Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccines that are safe, available and effective. […] Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. The vaccine is usually given soon after birth with boosters a few weeks later. It offers nearly 100% protection against the virus. […] Hepatitis B is preventable with a vaccine. All babies should receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth (within 24 hours). This is followed by two or three doses of hepatitis B vaccine at least four weeks apart. […] Hepatitis B can be passed from mother to child. This can be prevented by taking antiviral medicines to prevent transmission, in addition to the vaccine. […] To reduce the risk of getting or spreading hepatitis B: practice safe sex by using condoms and reducing the number of sexual partners, avoid sharing needles or any equipment used for injecting drugs, piercing, or tattooing, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after coming into contact with blood, body fluids, or contaminated surfaces, get a hepatitis B vaccine if working in a healthcare setting.

• #2 Hepatitis B – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/hepatitis/hepatitis+b+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes inflammation of the liver. […] Hepatitis B is spread when infectious body fluids (blood, saliva, semen and vaginal fluid) come into contact with body tissues beneath the skin (for example, through needle puncture or broken skin) or mucous membranes (the thin moist lining of many parts of the body such as the nose, mouth, throat and genitals). […] The risk of spread is increased when there are higher levels of virus in the blood. The level of virus varies considerably between people infected with hepatitis B. […] Antiviral treatment is available and is of benefit to some people with chronic hepatitis B infection. […] Routine monitoring (at least annually) even when there are no symptoms, can prevent severe liver disease including liver cancer.

• #3 Epidemiology and Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection

  https://www.medsci.org/v02p0050.htm

  Hepatitis B is one of the most common infectious diseases globally. […] Three main strategies have been approved to be effective in preventing HBV infection. They are behavior modification, passive immunoprophylaxis, and active immunization. […] The implement of mass HBV immunization program is recommended by the WHO since 1991, and has dramatically decreased the prevalence of HBV infection and HCC in many countries. […] Changes in sexual practice and improved screening measures of blood products have reduced the risk of transfusion-associated hepatitis. […] Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG) is a sterile solution of ready-made antibodies against hepatitis B. […] Passive immunoprophylaxis is used in four situations (1) newborns of mothers infected with hepatitis B; (2) after needlestick exposure, (3) after sexual exposure, and (4) after liver transplantation.

• #4 Hepatitis B prevention: Vaccination and other strategies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prevention-of-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B prevention methods involve medical screening, vaccination, and following safe practices. Good hygiene practices such as washing hands and using condoms with sexual partners are essential to preventing transmission of the hepatitis B virus. […] Preventing hepatitis B is crucial as it has the potential to cause liver cancer and chronic liver disease. Understanding and following prevention strategies, such as vaccination, can significantly reduce the risk of hepatitis B becoming fatal. […] Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection, offering nearly 100% protection against the virus. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the hepatitis vaccine for the following: newborns and infants, children and teenagers younger than 19 years old who are unvaccinated, adults between ages 19 and 59 years, adults ages 60 years and over, especially if they have risk factors for hepatitis B infection.

• #5 Hepatitis B – prevention, symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B can be prevented with vaccination. […] Vaccination can prevent hepatitis B. […] Important ways to prevent the spread of hepatitis B include: vaccination of all your close contacts (family members and sexual contacts) […] The hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective in protecting against hepatitis B infection, providing protection in 95 of every 100 vaccinated people. […] In Australia, hepatitis B vaccination is part of the standard immunisation schedule for all newborn babies and infants. […] It’s also recommended for adults who are at high risk of exposure, or people who are immunosuppressed or have another liver disease. […] People in these risk groups should be vaccinated against hepatitis B. […] Vaccination is your best protection against hepatitis B. […] If you were not vaccinated against hepatitis B as a child, or if you’re not sure whether you are vaccinated, talk to your doctor about whether you need a catch-up vaccine. […] The vaccine is very safe. Common side effects include soreness where the needle went in, low-grade fever and body aches.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccines that are safe, available and effective. […] Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. The vaccine is usually given soon after birth with boosters a few weeks later. It offers nearly 100% protection against the virus. […] Hepatitis B is preventable with a vaccine. All babies should receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth (within 24 hours). This is followed by two or three doses of hepatitis B vaccine at least four weeks apart. […] Hepatitis B can be passed from mother to child. This can be prevented by taking antiviral medicines to prevent transmission, in addition to the vaccine. […] To reduce the risk of getting or spreading hepatitis B: practice safe sex by using condoms and reducing the number of sexual partners, avoid sharing needles or any equipment used for injecting drugs, piercing, or tattooing, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after coming into contact with blood, body fluids, or contaminated surfaces, get a hepatitis B vaccine if working in a healthcare setting.

• #7 Hepatitis B Prevention and Control | Hepatitis B | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/prevention/index.html

  Hepatitis B spreads when someone comes in contact with the bodily fluids of a person who is infected. […] The best way to prevent hepatitis B is by getting vaccinated. […] CDC recommends that everyone who is eligible receive hepatitis B vaccination to protect themselves. […] The best way to prevent hepatitis B is by getting vaccinated. Hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective, and CDC recommends it for almost everyone. […] All pregnant women should get a blood test for hepatitis B as part of their prenatal care. […] Your baby’s family members and anyone else who lives in the household should get tested and vaccinated if needed. […] All babies will get hepatitis B vaccine shortly after birth. […] If you have hepatitis B, the baby should get another shot called hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). […] Preventing perinatal hepatitis B is important because most people with hepatitis B got infected as infants or young children when their immune systems were not fully developed.

• #8 Epidemiology and Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection

  https://www.medsci.org/v02p0050.htm

  Hepatitis B is one of the most common infectious diseases globally. […] Three main strategies have been approved to be effective in preventing HBV infection. They are behavior modification, passive immunoprophylaxis, and active immunization. […] The implement of mass HBV immunization program is recommended by the WHO since 1991, and has dramatically decreased the prevalence of HBV infection and HCC in many countries. […] Changes in sexual practice and improved screening measures of blood products have reduced the risk of transfusion-associated hepatitis. […] Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG) is a sterile solution of ready-made antibodies against hepatitis B. […] Passive immunoprophylaxis is used in four situations (1) newborns of mothers infected with hepatitis B; (2) after needlestick exposure, (3) after sexual exposure, and (4) after liver transplantation.

• #9 Prevention of Hepatitis B

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4355249/

  Hepatitis B vaccine provides protection against HBV infection and its complications, including fulminant hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and HCC, as well as membranous nephropathy. It is the first vaccine against a cancer, the first vaccine protecting from a sexually transmitted infection, and the first vaccine against a chronic disease. […] After universal HBV immunization, the incidence of acute hepatitis B declined. […] An 90% reduction of chronic HBV infection rate has been achieved after the HBV immunization program. […] Prevention of chronic HBV infection by immunization can reduce the incidence of liver cancer.

• #10 Prevention of Hepatitis B

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4355249/

  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes life-threatening liver disease. It is transmitted through a horizontal route or a mother-to-infant route, and the latter is the major route in endemic areas. Prevention of HBV infection by immunization is the best way to eliminate HBV-related diseases. The HBV vaccine is the first human vaccine using a viral antigen from infected persons, which is safe and effective. Either passive immunization by hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) or active immunization by HBV vaccine is effective, and a combination of both yields the best efficacy in preventing HBV infection. The impact of universal HBV immunization is huge, with 90%95% effectiveness in preventing chronic HBV infection. It is the first cancer preventive vaccine with a protective efficacy against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of 70%. Nevertheless, further effort is still needed to avoid vaccine failure and to increase the global coverage rate.

• #11

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccines that are safe, available and effective. […] Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. The vaccine is usually given soon after birth with boosters a few weeks later. It offers nearly 100% protection against the virus. […] Hepatitis B is preventable with a vaccine. All babies should receive the hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth (within 24 hours). This is followed by two or three doses of hepatitis B vaccine at least four weeks apart. […] Hepatitis B can be passed from mother to child. This can be prevented by taking antiviral medicines to prevent transmission, in addition to the vaccine. […] To reduce the risk of getting or spreading hepatitis B: practice safe sex by using condoms and reducing the number of sexual partners, avoid sharing needles or any equipment used for injecting drugs, piercing, or tattooing, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after coming into contact with blood, body fluids, or contaminated surfaces, get a hepatitis B vaccine if working in a healthcare setting.

• #12 Hepatitis B Basics | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/hepatitis/learn-about-viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-b-basics/index.html

  Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can lead to chronic infection causing cirrhosis, liver cancer and death. […] The best way to prevent HBV infection is by getting vaccinated. Safe and effective vaccines are available and covered as a preventive service by most health plans. […] Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. The best way to prevent hepatitis B is to get vaccinated. The hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective. […] Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for the following people: All infants, Unvaccinated children aged <19 years, Adults aged 19 through 59 years, Adults aged 60 years and older with risk factors for hepatitis B. [...] Mother-to-child HBV transmission can be prevented by identifying pregnant women who are chronically infected and providing the infant with hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin at birth. Recently updated guidelines also recommend that pregnant women with chronic HBV be referred to a specialist and considered for HBV treatment to further reduce the chance of transmitting the virus.

• #13 Hepatitis B Prevention – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/can-hepatitis-b-prevention

  The vaccine is recommended for: Infants within 24 hours of birth, All children 18 years old or younger who have not been vaccinated previously, Sex partners or household contacts of individuals who are HBsAg positive, Sexually active people who are not in long-term, mutually monogamous relationships, Anyone seeking evaluation or treatment for a sexually transmitted infection, Men who have sex with men, Injection drug users, People with hepatitis C virus and other chronic liver diseases, People with jobs in which there is a risk of infection, Residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled individuals, Travelers to regions with moderate or high rates of HBV infection, Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients, People living with HIV, Anyone receiving care in a correctional setting, All other persons seeking protection against HBV.

• #14 Hepatitis B Prevention – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/can-hepatitis-b-prevention

  The vaccine is recommended for: Infants within 24 hours of birth, All children 18 years old or younger who have not been vaccinated previously, Sex partners or household contacts of individuals who are HBsAg positive, Sexually active people who are not in long-term, mutually monogamous relationships, Anyone seeking evaluation or treatment for a sexually transmitted infection, Men who have sex with men, Injection drug users, People with hepatitis C virus and other chronic liver diseases, People with jobs in which there is a risk of infection, Residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled individuals, Travelers to regions with moderate or high rates of HBV infection, Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients, People living with HIV, Anyone receiving care in a correctional setting, All other persons seeking protection against HBV.

• #15 Preventing hepatitis B or C: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000401.htm

  Hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections cause irritation (inflammation) and swelling of the liver. You should take steps to prevent catching or spreading these viruses since these infections can cause chronic liver disease. […] All children should get the hepatitis B vaccine. […] Babies should get a first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine at birth. They should have all three shots in the series by age 6 to 18 months. […] Infants born to mothers who have acute hepatitis B or who are chronic hepatitis B carriers past should get hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and the hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth. […] Adults at high risk for hepatitis B should also be vaccinated, including: Health care workers and those who live with someone who has hepatitis B, People with end-stage kidney disease, chronic liver disease, or HIV infection, People with multiple sex partners and men who have sex with other men, People who use recreational, injectable drugs.

• #16 Hepatitis B Prevention – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/can-hepatitis-b-prevention

  The best way to prevent hepatitis B virus (HBV infection) is to be vaccinated. A new HBV vaccine (Heplisav-B) was approved for adults over age 18 years. Heplisav-B is given in two doses, one month apart. Two older HBV vaccines are available: Recombivax HB and Engerix-B. Both vaccines require three injections administered over a six-month period. The side effects of the hepatitis B vaccine are usually mild and may include soreness at the injection site and mild flulike symptoms. […] A combined hepatitis A (HAV) and HBV vaccine is available (Twinrix), which also requires three injections administered over a six-month period but offers the added advantage of protecting against both viral infections. […] In clinical trials, Heplisav-B was effective 95 percent in adults. Older HBV vaccines are generally effective for more than 90 percent of adults and children who receive all three doses.

• #17 Hepatitis B Prevention – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/can-hepatitis-b-prevention

  The best way to prevent hepatitis B virus (HBV infection) is to be vaccinated. A new HBV vaccine (Heplisav-B) was approved for adults over age 18 years. Heplisav-B is given in two doses, one month apart. Two older HBV vaccines are available: Recombivax HB and Engerix-B. Both vaccines require three injections administered over a six-month period. The side effects of the hepatitis B vaccine are usually mild and may include soreness at the injection site and mild flulike symptoms. […] A combined hepatitis A (HAV) and HBV vaccine is available (Twinrix), which also requires three injections administered over a six-month period but offers the added advantage of protecting against both viral infections. […] In clinical trials, Heplisav-B was effective 95 percent in adults. Older HBV vaccines are generally effective for more than 90 percent of adults and children who receive all three doses.

• #18 Hepatitis B – prevention, symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B can be prevented with vaccination. […] Vaccination can prevent hepatitis B. […] Important ways to prevent the spread of hepatitis B include: vaccination of all your close contacts (family members and sexual contacts) […] The hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective in protecting against hepatitis B infection, providing protection in 95 of every 100 vaccinated people. […] In Australia, hepatitis B vaccination is part of the standard immunisation schedule for all newborn babies and infants. […] It’s also recommended for adults who are at high risk of exposure, or people who are immunosuppressed or have another liver disease. […] People in these risk groups should be vaccinated against hepatitis B. […] Vaccination is your best protection against hepatitis B. […] If you were not vaccinated against hepatitis B as a child, or if you’re not sure whether you are vaccinated, talk to your doctor about whether you need a catch-up vaccine. […] The vaccine is very safe. Common side effects include soreness where the needle went in, low-grade fever and body aches.

• #19 Hepatitis B Prevention – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/can-hepatitis-b-prevention

  The best way to prevent hepatitis B virus (HBV infection) is to be vaccinated. A new HBV vaccine (Heplisav-B) was approved for adults over age 18 years. Heplisav-B is given in two doses, one month apart. Two older HBV vaccines are available: Recombivax HB and Engerix-B. Both vaccines require three injections administered over a six-month period. The side effects of the hepatitis B vaccine are usually mild and may include soreness at the injection site and mild flulike symptoms. […] A combined hepatitis A (HAV) and HBV vaccine is available (Twinrix), which also requires three injections administered over a six-month period but offers the added advantage of protecting against both viral infections. […] In clinical trials, Heplisav-B was effective 95 percent in adults. Older HBV vaccines are generally effective for more than 90 percent of adults and children who receive all three doses.

• #20 Hepatitis B exposure – post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/clinical+resources/clinical+programs+and+practice+guidelines/infectious+disease+control/hepatitis+b+exposure+pep/hepatitis+b+exposure+post+exposure+prophylaxis+pep

  Hepatitis B is a serious viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. […] After possible exposure to the hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can be used to decrease the chance of getting hepatitis B. […] Hepatitis B PEP must be given within 72 hours, though it is most effective if given as early as possible. […] Hepatitis B PEP is available from hospital emergency departments, although you may be able to get it through your workplace if your exposure was at work. […] In Australia, women who are pregnant are routinely tested for hepatitis B. If the mother has hepatitis B, her baby should be given hepatitis B PEP within 24 hours of birth. […] Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended as part of the routine vaccinations for infants. Hepatitis B vaccination is also available free for people at higher risk of getting hepatitis B and recommended for people at higher risk of severe disease.

• #21 Hepatitis B Post-Exposure Treatment

  https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/post-exposure-treatment/

  If an uninfected, unvaccinated person – or anyone who does not know their hepatitis B status – is exposed to the hepatitis B virus through contact with infected blood, a timely postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) can prevent an infection and subsequent development of a chronic infection or liver disease. […] This means a person should seek immediate medical attention to start the hepatitis B vaccine series. […] In some circumstances a drug called hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) is recommended in addition to the hepatitis B vaccine for added protection. […] Any person who is uninfected/unvaccinated or does not know their hepatitis B status should receive postexposure prophylaxis after contact with potentially infected blood. […] Neither pregnancy nor breastfeeding should be considered a contraindication to administration of the hepatitis B vaccination and HBIG to women. […] Employers are required to establish exposure-control plans that include follow-up for their employees and to comply with incident reporting requirements mandated by the 1992 OSHA bloodborne pathogen standard.

• #22 Hepatitis B exposure – post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/clinical+resources/clinical+programs+and+practice+guidelines/infectious+disease+control/hepatitis+b+exposure+pep/hepatitis+b+exposure+post+exposure+prophylaxis+pep

  Hepatitis B is a serious viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. […] After possible exposure to the hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can be used to decrease the chance of getting hepatitis B. […] Hepatitis B PEP must be given within 72 hours, though it is most effective if given as early as possible. […] Hepatitis B PEP is available from hospital emergency departments, although you may be able to get it through your workplace if your exposure was at work. […] In Australia, women who are pregnant are routinely tested for hepatitis B. If the mother has hepatitis B, her baby should be given hepatitis B PEP within 24 hours of birth. […] Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended as part of the routine vaccinations for infants. Hepatitis B vaccination is also available free for people at higher risk of getting hepatitis B and recommended for people at higher risk of severe disease.

• #23 Hepatitis B Post Exposure Prophylaxis: Essential Guidelines and Strategies

  https://healthokglobal.com/hepatitis-b-post-exposure-prophylaxis

  Hepatitis B post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) involves a series of interventions to prevent infection after potential exposure to the hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] PEP is critical in preventing HBV infection after potential exposure. Timely intervention can significantly reduce the risk of developing acute or chronic hepatitis B. PEP involves the administration of hepatitis B vaccine and, in some cases, hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) to provide immediate protection. […] The recommended PEP protocols for hepatitis B depend on the vaccination status of the exposed individual and the source of exposure: […] Individuals who have not been vaccinated against hepatitis B should receive a dose of HBIG and start the hepatitis B vaccine series as soon as possible after exposure. […] Individuals who have started but not completed the hepatitis B vaccine series should receive HBIG and complete the remaining doses of the vaccine series.

• #24 Hepatitis B Post Exposure Prophylaxis: Essential Guidelines and Strategies

  https://healthokglobal.com/hepatitis-b-post-exposure-prophylaxis

  Hepatitis B post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) involves a series of interventions to prevent infection after potential exposure to the hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] PEP is critical in preventing HBV infection after potential exposure. Timely intervention can significantly reduce the risk of developing acute or chronic hepatitis B. PEP involves the administration of hepatitis B vaccine and, in some cases, hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) to provide immediate protection. […] The recommended PEP protocols for hepatitis B depend on the vaccination status of the exposed individual and the source of exposure: […] Individuals who have not been vaccinated against hepatitis B should receive a dose of HBIG and start the hepatitis B vaccine series as soon as possible after exposure. […] Individuals who have started but not completed the hepatitis B vaccine series should receive HBIG and complete the remaining doses of the vaccine series.

• #25 Hepatitis B disease info and PEP treatment | HyperHEP® S/D

  https://www.hyperhepb.com/en/hcp/hepatitis-b

  Postexposure Prophylaxis for Hepatitis B […] HyperHEP B contains high titers of hepatitis B antibodies for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), providing rapid immune protection with detectable levels of antibodies that persist for approximately 2 months or longer. When used in combination with hepatitis B vaccine, a hepatitis B immune globulin such as HyperHEP B offers maximum postexposure immune protection. […] For individuals who have been exposed to hepatitis B, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends PEP within approximately 24 hours. […] Prophylaxis Following Percutaneous or Permucosal Exposure […] HBsAg-Positive […] Unvaccinated […] 1. Hepatitis B immune globulin (human)x1 immediately […] 2. Initiate HB Vaccine series […] Vaccinated […] 1. Test exposed person for anti-HBs

• #26 Hepatitis B Post Exposure Prophylaxis: Essential Guidelines and Strategies

  https://healthokglobal.com/hepatitis-b-post-exposure-prophylaxis

  Individuals who have completed the hepatitis B vaccine series should receive a booster dose of the vaccine if the source is known to be HBsAg-positive. […] In addition to PEP, several strategies can help prevent HBV infection: […] Universal hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all infants, children, and at-risk adults. […] Avoid sharing needles and ensure the use of sterile equipment for injections. […] Use condoms and reduce the number of sexual partners to lower the risk of HBV transmission. […] Healthcare workers should follow standard precautions to prevent needlestick injuries and exposure to infectious body fluids. […] Hepatitis B post exposure prophylaxis is a critical intervention for preventing HBV infection after potential exposure. Timely administration of HBIG and the hepatitis B vaccine can significantly reduce the risk of developing acute or chronic hepatitis B. By following recommended protocols and preventive strategies, healthcare providers and individuals can effectively manage the risk of HBV infection and ensure better health outcomes.

• #27

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/immunoglobulin-when-to-use/hepatitis-b-immunoglobulin-issued-march-2021

  Human hepatitis B specific immunoglobulin (HBIG) is supplied by Bio Products Laboratory (BPL) for post-exposure use to prevent hepatitis B infection. […] HBIG is normally used in combination with hepatitis B vaccine to confer passive/active immunity in the following groups. […] Accidental exposure by blood or other material known to contain HBsAg through: percutaneous inoculation (needlestick or other sharp, bites, scratches), contamination of mucous membranes (spillage into eyes or mouth), contamination of non-intact skin (open wounds, dermatitis or eczema). […] Individuals who have already been fully vaccinated with a primary course and had a significant exposure to a known HBsAg source should be given a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine (without immunoglobulin) unless the booster dose was given within the past year.

• #28

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/immunoglobulin-when-to-use/hepatitis-b-immunoglobulin-issued-march-2021

  Health care workers who have received a full course of hepatitis B vaccine and have not responded (hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) 10 mIU/ml, taken 1 to 2 months after completion of the course) should be given HBIG post exposure (and vaccine). […] Vaccine is the most important intervention and this should be carried out as soon as possible and not delayed whilst awaiting HBIG or test results. […] HBIG is not available for the treatment of any type of chronic hepatitis B infection. […] HBIG will not inhibit the antibody response when given at the same time as hepatitis B vaccine, but should be given in different sites.

• #29 Hepatitis B disease info and PEP treatment | HyperHEP® S/D

  https://www.hyperhepb.com/en/hcp/hepatitis-b

  Postexposure Prophylaxis for Hepatitis B […] HyperHEP B contains high titers of hepatitis B antibodies for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), providing rapid immune protection with detectable levels of antibodies that persist for approximately 2 months or longer. When used in combination with hepatitis B vaccine, a hepatitis B immune globulin such as HyperHEP B offers maximum postexposure immune protection. […] For individuals who have been exposed to hepatitis B, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends PEP within approximately 24 hours. […] Prophylaxis Following Percutaneous or Permucosal Exposure […] HBsAg-Positive […] Unvaccinated […] 1. Hepatitis B immune globulin (human)x1 immediately […] 2. Initiate HB Vaccine series […] Vaccinated […] 1. Test exposed person for anti-HBs

• #30 Hepatitis B Prevention and Control | Hepatitis B | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/prevention/index.html

  Hepatitis B spreads when someone comes in contact with the bodily fluids of a person who is infected. […] The best way to prevent hepatitis B is by getting vaccinated. […] CDC recommends that everyone who is eligible receive hepatitis B vaccination to protect themselves. […] The best way to prevent hepatitis B is by getting vaccinated. Hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective, and CDC recommends it for almost everyone. […] All pregnant women should get a blood test for hepatitis B as part of their prenatal care. […] Your baby’s family members and anyone else who lives in the household should get tested and vaccinated if needed. […] All babies will get hepatitis B vaccine shortly after birth. […] If you have hepatitis B, the baby should get another shot called hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). […] Preventing perinatal hepatitis B is important because most people with hepatitis B got infected as infants or young children when their immune systems were not fully developed.

• #31 Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program

  https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/immunization_branch/Perinatal_Hepatitis_B_Prevention_Program.html

  The County of San Diego Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program provides case management and support to local mothers and medical providers with the goal of preventing perinatal, or mother-to-baby, transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. […] When an infant is born to a hepatitis B positive mother, 70-95% of those infants will develop a chronic infection if they do not receive the appropriate vaccines at birth and early childhood. […] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funds 64 jurisdictions to identify pregnant persons infected with hepatitis B virus and to manage their infants to improve receipt of post-exposure prophylaxis, hepatitis B vaccine series completion, and post-vaccination serologic testing. […] The California Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program (CA PHBPP) is managed by CDPH. The program was established in 1991 to provide resources and technical support to local health departments (LHD) for perinatal hepatitis B prevention and to provide surveillance for perinatal hepatitis B cases.

• #32 Perinatal Hepatitis B | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-b/perinatal-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B infection in a pregnant woman poses a serious risk to her infant at birth. A key strategy to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HBV is to prevent infants born to HBsAg-positive women from becoming infected. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends post-exposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth to all infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive women followed by completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series and post-vaccination serologic testing at 9-12 months of age. This approach has been shown to be 85%-95% effective in preventing HBV infection. […] Preventing perinatal HBV transmission is an integral part of the national strategy to eliminate hepatitis B in the United States. National guidelines call for the following: Universal screening of pregnant women for HBsAg during each pregnancy […] Provision of immunoprophylaxis for infants born to infected mothers, including hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) […] Routine vaccination of all infants with the hepatitis B vaccine series, with the first dose administered within 24 hours of birth.

• #33 Hepatitis B: Screening, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0301/p314.html

  Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for medically stable infants weighing 2,000 g or more within 24 hours of birth, unvaccinated infants and children, and unvaccinated adults requesting protection from hepatitis B or who are at increased risk of infection. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and American Academy of Family Physicians recommend screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women at the first prenatal visit and in adolescents and adults at high risk of chronic infection. […] Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all medically stable infants weighing 2,000 g (4 lb, 6 oz) or more within 24 hours of birth, unvaccinated infants and children, and unvaccinated adults requesting protection from hepatitis B or who are at increased risk of hepatitis B. […] All infants born to mothers who are positive for hepatitis B surface antigen should receive hepatitis B immune globulin promptly and the hepatitis B vaccine by 24 hours of life.

• #34 Perinatal Hepatitis B | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-b/perinatal-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B infection in a pregnant woman poses a serious risk to her infant at birth. A key strategy to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HBV is to prevent infants born to HBsAg-positive women from becoming infected. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends post-exposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth to all infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive women followed by completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series and post-vaccination serologic testing at 9-12 months of age. This approach has been shown to be 85%-95% effective in preventing HBV infection. […] Preventing perinatal HBV transmission is an integral part of the national strategy to eliminate hepatitis B in the United States. National guidelines call for the following: Universal screening of pregnant women for HBsAg during each pregnancy […] Provision of immunoprophylaxis for infants born to infected mothers, including hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) […] Routine vaccination of all infants with the hepatitis B vaccine series, with the first dose administered within 24 hours of birth.

• #35 Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program

  https://www.nnph.org/programs-and-services/cchs/maternal-child-health/perinatal-hepatitis-b-prevention-program.php

  Women who are pregnant and infected with the hepatitis B virus can transmit the infection to their infants at birth. The purpose of the PHBPP is to coordinate with the birthing hospital to ensure the infant receives the appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis at birth. […] The primary goal is to reduce the incidence of hepatitis B in infants born to women with hepatitis B. […] A follow-up system is in place to help ensure that infants born to HBsAg-positive women receive appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis. […] Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine are given within 12 hours of birth. […] Infants born to HBsAg-positive women should receive post-vaccination serological testing. This screens for HBsAg (to see if they have hepatitis B) and anti-HBs (to see if they have adequate protection against hepatitis B).

• #36 Controlling Spread of Hepatitis B | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hepatitis-b-0

  There are no isolation restrictions or quarantine requirements for patients with HBV, except for exclusion from organ and blood donation. Patients should also be provided with counseling to modify activities to prevent further transmission. […] Products available for postexposure prophylaxis include hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine. […] Infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers should be treated as follows: Give HBIG (0.5 ml IM) and hepatitis B vaccine (0.5ml IM) according to the following: First hepatitis B vaccine: Birth (within 12 hours) […] Screen the infant for HBsAg and anti-HBs 1 to 2 months and after the third dose of hepatitis B vaccine, when the child is at least 9 to 15 months of age, to monitor the success or failure of the immunization. If HBsAg is not present and anti-HBs antibody is present, children can be considered protected.

• #37 Hepatitis B and Pregnancy – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/providers/health-topics/hepatitis-b-and-pregnancy.page

  NYC Providers who identify pregnant people infected with hepatitis B virus are required by New York State law, as well as NYC Health Code, to report such cases to the NYC Health Department. […] New York State Public Health Law 2500-e, mandates that all pregnant people be screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) during pregnancy (preferably in the 1st trimester) […] HBsAg-negative women who are at risk for HBV infection (non-immune, multiple sexual partners or injection drug use) during pregnancy should be offered hepatitis B vaccination and retested for HBsAg at the time of delivery […] All infants born to HBsAg-positive people should be administered hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and the 1st dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth, these infants should receive their 2nd dose of hepatitis B vaccine at 1 month of age

• #38 Controlling Spread of Hepatitis B | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hepatitis-b-0

  There are no isolation restrictions or quarantine requirements for patients with HBV, except for exclusion from organ and blood donation. Patients should also be provided with counseling to modify activities to prevent further transmission. […] Products available for postexposure prophylaxis include hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine. […] Infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers should be treated as follows: Give HBIG (0.5 ml IM) and hepatitis B vaccine (0.5ml IM) according to the following: First hepatitis B vaccine: Birth (within 12 hours) […] Screen the infant for HBsAg and anti-HBs 1 to 2 months and after the third dose of hepatitis B vaccine, when the child is at least 9 to 15 months of age, to monitor the success or failure of the immunization. If HBsAg is not present and anti-HBs antibody is present, children can be considered protected.

• #39 Perinatal Hepatitis B

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hepatitis/hepatitis_b/perinatal/

  Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program goals: […] Screen every person during every pregnancy for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and record the test result prominently in the pregnant persons and infants hospital medical record. […] Provide case management for infants born to birthing persons who have hepatitis B virus infection and persons with unknown hepatitis B virus status to assure the completion of hepatitis B immunoglobulin, hepatitis B vaccine series, and post-vaccination serologic testing. […] Ensure all birthing hospitals give postexposure immunoprophylaxis appropriately to infants born to persons infected with hepatitis B virus and persons with unknown hepatitis B virus status. […] Promote the universal birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine, which provides a safety net for the prevention of perinatal and early childhood infection, facilitates implementation of universal hepatitis B vaccination recommendation, and prevents infection in adolescents and adults.

• #40 Controlling Spread of Hepatitis B | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hepatitis-b-0

  Infants who do not respond to the initial vaccine series (anti-HBs-negative) and are not HBsAg-positive should be given a second 3-dose series of hepatitis B vaccine (same schedule as initial series) and be re-screened at 1 to 2 months after the last dose. […] For preterm infant weighing less than 2,000 grams, the initial vaccine dose (birth dose) should not be counted as part of the vaccine series because of the potentially reduced immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine in these infants. […] The second dose of HBV vaccine should be given when the infant is chronologically one month of age regardless of weight. […] Infants who become HBsAg-positive should be referred to a pediatric hepatologist for follow-up and the parents should be counseled. […] The hepatitis B vaccine should be given within 12 hours of birth while awaiting HBsAg test results on the mother.

• #41 Perinatal Hepatitis B | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-b/perinatal-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B infection in a pregnant woman poses a serious risk to her infant at birth. A key strategy to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HBV is to prevent infants born to HBsAg-positive women from becoming infected. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends post-exposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth to all infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive women followed by completion of the hepatitis B vaccine series and post-vaccination serologic testing at 9-12 months of age. This approach has been shown to be 85%-95% effective in preventing HBV infection. […] Preventing perinatal HBV transmission is an integral part of the national strategy to eliminate hepatitis B in the United States. National guidelines call for the following: Universal screening of pregnant women for HBsAg during each pregnancy […] Provision of immunoprophylaxis for infants born to infected mothers, including hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) […] Routine vaccination of all infants with the hepatitis B vaccine series, with the first dose administered within 24 hours of birth.

• #42 Hepatitis B Basics | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/hepatitis/learn-about-viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-b-basics/index.html

  Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can lead to chronic infection causing cirrhosis, liver cancer and death. […] The best way to prevent HBV infection is by getting vaccinated. Safe and effective vaccines are available and covered as a preventive service by most health plans. […] Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. The best way to prevent hepatitis B is to get vaccinated. The hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective. […] Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for the following people: All infants, Unvaccinated children aged <19 years, Adults aged 19 through 59 years, Adults aged 60 years and older with risk factors for hepatitis B. [...] Mother-to-child HBV transmission can be prevented by identifying pregnant women who are chronically infected and providing the infant with hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin at birth. Recently updated guidelines also recommend that pregnant women with chronic HBV be referred to a specialist and considered for HBV treatment to further reduce the chance of transmitting the virus.

• #43 Hepatitis B Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Management, Surgical Intervention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177632-treatment

  The risk of transmission of hepatitis B associated with amniocentesis is low. […] It is recommended that all infants receive their first dose of hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible after birth (24 hours preferred), followed by two or three doses to complete the primary series. […] To prevent maternal-fetal HBV transmission, a conditional WHO recommendation is that HBsAg-positive gravida who have an HBV DNA 5.3 log10 IU/mL (200,000 IU/mL) receive tenofovir prophylaxis beginning the 28th week of pregnancy until at least birth. […] This is in addition to the 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination in all infants, including a timely dose at birth. […] For newborns born to mothers with chronic hepatitis B infection, administer combined immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth.

• #44 Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reactivation – recommendations of the Working Group for prevention of HBV reactivation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781818/

  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the main causes of chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] The risk of HBV reactivation rises significantly when HBV-infected patients receive immunosuppressive treatments. Presented recommendations provide guidelines for management of patients scheduled or undergoing therapies, which through their immunomodulatory activity contribute to the impairment of antiviral immunity, including chemotherapy, immunosuppressive treatment or biological therapy. […] According to the recommendations, the prophylaxis of HBV reactivation and the treatment of HBV infection diagnosed during immunosuppression should be based on nucleoside or nucleotide analogues (NAs) with high potency. The group comprises entecavir (ETV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF).

• #45 Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reactivation – recommendations of the Working Group for prevention of HBV reactivation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781818/

  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the main causes of chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] The risk of HBV reactivation rises significantly when HBV-infected patients receive immunosuppressive treatments. Presented recommendations provide guidelines for management of patients scheduled or undergoing therapies, which through their immunomodulatory activity contribute to the impairment of antiviral immunity, including chemotherapy, immunosuppressive treatment or biological therapy. […] According to the recommendations, the prophylaxis of HBV reactivation and the treatment of HBV infection diagnosed during immunosuppression should be based on nucleoside or nucleotide analogues (NAs) with high potency. The group comprises entecavir (ETV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF).

• #46 Core Concepts – Hepatitis B Reactivation in the Setting of Immunosuppression – Other Topics – Hepatitis B Online

  https://www.hepatitisb.uw.edu/go/other-topics/hepatitis-b-reactivation-setting-immunosuppression/core-concept/all

  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation is a well-described clinical entity characterized by a rise in HBV DNA and typically followed by a rise in aminotransferase levels. […] Reactivation of HBV can lead to acute hepatitis and even liver failure; these complications, however, can be prevented with the use of antiviral therapy, when indicated. […] The following summarizes the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) definitions related to HBV reactivation. […] The AASLD recommends initiation of antiviral therapy in all HBsAg-positive patients prior to or at the initiation of chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, or solid organ transplant. […] The AGA recommends concurrent initiation of HBV prophylaxis in persons who are HBsAg-positive and will be initiating DAA therapy for the treatment of HCV.

• #47 Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reactivation – recommendations of the Working Group for prevention of HBV reactivation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781818/

  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the main causes of chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] The risk of HBV reactivation rises significantly when HBV-infected patients receive immunosuppressive treatments. Presented recommendations provide guidelines for management of patients scheduled or undergoing therapies, which through their immunomodulatory activity contribute to the impairment of antiviral immunity, including chemotherapy, immunosuppressive treatment or biological therapy. […] According to the recommendations, the prophylaxis of HBV reactivation and the treatment of HBV infection diagnosed during immunosuppression should be based on nucleoside or nucleotide analogues (NAs) with high potency. The group comprises entecavir (ETV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF).

• #48 Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reactivation – recommendations of the Working Group for prevention of HBV reactivation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781818/

  Entecavir has superior efficacy to lamivudine in preventing HBV reactivation. […] A metaanalysis of the clinical studies GOYA and GALLIUM found that prophylaxis was a factor reducing the risk of reactivation of HBV infection (10.8% vs. 2.1%) in HBsAg()/anti-HBc(+) patients, with the majority of patients receiving entecavir. […] All potential candidates for therapies increasing the risk of reactivation should be tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc-total, and anti-HBs, and patients with detectable HBsAg additionally for the presence of HBV-DNA. […] Patients without any of the above three serological markers of HBV infection should be considered for vaccination against hepatitis B. […] HBsAg-positive individuals with detectable HBV-DNA should receive NA prophylaxis regardless of the level of HBV reactivation risk.

• #49 Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reactivation – recommendations of the Working Group for prevention of HBV reactivation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781818/

  Entecavir has superior efficacy to lamivudine in preventing HBV reactivation. […] A metaanalysis of the clinical studies GOYA and GALLIUM found that prophylaxis was a factor reducing the risk of reactivation of HBV infection (10.8% vs. 2.1%) in HBsAg()/anti-HBc(+) patients, with the majority of patients receiving entecavir. […] All potential candidates for therapies increasing the risk of reactivation should be tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc-total, and anti-HBs, and patients with detectable HBsAg additionally for the presence of HBV-DNA. […] Patients without any of the above three serological markers of HBV infection should be considered for vaccination against hepatitis B. […] HBsAg-positive individuals with detectable HBV-DNA should receive NA prophylaxis regardless of the level of HBV reactivation risk.

• #50 Core Concepts – Hepatitis B Reactivation in the Setting of Immunosuppression – Other Topics – Hepatitis B Online

  https://www.hepatitisb.uw.edu/go/other-topics/hepatitis-b-reactivation-setting-immunosuppression/core-concept/all

  Antiviral prophylaxis should generally be initiated in HBsAg-positive patients prior to or at the initiation of chemotherapy, many immunosuppressive therapies, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, solid organ transplant, or DAA therapy for HCV. […] Entecavir, tenofovir DF, or tenofovir alafenamide should be used if HBV prophylaxis is needed in the setting of immunosuppression. […] Antiviral therapy should be continued for the duration of immunosuppressive therapy, and in general, for 6 to 12 months following discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy. […] Patients on immunomodulatory therapy who are at low risk for HBV reactivation and not initiated on prophylactic antivirals should be monitored routinely for HBV reactivation. In these patients, it is recommended to obtain HBV DNA levels and ALT levels every 1 to 3 months.

• #51 Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reactivation – recommendations of the Working Group for prevention of HBV reactivation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781818/

  Entecavir has superior efficacy to lamivudine in preventing HBV reactivation. […] A metaanalysis of the clinical studies GOYA and GALLIUM found that prophylaxis was a factor reducing the risk of reactivation of HBV infection (10.8% vs. 2.1%) in HBsAg()/anti-HBc(+) patients, with the majority of patients receiving entecavir. […] All potential candidates for therapies increasing the risk of reactivation should be tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc-total, and anti-HBs, and patients with detectable HBsAg additionally for the presence of HBV-DNA. […] Patients without any of the above three serological markers of HBV infection should be considered for vaccination against hepatitis B. […] HBsAg-positive individuals with detectable HBV-DNA should receive NA prophylaxis regardless of the level of HBV reactivation risk.

• #52 Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reactivation – recommendations of the Working Group for prevention of HBV reactivation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781818/

  HBsAg-positive patients without detectable HBV-DNA, and HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive patients scheduled for therapy with (a) drug(s) associated with a high or medium risk of reactivation should also begin the prophylaxis of HBV reactivation with NAs according to the principles set out above. […] Current international recommendations for patients treated by autologous or allogeneic HSCT are as follows: HBsAg-positive patients, regardless of their HBV viral load, should receive treatment with entecavir or lamivudine. […] Anti-HBc-positive patients should receive antiviral prophylaxis for a period of at least 18 months after the end of immunosuppressive treatment. […] Vaccination against HBV should be administered to all patients over a period of 6-12 months, both after allo- and autoHSCT: 3 doses in patients with anti-HBs concentration 10 IU/l or 1 dose if the concentration of anti-HBs 10 IU/l.

• #53 Prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with hematological malignancies in the targeted therapy era

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v29/i33/4942.htm

  We recommend antiviral prophylaxis in HBsAg-positive patients receiving novel treatments, including Brutons tyrosine kinase inhibitors, B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors, and CAR-T cell therapy. […] We recommend screening all hematology patients for HBsAg and anti-HBc prior to receipt of anticancer therapy, and risk stratification based on the types of therapies planned and the serologic status of the patients. Prophylactic antiviral therapy is important for HBsAg-positive patients. […] Entecavir and tenofovir are the preferred choices for prophylactic therapy. Preventative antiviral therapy should be continued for at least 12 mo after the cessation of chemotherapy; longer durations are recommended for patients who received rituximab or those who had high levels of serum HBV DNA before starting chemotherapy.

• #54 Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reactivation – recommendations of the Working Group for prevention of HBV reactivation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781818/

  HBsAg-positive patients without detectable HBV-DNA, and HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive patients scheduled for therapy with (a) drug(s) associated with a high or medium risk of reactivation should also begin the prophylaxis of HBV reactivation with NAs according to the principles set out above. […] Current international recommendations for patients treated by autologous or allogeneic HSCT are as follows: HBsAg-positive patients, regardless of their HBV viral load, should receive treatment with entecavir or lamivudine. […] Anti-HBc-positive patients should receive antiviral prophylaxis for a period of at least 18 months after the end of immunosuppressive treatment. […] Vaccination against HBV should be administered to all patients over a period of 6-12 months, both after allo- and autoHSCT: 3 doses in patients with anti-HBs concentration 10 IU/l or 1 dose if the concentration of anti-HBs 10 IU/l.

• #55 Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reactivation – recommendations of the Working Group for prevention of HBV reactivation

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6781818/

  HBsAg-positive patients without detectable HBV-DNA, and HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive patients scheduled for therapy with (a) drug(s) associated with a high or medium risk of reactivation should also begin the prophylaxis of HBV reactivation with NAs according to the principles set out above. […] Current international recommendations for patients treated by autologous or allogeneic HSCT are as follows: HBsAg-positive patients, regardless of their HBV viral load, should receive treatment with entecavir or lamivudine. […] Anti-HBc-positive patients should receive antiviral prophylaxis for a period of at least 18 months after the end of immunosuppressive treatment. […] Vaccination against HBV should be administered to all patients over a period of 6-12 months, both after allo- and autoHSCT: 3 doses in patients with anti-HBs concentration 10 IU/l or 1 dose if the concentration of anti-HBs 10 IU/l.

• #56 Hepatitis B virus prophylaxis in immunocompromised adults

  https://www.eviq.org.au/clinical-resources/side-effect-and-toxicity-management/prophylaxis-and-treatment/1382-hepatitis-b-virus-prophylaxis-in-immunocompro

  Recommendations […] Antiviral prophylaxis with a potent, high barrier to resistance nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (i.e. entecavir or tenofovir) is recommended over lamivudine. […] Antiviral prophylaxis is recommended for all HBsAg positive patients with haematological malignancy or solid tumour undergoing therapy. […] In patients who are HBsAg negative and anti-HBc positive the cancer therapy regimen determines the risk for HBV reactivation. Patients receiving: Higher risk cancer therapy (blood and marrow transplantation (BMT), B-cell depleting/B-cell active/anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, acute leukaemia and high grade lymphoma therapy) should receive antiviral prophylaxis. […] Antiviral prophylaxis with a nucleoside/nucleotide analogue should be continued post cessation of therapy for: 18 to 24 months in patients who received higher risk cancer therapy. […] No antiviral prophylaxis is required for patients undergoing lower risk anti-cancer therapy who are HBsAg-negative and anti-HBc positive or who have no evidence of previous exposure to HBV. […] Immunisation against hepatitis B is recommended for patients who are HBV naive and BMT donors. […] Entecavir or tenofovir is recommended as first-line antiviral therapy and should be initiated as soon as possible relative to the start of anti-cancer therapy. […] During antiviral prophylaxis, ALT and HBV DNA levels should be monitored every 3 months. […] Testing for HBV DNA, ALT and HBsAg is recommended every 3 months for a minimum of 12 months after cessation of antiviral prophylaxis to monitor for an increase in HBV DNA levels. […] Recommendations on the duration of antiviral prophylaxis differ across international guidelines, ranging from 6 to 12 months after the cessation of chemotherapy, and for 12 to 24 months after the cessation of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies or BMT to reduce the risk of HBV reactivation which may occur after the withdrawal of antiviral therapy.

• #57 Hepatitis B Foundation: Prevention Tips

  https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/prevention-tips/

  Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. More than 1 billion doses of the hepatitis B vaccine have been given worldwide, and it is considered to be a very safe and effective vaccine to protect infants, children and adults from hepatitis B. […] All sexual partners, family and close household members living with a chronically infected person should be tested and vaccinated. […] In addition to vaccination, there are other simple ways to help stop the spread of hepatitis B: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after any potential exposure to blood. Use condoms with sexual partners. Avoid direct contact with blood and bodily fluids. Clean up blood spills with a fresh diluted bleach solution (mix 1 part bleach with 9 parts water). Cover all cuts carefully. Avoid sharing sharp items such as razors, nail clippers, toothbrushes, and earrings or body rings. Discard sanitary napkins and tampons into plastic bags. Avoid illegal street drugs (injecting, inhaling, snorting, or popping pills). Make sure new, sterile needles are used for ear or body piercing, tattoos, and acupuncture.

• #58 Hepatitis B – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366821

  If you know you’ve been exposed to the hepatitis B virus, call a healthcare professional right away. It’s important to know if you’ve been vaccinated for hepatitis B. A healthcare professional asks you when you were exposed and what kind of exposure you had. […] Medicine called immunoglobulin may help protect you from getting sick with hepatitis B. You need to receive a shot of the medicine within 24 hours of exposure to the hepatitis B virus. This treatment only provides short-term protection. So you also should get the hepatitis B vaccine at the same time if you never received it. […] If you’ve been infected with the hepatitis B virus, take steps to protect others. […] If you’re sexually active, tell your partner you have HBV. Talk about the risk of your partner catching the virus from you. Use a new latex condom every time you have sex. Be aware that condoms lower the risk but don’t get rid of the risk completely.

• #59 Hepatitis B Foundation: Prevention Tips

  https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/prevention-tips/

  Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. More than 1 billion doses of the hepatitis B vaccine have been given worldwide, and it is considered to be a very safe and effective vaccine to protect infants, children and adults from hepatitis B. […] All sexual partners, family and close household members living with a chronically infected person should be tested and vaccinated. […] In addition to vaccination, there are other simple ways to help stop the spread of hepatitis B: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after any potential exposure to blood. Use condoms with sexual partners. Avoid direct contact with blood and bodily fluids. Clean up blood spills with a fresh diluted bleach solution (mix 1 part bleach with 9 parts water). Cover all cuts carefully. Avoid sharing sharp items such as razors, nail clippers, toothbrushes, and earrings or body rings. Discard sanitary napkins and tampons into plastic bags. Avoid illegal street drugs (injecting, inhaling, snorting, or popping pills). Make sure new, sterile needles are used for ear or body piercing, tattoos, and acupuncture.

• #60 Hepatitis B: Prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/hepatitis-b/prevention-risks.html

  Hepatitis B is preventable through immunization. Ask your health care provider to check if you are protected against hepatitis B (either through vaccination or previous infection). Consider getting the vaccine if you are not protected and/or have an increased likelihood of getting hepatitis B. […] To help prevent acquiring or transmitting HBV: talk to your partner(s) about safer sex and being tested for sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBI) […] learn about safer sex methods and practice them, such as correctly and consistently using a condom during vaginal, anal and oral sex […] use new drug use equipment and do not share equipment for preparing and injecting, smoking or snorting drugs […] assure household members are protected […] only get tattoos and piercings in professional settings that follow regulations and standards and are inspected and approved by local public health departments.

• #61 Prevention of Hepatitis B

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4355249/

  Other prevention strategies, such as screening the blood products, proper sterilization of injection needles and syringes, and avoidance of risky behaviors, such as parenteral drug abuse, tattoo, or skin piercing, may preclude HBV horizontal transmission. Education to avoid high-risk behaviors should be advocated in addition to vaccination. In addition to the program for infants, many countries with low prevalence of HBV infection also have HBV vaccination programs for adolescents to prevent exposure to HBV by sexual contacts or other risk behaviors. […] The best result of HBV prevention against perinatal transmission of HBV infection by highly infectious mothers was thus established to be the combination of HBIG with the hepatitis B vaccine. This study recommended that HBIG should be given as soon as possible after birth and need not be given again if the infant is subsequently vaccinated.

• #62 Prevention of Hepatitis B

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4355249/

  Other prevention strategies, such as screening the blood products, proper sterilization of injection needles and syringes, and avoidance of risky behaviors, such as parenteral drug abuse, tattoo, or skin piercing, may preclude HBV horizontal transmission. Education to avoid high-risk behaviors should be advocated in addition to vaccination. In addition to the program for infants, many countries with low prevalence of HBV infection also have HBV vaccination programs for adolescents to prevent exposure to HBV by sexual contacts or other risk behaviors. […] The best result of HBV prevention against perinatal transmission of HBV infection by highly infectious mothers was thus established to be the combination of HBIG with the hepatitis B vaccine. This study recommended that HBIG should be given as soon as possible after birth and need not be given again if the infant is subsequently vaccinated.

• #63 Core Concepts – Occupational HBV Postexposure Prophylaxis – Prevention of HBV – Hepatitis B Online

  https://www.hepatitisb.uw.edu/go/prevention-hbv/postexposure-prophylaxis-following-occupational-exposure-to-hepatitis-b-virus/core-concept/all

  Health care personnel (HCP) are at risk for a variety of infectious pathogens following exposure to blood or body fluids, including hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] Preventing occupational HBV acquisition is a high priority in the United States health care system. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine vaccination of HCP. […] In 1991, given the ongoing risk for HBV infection among health care personnel who do not respond to the hepatitis B vaccine series, the ACIP recommended consideration of postvaccination serologic testing for HBV in health care personnel at risk for needlestick exposures. […] The greatest risk of occupational HBV transmission occurs with a needlestick or sharps-related injury. […] The risk of occupational HBV transmission varies significantly based on the type of body fluid involved in the exposure.

• #64 Core Concepts – Occupational HBV Postexposure Prophylaxis – Prevention of HBV – Hepatitis B Online

  https://www.hepatitisb.uw.edu/go/prevention-hbv/postexposure-prophylaxis-following-occupational-exposure-to-hepatitis-b-virus/core-concept/all

  Health care personnel (HCP) are at risk for a variety of infectious pathogens following exposure to blood or body fluids, including hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] Preventing occupational HBV acquisition is a high priority in the United States health care system. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine vaccination of HCP. […] In 1991, given the ongoing risk for HBV infection among health care personnel who do not respond to the hepatitis B vaccine series, the ACIP recommended consideration of postvaccination serologic testing for HBV in health care personnel at risk for needlestick exposures. […] The greatest risk of occupational HBV transmission occurs with a needlestick or sharps-related injury. […] The risk of occupational HBV transmission varies significantly based on the type of body fluid involved in the exposure.

• #65 Core Concepts – Occupational HBV Postexposure Prophylaxis – Prevention of HBV – Hepatitis B Online

  https://www.hepatitisb.uw.edu/go/prevention-hbv/postexposure-prophylaxis-following-occupational-exposure-to-hepatitis-b-virus/core-concept/all

  Health care personnel (HCP) are at risk for a variety of infectious pathogens following exposure to blood or body fluids, including hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] Preventing occupational HBV acquisition is a high priority in the United States health care system. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine vaccination of HCP. […] In 1991, given the ongoing risk for HBV infection among health care personnel who do not respond to the hepatitis B vaccine series, the ACIP recommended consideration of postvaccination serologic testing for HBV in health care personnel at risk for needlestick exposures. […] The greatest risk of occupational HBV transmission occurs with a needlestick or sharps-related injury. […] The risk of occupational HBV transmission varies significantly based on the type of body fluid involved in the exposure.

• #66 Core Concepts – Occupational HBV Postexposure Prophylaxis – Prevention of HBV – Hepatitis B Online

  https://www.hepatitisb.uw.edu/go/prevention-hbv/postexposure-prophylaxis-following-occupational-exposure-to-hepatitis-b-virus/core-concept/all

  Percutaneous exposure is felt to confer the highest risk for HBV seroconversion. […] After occupational exposure to blood or bodily fluids, it is important to determine whether the exposure warrants postexposure prophylaxis to prevent HBV infection. […] Following occupational exposure to HBV, if indicated, HBIG is typically given intramuscularly at a standard dose of 0.06 mL/kg. […] Healthcare personnel who received a complete hepatitis B vaccine series and have a documented anti-HBs level of 10 mIU/mL or higher are considered vaccine responders and immune to HBV; they are not at risk of acquiring HBV from occupational exposure. […] Following an occupational exposure in an HCP who is either unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated, the source patient should be tested for HBsAg as soon as possible.

• #67 Core Concepts – Occupational HBV Postexposure Prophylaxis – Prevention of HBV – Hepatitis B Online

  https://www.hepatitisb.uw.edu/go/prevention-hbv/postexposure-prophylaxis-following-occupational-exposure-to-hepatitis-b-virus/core-concept/all

  Percutaneous exposure is felt to confer the highest risk for HBV seroconversion. […] After occupational exposure to blood or bodily fluids, it is important to determine whether the exposure warrants postexposure prophylaxis to prevent HBV infection. […] Following occupational exposure to HBV, if indicated, HBIG is typically given intramuscularly at a standard dose of 0.06 mL/kg. […] Healthcare personnel who received a complete hepatitis B vaccine series and have a documented anti-HBs level of 10 mIU/mL or higher are considered vaccine responders and immune to HBV; they are not at risk of acquiring HBV from occupational exposure. […] Following an occupational exposure in an HCP who is either unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated, the source patient should be tested for HBsAg as soon as possible.

• #68 Core Concepts – Occupational HBV Postexposure Prophylaxis – Prevention of HBV – Hepatitis B Online

  https://www.hepatitisb.uw.edu/go/prevention-hbv/postexposure-prophylaxis-following-occupational-exposure-to-hepatitis-b-virus/core-concept/all

  After exposure to blood and/or infectious bodily fluids from a patient who is HBsAg-positive or has an unknown HBsAg status, baseline and follow-up testing for HBV infection should be performed in the following groups of HCP. […] All HCP who experience a significant occupational exposure to HBV should be urgently evaluated for postexposure prophylaxis. […] HCP who are not immune to HBV should receive postexposure prophylaxis with the hepatitis B vaccine and/or HBIG.

• #69 Epidemiology and Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection

  https://www.medsci.org/v02p0050.htm

  Hepatitis B is one of the most common infectious diseases globally. […] Three main strategies have been approved to be effective in preventing HBV infection. They are behavior modification, passive immunoprophylaxis, and active immunization. […] The implement of mass HBV immunization program is recommended by the WHO since 1991, and has dramatically decreased the prevalence of HBV infection and HCC in many countries. […] Changes in sexual practice and improved screening measures of blood products have reduced the risk of transfusion-associated hepatitis. […] Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG) is a sterile solution of ready-made antibodies against hepatitis B. […] Passive immunoprophylaxis is used in four situations (1) newborns of mothers infected with hepatitis B; (2) after needlestick exposure, (3) after sexual exposure, and (4) after liver transplantation.

• #70 Prevention of Hepatitis B

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4355249/

  Hepatitis B vaccine provides protection against HBV infection and its complications, including fulminant hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and HCC, as well as membranous nephropathy. It is the first vaccine against a cancer, the first vaccine protecting from a sexually transmitted infection, and the first vaccine against a chronic disease. […] After universal HBV immunization, the incidence of acute hepatitis B declined. […] An 90% reduction of chronic HBV infection rate has been achieved after the HBV immunization program. […] Prevention of chronic HBV infection by immunization can reduce the incidence of liver cancer.

• #71 Prevention of Hepatitis B

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4355249/

  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes life-threatening liver disease. It is transmitted through a horizontal route or a mother-to-infant route, and the latter is the major route in endemic areas. Prevention of HBV infection by immunization is the best way to eliminate HBV-related diseases. The HBV vaccine is the first human vaccine using a viral antigen from infected persons, which is safe and effective. Either passive immunization by hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) or active immunization by HBV vaccine is effective, and a combination of both yields the best efficacy in preventing HBV infection. The impact of universal HBV immunization is huge, with 90%95% effectiveness in preventing chronic HBV infection. It is the first cancer preventive vaccine with a protective efficacy against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of 70%. Nevertheless, further effort is still needed to avoid vaccine failure and to increase the global coverage rate.

• #72 Prevention of Hepatitis B

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4355249/

  Hepatitis B vaccine provides protection against HBV infection and its complications, including fulminant hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and HCC, as well as membranous nephropathy. It is the first vaccine against a cancer, the first vaccine protecting from a sexually transmitted infection, and the first vaccine against a chronic disease. […] After universal HBV immunization, the incidence of acute hepatitis B declined. […] An 90% reduction of chronic HBV infection rate has been achieved after the HBV immunization program. […] Prevention of chronic HBV infection by immunization can reduce the incidence of liver cancer.

• #73 Prevention of hepatitis B and C in the EU/EEA, 2024

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/prevention-hepatitis-b-and-c-eueea-2024

  There are gaps in the data available on hepatitis prevention activities across the EU/EEA, highlighting the need for countries to prioritise the collection of more complete monitoring data to properly assess progress towards the elimination targets. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is an important tool for hepatitis B prevention, but less than 40% of EU/EEA countries with a universal childhood vaccination programme have reached the target of 95% hepatitis B vaccination coverage. […] Countries employ different approaches to help prevent vertical transmission of hepatitis B, including antenatal screening and HBV vaccine birth doses. […] Data on hepatitis B vaccination programmes aimed at healthcare workers, people in prison and PWID are limited. Available data suggest that countries should expand their adult hepatitis B vaccination coverage, especially for populations at risk.

• #74 Prevention of hepatitis B and C in the EU/EEA, 2024

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/prevention-hepatitis-b-and-c-eueea-2024

  There are gaps in the data available on hepatitis prevention activities across the EU/EEA, highlighting the need for countries to prioritise the collection of more complete monitoring data to properly assess progress towards the elimination targets. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is an important tool for hepatitis B prevention, but less than 40% of EU/EEA countries with a universal childhood vaccination programme have reached the target of 95% hepatitis B vaccination coverage. […] Countries employ different approaches to help prevent vertical transmission of hepatitis B, including antenatal screening and HBV vaccine birth doses. […] Data on hepatitis B vaccination programmes aimed at healthcare workers, people in prison and PWID are limited. Available data suggest that countries should expand their adult hepatitis B vaccination coverage, especially for populations at risk.

• #75 Prevention of hepatitis B and C in the EU/EEA, 2024

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/prevention-hepatitis-b-and-c-eueea-2024

  There are gaps in the data available on hepatitis prevention activities across the EU/EEA, highlighting the need for countries to prioritise the collection of more complete monitoring data to properly assess progress towards the elimination targets. […] The hepatitis B vaccine is an important tool for hepatitis B prevention, but less than 40% of EU/EEA countries with a universal childhood vaccination programme have reached the target of 95% hepatitis B vaccination coverage. […] Countries employ different approaches to help prevent vertical transmission of hepatitis B, including antenatal screening and HBV vaccine birth doses. […] Data on hepatitis B vaccination programmes aimed at healthcare workers, people in prison and PWID are limited. Available data suggest that countries should expand their adult hepatitis B vaccination coverage, especially for populations at risk.

• #76 Hepatitis B prevention: Vaccination and other strategies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prevention-of-hepatitis-b

  People can prevent hepatitis B infection by adhering to vaccine recommendations. Additionally, avoiding sharing personal items that might come into contact with blood, such as razors or toothbrushes, is a helpful prevention method. […] Preventing hepatitis B is possible through a comprehensive approach that includes vaccination, safe practices, and early screening. […] Vaccination is the best way to protect a person from hepatitis B infection. It can provide long-lasting immunity. Complementing vaccination with safer sex practices, avoiding needle sharing, and maintaining good hygiene further reduce the risk of transmission.

• #77 Hepatitis – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/hepatitis

  More than half of the countries in the Americas (57%) have national strategies or plans for prevention, treatment and control of viral hepatitis. […] Birth dose vaccination during the first 24 hours is key to prevent HBV mother to child transmission and routine infant vaccination is the cornerstone for achieving population-based immunity to HBV to prevent transmission among all age groups. […] In the Americas, the Member States of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) approved a Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis 2016-2019 to catalyze public health efforts for preventing and controlling viral hepatitis, with emphasis on hepatitis B and C. […] The regional plan is aligned with the WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016-2021, which was approved by the 69th WHA in May 2016.

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