Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hepatitis B – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-20366802

  Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For most people, hepatitis B is short term, also called acute. Acute hepatitis B lasts less than six months. But for others, the infection lasts more than six months and is called chronic. Chronic hepatitis B raises the risk of liver failure, liver cancer and serious scarring of the liver called cirrhosis. […] Symptoms of acute hepatitis B range from mild to serious. The symptoms usually start about 1 to 4 months after you’ve been infected with HBV. But you could notice them as early as two weeks after you’re infected. Some people with acute or chronic hepatitis B may not have any symptoms, especially young children. […] Hepatitis B symptoms may include: Pain in the stomach area, also called the abdomen. Dark urine. Fever. Joint pain. Loss of appetite. Upset stomach and vomiting. Weakness and extreme tiredness. Jaundice, which is a yellowing of the whites of the eyes and the skin. Depending on skin color, this change may be harder or easier to see.

• #1 Hepatitis B: Incubation period, treatment, and getting tested

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-the-incubation-period-for-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B symptoms can take 60150 days to develop, and a test can detect the virus after 19 weeks following exposure. […] Not everyone who develops hepatitis B will have symptoms. However, according to the CDC, if symptoms do appear, they can begin an average of 90 days, or 3 months, after a person contracts the virus. […] Although 3 months is the average, symptoms can start any time between 2 and 5 months after exposure. […] Many people with hepatitis B may not realize they have it, because they may not have any symptoms. […] The severity and duration of the symptoms can vary in those who experience no symptoms. They will also vary between acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis B infections. […] Common symptoms of acute hepatitis B include: fever, fatigue, muscle aches or pain, pale stool, loss of appetite, stomach pain, nausea or vomiting, dark urine, yellowing of the skin, or jaundice.

• #1 Hepatitis B Foundation: Hep B Symptoms, Common and Serious Symptoms

  https://www.hepb.org/what-is-hepatitis-b/what-is-hepb/symptoms/

  Hepatitis B is called a „silent infection” because most people do not have any symptoms when they are first infected. Thus, they can unknowingly pass the virus to others and continue the silent spread of hepatitis B. Testing is the only way to know for sure if you are infected. […] Most healthy adults do not experience any symptoms when they are first infected with the hepatitis B virus. Some people who are infected will have symptoms and seek medical attention, but many will think they just have the flu and ignore the symptoms. About 1 percent of those infected will develop a life-threatening condition called „fulminant hepatitis,” which can be fatal and result in liver failure and death. Although this response is rare, fulminant hepatitis develops suddenly and requires immediate medical attention.

• #1 Symptoms of Hepatitis B | Hepatitis B | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Many people with chronic hepatitis B dont have symptoms and dont know they are infected. If symptoms occur with an acute infection, they can appear any time between 8 weeks to 5 months after exposure. Symptoms usually last several weeks, but some people can feel sick for as long as 6 months. […] Symptoms of acute hepatitis B can include: Dark urine or clay-colored stools, Feeling tired, Fever, Joint pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea, stomach pain, throwing up, Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice). […] Up to half of all older children, adolescents, and adults experience symptoms of acute hepatitis B. However, most children younger than 5 have no symptoms. […] Symptoms of chronic hepatitis B can take decades to develop and may be similar to those of an acute infection.

• #1 Hepatitis B Symptoms | LiverWELL

  https://liverwell.org.au/liver-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms/

  Most people who get infected with hepatitis B as an adult will have a short term (acute) illness, and their body will get rid of the virus naturally. […] Symptoms of acute hepatitis B infection may be flu-like symptoms, muscle aches and pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and jaundice (yellowish discolouration of the skin and eyes), however many people will have no symptoms at all and not know that they have the infection. […] Similarly, people with chronic hepatitis B often experience no symptoms at all. Most people with chronic hepatitis B have had the infection since birth or early childhood, and might not know that the symptoms they experience are abnormal in any way. Symptoms vary in their severity and intensity over time. […] Some of the symptoms that people with chronic hepatitis B may experience include: Flu like symptoms: chills and fevers, Joint and muscle pain, Tiredness and irritability, Loss of appetite, Abdominal discomfort and/or pain, Nausea and vomiting, Jaundice (yellowish discolouration of the skin and eyes), Diarrhoea.

• #1 Hepatitis B | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/hepatitis-b/

  Hepatitis B is a liver infection thats spread through blood and body fluids. The chance of getting it in the UK is low. […] It often doesnt cause any symptoms in adults and usually passes in a few months without treatment. In children it often persists for years and may eventually cause serious liver damage. […] Many people with hepatitis B wont have any symptoms. […] If you do develop symptoms, they tend to occur 2 or 3 months after exposure to the hepatitis B virus. […] Symptoms of hepatitis B include: tiredness, a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above, general aches and pains, loss of appetite, feeling and being sick, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). […] Chronic hepatitis B can cause liver damage (cirrhosis) and increase your risk of getting liver cancer. […] It is important that all patients with chronic hepatitis B are followed up in specialist clinics. If required, treatment can control hepatitis B infection, preventing serious complications.

• #1 Hepatitis B: What It Is, Symptoms, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4246-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is a viral infection that causes inflammation in your liver. It can be a brief illness that may not cause symptoms and goes away without treatment. This is acute hepatitis B. But some people have a chronic (long-term) form of the virus. It can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. […] Symptoms of hepatitis B infection, if you have them, include fever, nausea and abdominal pain. Not everyone has symptoms with hepatitis B, but common symptoms include fever, nausea and abdominal pain. […] You can have hepatitis B without having symptoms. If you do, symptoms may include: Abdominal pain, Fatigue, Fever, Joint pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea and vomiting, Weakness. […] You may also have symptoms of liver disease, including: Dark-colored pee, Light or clay-colored poop, Swelling from fluid in your belly or arms and legs, Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes from jaundice.

• #1 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hepatitis-b/what-are-signs-and-symptoms-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B often doesnt show symptoms, and it usually goes away on its own. Most people dont even know they have it. When there are hepatitis B symptoms, it can feel like the flu. […] About half of adults with hepatitis B never get any symptoms. The symptoms can also feel like other illnesses, like the flu. So its possible to have the infection and not know it. […] When people do show signs of hepatitis B, they usually show up between 6 weeks and 6 months after they got the virus. Hepatitis B symptoms typically last for a few weeks, but can sometimes stick around for months. These are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B: feeling really tired, pain in your belly, losing your appetite, nausea and vomiting, pain in your joints, headache, fever, hives, dark-colored urine (pee), pale, clay-colored bowel movements (poop), jaundice when your eyes and skin get yellow.

• #1 Hepatitis B: Symptoms, causes, and treatment | Liver Disease News

  https://liverdiseasenews.com/hepatitis-b/

  Hepatitis B is a viral infection spread by contact with bodily fluids that causes inflammation in the liver. […] Upon HBV infection, there is an incubation period that ranges from 30 to 180 days, or from about one month to nearly six months. […] Following that incubation period, infected people can experience acute hepatitis B symptoms for up to six months, after which the infection will either resolve or linger in the body. In the latter case, there is the development of a chronic infection that may result in chronic hepatitis B symptoms. […] About 70% of people infected with HBV do not develop any symptoms during the acute phase of the infection. […] If symptoms do occur, they typically appear anywhere from 2-5 months after the infection itself. […] Acute hepatitis B symptoms can include: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, jaundice (yellow color in the skin or the eyes), skin rash.

• #1 hepatitis b

  https://www.idph.state.il.us/public/hb/hbhepb.htm

  Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) may be without any symptoms, mild or severe. […] The most common early symptoms are mild fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Later symptoms may include dark coffee-colored, rather than dark yellow, urine, clay-colored stools, abdominal pain, and yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice). […] Very severe hepatitis B is rare, but it is life-threatening. Signs and symptoms, which require immediate medical attention, include prolonged blood clotting time, personality changes and agitated behavior. […] Many chronic carriers remain symptom free or develop only a mild condition, chronic persistent hepatitis. However, approximately 25 percent go on to develop the most serious complications of viral hepatitis: cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer and immune system disorders.

• #1 Hepatitis B: Incubation period, treatment, and getting tested

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-the-incubation-period-for-hepatitis-b

  Acute hepatitis B symptoms typically last several weeks, but some people may experience symptoms for as long as 6 months. […] Generally, chronic hepatitis B does not cause people to have symptoms. However, in some cases, it can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. […] The CDC states that the time between exposure to HBV and developing symptoms varies, but the average incubation period for hepatitis is about 90 days. HBV can be passed to others even if a person with the virus has no symptoms.

• #1 Hepatitis B | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is a contagious liver disease that ranges in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks, to a serious lifelong illness. […] Most adults (70%) will develop symptoms from acute HBV infection, but many young children do not. Symptoms, if they appear, can include: Fever, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Dark urine, Clay-colored bowel movements, Joint pain, Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or the eyes). […] Some people with chronic Hepatitis B have ongoing symptoms similar to acute Hepatitis B, but most individuals remain symptom free for as long as 20 or 30 years. About 15-25% of people with chronic Hepatitis B develop serious liver conditions, such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver cancer. […] On average, symptoms appear 90 days (three months) after exposure, but they can appear any time between six weeks and six months after exposure. […] Chronic Hepatitis B is a serious disease that can result in long-term health problems, including liver damage, liver failure, liver cancer, or even death. Approximately 2,000-4,000 people die every year from Hepatitis B-related liver disease in the United States.

• #1 Hepatitis B – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-20366802

  Acute HBV infection lasts less than six months. Your immune system likely can clear the hepatitis B virus from your body. You should recover fully within a few months. Most people who get HBV infections as adults have an acute infections. But these can lead to a chronic infections. […] Chronic HBV infection lasts six months or longer. It lingers because the immune system can’t fight off the infection. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection may last a lifetime. It can lead to serious illnesses such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Some people with chronic hepatitis B may have no symptoms at all. Some may have ongoing tiredness and mild symptoms of acute hepatitis. […] The younger you are when you get hepatitis B, the higher your risk of the condition becoming chronic. That’s especially true for newborns or children younger than 5. Chronic hepatitis B may not be detected for decades until a person becomes very ill from liver disease.

• #1 Hepatitis B Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b

  The acute illness most often goes away after 2 to 3 weeks. The liver returns to normal within 4 to 6 months in most people. […] Almost all newborns and about one half of children who get hepatitis B develop the chronic condition. Very few adults who get the virus develop chronic hepatitis B. […] There is a much higher rate of liver cancer in people who have chronic hepatitis B. For this reason, people with Hepatitis B are screened for liver cancer.

• #1 Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis B | Hepatitis B | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/hcp/clinical-signs/index.html

  Not all people with acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have symptoms. Symptoms can range from asymptomatic or mild disease to, rarely, fulminant hepatitis. […] Most people with chronic HBV infection are asymptomatic and have no evidence of liver disease or injury. However, some people develop chronic hepatitis (elevation of aspartate aminotransferase [AST]/alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma (i.e., primary liver cancer). […] Common symptoms of acute hepatitis B are: abdominal pain, nausea, and/or vomiting, dark urine or clay-colored stools, fatigue, fever, jaundice, joint pain, loss of appetite. […] For many people, symptoms of acute hepatitis B infections last anywhere from 6 weeks up to 6 months. In some cases, the infection can progress to chronic hepatitis, primary liver cancer, or cirrhosis.

• #1 Hepatitis B: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment | Hoag Digestive Health Institute

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/digestive-health/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/

  For most people, hepatitis B is a short-term (or acute) infection that may produce mild symptoms for a few months, or no symptoms at all. […] For those who do develop noticeable issues due to an acute HBV infection, symptoms usually begin an average of 90 days after exposure. Symptoms usually last several weeks, but can last for up to 6 months. […] Common Symptoms of Acute HBV Infection: Unexplained fever, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Unexplained nausea and vomiting, Abdominal pain, Pale bowel movements and/or dark urine, Joint pain, An enlarged liver or spleen, Jaundice, which is a yellowing of the eyes and skin. […] Many of those with chronic HBV infection can be symptom free for decades, even though they can still pass on the virus to others. By the time those with a chronic HBV infection develop symptoms, they often have advanced liver disease. […] Long-term symptoms of chronic hepatitis B may include: Cirrhosis, which is permanent scarring of the liver due to tissue damage, Developing liver cancer, Liver failure.

• #1 Hepatitis B Progression – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/hepatitis-b-progression

  Most adults who are infected with hepatitis B clear the virus during the acute phase of the infection. People who have impaired immune responses have a higher risk of not clearing hep B on their own and are more likely to develop chronic HBV infection. […] Chronic hepatitis B infection is characterized by four phases. Not everyone will experience all four phases, and the lengths of the phases vary among people. […] In this phase, HBV is replicating, or multiplying, quickly, but inflammation is low. […] In this phase, HBV is beginning to do significant damage to the liver, both in terms of inflammation and fibrosis. […] This is also called the inactive carrier state. In this phase, HBe antibodies (anti-HBe) are present. ALT is normal, and HBV DNA may be low or undetectable. Inflammation is minimal, and fibrosis level can vary depending on how much liver damage occurred in the previous stage.

• #1 Hepatitis B Progression – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/hepatitis-b-progression

  In this phase, people have seroconverted to anti-HBe positive, but their chronic HBV is very active. ALT and HBV viral loads are elevated. Liver inflammation and fibrosis levels are moderate to severe. […] Every year, approximately 0.5 percent of people will clear HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen); most will also acquire HBs antibodies. When this occurs, it means their chronic hepatitis B infection is resolved. Some will continue to have low levels of HBV DNA. A resolved chronic hep B infection reduces the risk of liver failure and death. […] Here are some of the factors that increase the risk of cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer: Over age 40, Male, Immune compromised, HBV DNA (viral load) 2,000 IU/ml, Elevated ALT, Prolonged time to HBeAg seroconversion, HBeAg-negative, Genotype C chronic HBV, Presence of other viral infections, such as HCV, HDV or HIV, Heavy alcohol use, Metabolic syndrome (diabetes, obesity).

• #1 Hepatitis B: What It Is, Symptoms, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4246-hepatitis-b

  Acute and chronic hepatitis B may cause complications like: Acute liver failure. This is liver failure that happens very quickly. People with acute hepatitis B have an increased risk of acute liver failure. Chronic liver failure. Chronic hepatitis B can lead to liver failure that happens over time. Cirrhosis. Cirrhosis happens when scar tissue builds up in your liver. Your liver makes scar tissue when it repairs damage. The more damage, the more scar tissue. Hepatitis D. This is another type of hepatitis that you can get if you have hepatitis B. Liver cancer. Chronic hepatitis B is the leading cause of liver cancer. Reactivated hepatitis B. This is acute hepatitis B that comes back if you take immunosuppressants or stop the medication. […] Chronic hepatitis B symptoms can change over time. One way you can take care of yourself is to stay connected with your healthcare team.

• #1 A Visual Guide to Hepatitis A, B, C

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/ss/slideshow-hepatitis-overview

  One of the most common complications of chronic hepatitis is cirrhosis. This is a scarring of the liver that can be found with a biopsy. Cirrhosis makes it difficult for the liver to do its job and can lead to liver failure, a life-threatening condition. Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, weight loss, and swelling in the belly and legs. In severe cases, patients may experience jaundice and confusion. […] Viral hepatitis is the top cause of liver cancer, so people with chronic hepatitis B or C need monitoring even if they feel healthy. Blood tests can detect proteins that suggest the presence of liver cancer.

• #1 Hepatitis B Progression – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/hepatitis-b-progression

  Among 100 untreated adults with chronic hepatitis B infection, in five years roughly: Eight to 20 people will develop cirrhosis; of those, 20 people will go on to experience severe liver failure known as hepatic decompensation, and/or two to five people will go on to develop HCC. […] About 15 percent of adults who develop chronic hepatitis B after childhood along with 25 percent of those who became chronically infected as children die prematurely from cirrhosis HCC. In the United States, approximately 2,000 to 4,000 people die every year from chronic hepatitis B related causes.

• #1 Chronic HBV Disease Progression | HCP Site

  https://www.vemlidyhcp.com/disease-progression/

  The course of chronic hepatitis B is nonlinear and characterized by repeated liver cell destruction and regeneration over long periods of time. […] 20% TO 30% of adults with chronic hepatitis B will develop complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). […] Hepatitis B increases the risk of liver cancer through both direct and indirect mechanisms, which may occur at early stages of the disease and during any phase of the hepatitis B infection. […] Hepatitis B drives liver cancer development by several processes, including integration of DNA into the host genome, chromosomal instability, necroinflammation, and fibrosis development. […] It is estimated that approximately 20% of HCC occurs in patients who do not have cirrhosis. […] One of the key determinants of the oncogenicity of hepatitis B infection is the level of HBV DNA. Studies have shown that HBV DNA levels above 2000 are associated with an increased risk of HCC and this risk is present even in patients without elevated ALT levels.

• #1 Hepatitis B: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/hepatitis-b

  The symptoms of hepatitis B vary from person to person, ranging from mild to severe. About one-third of those infected with HBV have no symptoms. […] Symptoms from acute HBV usually start to go away in 2 to 3 weeks and may include: Fever, Fatigue (feeling weak or tired), Loss of appetite, Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Dark urine, Clay-colored bowel movements, Joint pain, Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or the eyes). […] Symptoms of chronic hepatitis B can appear the same as an acute infection, but many patients have no symptoms until they are diagnosed with cirrhosis or end-stage liver disease. […] Symptoms of end-stage liver disease are: Swelling of the legs and abdomen, Weight loss, Itchy skin, Frequent hiccups, Diarrhea, Confusion or disorientation. […] Chronic hepatitis B requires treatment and can lead to severe liver damage or liver cancer. […] Untreated or chronic hepatitis B can lead to: Cirrhosis, Liver cancer, Liver failure, Reactivated hepatitis B, Kidney diseases.

• #1 Hepatitis B | HBV | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hepatitisb.html

  Often, people with hepatitis B don’t have symptoms. Adults and children over 5 are more likely to have symptoms than younger children. […] Some people with acute hepatitis B have symptoms 2 to 5 months after infection. These symptoms can include: Dark yellow urine, Diarrhea, Fatigue, Fever, Gray- or clay-colored stools, Joint pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea and/or vomiting, Abdominal pain, Yellowish eyes and skin, called jaundice. […] If you have chronic hepatitis B, you may not have symptoms until complications develop. This could be decades after you were infected. For this reason, hepatitis B screening is important, even if you have no symptoms. Screening means that you are tested for a disease even though you don’t have symptoms. If you are at high risk, your health care provider may suggest screening.

• #1 Hepatitis B virus replication and liver disease progression: the impact of antiviral therapy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17310811/

  Therapy with interferon-alpha or a direct antiviral agent has been shown to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and prevent further disease worsening. […] In both the woodchuck hepatitis model and in HBV patients, maintained suppression of HBV replication by a direct antiviral agent may reduce the progression to HCC. […] However, the efficacy of current antiviral therapy is still far from satisfactory. The ability to achieve a high rate of sustained or maintained HBV suppression with a low risk of drug resistance would be the ultimate goal in the treatment of chronic HBV infection.

• #1 Hepatitis B Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Management, Surgical Intervention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177632-treatment

  The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B (HBV) infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). […] Risk factors for progression of chronic HBV include the following: Persistently elevated levels of HBV DNA and, in some patients, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the presence of core and precore mutations seen most commonly in HBV genotype C and D infections. […] HBV infection can be self-limited or chronic. […] Therapy is currently recommended for patients with evidence of chronic active hepatitis B disease (ie, abnormal aminotransferase levels, positive HBV DNA findings, positive or negative hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg]). […] The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends nucleos(t)ide therapy for the treatment of patients with acute liver failure, as well as cirrhotic patients who are HBV DNA positive and those with clinical complications, cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis with positive serum HBV DNA, or reactivation of chronic HBV during or after chemotherapy or immunosuppression.

• #1 Hepatitis B Basics | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/hepatitis/learn-about-viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-b-basics/index.html

  Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can lead to chronic infection causing cirrhosis, liver cancer and death. […] There is no cure for hepatitis B but there are treatments that can reduce the chance of developing serious liver disease and liver cancer. […] Chronic hepatitis B can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, and premature death. […] There is no cure for hepatitis B, but there are several FDA-approved medications that treat HBV infection. […] Hepatitis B treatments reduce the amount of virus in the body and reduce the chance of developing serious liver disease and liver cancer.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B can cause a chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. […] Most people do not experience any symptoms when newly infected. […] Some people have acute illness with symptoms that last several weeks: yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, feeling very tired, nausea, vomiting, pain in the abdomen. […] When severe, acute hepatitis can lead to liver failure, which can lead to death. […] Although most people will recover from acute illness, some people with chronic hepatitis B will develop progressive liver disease and complications like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). These diseases can be fatal.

• #2 Hepatitis B Progression – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/hepatitis-b-progression

  Soon after the hepatitis B virus (HBV) enters the body, it infects cells in the liver called hepatocytes. In response to this infection, the immune system tries to destroy the virus. The liver participates in this fight by increasing the amount of enzymes it manufactures, which causes inflammation of the liver (hepatitis). […] The initial infection is known as acute hepatitis B, meaning short-term inflammation of the liver. Most people are able to clear hep B from the body within six months of becoming infected. If they clear it, they are no longer infected, nor can they infect others. Additionally, they now have hepatitis B antibodies, which will protect them from future reinfection. […] A chronic hepatitis B infection means that the immune system is not able to get rid of the virus within six months after infection. In other words, the virus continues to reproduce in the persons liver for several months or years after infection. This can increase the risk of liver damage and liver cancer. Whats more, someone with chronic HBV infection can transmit the virus to others. The risk of chronic infection is higher in infants and children than it is in adults.

• #2 Symptoms of Hepatitis B | Hepatitis B | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Many people with chronic hepatitis B dont have symptoms and dont know they are infected. If symptoms occur with an acute infection, they can appear any time between 8 weeks to 5 months after exposure. Symptoms usually last several weeks, but some people can feel sick for as long as 6 months. […] Symptoms of acute hepatitis B can include: Dark urine or clay-colored stools, Feeling tired, Fever, Joint pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea, stomach pain, throwing up, Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice). […] Up to half of all older children, adolescents, and adults experience symptoms of acute hepatitis B. However, most children younger than 5 have no symptoms. […] Symptoms of chronic hepatitis B can take decades to develop and may be similar to those of an acute infection.

• #2 Hepatitis B: Symptoms, causes, and treatment | Liver Disease News

  https://liverdiseasenews.com/hepatitis-b/

  Hepatitis B is a viral infection spread by contact with bodily fluids that causes inflammation in the liver. […] Upon HBV infection, there is an incubation period that ranges from 30 to 180 days, or from about one month to nearly six months. […] Following that incubation period, infected people can experience acute hepatitis B symptoms for up to six months, after which the infection will either resolve or linger in the body. In the latter case, there is the development of a chronic infection that may result in chronic hepatitis B symptoms. […] About 70% of people infected with HBV do not develop any symptoms during the acute phase of the infection. […] If symptoms do occur, they typically appear anywhere from 2-5 months after the infection itself. […] Acute hepatitis B symptoms can include: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, jaundice (yellow color in the skin or the eyes), skin rash.

• #2 Hepatitis B: What It Is, Symptoms, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4246-hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is a viral infection that causes inflammation in your liver. It can be a brief illness that may not cause symptoms and goes away without treatment. This is acute hepatitis B. But some people have a chronic (long-term) form of the virus. It can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. […] Symptoms of hepatitis B infection, if you have them, include fever, nausea and abdominal pain. Not everyone has symptoms with hepatitis B, but common symptoms include fever, nausea and abdominal pain. […] You can have hepatitis B without having symptoms. If you do, symptoms may include: Abdominal pain, Fatigue, Fever, Joint pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea and vomiting, Weakness. […] You may also have symptoms of liver disease, including: Dark-colored pee, Light or clay-colored poop, Swelling from fluid in your belly or arms and legs, Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes from jaundice.

• #2 Hepatitis B | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/hepatitis-b

  Symptoms Onset: The prodromal phase from initial symptoms to onset of jaundice usually lasts from 3 – 10 days. It is nonspecific and is characterized by insidious onset of malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, headache, myalgias, skin rashes, arthralgias and arthritis, and dark urine, beginning 1 to 2 days before the onset of jaundice. The jaundice phase is variable, but usually lasts from 1 – 3 weeks, characterized by jaundice, light or gray stools, hepatic tenderness and hepatomegaly (splenomegaly is less common). During convalescence, malaise and fatigue may persist for weeks or months, while jaundice, anorexia, and other symptoms disappear. Less than 10% of children and approximately 30% of adults will experience jaundice. […] Complications: Fulminant hepatitis occurs in about 1% – 2% of persons, with mortality rates of 63% – 93%. About 200 – 300 Americans die of fulminant disease each year. Although the consequences of acute HBV infection can be severe, most of the serious complications associated with HBV infection are due to chronic infection. Those that are chronically infected are infected for life and can pass the virus to others, even without symptoms. Approximately 10% of all acute HBV infections progress to chronic infection. As many as 90% of infants who acquire HBV infection from their mothers at birth become chronic carriers. Of children who become infected with HBV between 1 year and 5 years of age, 30% – 50% become chronic carriers. By adulthood, the risk of becoming a chronic carrier is decreased to 6% – 10%. Persons with chronic infection are often asymptomatic and may not be aware that they are infected, yet are capable of infecting others. Chronic infection is responsible for most HBV-related morbidity and mortality, including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic active hepatitis develops in more than 25% of chronic carriers, and often results in cirrhosis. An estimated 3,000 – 4,000 persons die of hepatitis B-related cirrhosis each year in the United States. Persons with chronic HBV infection are at 12 – 300 times higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma than non-carriers. An estimated 1,000 – 1,500 die each year in the United States of hepatitis B-related liver cancer.

• #2 Symptoms and Prevention of Hepatitis B – 關懷愛滋 AIDS Concern

  https://aidsconcern.org.hk/en/%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E7%9A%84%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80%E8%88%87%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95/

  On average symptoms appear 90 days after exposure, but they can appear any time between 6 weeks and 6 months after exposure. […] Signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B range from mild to severe. Some people, usually young children, may not have any symptoms. Hepatitis B signs and symptoms may include: abdominal pain; dark urine; fever; joint pain; loss of appetite; nausea and vomiting; weakness and fatigue; yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice). Hepatitis B infection may be either short-lived (acute) or long lasting (chronic). Acute Hepatitis B infection usually lasts less than six months. Your immune system likely can clear acute Hepatitis B from your body, and you should recover completely within a few months. Chronic Hepatitis B infection lasts 6 months or longer. Chronic Hepatitis B infection may last a lifetime, possibly leading to serious illnesses such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.

• #2 Hepatitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/h/hepatitis.html

  The symptoms of hepatitis can range from relatively mild to loss of life. Before symptoms of illness begin, a person may have a severe loss of appetite. A distaste for cigarettes is also an early sign. The patient may also experience a general feeling of being unwell, nausea, vomiting and often fever. Sometimes, especially in hepatitis B, hives and joint pain may occur. […] After three to 10 days, the urine darkens, and a yellowish color develops in the skin. Some body fluids, such as bile, build up as a result of getting in the way of the work of the liver. The liver is usually larger than usual and tender, and in 15 to 20% of patients, the spleen is also larger than normal. Then symptoms begin to improve and the person feels better, even as the jaundice gets worse. Jaundice usually reaches its worst in one to two weeks. It then fades over the next two to four weeks.

• #2 Hepatitis B: Facts, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-b/

  Hepatitis B is a high preventable liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV causes the liver to swell and prevents it from working well. […] About 70% of adults with Hepatitis B develop symptoms. […] A majority of adults develop symptoms from acute hepatitis B virus infection; however, young children often do not. Symptoms, when they occur, may include: Fever, Dark Urine, Joint Pain, Weakness and Fatigue, Loss of Appetite, Nausea and Vomiting, Abdominal pain near the liver. […] On average, symptoms appear three months after exposure to the virus, but they can appear anywhere between six weeks and six months. Symptoms usually last for a few weeks, but can last up to six months. Most adults infected with hepatitis B virus recover fully even if their signs and symptoms are severe.

• #2 Hepatitis B Foundation: Acute vs. Chronic Hepatitis B Infection

  https://www.hepb.org/what-is-hepatitis-b/what-is-hepb/acute-vs-chronic/

  An acute hepatitis B infection may last up to six months (with or without symptoms) and infected persons are able to pass the virus to others during this time. […] Symptoms of an acute infection may include loss of appetite, joint and muscle pain, low-grade fever, and possible stomach pain. Although most people do not experience symptoms, they can appear 60-150 days after infection, with the average being 90 days or 3 months. Some people may experience more severe symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin), or a bloated stomach that may cause them to see a health care provider. […] People who test positive for the hepatitis B virus for more than six months (after their first blood test result) are diagnosed as having a chronic infection. This means their immune system was not able to get rid of the hepatitis B virus and it still remains in their blood and liver.

• #2 Hepatitis B – prevention, symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hepatitis-b

  If the infection lasts for more than 6 months, it is called chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis is a lifelong illness. […] People infected as infants are likely to develop long-term (chronic) infection and can get complications, such as scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver cancer or liver failure (when the liver stops working). […] People infected as teenagers or adults are likely to become unwell with symptoms (acute hepatitis), but they have a smaller chance of developing a chronic infection. […] However, approximately 1 in 20 adults cannot clear the virus and develop chronic hepatitis B. They are at risk of developing complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer in the longer term.

• #2 What is hepatitis B? | Asian Liver Center | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/liver/education.html

  Chronic hepatitis B is dangerous because there are often no symptoms, and blood tests for liver enzymes may be normal. By the time symptoms such as abdominal pain and/or abdominal distension appear, it is often too late for treatment to be effective. Therefore, it is very important to get screened to see if you are chronically infected. Although there is currently no curative treatment for chronic hepatitis B, there are highly effective antiviral therapy as simple as a pill a day for patients with liver damage to prevent disease progression and to reduce the risk of liver cancer.

• #2 Hepatitis B Symptoms | LiverWELL

  https://liverwell.org.au/liver-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms/

  Most people who get infected with hepatitis B as an adult will have a short term (acute) illness, and their body will get rid of the virus naturally. […] Symptoms of acute hepatitis B infection may be flu-like symptoms, muscle aches and pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and jaundice (yellowish discolouration of the skin and eyes), however many people will have no symptoms at all and not know that they have the infection. […] Similarly, people with chronic hepatitis B often experience no symptoms at all. Most people with chronic hepatitis B have had the infection since birth or early childhood, and might not know that the symptoms they experience are abnormal in any way. Symptoms vary in their severity and intensity over time. […] Some of the symptoms that people with chronic hepatitis B may experience include: Flu like symptoms: chills and fevers, Joint and muscle pain, Tiredness and irritability, Loss of appetite, Abdominal discomfort and/or pain, Nausea and vomiting, Jaundice (yellowish discolouration of the skin and eyes), Diarrhoea.

• #2 Hepatitis B: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/hepatitis-b

  The symptoms of hepatitis B vary from person to person, ranging from mild to severe. About one-third of those infected with HBV have no symptoms. […] Symptoms from acute HBV usually start to go away in 2 to 3 weeks and may include: Fever, Fatigue (feeling weak or tired), Loss of appetite, Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Dark urine, Clay-colored bowel movements, Joint pain, Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or the eyes). […] Symptoms of chronic hepatitis B can appear the same as an acute infection, but many patients have no symptoms until they are diagnosed with cirrhosis or end-stage liver disease. […] Symptoms of end-stage liver disease are: Swelling of the legs and abdomen, Weight loss, Itchy skin, Frequent hiccups, Diarrhea, Confusion or disorientation. […] Chronic hepatitis B requires treatment and can lead to severe liver damage or liver cancer. […] Untreated or chronic hepatitis B can lead to: Cirrhosis, Liver cancer, Liver failure, Reactivated hepatitis B, Kidney diseases.

• #2 Hepatitis B | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). […] There are two phases of hepatitis B: acute and chronic. […] Acute hepatitis B is often a mild or asymptomatic illness that may clear on its own in a matter of weeks. […] Chronic hepatitis B may be a serious illness that can cause long-term health problems. […] Over the course of decades, chronic hepatitis B progresses through four stages immune tolerance, immune clearance, inactive (latent), and reactivated based on the behavior of the virus and how the child’s immune system responds against it. […] In acute symptomatic hepatitis B, the liver can become swollen and inflamed. […] If the infection becomes chronic, the virus can cause inflammation and cause the healthy, soft tissues of the liver to harden and scar.

• #2 Overview of Chronic Hepatitis – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/hepatitis/overview-of-chronic-hepatitis

  In many people, chronic hepatitis does not progress for years. In others, it gradually worsens. The outlook depends partly on which virus is the cause and whether treatment is available: Chronic hepatitis C, if untreated, causes cirrhosis in about 20 to 30% of people. However, cirrhosis may take decades to develop. The risk of liver cancer is increased usually only if cirrhosis is present. […] Chronic hepatitis B tends to worsen, sometimes rapidly but sometimes over decades, leading to cirrhosis. Chronic hepatitis B also increases the risk of liver cancer whether cirrhosis develops or not. […] Chronic coinfection with both hepatitis B and D viruses, if untreated, causes cirrhosis in up to 70%. […] Autoimmune hepatitis can be effectively treated in most people, but some develop cirrhosis.

• #2 Hepatitis B Progression – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/hepatitis-b-progression

  In this phase, people have seroconverted to anti-HBe positive, but their chronic HBV is very active. ALT and HBV viral loads are elevated. Liver inflammation and fibrosis levels are moderate to severe. […] Every year, approximately 0.5 percent of people will clear HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen); most will also acquire HBs antibodies. When this occurs, it means their chronic hepatitis B infection is resolved. Some will continue to have low levels of HBV DNA. A resolved chronic hep B infection reduces the risk of liver failure and death. […] Here are some of the factors that increase the risk of cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer: Over age 40, Male, Immune compromised, HBV DNA (viral load) 2,000 IU/ml, Elevated ALT, Prolonged time to HBeAg seroconversion, HBeAg-negative, Genotype C chronic HBV, Presence of other viral infections, such as HCV, HDV or HIV, Heavy alcohol use, Metabolic syndrome (diabetes, obesity).

• #2 Chronic HBV Disease Progression | HCP Site

  https://www.vemlidyhcp.com/disease-progression/

  The course of chronic hepatitis B is nonlinear and characterized by repeated liver cell destruction and regeneration over long periods of time. […] 20% TO 30% of adults with chronic hepatitis B will develop complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). […] Hepatitis B increases the risk of liver cancer through both direct and indirect mechanisms, which may occur at early stages of the disease and during any phase of the hepatitis B infection. […] Hepatitis B drives liver cancer development by several processes, including integration of DNA into the host genome, chromosomal instability, necroinflammation, and fibrosis development. […] It is estimated that approximately 20% of HCC occurs in patients who do not have cirrhosis. […] One of the key determinants of the oncogenicity of hepatitis B infection is the level of HBV DNA. Studies have shown that HBV DNA levels above 2000 are associated with an increased risk of HCC and this risk is present even in patients without elevated ALT levels.

• #2 Hepatitis B, Chronic – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/hepatitis/hepatitis-b-chronic

  Chronic hepatitis B is inflammation of the liver that is caused by the hepatitis B virus and that has lasted more than 6 months. […] Most people with chronic hepatitis B have no symptoms, but some feel generally ill and tired and lose their appetite. […] Symptoms of chronic hepatitis B vary depending on how badly the liver is damaged. […] Many people with chronic hepatitis B, particularly children, have no symptoms. People who have symptoms usually feel generally ill and tired and lose their appetite. Some people have a low-grade fever and vague discomfort in the upper abdomen. […] Often, the first specific symptoms occur when the liver disease has progressed and there is evidence of cirrhosis. Symptoms can include an enlarged spleen, small spiderlike blood vessels visible in the skin (called spider angiomas), redness of the palms, accumulation of fluid within the abdomen (ascites), a tendency to bleed (coagulopathy), bleeding in the digestive tract due to esophageal varices, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes), and deterioration of brain function due to malfunction of the liver (hepatic encephalopathy). […] Chronic hepatitis B tends to worsen, sometimes rapidly but sometimes over decades, leading to cirrhosis. Chronic hepatitis B also increases the risk of liver cancer. About 20% of people with chronic hepatitis B develop cirrhosis or liver cancer and may die prematurely.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hepatitis-B-and-Hepatitis-D.aspx

  Majority of carriers of hepatitis B virus remain asymptomatic during the initial phase of acute infection, albeit some suffer from acute symptoms which prevail for few weeks. […] Common symptoms include weakness, fatigue, nausea, fever, joint pain, abdominal pain, yellowing of eyes or skin (jaundice), vomiting, dark urine etc. […] Usually, patients are able to recuperate from the acute hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections, and the viruses head off. However, approximately 5% of the coinfected patients suffer from chronic infections which do not recover easily. […] The symptoms of a superinfection are usually acute and severe in nature. […] Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis D infections can result in serious complications, such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver cancer, liver failure, and other conditions like development of kidney disease or inflammation of blood vessels.

• #2 Hepatitis B Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Management, Surgical Intervention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177632-treatment

  The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B (HBV) infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). […] Risk factors for progression of chronic HBV include the following: Persistently elevated levels of HBV DNA and, in some patients, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the presence of core and precore mutations seen most commonly in HBV genotype C and D infections. […] HBV infection can be self-limited or chronic. […] Therapy is currently recommended for patients with evidence of chronic active hepatitis B disease (ie, abnormal aminotransferase levels, positive HBV DNA findings, positive or negative hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg]). […] The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends nucleos(t)ide therapy for the treatment of patients with acute liver failure, as well as cirrhotic patients who are HBV DNA positive and those with clinical complications, cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis with positive serum HBV DNA, or reactivation of chronic HBV during or after chemotherapy or immunosuppression.

• #2 Hepatitis B virus replication and liver disease progression: the impact of antiviral therapy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17310811/

  Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious health issue worldwide. The presence of HBV replication markers–hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) or HBV DNA–is associated with continuing hepatitis activity or intermittent hepatitis flares and subsequent disease progression, including hepatic decompensation and development of liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). […] Long-term (10 years) prospective studies in patients 30 years of age have shown that HBeAg seropositivity is associated with increased risk of disease progression, and the risk of cirrhosis and HCC begins to increase at an HBV DNA level of 10(4) copies/ml. […] Therefore, elimination of HBV, or at least sustained or maintained suppression of HBV, is the key to reducing hepatitis and thereby halting or preventing disease progression.

• #2 Hepatitis B: Facts, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-b/

  Some of the people who go on to develop chronic hepatitis B virus have ongoing symptoms similar to acute hepatitis B virus, but most people with chronic Hepatitis B remain symptom free for 20 or 30 years. […] If you have chronic hepatitis B virus, it’s important to talk to your doctor about treatment options and liver cancer screening every 6 months with an imaging test of the liver and cancer biomarkers in the blood. If you develop cirrhosis, you should ask your doctor about the complications of cirrhosis.

• #2 Hepatitis B – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366821

  Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if you have hepatitis B. Your healthcare professional gives you a physical exam and looks for symptoms of liver damage. These symptoms can include yellowing skin and stomach pain. […] If your symptoms are severe, you may need antiviral medicines or a hospital stay to prevent complications. […] Most people with chronic hepatitis B virus infection need treatment for the rest of their lives. The decision to start treatment depends on many factors, including whether: The virus is causing inflammation or scarring of the liver, also called cirrhosis. […] Treatment helps lower the risk of liver disease and prevents you from passing the infection to others. […] If you’ve been infected with the hepatitis B virus, take steps to protect others. […] If you have hepatitis B, the following tips might help you cope: Learn about hepatitis B. […] Have you ever had jaundice symptoms, including yellowing of the eyes or clay-colored stool?

• #2 Hepatitis B virus replication and liver disease progression: the impact of antiviral therapy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17310811/

  Therapy with interferon-alpha or a direct antiviral agent has been shown to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and prevent further disease worsening. […] In both the woodchuck hepatitis model and in HBV patients, maintained suppression of HBV replication by a direct antiviral agent may reduce the progression to HCC. […] However, the efficacy of current antiviral therapy is still far from satisfactory. The ability to achieve a high rate of sustained or maintained HBV suppression with a low risk of drug resistance would be the ultimate goal in the treatment of chronic HBV infection.

• #3 Symptoms of Hepatitis B | Hepatitis B | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/signs-symptoms/index.html

  Many people with chronic hepatitis B dont have symptoms and dont know they are infected. If symptoms occur with an acute infection, they can appear any time between 8 weeks to 5 months after exposure. Symptoms usually last several weeks, but some people can feel sick for as long as 6 months. […] Symptoms of acute hepatitis B can include: Dark urine or clay-colored stools, Feeling tired, Fever, Joint pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea, stomach pain, throwing up, Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice). […] Up to half of all older children, adolescents, and adults experience symptoms of acute hepatitis B. However, most children younger than 5 have no symptoms. […] Symptoms of chronic hepatitis B can take decades to develop and may be similar to those of an acute infection.

• #3 Progression from acute to chronic hepatitis B is more common in older adults

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6169415/

  The rate of progression of acute Hepatitis B (HBV) to chronic disease is quoted as 10%. […] Overall the chronicity rate was 18.42%. […] Our results suggest a higher than expected rate of progression from acute to chronic HBV with a significantly higher risk for those over 50yrs. […] The rate of progression from acute to chronic hepatitis B in adults is typically quoted as 5-10%. […] A review of Northern Ireland 2012-2013 data had suggested a higher rate, with 28% of acute cases failing to clear the virus within 6 months of diagnosis. […] The results in our survey was 18.42%. […] Our results suggest that, the risk of progression to chronicity was significantly higher in patients aged over 50yrs (6.98% vs 33.33% p = 0.0068). […] The association between older age and increased rates of progression to chronicity is not hitherto well established in the literature.

• #3 Hepatitis B Progression – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/basics/liver-health/hepatitis-b-progression

  Among 100 untreated adults with chronic hepatitis B infection, in five years roughly: Eight to 20 people will develop cirrhosis; of those, 20 people will go on to experience severe liver failure known as hepatic decompensation, and/or two to five people will go on to develop HCC. […] About 15 percent of adults who develop chronic hepatitis B after childhood along with 25 percent of those who became chronically infected as children die prematurely from cirrhosis HCC. In the United States, approximately 2,000 to 4,000 people die every year from chronic hepatitis B related causes.

• #3 Hepatitis B | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b

  Hepatitis B is a contagious liver disease that ranges in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks, to a serious lifelong illness. […] Most adults (70%) will develop symptoms from acute HBV infection, but many young children do not. Symptoms, if they appear, can include: Fever, Fatigue, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Dark urine, Clay-colored bowel movements, Joint pain, Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or the eyes). […] Some people with chronic Hepatitis B have ongoing symptoms similar to acute Hepatitis B, but most individuals remain symptom free for as long as 20 or 30 years. About 15-25% of people with chronic Hepatitis B develop serious liver conditions, such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver cancer. […] On average, symptoms appear 90 days (three months) after exposure, but they can appear any time between six weeks and six months after exposure. […] Chronic Hepatitis B is a serious disease that can result in long-term health problems, including liver damage, liver failure, liver cancer, or even death. Approximately 2,000-4,000 people die every year from Hepatitis B-related liver disease in the United States.

• #3 Hepatitis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hepatitis/

  Short-term (acute) hepatitis often has no noticeable symptoms, so you may not realise you have it. […] If symptoms do develop, they can include: muscle and joint pain, a high temperature, feeling and being sick, feeling unusually tired all the time, a general sense of feeling unwell, loss of appetite, tummy pain, dark urine, pale, grey-coloured poo, itchy skin, yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice). […] Long-term (chronic) hepatitis also may not have any obvious symptoms until the liver stops working properly (liver failure) and may only be picked up during blood tests. […] In the later stages it can cause jaundice, swelling in the legs, ankles and feet, confusion, and blood in your stools or vomit. […] Most adults infected with hepatitis B are able to fight off the virus and fully recover from the infection within a couple of months. […] But most people infected as children develop a long-term infection. This is known as chronic hepatitis B, and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. […] Long-term infection with hepatitis D and hepatitis B can increase your risk of developing serious problems, such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.

• #3 Hepatitis B – British Liver Trust

  https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-conditions/hepatitis-b/

  Most adults fight off the virus within 6 months. This is called acute hepatitis B. Symptoms can be like a mild flu, or you may not have any symptoms. […] Chronic hepatitis B is an infection that lasts longer than 6 months. It is usually lifelong. Living with hepatitis B can lead to liver damage. This increases the chance of serious liver disease (cirrhosis) and liver cancer. Most people with hepatitis B do not get cirrhosis or liver cancer. […] The main way hepatitis B causes health problems is by damaging the liver. This can lead to cirrhosis or a type of liver cancer called hepatocellular carcinoma. Most people with hepatitis B do not get cirrhosis or liver cancer. Treatment to keep the virus under control reduces the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. […] Chronic hepatitis B can lead to other problems with your health. Many of these problems are related to inflammation and the immune system. Living with hepatitis B might also increase the chances of having a type of cancer called non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The most common symptom is having one or more painless swellings in your neck, groin or armpit. If you get swellings or notice any other unusual changes to your body, tell your doctor.

• #3 Hepatitis B virus replication and liver disease progression: the impact of antiviral therapy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17310811/

  Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious health issue worldwide. The presence of HBV replication markers–hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) or HBV DNA–is associated with continuing hepatitis activity or intermittent hepatitis flares and subsequent disease progression, including hepatic decompensation and development of liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). […] Long-term (10 years) prospective studies in patients 30 years of age have shown that HBeAg seropositivity is associated with increased risk of disease progression, and the risk of cirrhosis and HCC begins to increase at an HBV DNA level of 10(4) copies/ml. […] Therefore, elimination of HBV, or at least sustained or maintained suppression of HBV, is the key to reducing hepatitis and thereby halting or preventing disease progression.

• #3

  https://www.hepatitisaustralia.com/symptoms-of-hepatitis-b

  Chronic hepatitis B means you have hepatitis B that doesn’t go away. It stays with you during your life. Many people with chronic hepatitis B don’t have any signs of illness. When they do have signs, these could be the same as acute hepatitis B. […] You might feel healthy if you have chronic hepatitis B, but it can still badly damage your liver. Some of the things that can happen to your liver over time are: liver scarring (we call this fibrosis). This means your liver becomes hard and does not work as well, cirrhosis (severe liver scarring) from ongoing liver damage. This can lead to the liver not working well, liver failure, which means your liver stops working, liver cancer. You can get liver cancer even if you don’t have any signs. This is more likely for certain people. […] If you have hepatitis B, it is important to keep seeing your doctor to get your liver check-ups. You should do this even if you dont have any signs of illness.

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