expected during fetal development. The other reason is that there’s a blood vessel going across the UPJ and causing compression. They typically occur randomly. But sometimes, you may be more likely to have a UPJ obstruction if someone else in your family has one. […] UPJ obstruction is rare in adults. But it can happen after kidney stones, upper UTIs, surgery in the area, or swelling in the upper part of your urinary system.

• #40 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ): What is It, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/ureteropelvic-junction-obstruction-what-is-it-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is a condition that affects the urinary system, specifically the point where the ureter connects to the renal pelvis in the kidney. This obstruction occurs when there is a partial or complete blockage at the ureteropelvic junction, impeding the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder. […] UPJ obstruction can have various causes, and it may be classified into congenital (present from birth) or acquired (developed after birth) conditions. Here are some common causes: […] Some individuals may have a naturally narrow or tight ureteropelvic junction due to developmental factors. This congenital condition can restrict the flow of urine from the renal pelvis to the ureter. […] Anomalous blood vessels near the ureteropelvic junction can compress or obstruct the urinary passage, leading to UPJ obstruction.

• #41 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction (UPJ): What is It, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/ureteropelvic-junction-obstruction-what-is-it-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Inflammatory conditions, such as previous infections or conditions causing chronic inflammation, may contribute to scarring and fibrosis around the ureteropelvic junction. […] The presence of kidney stones in or around the ureteropelvic junction can obstruct the flow of urine. […] In some cases, pregnant women may develop UPJ obstruction due to compression of the ureter by the enlarging uterus. […] Tumors or growths within the ureter or at the ureteropelvic junction can obstruct urine flow. […] Trauma to the abdominal or pelvic region, such as injuries from accidents or surgeries, can lead to UPJ obstruction. […] Chronic infections or inflammatory conditions affecting the ureteropelvic junction may contribute to scarring and narrowing, leading to obstruction.

• #42 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstruction might have no signs or symptoms. Signs and symptoms depend on where the obstruction occurs, whether it’s partial or complete, how quickly it develops, and whether it affects one or both kidneys. […] Different types of ureteral obstruction have different causes, some of them present at birth (congenital). They include: A second (duplicated) ureter. This common condition, which is congenital, causes two ureters to form on the same kidney. The second ureter can be fully or only partially developed. If either ureter doesn’t work properly, urine can back up into the kidney and cause damage. […] A blockage (obstruction) where the ureter connects to the kidney or bladder. This prevents urine flow. A blockage where the ureter and kidney meet (ureteropelvic junction) may cause the kidney to swell and eventually stop working. This condition can be congenital or can develop with typical childhood growth, result from an injury or scarring, or in rare cases, develop from a tumor. A blockage where the ureter and bladder meet (ureterovesical junction) may cause urine to back up into the kidneys.

• #43 Ureterovesical Junction (UVJ) Obstruction | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/ureterovesical-junction-uvj-obstruction

  Ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction refers to a blockage to this area. The obstruction impedes the flow of urine down to the bladder, causing the urine to back up into and dilate the ureters and kidney (megaureter and hydronephrosis). […] UVJ obstruction usually occurs during fetal development. Most of the time, the blockage is caused when the connection between the ureter and the bladder narrows. UVJ obstruction can also be due to scar tissue, infection, a benign polyp or kidney stones.

• #44 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureterocele. If a ureter is too narrow and doesn’t allow urine to flow completely, a tiny bulge in the ureter (ureterocele) may develop. When a ureterocele develops, it’s usually in the section of the ureter closest to the bladder. This can block urine flow and cause urine to back up into the kidney, possibly leading to kidney damage. […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis. This rare disorder occurs when fibrous tissue grows in the area behind the abdomen. The fibers may grow as the result of cancer tumors or from taking certain medicines used to treat migraines. The fibers encircle and block the ureters, causing urine to back up into the kidneys. […] Various causes inside (intrinsic) or outside (extrinsic) the ureter can lead to ureteral obstruction, including: Kidney stones. Cancerous and noncancerous tumors. Blood clots. Enlarged lymph nodes. Internal tissue growth, such as endometriosis in females. Long-term swelling of the ureter wall, usually due to diseases such as tuberculosis or a parasite infection called schistosomiasis.

• #45 Ureteral obstruction | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20208697/

  Ureterocele. If a ureter is too narrow and doesn’t allow urine to flow completely, a tiny bulge in the ureter (ureterocele) may develop. When a ureterocele develops, it’s usually in the section of the ureter closest to the bladder. This can block urine flow and cause urine to back up into the kidney, possibly leading to kidney damage. […] Retroperitoneal fibrosis. This rare disorder occurs when fibrous tissue grows in the area behind the abdomen. The fibers may grow as the result of cancer tumors or from taking certain medicines used to treat migraines. The fibers encircle and block the ureters, causing urine to back up into the kidneys. […] Various causes inside (intrinsic) or outside (extrinsic) the ureter can lead to ureteral obstruction, including: […] Kidney stones. […] Cancerous and noncancerous tumors.

• #46 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21155-ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstructions are blockages that can happen in one or both of your ureters. Many different conditions and diseases can cause a blockage in your ureters. […] Causes of a ureteral obstruction include: Enlarged prostate, a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Scar tissue in your ureter, which can make it hard for pee to pass through. You can develop it or be born with it (congenital). Tumors or cysts in your abdominal area that press on your ureter. Vascular (blood vessel) disease and blood clots. Gastrointestinal (GI) issues, such as Crohns disease, diverticulitis or a swollen appendix. Ureteral stones, which are kidney stones that move to your ureter. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction, which is a blockage of your ureter at its connection to your kidney. Ectopic ureter, when your ureter connects to the wrong place in your body. Ureterocele, a birth condition that causes swelling in your ureter. Pregnancy, endometriosis or uterine prolapse. […] When pee cant leave your body and starts to build up in your kidneys, it can lead to hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidneys). If left untreated, obstruction of your ureter can cause serious problems.

• #47 Ureteral obstruction | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ureteral-obstruction

  Certain conditions present at birth can increase the risk of having ureteral obstruction. Having kidney stones or bladder stones also might increase the risk that one of the ureters becomes blocked. Blood clots, tumors, certain tissue growth and enlarged lymph nodes might also be factors in developing this condition.

• #48 Ureteral obstruction | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20208697/

  Blood clots. […] Enlarged lymph nodes. […] Internal tissue growth, such as endometriosis in females. […] Long-term swelling of the ureter wall, usually due to diseases such as tuberculosis or a parasite infection called schistosomiasis. […] A duplicated ureter occurs when two ureters form on the same kidney. A ureterocele is a small bulge in the ureter, usually in the end closest to the bladder. Both conditions may lead to ureteral obstruction. […] Certain conditions present at birth can increase the risk of having ureteral obstruction. Having kidney stones or bladder stones also might increase the risk that one of the ureters becomes blocked. Blood clots, tumors, certain tissue growth and enlarged lymph nodes might also be factors in developing this condition.

• #49 Obstructive Uropathy – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/obstructive-uropathy/obstructive-uropathy

  Obstructive uropathy is structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, sometimes leading to renal dysfunction (obstructive nephropathy). […] Many conditions can cause obstructive uropathy, which may be acute or chronic, partial or complete, and unilateral or bilateral. […] The most common causes differ by age: Children: Anatomic abnormalities (including posterior urethral valves [which occur only in boys] or stricture and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction); Young adults: Calculi; Older adults: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer, urethral stricture, retroperitoneal or pelvic tumors (including metastatic cancer), and calculi. […] Obstruction may occur at any level, from the renal tubules (casts, crystals) to the external urethral meatus.

• #50 Obstructive Uropathy – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/obstructive-uropathy/obstructive-uropathy

  Obstruction is much more common in males (usually due to BPH), but acquired and congenital urethral strictures and meatal stenosis occur in both males and females. […] In females, urethral obstruction may occur secondary to a primary or metastatic tumor or as a result of stricture formation after radiation therapy, surgery, or urologic instrumentation (usually repeated dilation). […] Overall, obstructive uropathy is an uncommon cause of end-stage kidney disease.

• #51 Ureteral Obstruction: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21155-ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstructions are blockages that can happen in one or both of your ureters. Many different conditions and diseases can cause a blockage in your ureters. […] Causes of a ureteral obstruction include: Enlarged prostate, a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Scar tissue in your ureter, which can make it hard for pee to pass through. You can develop it or be born with it (congenital). Tumors or cysts in your abdominal area that press on your ureter. Vascular (blood vessel) disease and blood clots. Gastrointestinal (GI) issues, such as Crohns disease, diverticulitis or a swollen appendix. Ureteral stones, which are kidney stones that move to your ureter. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction, which is a blockage of your ureter at its connection to your kidney. Ectopic ureter, when your ureter connects to the wrong place in your body. Ureterocele, a birth condition that causes swelling in your ureter. Pregnancy, endometriosis or uterine prolapse. […] When pee cant leave your body and starts to build up in your kidneys, it can lead to hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidneys). If left untreated, obstruction of your ureter can cause serious problems.

• #52 Obstructive uropathy: Overview of the pathogenesis, etiology and management of a prevalent cause of acute kidney injury

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11229834/

  Diversion of the urinary tract is the most important aspect in the treatment of obstructive uropathy. If a decision of urinary diversion is made, it should be performed as soon as possible. […] The chosen technique will vary depending on the site of obstruction, patient characteristics, and the treating team preferences.

• #53 Obstructive uropathy: Overview of the pathogenesis, etiology and management of a prevalent cause of acute kidney injury

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11229834/

  The most common causes can be intrinsic; ureteral stones, ureteral tumors, pelviureteric joint obstruction (UPJ syndrome), thrombi or extrinsic; retroperitoneal masses or fibrosis and in the female patient compression from gynecologic cancer. […] The urinary tract is a peristaltic organ. Partial or complete disturbance of such structure in extrinsic causes of UTO, such as retroperitoneal fibrosis, impairs the correct flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder. […] The timing and degree of obstruction leads to differences in physiopathological pathways and consequently the clinical implications derived from the initial insult. […] The obstruction of the urinary tract results in the retrograde transmission of pressure dilating intrarenal cavities against a non-distensible capsule and producing pain.

• #54 Obstructive uropathy: Overview of the pathogenesis, etiology and management of a prevalent cause of acute kidney injury

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v13/i2/93322.htm

  Each group includes common clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features. […] The urinary tract is a peristaltic organ. […] The timing and degree of obstruction leads to differences in physiopathological pathways and consequently the clinical implications derived from the initial insult. […] The obstruction of the urinary tract results in the retrograde transmission of pressure dilating intrarenal cavities against a non-distensible capsule and producing pain. […] Urinary diversion is the most important aspect of the treatment of obstructive uropathy and it should be considered as soon as diagnosis is confirmed and generally not be deferred. […] If a decision of urinary diversion is made, it should be performed as soon as possible. […] The chosen technique will vary depending on the site of obstruction, patient characteristics, and the treating team preferences.

• #55 Ureteral Obstruction: Understand Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment Options | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/ureteral-obstruction

  Ureteral obstruction can develop due to a variety of factors, ranging from internal blockages to external pressure on the ureters. It can also be a congenital condition present from birth. Understanding these causes helps in early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. […] Ureteral obstruction occurs when the normal flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder is blocked due to a partial or complete blockage in one or both ureters. The obstruction can be temporary or long-term, depending on the cause. […] Ureteral obstruction can develop due to a variety of factors, ranging from internal blockages to external pressure on the ureters. […] Understanding the causes of ureteral obstruction helps in identifying risk factors and ensuring early medical intervention, reducing the chances of kidney damage or severe complications.

• #56 Obstructive Uropathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558921/

  Obstructive uropathy is a hindrance to normal urinary flow that can be caused by a variety of structural and functional etiologies. […] There are a significant number of potential causes of obstructive uropathy, and these vary widely. However, the most frequently diagnosed cause is benign prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia. […] Other potential causes include constipation, urethral strictures, phimosis or paraphimosis, prostatic adenocarcinoma, retroperitoneal adenopathy, colonic endometriosis, ureterocele, urolithiasis, and neuropathic bladder dysfunction, parasitic obstructions, bladder endometriosis, and urate nephrolithiasis. […] The history and physical examinations are key in the diagnosis of the underlying cause. […] Obstructive uropathy can also present in the neonatal period, prompting evaluation for genitourinary tract dilatation and vesicoureteral reflux and highlighting the importance of intrauterine fetal anatomy ultrasounds.

• #57 Urinary obstruction | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/urinary-obstruction

  Urinary obstruction can be a presentation of benign or a serious condition. In either case, it has to be brought to medical attention as it may lead to kidney failure if left untreated. […] Causes of urinary obstruction include prostate enlargement (in men), which may be benign or malignant, stones (can be in the kidneys, ureter, or bladder), tumor (can be anywhere in or outside the urinary tract, compressing it), infection, blood clots, enlarged uterus in pregnant women, weak bladder that cannot push the urine out (due to certain medications or neurologic conditions), abnormal congenital structures (abnormal tissue that blocks the connection between the kidney and the ureter, or within the urethra), abnormal tissue that results from instrumentation of the urinary tract (also called strictures), foreign body, and trauma with pelvic fracture. […] In summary, urinary obstruction is most often due to a stone or an enlarged area of normal or malignant tissue.

• #58 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/ureteropelvic-junction-obstruction

  If left untreated or misdiagnosed, however, the chronic backup of urine into the kidney can do permanent damage to your child’s kidneys and urinary system. […] If they are detected early, most UPJ obstructions don’t cause many problems. Even larger obstructions can be fairly easily removed, and your child should go on to have good urinary function. If left untreated, however, the chronic backup of urine into the kidney can damage your child’s kidneys.

• #59 Urinary tract obstruction | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/urinary-tract-obstruction

  urinary tract obstruction, blockage or constriction at any point in the urinary tract that impedes the normal flow of urine and causes urine to be retained in the bladder or kidneys. […] Obstructions are classified as congenital or acquired. Congenital blockage usually takes the form of valvelike folds or partitions in the mucous membrane lining the excretory ducts. […] Acquired obstructions are usually caused by malfunction or abnormal changes in the excretory passages. […] Obstruction of the bladder is caused by tumours, by mineral deposits that form stones, by an enlarged prostate, or by neuromuscular disorders. […] The major concern in a blockage or obstruction is the backup of fluids into the kidney, which causes the renal pelvis and calyces to become grossly distended. […] Because complete urinary tract obstruction can lead to renal failure, treatment must be prompt.

• #60 Obstructive uropathy: Overview of the pathogenesis, etiology and management of a prevalent cause of acute kidney injury

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11229834/

  Diversion of the urinary tract is the most important aspect in the treatment of obstructive uropathy. If a decision of urinary diversion is made, it should be performed as soon as possible. […] The chosen technique will vary depending on the site of obstruction, patient characteristics, and the treating team preferences.

• #61 Obstructive uropathy: Overview of the pathogenesis, etiology and management of a prevalent cause of acute kidney injury

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v13/i2/93322.htm

  Each group includes common clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features. […] The urinary tract is a peristaltic organ. […] The timing and degree of obstruction leads to differences in physiopathological pathways and consequently the clinical implications derived from the initial insult. […] The obstruction of the urinary tract results in the retrograde transmission of pressure dilating intrarenal cavities against a non-distensible capsule and producing pain. […] Urinary diversion is the most important aspect of the treatment of obstructive uropathy and it should be considered as soon as diagnosis is confirmed and generally not be deferred. […] If a decision of urinary diversion is made, it should be performed as soon as possible. […] The chosen technique will vary depending on the site of obstruction, patient characteristics, and the treating team preferences.

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