Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The Basics of HIV Prevention | NIH

  https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/basics-hiv-prevention

  Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) […] Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) […] Protect yourself from HIV: Use condoms correctly every time you have sex, use pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) if you believe you are likely to be exposed to HIV, and avoid sharing drug injection equipment. If you are exposed to HIV and haven’t taken PrEP, consider taking post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) within 72 hours of HIV exposure. […] Protect others if you have HIV: Take HIV medicine (called antiretroviral therapy or ART) as prescribed by your doctor. When taken as prescribed, HIV medicines can eliminate nearly any risk that you will transmit HIV to your partner through sex. […] Prevent perinatal transmission: If you have HIV, take or continue taking HIV medicines throughout pregnancy and childbirth. Consider using PrEP if you have a partner with HIV and plan on getting pregnant.

• #1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) | NIH

  https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-prep

  Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) The Basics of HIV Prevention […] Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an HIV medicine taken by people who do not have HIV that reduces the risk of getting HIV from sex by about 99% and from injection drug use by at least 74%. […] Although PrEP protects against HIV during sex without a condom or if a condom fails, it does not protect against other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and should be used with condoms when possible. […] PrEP works by blocking the HIV life cycle, preventing the virus from taking hold and spreading if exposed during sex or injection drug use. However, its effectiveness relies on taking the medication as prescribed to ensure there is enough medicine in the bloodstream to stop the virus from spreading.

• #1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

  https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/using-hiv-medication-to-reduce-risk/pre-exposure-prophylaxis

  PrEP, or pre-exposure prophylaxis, is medicine people at risk for HIV take to prevent getting HIV from sex or injection drug use. PrEP can stop HIV from taking hold and spreading throughout your body. […] PrEP is highly effective at preventing HIV when taken as indicated. […] PrEP reduces the risk of getting HIV from sex by about 99% when taken as prescribed. Among people who inject drugs, it reduces the risk by at least 74% when taken as prescribed. […] If you have a partner with HIV and are considering getting pregnant, talk to your doctor about PrEP. PrEP may be an option to help protect you and your baby from getting HIV while you try to get pregnant, during pregnancy, or while breastfeeding. […] PrEP is safe. No significant health effects have been seen in people who are HIV-negative and have taken PrEP for up to 5 years.

• #1 How Does HIV Prevention Medication Work?

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/hiv-prevention-meds

  You can take PrEP as a daily pill or a bimonthly injection. […] There are two pills approved for HIV prevention: emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and emtricitabine plus tenofovir alafenamide (Descovy). Theres one approved injection: cabotegravir extended-release injectable suspension (Apretude). […] PrEP isnt for emergency use after HIV exposure. If you were exposed to HIV in the last 72 hours, talk to your doctor or emergency room or urgent care provider about post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). […] PrEP works by blocking an enzyme HIV needs to make copies of itself, or replicate, in your body. […] After you start taking PrEP, it reaches a certain level in your bloodstream and in your mucus membranes that helps protect you from being infected. […] PrEP may start working after a few days. The medication needs time to reach a certain level in your body to get the most protection.

• #1 Preventing HIV by Taking One Pill Once a Day: Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/general/prep/faqs.htm

  Some people benefit from counseling and support for taking the medication regularly. If this is needed, the person can talk with the healthcare provider, a trusted CBO, a peer worker, or other provider. […] Long-acting injectable PrEP is an important option for people whose life circumstances make it difficult to consistently take an oral medication as prescribed. […] People at risk for HIV are also at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Counseling about using condoms to prevent STIs and periodic screening for STIs is important and may be provided by the healthcare provider, a trusted CBO, or other provider. […] When I first start taking the medication, how many days do I have to take the medication in order for it to protect me from an HIV exposure? […] The PrEP medication must reach and maintain a certain level in the blood and the body’s mucus membranes to provide protection. The amount of time it takes may vary from person to person. For people taking Truvada as daily PrEP who engage in anal intercourse, the medication must be taken each day for 7 days to reach the level needed for full protection.

• #1 7 Things to Know About PrEP, the Medication That Prevents HIV | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/7-things-to-know-about-prep-the-medication-that-prevents-hiv

  PrEP is a powerful tool for preventing HIV. PrEP combines two medications that stop the HIV virus from taking hold and spreading in your body. When taken correctly, PrEP lowers the risk of getting HIV from sex by about 99 percent. And it lowers the risk of getting HIV from injected drugs by at least 74 percent. […] PrEP is for anyone at risk for getting HIV. Anyone can get HIV, no matter your age, gender, sexual orientation, or who you have sex with. PrEP is for anyone who could be at increased risk for getting HIV, which spreads through contact with semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, blood, and breast milk. […] If you are sexually active and do not have HIV, talk with your doctor about whether PrEP is right for you. […] Both versions of PrEP are effective at preventing HIV. […] It’s important to know that PrEP doesn’t work right away. You must take the pills every day for at least 7 days for it to reach full effectiveness against HIV exposure from anal sex. For vaginal sex and injection drug use, it takes at least 20 days to build up full protection.

• #1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/hiv-aids/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-prep.html

  Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a way for people who do not have HIV, but who are at substantial risk of getting it, to prevent HIV infection by taking a pill every day. […] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance recommends PrEP be offered to individuals with ongoing, very high risk for acquiring HIV infection. […] PrEP may be a good choice if you are HIV-negative and any of the following apply: Have a sexual partner with HIV, Have a drug injection partner with HIV, Have not used condoms regularly, Have been diagnosed with an STD in the last six months, Share drug injecting equipment (needles, cookers, syringes, etc.), Have been prescribed non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and have continued risk behavior or have used multiple courses of PEP. […] If you think you may be at high risk for HIV, talk to your health care provider about whether PrEP is right for you.

• #1 Preexposure prophylaxis for preventing HIV infection: Routine practice in primary care | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/6/361

  Indication for PrEP can be assessed using the strategy illustrated in Figure 1. […] Sexual activity with an HIV-positive partner receiving antiretroviral therapy with an undetectable viral load (ie, less than 200 copies/mL) for at least the previous 6 months prompts PrEP review and prescription, if requested. […] PrEP is indicated in the following scenarios: A partner’s viral load is detectable, not known, or inconsistently suppressed, or if use of antiretroviral therapy is irregular. […] The patient is sexually active with any partner without knowing the partner’s HIV status, or with irregular condom use; consistent condom use directs PrEP review and prescription, if requested. […] The patient has had a bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the past 6 months, specifically chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis in MSM and transgender women, and gonorrhea or syphilis in men who have sex with women and women who have sex with men.

• #1 Preventing HIV with PrEP | HIV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/prep.html

  PrEP is medicine that greatly reduces your chance of getting HIV from sex or injection drug use. […] PrEP is for people without HIV who may be exposed to HIV through sex or injection drug use. […] PrEP may be an option to help protect pregnant people and their babies from getting HIV while trying to get pregnant, during pregnancy, or while breastfeeding. […] PrEP greatly reduces your chance of getting HIV from sex or injection drug use. […] PrEP can help protect you if you dont have HIV and any of the following apply to you: […] You may choose to take PrEP, even if the behaviors listed above dont apply to you. […] Most insurance plans and state Medicaid programs cover PrEP. Under the Affordable Care Act, PrEP must be free under almost all health insurance plans. […] Talk to your health care provider if you think PrEP is right for you.

• #1 Recommendation: Prevention of Acquisition of HIV: Preexposure Prophylaxis | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/prevention-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-pre-exposure-prophylaxis

  The USPSTF recommends that the following persons be considered for HIV PrEP: […] Sexually active adults and adolescents weighing at least 35 kg (77 lb) who have engaged in anal or vaginal sex in the past 6 months and have any of the following: A sexual partner who has HIV (especially if the partner has an unknown or detectable viral load). […] Persons who inject drugs and have a drug injecting partner who has HIV or who shares injection equipment. […] Transgender women are at especially high risk of HIV acquisition and should be considered for PrEP based on the criteria outlined above. […] Effective formulations of PrEP with current US Food and Drug Administration approval include: Oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) and injectable cabotegravir are approved for use in at-risk adults and adolescents weighing at least 35 kg (77 lb) to reduce the risk of sexually acquired HIV.

• #1 Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention

  The World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations support the use of PrEP in pregnant and breastfeeding people who are at substantial risk of HIV infection. A growing body of evidence demonstrates the safety of TDF-containing oral PrEP during pregnancy and breastfeeding. […] Truvada and Descovy are contraindicated for use as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in individuals who have an unknown or positive HIV status. HIV positive or negative status must be determined before someone begins the use of either of these medications as PrEP. […] Research shows that pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is generally safe and well tolerated for most individuals, although some side effects have been noted to occur. Initial side effects may be experienced called „start-up syndrome.” This includes nausea/abdominal pain, headaches, weight loss and/or diarrhea, which generally resolve within a few weeks of starting the PrEP medication.

• #1 Preventing HIV by Taking One Pill Once a Day: Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/general/prep/faqs.htm

  HIV testing is a critical component when using PrEP for HIV prevention. […] Periodic HIV testing for everyone taking PrEP ensures that anyone who gets HIV will be identified quickly so they can be put on an effective treatment regimen. […] If a person on PrEP gets HIV, drug resistance testing is done to determine an effective treatment regimen. […] There is no evidence that PrEP can lead to higher rates of drug resistant virus in the community.

• #1 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis

  https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/using-hiv-medication-to-reduce-risk/post-exposure-prophylaxis

  PEP (or post-exposure prophylaxis) involves taking anti-HIV drugs very soon after a possible exposure to HIV to prevent HIV. […] HIV PEP, or post-exposure prophylaxis, is a short course of HIV medicines taken very soon after a possible exposure to HIV to prevent the virus from taking hold in your body. […] PEP should be used only in emergency situations. It is not meant for regular use by people who may be exposed to HIV frequently. […] PEP may be right for you if you are HIV-negative or don’t know your HIV status, and you think you may have been exposed to HIV in the last 72 hours. […] If you think you were recently exposed to HIV, contact a health care provider immediately or go to an emergency room or urgent care clinic right away. […] If you are prescribed PEP, you will need to take the HIV medicines every day for 28 days. It is important to take all the doses as prescribed to give PEP the best chance of working.

• #1 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Benefits & Side Effects

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/post-exposure-prophylaxis

  Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a combination of medications you take to prevent an HIV infection after you’ve been exposed. […] PEP is only meant for emergencies. It’s not meant for long-term protection against repeated HIV exposure. If you’re at high risk for HIV exposure, talk to a healthcare provider about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). […] PEP medications are antiretroviral drugs that work by preventing HIV from making more copies of itself. […] You need to start post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV no later than 72 hours (three days) after: Unprotected vaginal or anal sex (including forcible sex or assault) with someone who has or might have HIV. […] You need to take PEP medications every day for the full 28 days for them to be effective. If you stop taking them too soon or skip doses, it increases your chances of getting an HIV infection.

• #1 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hiv-aids/pep

  PEP is a series of pills you can start taking very soon after you’ve been exposed to HIV that lowers your chances of getting it. […] But you have to start PEP within 72 hours, or 3 days, after you were exposed to HIV, or it won’t work. The sooner you start, the better it works every hour matters. […] PEP is for people who may have been exposed to HIV in the last 3 days. PEP might be right for you if: You had sex with someone who may have HIV and didn’t use a condom, or the condom broke. […] PEP is for emergencies. It can’t take the place of proven, ongoing ways to prevent HIV like using condoms, taking PrEP (a daily pill that lowers your chances of getting HIV), and not sharing needles or works. […] PEP isn’t just a one-time pill it’s a regimen where you take many pills over many weeks. If your nurse or doctor gives you PEP, you’ll need to take medicine 1-2 times a day for at least 28 days (4 weeks).

• #1 Postexposure HIV Prophylaxis in Physicians and Medical Personnel: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Modes of Transmission

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1991375-overview

  When indicated, PEP should be initiated as soon as possible (ideally 2 hours and generally 72 hours) after exposure. The approach to PEP depends on the type of exposure and the HIV status of the source. […] PEP is recommended when an exposure to an HIV-positive patient has occurred. PEP generally is not warranted in cases of unknown status, but this can be considered from a source with HIV risk factors. […] The Public Health Service (PHS) Guidelines published in 2013 recommend a 3-drug PEP for all exposures owing to the safety and tolerability of current HIV drugs. […] The 2016 guidelines for antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis for non-occupational exposure to HIV recommend either raltegravir (RAL) 400 mg twice daily or dolutegravir (DTG) 50 mg daily in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) 300 mg and emtricitabine (FTC) 200 mg daily as the preferred regimen in healthy adults and adolescents.

• #1 Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection: Recommendations From the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2024/0100/practice-guidelines-treatment-prevention-hiv-infection.html

  Long-acting injectable cabotegravir (Apretude) is also effective; injections should start every four weeks and can be extended to eight weeks apart. […] Postexposure prophylaxis with 28 days of a three-drug regimen of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (Biktarvy); or dolutegravir (Tivicay) plus emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) or emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (Descovy) or lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Temixys) is recommended within 72 hours of exposure to blood or genital secretions from a person who is suspected to be HIV positive. […] For transgender individuals who have sex with men who are at high risk, adding a single 200-mg dose of doxycycline after intercourse without a condom should be considered to prevent gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis.

• #1 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Benefits & Side Effects

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/post-exposure-prophylaxis

  Studies suggest that PEP reduces your risk of getting HIV by over 80%. […] One risk of PEP is that you’ll miss doses or not be able to take the medication as directed. […] HIV exposure is a medical emergency. If you think you’ve been exposed, get emergency medical attention. […] PEP usually isn’t recommended if it’s been longer than 72 hours since your exposure to HIV. But talk to a healthcare provider right away if you were exposed to HIV even if you’re past the three-day mark. […] Post-exposure prophylaxis is an emergency treatment that can prevent a chronic infection. It’s important that you start it within 72 hours and take it as your provider directs for the full 28 days.

• #1 HIV & AIDS: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4251-hiv-aids

  The best way to reduce your risk of HIV is to be aware of how it spreads and protect yourself during certain activities. Having sex without a condom and sharing needles to take drugs are the most common ways that HIV spreads. […] Use latex condoms (rubbers) whenever you have any type of sex (vaginal, anal or oral). […] If you are at high risk of HIV exposure, ask your healthcare provider if you should be taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). […] There are medications that can help prevent HIV in people who have been exposed or are at high risk for exposure. These include pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). […] PrEP is a pill you take every day if you don’t have HIV but are at high risk of getting infected. […] PEP uses HIV medicines to try to prevent an HIV infection soon after you are exposed. PEP is for those who don’t have HIV or don’t know if they have HIV and think they’ve been exposed through consensual sex, sexual assault, shared needles (or other equipment), or work.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hiv-and-aids/prevention/

  There are many effective ways to prevent or reduce the risk of HIV infection. Speak to your local sexual health clinic or a GP for further advice about the best way to reduce your risk. […] Having an undetectable viral load for 6 months or more means it is not possible to pass the virus on during sex. This is called undetectable=untransmittable (U=U), which can also be referred to as „treatment as prevention”. […] A condom is the most effective form of protection against HIV and other STIs. It can be used for vaginal and anal sex, and for oral sex performed on men. […] It’s very important condoms are put on before any sexual contact occurs between the penis, vagina, mouth or anus. […] Lubricant can make sex safer by reducing the risk of vaginal or anal tears caused by dryness or friction, and can also prevent a condom tearing. […] If you’re HIV negative, you may be able to take pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medicine to reduce your risk of getting the virus. […] PrEP is available for some people who are at high risk of HIV infection for example, those whose partner is HIV positive.

• #1 Preventing HIV | HIV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/index.html

  Many tools are available to help prevent HIV. […] You can also use HIV prevention medicines such as PrEP or PEP. […] PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is medicine people take to prevent getting HIV. […] PrEP is highly effective for preventing HIV from sex and injection drug use when taken as prescribed. […] Not having sex (being abstinent) is a 100% effective way to make sure you won’t get HIV through sex. […] If you inject drugs, never share needles, syringes, or other drug injection equipment. […] PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) is medicine people take to prevent HIV after a possible exposure. […] People with HIV who take HIV medicine and get and keep an undetectable viral load will not transmit HIV to their sex partners. […] If you are pregnant, get tested for HIV as soon as possible to prevent transmitting HIV to your baby. […] If you have a partner with HIV and are considering getting pregnant, talk to your health care provider about PrEP.

• #1 The Basics of HIV Prevention | NIH

  https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/basics-hiv-prevention

  Talk to your health care provider about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). PrEP is an HIV prevention option if you do not have HIV but are at an increased risk of getting HIV (for example, if your partner has HIV or if you inject drugs). […] Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) PEP refers to taking a short course (28 days) of HIV medicines within 72 hours after a possible exposure to HIV to prevent HIV infection. PEP should be used only in emergency situations and it is not meant for regular use by people who may be exposed to HIV frequently. […] Prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV Pregnant women with HIV take HIV medicines for their own health and to prevent perinatal transmission of HIV. After birth, babies receive HIV medicine to protect them from infection with any HIV that may have passed from mother to child during childbirth.

• #1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) | NIH

  https://hivinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv/fact-sheets/pre-exposure-prophylaxis-prep

  Oral PrEP is most effective when taken consistently each day. CDC reports that consistent PrEP use reduces the risk of getting HIV from sex by about 99% and from injection drug use by at least 74%. […] Adding other prevention methods, such as condom use, along with PrEP, can further reduce your risk of getting HIV. […] Continue to use condoms while taking PrEP. Even though daily PrEP can greatly reduce your risk of HIV, it does not protect against other STIs, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. Combining condom use with PrEP will further reduce your risk of HIV, as well as protect you from other STIs. […] If you inject drugs, avoid sharing needles or other drug injection equipment with other people. Although HIV PrEP reduces the risk of transmission from injection drug use, the risk of getting HIV remains much higher from injecting drugs than from sex.

• #1 Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention

  Additionally, these updated guidelines recommend providers prescribe PrEP to any patient that requests it, regardless of their stated risk factors. […] Oral PrEP is typically taken daily following potential exposure. The CDC recommends follow-up visits at least every three months to provide HIV tests, medication adherence counseling, behavioral risk reduction support, side effect assessment, STI symptom assessment, and STI testing for sexually active individuals with symptoms of a current infection. Effectiveness of PrEP is associated with adherence, meaning the more consistently a person takes the medication as prescribed the greater the chance at reducing their risk for HIV. […] Injectable PrEP (Cabotegravir) follows similar guidelines for eligibility and initiation criteria as oral PrEP medications. However, instead of daily dosing, people who use injectable forms of PrEP will receive one initial dose following a second dose after 1 month. They can repeat dosing every 2 months after. Follow-up testing includes repeat HIV testing and STI screening.

• #1 Preexposure prophylaxis for preventing HIV infection: Routine practice in primary care | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/6/361

  Although there is no indication for PrEP for reducing HIV risk from injection drug use with shared syringes or injection equipment within the past 6 months, guidelines note that patients who engage in such activity likely benefit from these medications. […] The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Preventive Services Task Force recommend that MSM, persons who inject drugs, patients with an HIV-positive sexual partner, and persons at substantial risk of HIV transmission have annual HIV testing. […] Documented, confirmed negative HIV-testing results within the week are required before starting PrEP therapy, and HIV testing should be repeated at intervals after PrEP initiation. […] Testing for gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis is recommended at least annually. […] Patients on oral PrEP should follow-up every 3 months for HIV testing, screening for sexually transmitted infections, and support for medication adherence and risk-reducing behaviors. […] Primary care clinicians are strategically positioned to deliver sexual healthcare, including PrEP therapy, to their communities.

• #1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

  https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/using-hiv-medication-to-reduce-risk/pre-exposure-prophylaxis

  PrEP remains one of the strongest tools in the HIV prevention toolbox. […] In most cases, the cost of PrEP medication and services are covered by insurance. […] Under the Affordable Care Act, PrEP is free under almost all health insurance plans. […] If you think PrEP might be right for you, or you want to learn more, visit CDCs PrEP Basics.

• #1 Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention

  PrEP is used predominantly by men who have sex with men, often as an alternative to condoms to allow otherwise unprotected „bareback” sex. For the first time since the outbreak of the AIDS crisis, PrEP makes somewhat HIV-protected sex without condoms possible, and since its availability, sex without condoms has increased. […] Recent systematic reviews have investigated barriers to PrEP. On a structural level, findings indicate cost of PrEP, having multiple healthcare providers, and the frequency of follow-ups play a role. Other barriers include stigma and stereotyping from family, friends and providers. A systematic review found that awareness of PrEP is low, but individuals were receptive to use when presented with information. […] Initial studies of PrEP strategies in non-human primates showed a reduced risk of infection among animals that receive ARVs prior to exposure to a simian form of HIV. A 2007 study at UT-Southwestern (Dallas) and the University of Minnesota showed PrEP to be effective in „humanized” laboratory mice. In 2008, the iPrEx study demonstrated 42% reduction of HIV infection among men who have sex with men, and subsequent analysis of the data has suggested that 99% protection is achievable if the drugs are taken every day.

• #1 Prevention and treatment for HIV infection and AIDS

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/hiv-infection-and-aids/prevention-and-treatment

  Even though HIV is preventable through effective public health measures, the HIV epidemic persists largely unchanged in the countries of the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) with around 30 000 newly reported diagnoses every year. […] To reach the estimated 15% who are not aware of their infection, Europe needs to increase efforts to promote and facilitate more testing for HIV. […] This includes implementation of targeted, evidence-based HIV prevention programmes for key populations who are most at risk but might not be reached by (or are not responding to) current interventions like men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs and migrants from countries with generalised epidemics. […] There is no cure for HIV but early diagnosis allows access to lifesaving treatment. At the same time, effective treatment leads to an undetectable viral load and this practically eliminates the risk of transmitting HIV further.

• #2 Preventing HIV | HIV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/index.html

  Many tools are available to help prevent HIV. […] You can also use HIV prevention medicines such as PrEP or PEP. […] PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is medicine people take to prevent getting HIV. […] PrEP is highly effective for preventing HIV from sex and injection drug use when taken as prescribed. […] Not having sex (being abstinent) is a 100% effective way to make sure you won’t get HIV through sex. […] If you inject drugs, never share needles, syringes, or other drug injection equipment. […] PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) is medicine people take to prevent HIV after a possible exposure. […] People with HIV who take HIV medicine and get and keep an undetectable viral load will not transmit HIV to their sex partners. […] If you are pregnant, get tested for HIV as soon as possible to prevent transmitting HIV to your baby. […] If you have a partner with HIV and are considering getting pregnant, talk to your health care provider about PrEP.

• #2 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

  https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/using-hiv-medication-to-reduce-risk/pre-exposure-prophylaxis

  PrEP, or pre-exposure prophylaxis, is medicine people at risk for HIV take to prevent getting HIV from sex or injection drug use. PrEP can stop HIV from taking hold and spreading throughout your body. […] PrEP is highly effective at preventing HIV when taken as indicated. […] PrEP reduces the risk of getting HIV from sex by about 99% when taken as prescribed. Among people who inject drugs, it reduces the risk by at least 74% when taken as prescribed. […] If you have a partner with HIV and are considering getting pregnant, talk to your doctor about PrEP. PrEP may be an option to help protect you and your baby from getting HIV while you try to get pregnant, during pregnancy, or while breastfeeding. […] PrEP is safe. No significant health effects have been seen in people who are HIV-negative and have taken PrEP for up to 5 years.

• #2 HIV: PrEP and PEP

  https://medlineplus.gov/hivprepandpep.html

  PrEP and PEP are medicines to prevent HIV. Each type is used in a different situation: […] PrEP stands for pre-exposure prophylaxis. It is for people who don’t already have HIV but are at risk of getting it. PrEP is medicine that can reduce this risk. It can either be a pill that you take every day or an injection that you get every two months. With PrEP, if you do get exposed to HIV, the medicine can stop HIV from taking hold and spreading throughout your body. […] PEP stands for post-exposure prophylaxis. PEP is for people who have possibly been exposed to HIV. It is only for emergency situations. PEP must be started within 72 hours after a possible exposure to HIV. […] PrEP can help protect you if you don’t have HIV and any of these applies to you: […] PrEP is very effective when you take it consistently. It reduces the risk of getting HIV from sex by about 99%. In people who inject drugs, it reduces the risk of HIV by at least 74%. PrEP is much less effective if you do not take it consistently.

• #2 Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention

  In December 2021, the FDA approved cabotegravir (Apretude), which is an injectable form of PrEP manufactured by Viiv Healthcare. Regulators believe it will improve medication adherence because it has to be taken just once every two months, and it will also widen adoption as it eliminates the need to hide pills or pharmacy visits for discretion. […] In its 2021 guidelines, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends multiple forms of PrEP for HIV prevention: Oral PrEP using TDF-containing compounds for anyone at substantial risk of HIV infection; Event-driven PrEP for men who have sex with men; and The dapivirine vaginal ring (DPV-VR) for women at substantial risk of HIV infection who do not have access to oral PrEP. […] In the United States, federal guidelines updated in 2021 now recommend healthcare providers discuss and provide information on the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention for all sexually active adults and adolescents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends providers take a targeted sexual history of their patients to assess specific risk for HIV acquisition and suggest PrEP to sexually active adults and adolescents who have had anal or vaginal sex in the past 6 months and any of the following: 1 or more partner(s) with unknown HIV status and inconsistent condom use; An HIV-positive sexual partner; A bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the past 6 months.

• #2 Preventing HIV by Taking One Pill Once a Day: Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/general/prep/faqs.htm

  Cis-gender MSM who are taking on-demand PrEP, must take two pills, 2-24 hours before having sex. For the receptive partner in vaginal intercourse, it takes approximately 20 days of taking the medication consistently to reach the level of full protection in the female genital tract. […] This is why cis-gender women and transgender men who have receptive vaginal intercourse should not take on-demand PrEP. […] People of transgender experience should talk with their healthcare provider about their specific sexual practices to best determine the length of time it will take to be fully protected. […] It is important to weigh the pros and cons and have an open and honest conversation about PrEP with your healthcare provider before beginning PrEP. PrEP is always voluntary and only you can determine if PrEP is right for you.

• #2 How Does HIV Prevention Medication Work?

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/hiv-prevention-meds

  If you have receptive anal sex, also known as bottoming, it may take about 7 days of taking a pill every day. […] If you have receptive vaginal sex or take injection drugs, it may take 21 days of daily pills. […] You can get PrEP from any health care provider who is licensed to write prescriptions. […] You’ll need an HIV test before starting PrEP. If you already have HIV, taking PrEP medication may create resistance to the drug, which may make it less effective for treating your HIV infection. […] Most people dont have side effects from PrEP, but its possible you may get them. […] If you have side effects, theyll probably get better with time. If they dont improve, talk to your doctor. […] If you dont have an ongoing risk of becoming infected, you may consider on-demand PrEP. This is a method where you only take pills when youre planning to have sex in the next 24 hours. […] With on-demand PrEP, you use a 2-1-1 schedule: Take 2 pills 2-24 hours before sex. Take 1 pill 24 hours after your first dose. Take 1 pill 24 hours after your second dose. […] If youre a gay or bisexual man and you have anal sex without a condom, the 2-1-1 schedule may protect you from HIV.

• #2 Recommendation: Prevention of Acquisition of HIV: Preexposure Prophylaxis | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/prevention-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-pre-exposure-prophylaxis

  The USPSTF recommends that the following persons be considered for HIV PrEP: […] Sexually active adults and adolescents weighing at least 35 kg (77 lb) who have engaged in anal or vaginal sex in the past 6 months and have any of the following: A sexual partner who has HIV (especially if the partner has an unknown or detectable viral load). […] Persons who inject drugs and have a drug injecting partner who has HIV or who shares injection equipment. […] Transgender women are at especially high risk of HIV acquisition and should be considered for PrEP based on the criteria outlined above. […] Effective formulations of PrEP with current US Food and Drug Administration approval include: Oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) and injectable cabotegravir are approved for use in at-risk adults and adolescents weighing at least 35 kg (77 lb) to reduce the risk of sexually acquired HIV.

• #2 Preventing HIV with PrEP | HIV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/prep.html

  Before starting PrEP, you must take an HIV test to make sure you don’t have HIV. […] You must take PrEP as prescribed for it to work. […] Some people take PrEP pills only when they have a high chance of getting HIV. This is known as „on-demand” PrEP or „intermittent,” „non-daily,” „event-driven,” or „off-label” PrEP use. […] Taking PrEP as prescribed is currently the only FDA-approved schedule for taking PrEP to prevent HIV.

• #2 Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV prevention | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/post-exposure-prophylaxis-for-HIV-prevention

  PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) is an anti-viral medication to prevent HIV infection if you suspect you may have been exposed to the virus. […] PEP must be started within 72 hours of an exposure to HIV and be taken correctly over a 28-day treatment period to be effective. […] PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) is taken after a known or suspected exposure to HIV to prevent HIV infection. […] If exposure to HIV is through a person with HIV who has an undetectable viral load, PEP is not recommended, as there is no risk of transmission. […] PEP is widely available in Victoria and further information can be found at: GetPEP provides a comprehensive list of places where you can get PEP throughout Victoria and the rest of Australia. […] Important things to remember about PEP: Must be started within 72 hours of potential exposure.

• #2 HIV: PrEP and PEP

  https://medlineplus.gov/hivprepandpep.html

  PEP must be started within 72 hours (3 days) after a possible exposure to HIV. The sooner you start it, the better; every hour counts. […] PEP is only for emergency situations. It is not the right choice for people who may be exposed to HIV frequently – for example, if you often have sex without a condom with a partner who is HIV-positive. In that case, you should talk to your health care provider about whether PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) would be right for you.

• #2 Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Definition, Side Effects, and Medications

  https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/post-exposure-prophylaxis

  PEP is a combination of three drugs. You take them once or twice a day for 28 days: For adults, the CDC recommends tenofovir, emtricitabine (these two drugs come in one pill), and a third drug, either raltegravir or dolutegravir. […] If you’re on PEP, use condoms when you have sex to lower the chances of getting HIV again or spreading it if you are already infected. […] PEP is only for emergencies. Don’t use it in place of safe sex or new sterile needles. […] If you’re exposed to HIV a lot for example, if you have multiple sex partners or use injected drugs talk with your doctor about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). That’s a medicine you take every day to keep HIV from taking hold in your body. […] It’s hard to measure exactly how well PEP works, but it could lower your risk of getting HIV by over 80%. How well it works depends a lot on whether you take PEP every day for 28 days and avoid any more HIV exposure. If you use PEP correctly and consistently, its effectiveness could be higher than 80%.

• #2 Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) | CATIE – Canada’s source for HIV and hepatitis C information

  https://www.catie.ca/post-exposure-prophylaxis-pep

  PEP interferes with the pathways that HIV uses to cause a permanent infection in the body. […] When PEP is taken, the HIV drugs get into the bloodstream and the genital and rectal tissues. If there is HIV in the body, the drugs can prevent HIV from replicating within the body’s immune cells, and help to prevent a permanent infection from developing. […] PEP can be used after exposure to HIV in a work context (occupational PEP) or after exposure to HIV that is not work related such as sexual exposure or injection drug use (non-occupational PEP or nPEP). […] PEP does not prevent 100% of HIV infections but it is very effective at preventing HIV if used consistently and correctly. […] Observational research suggests that PEP can reduce the risk of getting HIV by more than 80%, which means some people in the studies acquired HIV despite taking PEP.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hiv-and-aids/prevention/

  There are many effective ways to prevent or reduce the risk of HIV infection. Speak to your local sexual health clinic or a GP for further advice about the best way to reduce your risk. […] Having an undetectable viral load for 6 months or more means it is not possible to pass the virus on during sex. This is called undetectable=untransmittable (U=U), which can also be referred to as „treatment as prevention”. […] A condom is the most effective form of protection against HIV and other STIs. It can be used for vaginal and anal sex, and for oral sex performed on men. […] It’s very important condoms are put on before any sexual contact occurs between the penis, vagina, mouth or anus. […] Lubricant can make sex safer by reducing the risk of vaginal or anal tears caused by dryness or friction, and can also prevent a condom tearing. […] If you’re HIV negative, you may be able to take pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medicine to reduce your risk of getting the virus. […] PrEP is available for some people who are at high risk of HIV infection for example, those whose partner is HIV positive.

• #2 HIV | Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH)

  https://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/hiv/

  The mission of the Office of HIV Prevention and Care (OHPC) is to improve the quality of life for all Alabamians by ending intersecting epidemics impacting HIV and Hepatitis C through equitable, accessible, and stigma-free prevention and treatment services. […] Prevent or reduce behaviors that transmit HIV. […] The Start Talking Alabama campaign seeks to increase HIV awareness and decrease the stigma by sharing prevention, testing, and treatment information and support. […] Successful HIV Prevention and Care programs exhibit high linkage to care among newly diagnosed clients, as well as effective retention in care and adequate viral load suppression among existing HIV-positive clients. As viral load is considered a measure of infectivity, maintaining a suppressed viral load decreases the likelihood of infecting another person and is the focus of Treatment as Prevention strategies. PWH who adhere to antiretroviral treatment and maintain suppressed viral loads can reduce the risk of sexual transmission of HIV by 96 percent. For PWH who reach undetectable levels, there are no documented cases of sexual transmission. This is the premise of the Prevention Access Campaign’s Undetectable Equals Untransmittable (U=U) initiative, which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention supports, agreeing there is „effectively no risk” of sexually transmitting HIV when on treatment and undetectable. […] The Office of HIV Prevention and Control collaborates with Alabama’s medical providers to reduce the incidence of perinatal HIV infection.

• #2 Preventing HIV with PrEP | HIV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/prep.html

  PrEP is medicine that greatly reduces your chance of getting HIV from sex or injection drug use. […] PrEP is for people without HIV who may be exposed to HIV through sex or injection drug use. […] PrEP may be an option to help protect pregnant people and their babies from getting HIV while trying to get pregnant, during pregnancy, or while breastfeeding. […] PrEP greatly reduces your chance of getting HIV from sex or injection drug use. […] PrEP can help protect you if you dont have HIV and any of the following apply to you: […] You may choose to take PrEP, even if the behaviors listed above dont apply to you. […] Most insurance plans and state Medicaid programs cover PrEP. Under the Affordable Care Act, PrEP must be free under almost all health insurance plans. […] Talk to your health care provider if you think PrEP is right for you.

• #2 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hivstd/prep

  Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a pill taken daily to prevent HIV. Daily PrEP use reduces the risk of getting HIV through sex by about 99%. Daily PrEP use also reduces the risk of getting HIV through injection drug use by more than 70%. Two medications are approved for daily use as PrEP to help prevent a person without HIV from getting the virus from sex or injection drug use. PrEP is safe and effective for adults and adolescents weighing above 35 kilograms (77 pounds). […] PrEP works best when taken as prescribed and when it is used with other prevention options. When you combine options, you further reduce the risk of getting HIV from another person. Combination prevention lets you decide which prevention option(s) are best for your lifestyle. […] PrEP is for people who are at very high risk of getting HIV, including those who: Have condomless sex, Have sex high or while intoxicated, Trade sex for money, drugs, or a place to stay, Want extra protection from HIV, Have had an STD (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis) in the past 12 months, Have sex with people who are living with HIV or whose status you do not know, Inject drugs or share works, Can commit to taking a daily pill.

• #2 7 Things to Know About PrEP, the Medication That Prevents HIV | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/7-things-to-know-about-prep-the-medication-that-prevents-hiv

  While taking PrEP you should continue to use condoms and birth control, if needed. […] You should be on PrEP for as long as you’re at risk for HIV and as long as you remain HIV-negative. […] If you’re pregnant or breastfeeding, you’re right to wonder whether a medication might harm you or your baby. Fortunately, research has shown that PrEP pills are safe to take during these times. […] PrEP doesn’t appear to affect hormone therapy. […] Thankfully, most health insurance and Medicaid plans are now required to cover PrEP. […] That’s why HIV prevention deserves to be a routine conversation among ob-gyns and patients right up there with birth control, breast exams, and vaccines.

• #2 HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hiv-pre-exposure-prophylaxis

  Patients receiving PrEP should have regular follow-up with a medical provider. We typically see patients receiving oral PrEP one month and three months after starting treatment and then follow them every three months thereafter. […] Patients receiving injectable cabotegravir LA are followed every month for two months and every other month thereafter. […] Patients should continue PrEP as long as they remain at risk for acquiring HIV. For persons who initiate PrEP because their partner has HIV, PrEP should be continued until their partner has achieved a stably suppressed viral load. […] When a person decides to discontinue PrEP, treatment should be continued for a period of time after their last sexual encounter. […] PrEP should ideally be continued as long as the risk of infection exists. However, some patients may want to discontinue PrEP even though they remain at risk for HIV. In this setting, PrEP should be continued for a period of time after their last sexual or drug-using encounter.

• #2 Preventing HIV by Taking One Pill Once a Day: Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/general/prep/faqs.htm

  PrEP and PEP […] Preventing HIV by Taking One Pill Once a Day: Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) […] Is it true that there is a medication that can prevent someone from getting HIV? […] Yes. PrEP (short for HIV Pr e E xposure P rophylaxis) involves working with a healthcare provider to make an individualized plan to take medication to prevent HIV. Clinical trials have shown that PrEP is 99% effective at reducing sexual transmission of HIV. As of January 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved three medications as PrEP for HIV: […] Truvada (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg) […] NYS Clinical Guidelines identify Truvada as a preferred oral regimen for daily or on-demand dosing. […] Descovy (tenofovir alafenamide 25 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg)

• #2 PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV) | Terrence Higgins Trust

  https://www.tht.org.uk/hiv/protection/pep-post-exposure-prophylaxis-hiv

  The best place to get PEP is a sexual health or HIV clinic. […] If the person you had sex with is living with HIV and has an undetectable viral load, you will not need PEP as it wont be possible for the virus to have been transmitted. […] Once a doctor decides that its appropriate for you to have PEP, you will be asked to take an HIV test. This is to make sure you dont already have HIV. If HIV is detected by a test, other forms of treatment will be recommended to you. […] PEP must be taken exactly as instructed and for 28 days. […] If you’re worried that you’ve been exposed to HIV, it might be well worth finding out more about HIV prevention pill PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis). It’s available in some form in all UK countries and when taken as prescribed is almost 100% effective at preventing HIV transmission.

• #2 Recommendation: Prevention of Acquisition of HIV: Preexposure Prophylaxis | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/prevention-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-pre-exposure-prophylaxis

  It is important for clinicians to recognize that barriers to the implementation and uptake of PrEP exist. […] The US Public Health Service recommends PrEP for HIV prevention for sexually active adults and adolescents weighing at least 35 kg (77 lb) who report sexual behaviors that place them at substantial ongoing risk of HIV exposure and acquisition or who inject drugs and report injection practices that place them at substantial ongoing risk of HIV exposure and acquisition. […] This recommendation replaces the 2019 USPSTF recommendation on PrEP for the prevention of HIV. […] Research is needed to develop and validate tools that are accurate for identifying persons at increased risk of HIV acquisition who would benefit from PrEP. […] Research is needed on factors associated with adherence to and persistence with PrEP and methods to increase uptake, adherence, and persistence, especially in populations with lower use of and adherence to PrEP, such as younger persons and racial and ethnic groups most affected by HIV. […] The USPSTF has developed a Lets Talk About It guide for clinicians and patients about the use of HIV PrEP.

• #2 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hivstd/prep

  PrEP is safe for women and does not interfere with hormonal birth control or hormone therapy. PrEP can be used during conception and pregnancy. PrEP only works in preventing HIV. Condom use is recommended to protect against STDs and pregnancy. […] PrEP is free for many people through health insurance and assistance programs. If you do not have insurance, you can get help paying for PrEP from: Manufacturer drug and co-pay assistance, Patient Access Network Foundation, Patient Advocate Foundation. […] Most people on PrEP do not report any side effects. The most common side effects are nausea, upset stomach, fatigue and headaches during the first month of taking PrEP; these symptoms usually get better or go away. Your healthcare provider can help you manage any side effects. […] You can get PrEP from your physician, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant; you just have to ask for it by name. If your provider is not familiar with PrEP, you can direct them to the CDC PrEP information page.

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