Materiały źródłowe

• #1 HIV Treatment: The Basics | NIH

  https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-treatment-basics

  The treatment for HIV is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART involves taking a combination of HIV medicines daily, monthly, or every other month. […] While ART cannot cure HIV, prompt HIV treatment can help all people with HIV live long, healthy lives and reduce the risk of HIV transmission. […] One of the primary goals of HIV treatment is to reduce a persons viral load to an undetectable level, which nearly eliminates the risk of transmitting HIV through sexual contact. […] ART is recommended for everyone who has HIV. ART cannot cure HIV, but these HIV medicines help people with HIV live long, healthy lives. ART also reduces the risk of HIV transmission. […] By reducing the amount of HIV in the body, HIV medicines also reduce the risk of HIV transmission. One of the main goals of HIV treatment is to reduce a persons viral load to an undetectable level. People with HIV who maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively no risk of transmitting HIV through sex, and a significantly lower risk of transmission through other means (such as shared needles).

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids

  HIV can be prevented and treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Untreated HIV can progress to AIDS, often after many years. […] There is no cure for HIV infection. However, with access to effective HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care, including for opportunistic infections, HIV infection has become a manageable chronic health condition, enabling people living with HIV to lead long and healthy lives. […] Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not cure HIV infection but allows a persons immune system to get stronger. This helps them to fight other infections. […] ART lowers the amount of the virus in a persons body. This stops symptoms and allows people to live full and healthy lives. People living with HIV who are taking ART and who have no evidence of virus in the blood will not spread the virus to their sexual partners.

• #1 Treating HIV | HIV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/treatment/index.html

  There are two types of HIV treatment: pills and shots. […] Pills are recommended for people just starting HIV treatment. […] HIV treatment shots are long-acting injections given once a month or once every other month, depending on your treatment plan. […] If your viral load goes down after starting HIV treatment, that means treatment is working. […] HIV treatment prevents transmission to others. […] If you have an undetectable viral load, you will not transmit HIV through sex. […] Taking HIV treatment as prescribed helps prevent drug resistance. […] HIV treatment can cause side effects in some people: temporary pain at the injection site, rash, headache or dizziness, dry mouth, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. […] Talk to your health care provider if your treatment isn’t working or if you have trouble taking your medicine as prescribed. […] Side effects like nausea or diarrhea can make it hard to continue HIV treatment.

• #1 HIV/AIDS – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373531

  HIV can be diagnosed through blood or saliva testing. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with HIV, find a specialist trained in diagnosing and treating HIV to help you: […] Find which HIV antiretroviral therapy, also called ART, is best for you. […] There’s no cure for HIV/AIDS. Once you have the infection, your body can’t get rid of it. But there are medicines that can control HIV and prevent complications. […] Everyone diagnosed with HIV should take antiretroviral therapy medicines, also called ART. This is true no matter what stage the disease is in or what the complications are. […] ART is usually a mix of two or more medicines from several classes. This approach has the best chance of lowering the amount of HIV in the blood. […] Staying on ART that keeps your HIV viral load in the blood from being detected is the best way for you to stay healthy.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hiv-and-aids/

  There’s currently no cure for HIV, but there are very effective drug treatments that enable most people with the virus to live a long and healthy life. […] With an early diagnosis and effective treatments, most people with HIV will not develop any AIDS-related illnesses and will live a near-normal lifespan. […] Antiretroviral medicines are used to treat HIV. They work by stopping the virus replicating in the body, allowing the immune system to repair itself and preventing further damage. […] Most people with HIV take a combination of medicines. It’s vital these are taken every day as recommended by your doctor. […] The goal of HIV treatment is to have an undetectable viral load. This means the level of HIV virus in your body is low enough to not be detected by a test. […] For people with HIV, if you have been taking effective HIV treatment and your viral load has been undetectable for 6 months or more, it means you cannot pass the virus on through sex.

• #1 HIV Treatment as Prevention

  https://www.hiv.gov/tasp

  HIV Treatment as Prevention. A highly effective strategy to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. […] Treatment as Prevention (TasP) refers to taking HIV medicine to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. It is one of the most highly effective options for preventing HIV transmission. […] People with HIV who take HIV medicine (called antiretroviral therapy or ART) as prescribed and get and keep an undetectable viral load a very low level of HIV in the blood can live long and healthy lives and will not transmit HIV to their HIV-negative partners through sex. This is sometimes called undetectable = untransmittable (U=U). […] TasP works when a person with HIV takes HIV medicine exactly as prescribed and has regular follow-up care, including routine viral load tests to ensure their viral load stays undetectable.

• #1 HIV Treatment as Prevention

  https://www.hiv.gov/tasp

  HIV treatment is not a cure and HIV is still in your body, even when your viral load is undetectable, so you need to keep taking your HIV medicine as prescribed. […] Large research studies with newer HIV medicines have shown that treatment is prevention. […] No HIV transmissions were observed when the HIV-positive partner was virally suppressed. This means that if you keep your viral load undetectable, you will not transmit HIV to someone you have vaginal, anal, or oral sex with. […] It reduces the risk of HIV transmission to the child during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. […] If a pregnant person takes HIV medicine daily as prescribed throughout pregnancy, labor, and delivery and gives HIV medicine to the infant for 4-6 weeks after giving birth, the risk of transmitting HIV to the baby can be 1% or less.

• #1 Types of antiretroviral medications | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/types-antiretroviral-medications

  There are more than 30 antiretroviral medications in six drug classes; these are listed below. […] Each class of drug attacks HIV at a different stage of the HIV lifecycle. […] There are six main types (classes) of antiretroviral drugs. Different classes work at different stages of the HIV lifecycle to stop it making new viruses. Generally, drugs from two (or sometimes three) classes are combined to ensure a combined attack on HIV. […] The four main classes, which most people are treated with, target one of three viral proteins which control HIVs lifecycle: reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease. […] Historically, most people started HIV treatment with two drugs from the NRTI class combined with either one NNRTI, one protease inhibitor or one integrase inhibitor hence, triple therapy. Increasingly, some people are offered a two-drug combination containing an integrase inhibitor and a drug from another class. These two-drug combinations containing an integrase inhibitor are just as effective as three-drug combinations.

• #1 HIV medications list: Treatment, prevention, and how they work

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324300

  Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) prevent HIV from replicating by blocking an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. […] Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) prevent HIV from replicating by binding to and altering reverse transcriptase, which HIV uses to replicate. […] Protease inhibitors (PIs) prevent HIV from replicating by blocking an enzyme called protease. […] Fusion inhibitors are drugs that prevent HIV from entering the white blood cells that it targets, called CD4 cells. […] CCR5 antagonists are drugs that block the CCR5 coreceptor, preventing HIV from attaching to and entering white blood cells. […] Integrase inhibitors disable the effects of the enzyme, thereby preventing HIV from inserting its DNA into the host cell. […] Attachment inhibitors bind to a protein called g120, located on the surface of HIV cells.

• #1 Types of antiretroviral medications | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/types-antiretroviral-medications

  Many of the HIV drug combinations used today combine two or three drugs in one pill (a fixed-dose combination). Or you may be offered a combination that consists of two drugs in one pill, accompanied by a third drug in another pill. […] Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs), often all referred to as NRTIs, work by targeting the action of an HIV protein called reverse transcriptase. […] NRTIs disrupt the construction of a new piece of proviral DNA, thereby stopping the reverse transcription process and halting HIV replication. […] This class of medications is sometimes referred to as the backbone of a first-line HIV treatment combination. […] Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) also target reverse transcriptase, but in a different way to NRTIs.

• #1 Types of antiretroviral medications | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/types-antiretroviral-medications

  NNRTIs interfere with the reverse transcriptase enzyme by binding directly to it, blocking the reverse transcription process. […] Integrase inhibitors target a protein in HIV called integrase which is essential for viral replication. […] Integrase inhibitors stop the virus from inserting itself into the DNA of human cells. […] Protease inhibitors (PIs) block the activity of the protease enzyme, which HIV uses to break up large polyproteins into the smaller pieces required for assembly of new viral particles. […] Booster drugs are used to boost the effects of protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral drugs. […] There are some fixed-dose pills that combine two or three antiretroviral drugs from more than one class into a single pill that is taken once a day. […] Drugs from the following classes are mostly used when resistance has developed to first-line or second-line drugs. Because they work differently to existing drugs, they remain active against virus that has developed resistance to other antiretroviral classes.

• #1 Types of antiretroviral medications | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/types-antiretroviral-medications

  A substance that acts against retroviruses such as HIV. There are several classes of antiretrovirals, which are defined by what step of viral replication they target: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; protease inhibitors; entry inhibitors; integrase (strand transfer) inhibitors. […] Entry inhibitors stop HIV from entering human cells. […] CCR5 inhibitors prevent HIV from using the CCR5 co-receptor by binding to it, blocking viral entry. […] One CCR5 inhibitor is licensed in Europe: Maraviroc is also known as Celsentri. […] One fusion inhibitor (enfuvirtide, also known as Fuzeon) is available, but is rarely used. […] One attachment inhibitor is available. […] One post-attachment inhibitor is available. […] One capsid inhibitor is available.

• #1 Management of HIV/AIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS

  The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs as a strategy to control HIV infection. […] The use of multiple drugs that act on different viral targets is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HAART decreases the patient’s total burden of HIV, maintains function of the immune system, and prevents opportunistic infections that often lead to death. […] HAART also prevents the transmission of HIV between serodiscordant same-sex and opposite-sex partners so long as the HIV-positive partner maintains an undetectable viral load. […] Treatment has been so successful that in many parts of the world, HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to AIDS is increasingly rare. […] The United States Department of Health and Human Services and the World Health Organization recommend offering antiretroviral treatment to all patients with HIV.

• #1 Treating HIV | HIV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/treatment/index.html

  There is no cure for HIV, but HIV treatment can reduce the amount of HIV in your body. […] There are two types of HIV treatment: pills and shots. […] Most people can get HIV under control within six months. […] HIV treatment prevents transmission to others and helps you stay healthy. […] HIV treatment (antiretroviral therapy or ART) involves taking medicine prescribed by a health care provider. […] When taken as prescribed, HIV medicine can make the amount of virus in your body (viral load) so low that a test can’t detect it (undetectable viral load). […] Start HIV treatment as soon as possible after diagnosis. […] All people with HIV should take HIV treatment, no matter how long they’ve had HIV or how healthy they are. […] If you delay treatment, HIV will continue to harm your immune system and increase your chances of transmitting HIV to others, getting sick, and developing AIDS.

• #1 HIV Treatment: The Basics | NIH

  https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/hiv-treatment-basics

  People with HIV should start taking HIV medicines as soon as possible after an HIV diagnosis. It is especially important for people with AIDS-defining conditions or within 6 months of HIV infection (called early HIV infection) to start HIV medicines right away. […] Taking HIV medicines keeps people with HIV healthy and prevents HIV transmission. Taking HIV medicines exactly as prescribed (called medication adherence) also reduces the risk of drug resistance. […] However, sometimes HIV medicines can cause side effects. Most side effects from HIV medicines are manageable, but a few can be serious. Overall, the benefits of HIV medicines far outweigh the risk of side effects.

• #1 HIV/AIDS – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373531

  For ART to work, you must take the medicines as prescribed. […] Staying on ART with an undetectable viral load helps: […] Your healthcare professional will watch your viral load and CD4 T cell counts to see your response to HIV treatment. […] Treatment should lower your viral load so that can’t be found in the blood. That doesn’t mean your HIV is gone. Even if it can’t be found in the blood, HIV is still in your body.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hiv-and-aids/treatment/

  While there’s no cure for HIV, there are very effective treatments that enable most people with the virus to live a long and healthy life. […] Treatment can be started at any point following your diagnosis, depending on your circumstances and in consultation with your HIV doctor. […] HIV is treated with antiretroviral medicines, which work by stopping the virus replicating in the body. This allows the immune system to repair itself and prevent further damage. […] A combination of HIV drugs is used because HIV can quickly adapt and become resistant. […] The amount of HIV virus in your blood (viral load) is measured to see how well treatment is working. Once it can no longer be measured it’s known as undetectable. Most people taking daily HIV treatment reach an undetectable viral load within 6 months of starting treatment. […] Many of the medicines used to treat HIV can interact with other medicines prescribed by your GP or bought over the counter.

• #1 HIV & AIDS: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4251-hiv-aids

  HIV is treated with a combination of medicines (pills) taken by mouth every day. This combination of pills is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). […] The goal of ART is to reduce HIV in the blood (viral load) to an amount that’s not detectable by an HIV test and to slow HIV’s weakening of your immune system. […] There is currently no cure for HIV, but there are many treatment options that can slow the progression of HIV significantly. […] Taking a combination of types of pills, rather than just one, is the most effective way to keep HIV from multiplying and destroying your cells. […] If you have a high CD4 count and an undetectable viral load within a year of starting treatment, research suggests you’ll have the best outcomes, as long as you continue your treatment plan. […] It’s very important to take your medications as prescribed and to make sure you don’t miss appointments. This is called treatment adherence. […] If you miss medications, even by accident, HIV can change how it infects your cells (mutate), potentially causing your medications to stop working.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/hiv/treatment

  Adherence to ART is important to maximize the clinical benefits on mortality and morbidity, and to reduce the risk of drug resistance. […] ART regimens has evolved in the last years and are more potent, better tolerated and available in fixed-dose combinations for adults adolescents and children, which further support adherence and increase the efficacy and durability of the treatment. […] To optimize the programmatic impact of HIV treatment and promote efficiency gains, the use of person-centred, differentiated care models has been adopted by countries, reducing the HIV disease burden on health systems and improving patients quality of care.

• #1 Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv/antiretroviral-treatment-of-hiv-infection

  Patients should be screened regularly, both clinically and with appropriate laboratory testing. […] Weight gain, central obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance, which together constitute the metabolic syndrome, increase the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and dementia. […] Patients beginning ART sometimes deteriorate clinically, even though HIV levels in their blood are suppressed and their CD4 count increases, because of an immune reaction to subclinical opportunistic infections or to residual microbial antigens after successful treatment of opportunistic infections. […] Interruption of ART is usually safe if all drugs are stopped simultaneously, but levels of slowly metabolized medications may remain high and thus increase the risk of resistance. […] Patients who had an adverse reaction to abacavir should not be given the medication again.

• #1 Management of HIV/AIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS

  The combination of Rekambys and Vocabria injection is intended for maintenance treatment of adults who have undetectable HIV levels in the blood (viral load less than 50 copies/ml) with their current ARV treatment, and when the virus has not developed resistance to certain class of anti-HIV medicines called non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INIs). […] ART reduces the amount of virus in the blood and genital secretions. […] This has been shown to lead to dramatically reduced transmission of HIV when one partner with a suppressed viral load (50 copies/ml) has sex with a partner who is HIV negative. […] There is a consensus among experts that, once initiated, antiretroviral therapy should never be stopped. […] This is because the selection pressure of incomplete suppression of viral replication in the presence of drug therapy causes the more drug sensitive strains to be selectively inhibited.

• #1 HIV Infection and AIDS: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2172322-overview

  Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the principal method for preventing immune deterioration. […] DHHS guidelines list the following regimens as preferred in most treatment-naive patients. […] ART should be initiated with one of the combination regimens recommended for persons with chronic HIV infection. […] Patients without prior ART who wish to begin long-acting intramuscular cabotegravir (CAB) and rilpivirine (RPV) should first achieve viral suppression on another regimen before shifting to oral, and then injectable, CAB and RPV. […] The CDC has recommended HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regimens. […] Prophylaxis is indicated for specific opportunistic infections, including the following: Pneumocystis jiroveci, Toxoplasma, Mycobacterium avium complex.

• #1 Management of HIV/AIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS

  As a result, the standard of care is to use combinations of antiretroviral drugs. […] Combinations usually consist of three drugs from at least two different classes. […] In 2000, drug companies have worked together to combine these complex regimens into single-pill fixed-dose combinations. […] More than 20 antiretroviral fixed-dose combinations have been developed. […] This greatly increases the ease with which they can be taken, which in turn increases the consistency with which medication is taken (adherence), and thus their effectiveness over the long-term. […] The findings of this review do not support the use of interleukin 2 as an add-on treatment to antiretroviral therapy for adults with HIV. […] Antiretroviral drug treatment guidelines have changed over time. […] The timing of when to start therapy has continued to be a core controversy within the medical community, though recent studies have led to more clarity.

• #1 HIV Infection and AIDS Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, HAART Studies and DHHS Guidelines, Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/211316-treatment

  Although previous guideline versions have recommended waiting to initiate HIV treatment, the DHHS and IAS-USA guidelines both advocate initiation of HIV treatment as soon as possible. […] Antiretroviral regimen selection is individualized, on the basis of the following: virologic efficacy, toxicity, pill burden, dosing frequency, drug-drug interaction potential, drug resistance testing results, comorbid conditions. […] Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jiroveci is most important, as this causes a common, preventable, serious infection. […] Treatment of opportunistic infections is paramount and should be directed at the specific pathogen. […] HIV lipodystrophy is a syndrome of abnormal central fat accumulation and/or localized loss of fat tissue that occurs in patients taking antiretroviral drugs. […] Most individuals infected with HIV-1 also are infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). […] In December 2012, the FDA approved crofelemer for the relief of diarrhea in patients with HIV/AIDS who are undergoing antiretroviral therapy.

• #1 HIV Infection in Adults: Initial Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0401/p407.html

  Primary chemoprophylaxis against P. jiroveci pneumonia is recommended for people with CD4 counts less than 200 cells per L and can be discontinued when CD4 counts increase with treatment to greater than 200 cells per L for at least three months. […] Patients with CD4 counts less than 100 cells per L (0.10 109 per L) who are Toxoplasma seropositive require chemoprophylaxis against Toxoplasma gondii.

• #1 HIV Medicines | HIV Cure | HIV Treatment | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hivmedicines.html

  HIV medicines reduce the amount of HIV (viral load) in your body, which helps by: […] The treatment of HIV with medicines is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). It involves taking a combination of medicines every day. ART is recommended for everyone who has HIV. The medicines do not cure HIV infection, but help people with HIV live longer, healthier lives. They also reduce the risk of spreading the virus to others. […] It’s important to start taking HIV medicines as soon as possible after your diagnosis, especially if you: […] You and your health care provider will work together to come up with a personal treatment plan. […] HIV medicines can cause side effects. Most of these side effects are manageable, but a few can be serious. […] HIV medicines are not just used for treatment. Some people take them to prevent HIV. PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is for people who don’t already have HIV but are at very high risk of getting it. PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) is for people who have possibly been exposed to HIV.

• #1 The History of HIV Treatment: Antiretroviral Therapy and More

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/hiv-treatment-history

  PrEP is a medicine you take to prevent HIV. […] When you take PrEP exactly as prescribed, it can lower your risk of acquiring HIV to almost zero. […] Ongoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress HIV in your body so that you’re less likely to have symptoms or transmit the virus to other people. […] Experimental therapies for HIV may include: more long-acting drugs, antibodies that help your body find and kill HIV cells, therapeutic vaccines that help your immune system fight HIV, genetically engineered HIV-resistant immune cells, immunotherapies that may cure HIV.

• #1 HIV/AIDS – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/symptoms-causes/syc-20373524

  Use treatment as prevention, also called TasP. If you have HIV, taking HIV medicines can keep your partner from getting infected with the virus. […] Use post-exposure prophylaxis, also called PEP, if you’ve been exposed to HIV. Taking PEP as soon as you can within the first 72 hours can greatly reduce your risk of getting HIV.

• #1 Treatments for HIV/AIDS | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive-health/hiv-aids/treatments.html

  Also, medicine may prevent HIV infection in a person who has been raped or was accidentally exposed to the body fluids of a person who may have HIV. This type of treatment is usually started within 72 hours of the exposure. […] If HIV progresses to a late stage, treatment will be started or continued to keep your immune system as healthy as possible. […] If you get any diseases that point to AIDS, such as Pneumocystis pneumonia or Kaposi’s sarcoma, your doctor will treat them.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids

  Pregnant women with HIV should have access to, and take, ART as soon as possible. This protects the health of the mother and will help prevent HIV transmission to the fetus before birth, or through breast milk. […] Advanced HIV disease remains a persistent problem in the HIV response. WHO is supporting countries to implement the advanced HIV disease package of care to reduce illness and death. Newer HIV medicines and short course treatments for opportunistic infections like cryptococcal meningitis are being developed that may change the way people take ART and prevention medicines, including access to injectable formulations, in the future.

• #1 Management of HIV/AIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS

  Women with HIV have been shown to have decreased fertility which can affect available reproductive options. […] With appropriate treatment the risk of mother-to-child infection can be reduced to below 1%. […] The goals of treatment for pregnant women include the same benefits to the mother as in other infected adults as well as prevention of transmission to her child. […] The risk of transmission from mother to child is proportional to the plasma viral load of the mother. […] The WHO recommends treating all children less than 5 years old, and starting all children older than 5 with stage 3 or 4 disease or CD4 500 cells/ml. […] The WHO recommends for children less than 3 years: abacavir (or zidovudine) + lamivudine + lopinivir + ritonivir. […] The WHO recommends for children 3 years to less than 10 years and adolescents 35 kilograms: abacavir + lamivudine + efavirenz.

• #1 HIV – Paediatric care and treatment – UNICEF DATA

  https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/paediatric-treatment-and-care/

  Despite some progress in antiretroviral therapy coverage for children living with HIV, there are alarming proportions of children who do not know their HIV status and are therefore being left behind in the response especially when compared to adults aged 15 years or older. […] Early diagnosis and timely initiation on treatment are particularly critical in the case of infants. […] Those found positive should be started on antiretroviral therapy immediately upon diagnosis. […] With progress in expanding access to early infant HIV-testing services and antiretroviral treatment for children, we are seeing these children surviving and aging out of childhood into adolescence.

• #1 HIV cure: ending the HIV epidemic | ViiV Healthcare

  https://viivhealthcare.com/ending-hiv/towards-a-hiv-cure/

  Is there a cure for HIV/AIDS? […] Since the start of the HIV epidemic, researchers, scientists, and healthcare professionals have tirelessly worked to understand the virus and develop effective treatments. These advancements allow people living with HIV to suppress the virus to undetectable levels, not only improving their own health but also preventing transmission to others. […] Even with the medical advancements over the last 40 years, the quest for an HIV/AIDS cure remains of great importance. Managing HIV through antiretroviral (ARV) therapies has been a vital step, but there is so much more to do. […] Treatments today have become far more convenient for people living with HIV, vastly improving their life expectancy and quality of life. […] Despite this, taking life-long medication is essential and can be emotionally and physically challenging.

• #1 HIV cure: ending the HIV epidemic | ViiV Healthcare

  https://viivhealthcare.com/ending-hiv/towards-a-hiv-cure/

  Combined with the social stigma associated with HIV, these concerns highlight the urgent need to find a cure for HIV. […] The greatest challenge to curing HIV permanently is the virus ability to hide and remain dormant in pockets of healthy immune cells, specifically CD4+ T-cells. […] Current treatments stop HIV from infecting new cells. However, ARVs do not affect the cells that already have HIV integrated in their genome. […] At ViiV Healthcare, we are committed to tackling these complexities of HIV cure research. […] ViiVs scientists are at the forefront of HIV research, leading groundbreaking studies and developing new techniques aimed at an HIV cure. […] The road to an HIV cure calls for innovation, creativity, and most of all, persistence. […] Our long-term goal is a 'sterilising cure’, which means completely eliminating the virus from the body. For now, our first target is a 'functional cure’, where the virus is controlled without the need for constant treatment.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/07050/toward_a_cure___advancing_hiv_aids_treatment.46.aspx

  Antiretroviral therapy, also known as antiretroviral therapy (ART), has been at the forefront of the ongoing battle against human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDs). ART is effective, but it has drawbacks such as side effects, medication resistance, and difficulty getting access to treatment, which highlights the urgent need for novel treatment approaches. […] The aim of this review is to investigate the present frontiers of HIV/AIDS research and reveal promising directions that hold the promise of advancing to a cure. […] The findings indicate that stem cell transplantation, gene therapy, immunotherapy, latency reversal agents (LRAs), and pharmaceutical vaccines are promising alternative therapeutic approaches. […] Given these difficulties, research into new treatment modalities that may provide long-term viral control, less dependence on lifetime medicine, and eventually an HIV cure is necessary.

• #1 Cases of HIV cure | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/cases-hiv-cure

  Cases of HIV cure are exceptional, though there are also some cases of long-term control of HIV without having to take treatment. […] Several cases of HIV control after stopping treatment have been reported. In these people, HIV may still be present at extremely low levels but it is being controlled by elements of the immune system. […] While these cases are unusual, a major focus of HIV cure research involves finding out how these people manage to control their HIV, and developing therapies to help more people do the same thing. […] Researchers stress that these are unusual cases and attempts to replicate them in other people undergoing cancer treatment have failed in some cases. Stem cell transplants are far too risky for people who do not need them to treat life-threatening cancer, and the intensive and costly procedure is far from feasible for the vast majority of people living with HIV worldwide.

• #1 Prevention, treatment and cure of HIV infection | Nature Reviews Microbiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-023-00914-1

  The development of antiretroviral therapy for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection has been marked by a series of remarkable successes. […] Although HIV research has largely been siloed in the past, this is changing, as the emerging research agenda is marked by multiple cross-discipline synergies and collaborations. […] As the limitations of antiretroviral drugs as a means to truly end the epidemic are becoming more apparent, there is a great need for continued efforts to develop an effective preventative vaccine and a scalable cure, both of which remain formidable challenges.

• #1 Why is It Hard to Cure HIV? Is HIV Curable?

  https://www.americangene.com/blog/why-is-it-so-difficult-to-find-an-hiv-cure/

  AIDS-related illnesses have claimed over 32 million lives since the beginning of the HIV epidemic in 1981. […] Today, antiretroviral medications (ART) make HIV a manageable condition, but neither a vaccine nor a cure are available. […] ARTs have slowed the rate of new infections and reduced the number of deaths since the 2004 peak. […] Globally, there are approximately 38 million people living with HIV who would benefit from a cure, so why isnt there a cure yet? […] Curing HIV is extremely difficult. […] HIV evolves extremely rapidly, exhibiting the highest recorded biological mutation rate currently known to science. […] HIV mainly infects the subset of immune cells called CD4+ helper T cells, which play a central role in the immune system. […] Once HIV destroys the T cells which are responsible for the anti-HIV response, it can replicate unchecked and deplete the rest of the helper T cells, causing AIDS and opening the body to opportunistic infections and certain forms of cancer.

• #1 HIV – Improving Treatment, Prevention, & Diagnosis

  https://www.gatesfoundation.org/our-work/programs/global-health/hiv

  We support partners who are working to simplify the delivery of HIV treatment and introduce models of care that are more tailored to the needs of particular populations and their circumstances. […] We support the improved use of viral load testing, as well as the development of novel virus load testing systems, as a means of sustaining effective treatment. […] Several existing measures have proven effective in preventing HIV infection. […] We support efforts to develop, evaluate, and introduce innovative approaches to protecting those at risk. […] We continue to invest in efforts to develop an HIV vaccine. […] While substantial progress has been made in increasing access to HIV treatment and new cases of HIV have declined substantially in some regions, controlling the epidemic will require improved efforts to increase the number of people living with HIV who know their status, as well as the effective use of better treatment and prevention measures.

• #1 HIV treatment | UNAIDS

  https://www.unaids.org/en/topic/treatment

  UNAIDS works with civil society, government and private sector partners to ensure that all people at risk of HIV are able to access HIV prevention, testing, treatment and care services. Accelerated scale-up of HIV treatment and prevention will lead to significant economic benefits in low- and middle-income countries. Achieving the Fast-track Targets would reduce future direct treatment expenditures by 43% as a result of new infections averted. […] UNAIDS also affirms the importance of respecting a persons right to know their HIV status and to decide whether and when to begin antiretroviral therapy. HIV treatment decisions must be well-informed and voluntary. Wider and more equitable delivery of antiretroviral therapy will require increased efforts to address the social and legal barriers that inhibit access to health services for people living with HIV, especially marginalized populations.

• #1 AIDS | United Nations

  https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/aids

  HIV is found in the bodily fluids of a person who is living with HIVblood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk. […] Of the 39.9 million people living with HIV worldwide, 9.3 million – almost a quarter – are not receiving life-saving treatment. […] In 2023, 30.7 million of all people living with HIV were accessing antiretroviral therapy. […] Despite the tremendous progress in preventing new HIV infections the report shows that new HIV infections are rising in three regions – the Middle East and North Africa, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and Latin America – and that gaps and inequalities remain. […] Funding for HIV programmes decreased by 5% from 2022 to 2023, and by 7.9% from 2020 to 2023. […] The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was created in 2002. […] By mid-2015, the number of people accessing antiretroviral therapy reached nearly 16 milliondouble the number just five years earlier. […] Ending AIDS by 2030 is an integral part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

• #1 Management of HIV/AIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS

  The successful treatment and management of HIV/AIDS is affected by a plethora of factors which ranges from successfully taking prescribed medications, preventing opportunistic infection, and food access etc. […] Food insecurity can further exacerbate the progression of HIV/AIDS and can prevent PLWHA from consistently following their prescribed regimen, which will lead to poor outcomes. […] It is imperative that these food insecurity among PLWHA are addressed and rectified to reduce this health inequity.

• #1 HIV and AIDS – The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

  https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/hivaids/

  In 2023, 25 million people were on antiretroviral therapy for HIV in countries where the Global Fund invests. […] Together with PEPFAR and other partners, we are making significant progress toward reaching WHOs treat all guidance and the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets. Those efforts have significantly increased the number of people living with HIV who know their HIV status, the number of people who know their status on antiretroviral therapy and the number of people on antiretroviral therapy who have a suppressed viral load (when the amount of HIV in a persons blood becomes so low that it is undetectable and untransmissible). […] We also support multimonth (three months or more of medicine or prevention products at a time) and community dispensing of HIV prevention, care and treatment products, as well as community programs for antiretroviral therapy delivery, adherence support, community leadership, engagement and treatment literacy.

• #1 HIV – Paediatric care and treatment – UNICEF DATA

  https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/paediatric-treatment-and-care/

  Slightly more than half of children under 15 years of age living with HIV are on antiretroviral medications […] Of the 1.37 million [1.11 million-1.73 million] children aged 0-14 living with HIV globally, only 57 [41-75] per cent were receiving life-saving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 2023. […] Evidence shows that early initiation of antiretroviral drugs in infants with HIV can save lives; yet coverage of critical intervention among children remains too low. […] International guidelines advise that immediate antiretroviral therapy is crucial if HIV infection is detected in any child under the age 5 years. […] The vast majority of these deaths were preventable, either through antibiotic treatment of opportunistic infections and/or through antiretroviral treatment. […] There has been some progress in antiretroviral coverage for children living with HIV.

• #1 Antiretroviral therapy has saved millions of lives from AIDS and could save more – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/art-lives-saved

  Antiretroviral therapy has saved millions of lives from AIDS and could save more. […] Today, thanks to antiretroviral therapy (ART), people with HIV/AIDS can expect to live long lives. […] ART is an essential player in making progress against HIV/AIDS because it saves lives, allows people with HIV to live longer, and prevents new HIV infections. […] Since the first version of ART was introduced in the late 1980s, the treatment has saved millions of lives. […] ART not only saves lives but also gives a chance for people living with HIV/AIDS to live long lives. […] Without ART very few infected people survive beyond ten years. […] Today, a person living in a high-income country who started ART in their twenties can expect to live for another 46 years that is well into their 60s. […] The combination of antiretroviral drugs which make-up ART have progressively improved.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/07050/toward_a_cure___advancing_hiv_aids_treatment.46.aspx

  The development of stem cell transplantation, immunotherapy, gene therapy, LRAs, and pharmaceutical vaccines presents novel approaches to attaining long-term viral control and possibly even an HIV/AIDs cure. […] With its novel approaches to combating the virus, gene therapy has the potential to completely transform the way that HIV is managed. […] Gene therapy may eventually provide a workable cure for the virus. […] The application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to HIV control shows enormous promise. […] Latency reversal entails rousing the quiescent HIV-positive cells, evicting them from their hiding locations, and rendering them vulnerable to the immune system’s assault or antiretroviral medication. […] Therapeutic vaccinations aim to modify the immune response in infected individuals, enhancing their ability to regulate the virus, lower viral load, and delay infection spread. […] Stem cell transplantation is still being investigated as a possible HIV treatment approach. […] It is necessary to handle issues such ensuring safety, efficacy, and affordability as well as ethical considerations and inequality in access to care.

• #1 HIV treatment | UNAIDS

  https://www.unaids.org/en/topic/treatment

  HIV treatment works best when taken as prescribed. Missing doses and stopping and re-starting treatment can lead to drug resistance, which can allow HIV to multiply and progress to disease. People living with HIV on treatment need to be provided with the support that they need to overcome the challenges to taking treatment regularly and robust systems to monitor drug resistance must be in place. […] The 909090 targets were adopted in the 2016 United Nations Political Declaration on Ending AIDS. The 909090 targets are that, by 2020, 90% of people living with HIV know their HIV status, 90% of people who know their HIV-positive status are accessing treatment and 90% of people on treatment have suppressed viral loads. Reaching the 909090 targets is essential if the world is to get on the Fast-Track to ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030.

• #2 Treating HIV | HIV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/treatment/index.html

  There is no cure for HIV, but HIV treatment can reduce the amount of HIV in your body. […] There are two types of HIV treatment: pills and shots. […] Most people can get HIV under control within six months. […] HIV treatment prevents transmission to others and helps you stay healthy. […] HIV treatment (antiretroviral therapy or ART) involves taking medicine prescribed by a health care provider. […] When taken as prescribed, HIV medicine can make the amount of virus in your body (viral load) so low that a test can’t detect it (undetectable viral load). […] Start HIV treatment as soon as possible after diagnosis. […] All people with HIV should take HIV treatment, no matter how long they’ve had HIV or how healthy they are. […] If you delay treatment, HIV will continue to harm your immune system and increase your chances of transmitting HIV to others, getting sick, and developing AIDS.

• #2 Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): How It Works & Side Effects

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/antiretroviral-therapy

  Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a combination of medications used to treat HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). It works by stopping HIV from reproducing. It can reduce your levels of HIV and keep your immune system healthy. Its not a cure, but many people reach undetectable levels of HIV. You take ART as a pill every day or as a shot once every month or two months. […] While ART cant cure HIV, it can reduce the levels of HIV in your body. Low levels of the virus mean your body can produce more CD4 cells. This keeps your immune system healthy and makes you less likely to get serious infections. […] HIV treatment is called antiretroviral because HIV is a retrovirus. This means it uses its genetic instructions (RNA) as a template to make DNA (most of the time, in human cells, DNA is used to make RNA).

• #2 Treatments for HIV/AIDS | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive-health/hiv-aids/treatments.html

  The most effective treatment for HIV is antiretroviral therapy (ART). This is a combination of several medicines that aims to control the amount of virus in your body. Antiretroviral medicines slow the rate at which the virus grows. Taking these medicines can reduce the amount of virus in your body and help you stay healthy. […] Medical experts recommend that people begin treatment for HIV as soon as they know that they are infected. Treatment is especially important for pregnant women, people who have other infections (such as tuberculosis or hepatitis), and people who have symptoms of AIDS. […] Research suggests that treatment of early HIV with antiretroviral medicines has long-term benefits, such as a stronger immune system. […] Health care workers who are at risk for HIV because of an accidental stick with a needle or other exposure to body fluids should get medicine to prevent infection.

• #2 The History of HIV Treatment: Antiretroviral Therapy and More

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/hiv-treatment-history

  The history of HIV in the U.S. spans more than four decades. […] Modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) can help you live just about as long as you would without the virus. […] Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) hit the market, boosting the life expectancy of someone with HIV by 15 years. […] HIV treatment can also reduce your chances of transmitting the virus to your partner during sex. […] Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a group of medicines used to treat HIV. People usually take a combination of HIV drugs, which includes taking pills or shots every day or every couple of months. […] Today, there are more than 30 HIV medications available. In many cases, you can control the virus with just one pill a day. […] If you start antiretroviral therapy early, you may never get AIDS or related conditions, such as certain cancers.

• #2 HIV Treatment as Prevention

  https://www.hiv.gov/tasp

  HIV treatment involves taking highly effective medicine that reduces the amount of HIV in your body. HIV medicine is recommended for everyone with HIV, and people with HIV should start HIV medicine as soon as possible after diagnosis, even on that same day. […] If taken as prescribed, HIV medicine reduces the amount of HIV in your blood (also called your viral load) to a very low level, which keeps your immune system working and prevents illness. This is called viral suppression, defined as 200 copies of HIV per milliliter of blood. […] There are important health benefits to getting the viral load as low as possible. People with HIV who know their status, take HIV medicine as prescribed, and get and keep an undetectable viral load can live long and healthy lives. […] People with HIV who take HIV medicine as prescribed and get and keep an undetectable viral load will not transmit HIV to their HIV-negative partners through sex.

• #2 Management of HIV/AIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS

  Women with HIV have been shown to have decreased fertility which can affect available reproductive options. […] With appropriate treatment the risk of mother-to-child infection can be reduced to below 1%. […] The goals of treatment for pregnant women include the same benefits to the mother as in other infected adults as well as prevention of transmission to her child. […] The risk of transmission from mother to child is proportional to the plasma viral load of the mother. […] The WHO recommends treating all children less than 5 years old, and starting all children older than 5 with stage 3 or 4 disease or CD4 500 cells/ml. […] The WHO recommends for children less than 3 years: abacavir (or zidovudine) + lamivudine + lopinivir + ritonivir. […] The WHO recommends for children 3 years to less than 10 years and adolescents 35 kilograms: abacavir + lamivudine + efavirenz.

• #2 Types of antiretroviral medications | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/types-antiretroviral-medications

  Many of the HIV drug combinations used today combine two or three drugs in one pill (a fixed-dose combination). Or you may be offered a combination that consists of two drugs in one pill, accompanied by a third drug in another pill. […] Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs), often all referred to as NRTIs, work by targeting the action of an HIV protein called reverse transcriptase. […] NRTIs disrupt the construction of a new piece of proviral DNA, thereby stopping the reverse transcription process and halting HIV replication. […] This class of medications is sometimes referred to as the backbone of a first-line HIV treatment combination. […] Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) also target reverse transcriptase, but in a different way to NRTIs.

• #2 Types of antiretroviral medications | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/types-antiretroviral-medications

  NNRTIs interfere with the reverse transcriptase enzyme by binding directly to it, blocking the reverse transcription process. […] Integrase inhibitors target a protein in HIV called integrase which is essential for viral replication. […] Integrase inhibitors stop the virus from inserting itself into the DNA of human cells. […] Protease inhibitors (PIs) block the activity of the protease enzyme, which HIV uses to break up large polyproteins into the smaller pieces required for assembly of new viral particles. […] Booster drugs are used to boost the effects of protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral drugs. […] There are some fixed-dose pills that combine two or three antiretroviral drugs from more than one class into a single pill that is taken once a day. […] Drugs from the following classes are mostly used when resistance has developed to first-line or second-line drugs. Because they work differently to existing drugs, they remain active against virus that has developed resistance to other antiretroviral classes.

• #2 HIV medications list: Treatment, prevention, and how they work

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324300

  Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) prevent HIV from replicating by blocking an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. […] Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) prevent HIV from replicating by binding to and altering reverse transcriptase, which HIV uses to replicate. […] Protease inhibitors (PIs) prevent HIV from replicating by blocking an enzyme called protease. […] Fusion inhibitors are drugs that prevent HIV from entering the white blood cells that it targets, called CD4 cells. […] CCR5 antagonists are drugs that block the CCR5 coreceptor, preventing HIV from attaching to and entering white blood cells. […] Integrase inhibitors disable the effects of the enzyme, thereby preventing HIV from inserting its DNA into the host cell. […] Attachment inhibitors bind to a protein called g120, located on the surface of HIV cells.

• #2 Management of HIV/AIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS

  Because of the complexity of selecting and following a regimen, the potential for side effects, and the importance of taking medications regularly to prevent viral resistance, such organizations emphasize the importance of involving patients in therapy choices and recommend analyzing the risks and the potential benefits. […] The WHO has defined health as more than the absence of disease. […] Antiretroviral combination therapy defends against resistance by creating multiple obstacles to HIV replication. […] If a mutation that conveys resistance to one of the drugs arises, the other drugs continue to suppress reproduction of that mutation. […] With rare exceptions, no individual antiretroviral drug has been demonstrated to suppress an HIV infection for long; these agents must be taken in combinations in order to have a lasting effect.

• #2 Patient education: Initial treatment of HIV (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-treatment-of-hiv-beyond-the-basics/print

  Expert groups recommend starting almost all people with HIV on treatment (called antiretroviral therapy [ART]) regardless of their T cell count (which indicates how healthy the immune system is). This is because: […] ART reduces the risk of dying as well as the risk of serious AIDS- and non-AIDS-related complications (such as cancer, premature heart disease, a decline in cognitive function, and premature aging). […] ART can also prevent transmission of HIV to others, such as sex partners. If you are on ART and get pregnant, the medication also prevents transmission of HIV to the fetus. […] Once ART is started, you will need to take it for the rest of your life. Stopping treatment has no clear benefit, and almost all people will develop an increased viral load (the amount of virus in the body) and a decreased T cell count if they stop ART.

• #2 Patient education: Initial treatment of HIV (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-treatment-of-hiv-beyond-the-basics/print

  In addition, taking HIV drugs inconsistently (eg, missing doses) can sometimes lead to drug resistance, which may eventually limit the number of drugs that work to keep your disease controlled. […] The urgency of starting treatment (ie, how important it is to start ART immediately) depends upon several factors, including your T cell count, age, underlying medical conditions, history of an AIDS-defining illness, risk of transmitting HIV to others. […] Although ART can benefit individuals with HIV regardless of their T cell count, the lower the T cell count, the more urgent it is to start treatment. A low T cell count indicates that your immune system is not healthy and that there is a significant risk of developing an opportunistic infection. […] ART is recommended as soon as possible for all persons with HIV who are pregnant, regardless of their T cell count. If you have HIV and are pregnant, taking ART can significantly decrease the risk that you will transmit HIV to your infant during pregnancy or birth.

• #2 HIV Treatment | Let’s Stop HIV Together | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stophivtogether/hiv-treatment/index.html

  If you delay treatment, HIV will continue to harm your immune system. Delaying treatment will put you at higher risk for transmitting HIV to your partners, getting sick, and developing AIDS. […] There are two types of HIV treatment: pills and shots. […] HIV treatment shots are long-acting injections used to treat people with HIV. […] HIV treatment reduces the amount of HIV in the blood (viral load). […] Taking your HIV medicine as prescribed will help keep your viral load low. […] HIV treatment can make the viral load very low (viral suppression). Viral suppression means having less than 200 copies of HIV per milliliter of blood. […] If your viral load goes down after starting HIV treatment, that means treatment is working. Continue to take your HIV treatment as prescribed. […] Getting and keeping an undetectable viral load (or staying virally suppressed) is the best way to stay healthy and protect others.

• #2 HIV Treatment – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/aids-hiv-care-resources-in-nyc.page

  Medicines to treat HIV are safe and more effective than ever. The sooner you begin your treatment, the less damage HIV can cause. […] When you are on treatment, your viral load can become undetectable. That means the level of HIV is so low it does not show up on tests. If your viral load is undetectable for at least six months, you still have HIV but you cannot pass it to others through sex. […] HIV medicines stop the virus from making copies of itself and can reduce it to an undetectable level. Keeping your HIV viral load undetectable helps keep you healthy and means you will not transmit the virus to your sex partners. This is also known as Undetectable equals Untransmittable or U=U. […] HIV medicines only work if you have enough medicine in your body, so you should take each medicine as prescribed at close to the same time every day.

• #2 HIV Medications: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) – Types, Brand Names, and How They Work

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/aids-hiv-medication

  Adherence to your HIV treatment plan is essential for your health. To maintain an undetected or low viral load, you must take your medications at the same time every day or as prescribed. […] The best way to keep HIV symptoms and complications at bay is to maintain the doctor-prescribed schedule of antiviral medications without missing any doses. If you do this, it’ll help you strengthen your immune system, lessen the chances of infection of any type, lessen your chances of getting „treatment-resistant” HIV, and lessen your chances of passing HIV on to other people. […] If you have HIV, you’ll have many treatment options to keep the virus under control. Following your treatment plan as prescribed by your doctor can keep you healthy and lower your chances of spreading HIV to others. If you’re at risk of getting HIV, you may start treatment to protect yourself from the virus in advance.

• #2 HIV Treatment | Let’s Stop HIV Together | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stophivtogether/hiv-treatment/index.html

  HIV treatment prevents transmission to others. […] If you have an undetectable viral load, you will not transmit HIV through sex. This is also known as Undetectable = Untransmittable. […] Taking your HIV medicine as prescribed helps prevent drug resistance. […] Drug resistance develops when people with HIV don’t take their pills as prescribed or miss their shots. […] HIV treatment can cause side effects in some people. […] Talk to your health care provider if your HIV treatment makes you sick. […] Your health care provider may change your type of HIV treatment. […] Tell your health care provider right away if you’re having trouble sticking to your plan. […] Talk to your health care provider about problems taking your HIV treatment. […] If you need help finding substance use disorder treatment or mental health services, use SAMHSA’s Treatment Locator. […] Join a support group or ask your family and friends for support. They can help you stick to your treatment plan.

• #2 HIV Medicines | HIV Cure | HIV Treatment | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hivmedicines.html

  HIV medicines reduce the amount of HIV (viral load) in your body, which helps by: […] The treatment of HIV with medicines is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). It involves taking a combination of medicines every day. ART is recommended for everyone who has HIV. The medicines do not cure HIV infection, but help people with HIV live longer, healthier lives. They also reduce the risk of spreading the virus to others. […] It’s important to start taking HIV medicines as soon as possible after your diagnosis, especially if you: […] You and your health care provider will work together to come up with a personal treatment plan. […] HIV medicines can cause side effects. Most of these side effects are manageable, but a few can be serious. […] HIV medicines are not just used for treatment. Some people take them to prevent HIV. PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is for people who don’t already have HIV but are at very high risk of getting it. PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) is for people who have possibly been exposed to HIV.

• #2 HIV and AIDS | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/hiv-and-aids

  There is currently no cure for HIV. For people with HIV to remain well, treatment options are: daily tablets, long-acting injectable antiretrovirals given every 8 weeks these may be a good option for many people. […] If you are unable to take your HIV medication as prescribed, the virus can multiply again and become resistant to the antiretroviral medication you are currently taking and will not be as effective. […] HIV treatments may cause mild side effects including: tiredness and fatigue, nausea and digestive discomfort, diarrhoea, difficulty sleeping, headaches, weight gain, skin rashes. […] Regular blood tests are necessary to make sure your treatment is working and not causing serious side effects.

• #2 Current State of HIV and AIDS Treatment | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/medical-advances/new-therapies-and-drug-trials/current-state-of-hiv-and-aids-treatment

  Remarkable progress has been made in the research and development of HIV and AIDS treatments, most recently with long-acting injectable therapies. […] Injectable therapy advances are benefiting people who are HIV positive as well as those who are seeking to prevent HIV because PrEP is also available as a long-acting injection instead of a daily oral medication. […] While great strides have been made in treatment, more work needs to be done to ensure all patients have access to effective treatments. […] Currently, the injectable medications for people with HIV are only approved for those who are undetectable, a way of saying that the virus in their system is so low it cannot be detected by a blood test. […] I would also reassure a patient who is pregnant that these medications have demonstrated safety in pregnancy with no associated risk to baby. […] People who are undetectable have less than a 1% chance of passing the virus to their baby, whereas those who are virally detectable have a considerably higher rate around 15%.

• #2 Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv/antiretroviral-treatment-of-hiv-infection

  Combinations of 2, 3, or 4 medications from different classes are usually necessary to fully suppress replication of wild-type HIV. […] To maximize adherence, clinicians should choose an affordable, well-tolerated regimen that uses once/day (preferable) or twice-a-day dosing. […] Tablets containing fixed combinations of 2 medications are now widely used to simplify regimens and improve adherence. […] This regimen consists of 2 antiretrovirals with a long-acting suspension formulation: rilpivirine, an NNRTI (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor), and the integrase inhibitor cabotegravir. […] Patients with HIV infection who wish to consider this injectable regimen must be adults who are on a stable regimen and who are virologically suppressed. […] Antiretrovirals can have serious adverse effects.

• #2 HIV Infection in Adults: Initial Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0401/p407.html

  Primary chemoprophylaxis against P. jiroveci pneumonia is recommended for people with CD4 counts less than 200 cells per L and can be discontinued when CD4 counts increase with treatment to greater than 200 cells per L for at least three months. […] Patients with CD4 counts less than 100 cells per L (0.10 109 per L) who are Toxoplasma seropositive require chemoprophylaxis against Toxoplasma gondii.

• #2 HIV/AIDS – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/symptoms-causes/syc-20373524

  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is an ongoing, also called chronic, condition. It’s caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, also called HIV. […] There’s no cure for HIV/AIDS. But medicines can control the infection and keep the disease from getting worse. Antiviral treatments for HIV have reduced AIDS deaths around the world. […] Better antiviral treatments have greatly decreased deaths from AIDS worldwide. Thanks to these lifesaving treatments, most people with HIV in the U.S. today don’t get AIDS. […] You can have an HIV infection with few or no symptoms for years before it turns into AIDS. AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4 T cell count falls below 200 or you have a complication you get only if you have AIDS, such as a serious infection or cancer. […] Consider preexposure prophylaxis, also called PrEP. There are two PrEP medicines taken by mouth, also called oral, and one PrEP medicine given in the form of a shot, called injectable.

• #2 HIV & AIDS Treatments – Freddie’s Health Hub

  https://www.gofreddie.com/us/resources/hiv-treatments

  Most provinces and territories include HIV treatment in their public drug formulary, meaning their cost is completely covered; however, there may be some restrictions and exceptions. […] Until the viral load of an HIV positive person is suppressed, there is a chance of transmitting HIV. […] People who have been diagnosed, and reached an undetectable viral load, cannot transmit HIV to their sexual partners. […] Frequent viral load tests will ensure that you and your healthcare provider know whether treatment is working or not. […] If your viral load is not decreasing or has increased, your healthcare provider will work with you to find out why and may need to change your treatment. […] The only way to prevent the many complications of HIV infection is to continue on treatment. […] If you are considering stopping your HIV treatment, it is best to talk to your healthcare provider before doing so as they will try to work with you to find a strategy that can allow you to continue treating your HIV. […] PrEP is a daily pill that reduces risk of HIV by 99%.

• #2 HIV/AIDS Treatments: What You Need to Know – Someone Cares Atlanta

  https://s1catl.org/hiv-aids-treatments-what-you-need-to-know/

  PEP is a treatment that can be taken after potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection. It involves taking a combination of medications for 28 days, ideally within 72 hours of exposure. […] PrEP is a daily medication taken by individuals who are at high risk of contracting HIV, such as those in a serodiscordant relationship (where one partner is HIV-positive and the other is not) or those who engage in high-risk behaviors. […] When it comes to HIV/AIDS treatments, it is crucial to seek help from a reputable organization like Someone Cares, Inc. […] HIV/AIDS treatments have come a long way, and today, individuals living with the virus can lead long and fulfilling lives. It is crucial to get tested regularly, practice safe sex, and seek treatment from a reputable organization like Someone Cares, Inc. if diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. With the right treatment and support, individuals living with HIV/AIDS can live healthy and fulfilling lives.

• #2 HIV Treatment as Prevention

  https://www.hiv.gov/tasp

  HIV treatment is not a cure and HIV is still in your body, even when your viral load is undetectable, so you need to keep taking your HIV medicine as prescribed. […] Large research studies with newer HIV medicines have shown that treatment is prevention. […] No HIV transmissions were observed when the HIV-positive partner was virally suppressed. This means that if you keep your viral load undetectable, you will not transmit HIV to someone you have vaginal, anal, or oral sex with. […] It reduces the risk of HIV transmission to the child during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. […] If a pregnant person takes HIV medicine daily as prescribed throughout pregnancy, labor, and delivery and gives HIV medicine to the infant for 4-6 weeks after giving birth, the risk of transmitting HIV to the baby can be 1% or less.

• #2 HIV/AIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS

  Benefits of treatment include a decreased risk of progression to AIDS and a decreased risk of death. In the developing world, treatment also improves physical and mental health. With treatment, there is a 70% reduced risk of acquiring tuberculosis. Additional benefits include a decreased risk of transmission of the disease to sexual partners and a decrease in mother-to-child transmission. The effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance. […] Treatment recommendations for children are somewhat different from those for adults. The World Health Organization recommends treating all children less than five years of age; children above five are treated like adults. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has recommended the granting of marketing authorizations for two new antiretroviral (ARV) medicines, rilpivirine and cabotegravir, to be used together for the treatment of people with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.

• #2 HIV cure: ending the HIV epidemic | ViiV Healthcare

  https://viivhealthcare.com/ending-hiv/towards-a-hiv-cure/

  Combined with the social stigma associated with HIV, these concerns highlight the urgent need to find a cure for HIV. […] The greatest challenge to curing HIV permanently is the virus ability to hide and remain dormant in pockets of healthy immune cells, specifically CD4+ T-cells. […] Current treatments stop HIV from infecting new cells. However, ARVs do not affect the cells that already have HIV integrated in their genome. […] At ViiV Healthcare, we are committed to tackling these complexities of HIV cure research. […] ViiVs scientists are at the forefront of HIV research, leading groundbreaking studies and developing new techniques aimed at an HIV cure. […] The road to an HIV cure calls for innovation, creativity, and most of all, persistence. […] Our long-term goal is a 'sterilising cure’, which means completely eliminating the virus from the body. For now, our first target is a 'functional cure’, where the virus is controlled without the need for constant treatment.

• #2 Why is It Hard to Cure HIV? Is HIV Curable?

  https://www.americangene.com/blog/why-is-it-so-difficult-to-find-an-hiv-cure/

  Latent, resting HIV-infected cells can remain in reservoirs in the body for months, or even years and become active at any time. […] Current antiretroviral treatments (ARTs) target HIV itself, these medications are unable to eliminate latently infected cells because they are not actively producing viral particles. […] Eliminating the reservoir is the biggest challenge for the scientific community. […] While ARTs are not a cure, this cocktail of drugs halts the progress of HIV to AIDS by targeting HIV at different stages of its replication cycle. […] The UNAIDS 90-90-90 target for the post 2015 era approaches the HIV epidemic from a public health perspective and aims to eradicate HIV by 2030. […] A cure for HIV/AIDS has eluded researchers for decades. […] HIV is a curable condition, as exemplified by cases like the Berlin patient and the London patient.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/07050/toward_a_cure___advancing_hiv_aids_treatment.46.aspx

  Alternative curative methods are desperately needed, even though antiretroviral medication (ART) has greatly improved the prognosis and quality of life for those with HIV. […] Gene therapy involves targeting HIV reservoirs or immune cells with gene-editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 in order to alter them and maybe make them resistant to viral replication or make it possible for the immune system to identify and destroy infected cells. […] Immunotherapy are treatments that boost the body’s defenses against HIV, include immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell transfer, in which patients receive infusions of immune cells that have been genetically modified to recognize and eradicate HIV-infected cells. […] Latency reversal agents offer a promising method of breaking the viral latency and making infected cells vulnerable to immune system destruction or antiretroviral drugs.

• #2 Cases of HIV cure | aidsmap

  https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/cases-hiv-cure

  The reasons for viral control off treatment are still not fully understood. Learning how to reproduce this state in a much larger proportion of people, and in those who didn’t start treatment soon after infection, is a major goal of cure research. […] Understanding how sex differences, and other factors, may contribute to viraemic control has the potential to inform cure strategies.

• #2 Why is It Hard to Cure HIV? Is HIV Curable?

  https://www.americangene.com/blog/why-is-it-so-difficult-to-find-an-hiv-cure/

  The next logical step is to use gene therapy to deliver HIV resistance genes to immune cells. […] The fight against HIV has raged for over 4 decades, 32 million lives have been lost, and 38 million people are suffering in silence. […] Yes! HIV has been declared cured before, but only under special circumstances. […] HIV is a tricky virus that entangles itself with the immune system. […] Modern medication can effectively block HIV replication but cannot separate the viral DNA from the immune system. […] HIV infection is often asymptomatic, so it is difficult to identify before the virus does damage to the immune system. […] HIV mutates very quickly, so doctors need to consider the possibility of antiviral resistance.

• #2 HIV – Improving Treatment, Prevention, & Diagnosis

  https://www.gatesfoundation.org/our-work/programs/global-health/hiv

  Accelerating progress will require a renewed commitment to the HIV response. Countries and global partners will need to sustain and in some cases increase their investments to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of HIV prevention and treatment programs and support research into new and better prevention methods.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/07050/toward_a_cure___advancing_hiv_aids_treatment.46.aspx

  The development of stem cell transplantation, immunotherapy, gene therapy, LRAs, and pharmaceutical vaccines presents novel approaches to attaining long-term viral control and possibly even an HIV/AIDs cure. […] With its novel approaches to combating the virus, gene therapy has the potential to completely transform the way that HIV is managed. […] Gene therapy may eventually provide a workable cure for the virus. […] The application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to HIV control shows enormous promise. […] Latency reversal entails rousing the quiescent HIV-positive cells, evicting them from their hiding locations, and rendering them vulnerable to the immune system’s assault or antiretroviral medication. […] Therapeutic vaccinations aim to modify the immune response in infected individuals, enhancing their ability to regulate the virus, lower viral load, and delay infection spread. […] Stem cell transplantation is still being investigated as a possible HIV treatment approach. […] It is necessary to handle issues such ensuring safety, efficacy, and affordability as well as ethical considerations and inequality in access to care.

• #2 HIV and AIDS – The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

  https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/hivaids/

  We are also working to expand access to quality-assured, low-cost HIV rapid diagnostic tests, including self-tests, and to support countries to introduce and scale up access to the most effective HIV treatment regimens. […] One area of significant progress has been in the procurement of antiretrovirals for HIV treatment. In 2000, a one-year supply of HIV treatment for one person cost more than US$10,000. As of June 2024, it costs as low as US$37 per year.

• #2 Antiretroviral therapy has saved millions of lives from AIDS and could save more – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/art-lives-saved

  Recent research shows that a person who started ART in the late 1990s would be expected to live ten years less than a person who started ART in 2008. […] There is considerable evidence to show that people who use ART are less likely to transmit HIV to another person. […] ART reduces the number of viral particles present in an HIV-positive individual and therefore, the likelihood of passing the virus to another person decreases. […] To make progress against HIV/AIDS and fully benefit from the potential of ART treatment we need to increase HIV/AIDS awareness and improve access to ART.

• #2 HIV-AIDS Treatment Program | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/hiv-aids-treatment-program

  The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets cells of the immune system, called CD4 cells, which help the body respond to infection. […] Without effective treatment, using a combination of antiretroviral drugs, the immune system will become weakened to the point that it can no longer fight infection and disease. […] There currently isnt a cure for HIV. However, with the continued use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection can be contained and managed as a chronic health condition, without progressing to AIDS. In most cases, people living with HIV who are on ART can live a long and healthy life. […] The HIV-AIDS Treatment Program offers both primary and specialized care to HIV-positive individuals. […] Our HATP team is made up of specialists who are solely dedicated to providing care for people living with HIV and AIDS including infectious diseases physicians, a psychiatrist, social workers, medical case managers, a nurse, medical assistants, and a dietician.

• #2 Prevention, treatment and cure of HIV infection | Nature Reviews Microbiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-023-00914-1

  The development of antiretroviral therapy for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection has been marked by a series of remarkable successes. […] Although HIV research has largely been siloed in the past, this is changing, as the emerging research agenda is marked by multiple cross-discipline synergies and collaborations. […] As the limitations of antiretroviral drugs as a means to truly end the epidemic are becoming more apparent, there is a great need for continued efforts to develop an effective preventative vaccine and a scalable cure, both of which remain formidable challenges.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/07050/toward_a_cure___advancing_hiv_aids_treatment.46.aspx

  The development of stem cell transplantation, immunotherapy, gene therapy, LRAs, and pharmaceutical vaccines presents novel approaches to attaining long-term viral control and possibly even an HIV/AIDs cure. […] With its novel approaches to combating the virus, gene therapy has the potential to completely transform the way that HIV is managed. […] Gene therapy may eventually provide a workable cure for the virus. […] The application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to HIV control shows enormous promise. […] Latency reversal entails rousing the quiescent HIV-positive cells, evicting them from their hiding locations, and rendering them vulnerable to the immune system’s assault or antiretroviral medication. […] Therapeutic vaccinations aim to modify the immune response in infected individuals, enhancing their ability to regulate the virus, lower viral load, and delay infection spread. […] Stem cell transplantation is still being investigated as a possible HIV treatment approach. […] It is necessary to handle issues such ensuring safety, efficacy, and affordability as well as ethical considerations and inequality in access to care.

• #3 HIV Treatment | Let’s Stop HIV Together | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/stophivtogether/hiv-treatment/index.html

  Starting HIV treatment early keeps you healthy. […] Treatment works best when you commit to sticking to your treatment schedule and doctor appointments. There are many HIV treatments available. Your doctor can help you find the right one for you. […] Taking your medication as prescribed and keeping an undetectable viral load are the best things you can do to stay healthy, and doing so also prevents you from sexually transmitting HIV to your HIV-negative partner. […] HIV treatment (antiretroviral therapy or ART) involves taking medicine as prescribed by a health care provider. HIV treatment reduces the amount of HIV in your body and helps you stay healthy. […] Start HIV treatment as soon as possible after diagnosis. […] All people with HIV should take HIV treatment, no matter how long they’ve had HIV or how healthy they are.

Zobacz więcej