Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Concussion Basics | HEADS UP | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heads-up/about/index.html

  A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury. […] A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury or TBI caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. […] Exposure to repeated head impacts increases the chance for concussions and other TBIs, as well as the potential for changes in the brain and brain diseases. […] There’s a bigger risk of more serious and longer-lasting symptoms when a child has multiple concussions. […] A child with a history of multiple concussions also may have a greater risk for mental health problems and other chronic health conditions.

• #2 Concussion (mTBI) – Brain Injury Association of America

  https://biausa.org/brain-injury/about-brain-injury/what-is-a-brain-injury/concussion-mtbi

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines concussion as a traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull, stretching and damaging brain cells and creating chemical changes in the brain. […] A concussion is generally referred to as a mild traumatic brain injury or mTBI. There may be signs of injury to the head, such as bruising or cuts, or there may be no visible injury. A person does not necessarily pass out after a concussion. […] Medical providers may describe a concussion as a “mild” traumatic brain injury because concussions are usually not life-threatening. Even so, all brain injuries – including concussions – should be taken seriously.

• #3 Concussion (mTBI) – Brain Injury Association of America

  https://biausa.org/brain-injury/about-brain-injury/what-is-a-brain-injury/concussion-mtbi

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines concussion as a traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull, stretching and damaging brain cells and creating chemical changes in the brain. […] A concussion is generally referred to as a mild traumatic brain injury or mTBI. There may be signs of injury to the head, such as bruising or cuts, or there may be no visible injury. A person does not necessarily pass out after a concussion. […] Medical providers may describe a concussion as a “mild” traumatic brain injury because concussions are usually not life-threatening. Even so, all brain injuries – including concussions – should be taken seriously.

• #4 Concussion – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/concussion/

  A concussion is an injury to the brain that results in temporary loss of normal brain function. Medically, it is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by immediate and transient alteration in brain function, including alteration of mental status or level of consciousness, that results from mechanical force or trauma. […] Concussions can be caused by direct trauma to the head, such as from falling, getting hit or being in an accident. They can also occur as a result of rapid acceleration-deceleration of the head, such as in whiplash injuries or blast injuries, like in a war zone. […] The skull protects the brain against penetrating trauma, but does not absorb all the impact of a violent force. The brain is cushioned inside the skull by the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid. Despite this, an abrupt blow to the head, or even a rapid deceleration, can cause the brain to contact the inner side of the skull. There is a potential for tearing of blood vessels, pulling of nerve fibers and bruising of the brain.

• #5 Concussion – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/concussion/

  A concussion is an injury to the brain that results in temporary loss of normal brain function. Medically, it is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by immediate and transient alteration in brain function, including alteration of mental status or level of consciousness, that results from mechanical force or trauma. […] Concussions can be caused by direct trauma to the head, such as from falling, getting hit or being in an accident. They can also occur as a result of rapid acceleration-deceleration of the head, such as in whiplash injuries or blast injuries, like in a war zone. […] The skull protects the brain against penetrating trauma, but does not absorb all the impact of a violent force. The brain is cushioned inside the skull by the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid. Despite this, an abrupt blow to the head, or even a rapid deceleration, can cause the brain to contact the inner side of the skull. There is a potential for tearing of blood vessels, pulling of nerve fibers and bruising of the brain.

• #6 Concussion Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/concussion

  When your brain suffers a blow, a series of things happen at the cellular level. Essentially, there’s a chain reaction. The result is that you have decreased blood supply to your brain. […] Lower blood supply makes your cells vulnerable, and another injury can damage them more severely. That’s why it’s so dangerous for athletes with concussions to stay in the game or continue their activity.

• #7 Concussion – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537017/

  A concussion occurs as a result of either a direct or indirect injury to the head. Providers often consider a direct, traumatic blow to the head as a significant cause of a concussion. However, indirect traumatic forces elsewhere in the body can lead to an acute acceleration/deceleration injury to the brain, which can also lead to a concussion.[2] […] Frequent causes of concussions are motor vehicle crashes, being struck by an object, assault, and participation in recreational athletics. […] The pathophysiologic mechanism of a concussion is complex. The acute symptoms of a concussion are due primarily to a „functional disturbance rather than structural injury.” […] The severity of symptoms within the first few days after a head injury is the most consistent prognostic indicator.[2] […] The most commonly seen complication of a concussion is post-concussion syndrome (PCS), characterized by persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months after the initial injury. […] A history of prior concussions does appear to correlate with the likelihood of the development of PCS.[22][21][23]

• #8 Concussion – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/concussion/

  Sometimes the blow can result in microscopic damage to the brain cells without obvious structural damage visible on a CT scan. In severe cases, the brain tissue can begin to swell. Since the brain cannot escape the rigid confines of the skull, severe swelling can compress the brain and its blood vessels, limiting the flow of blood. Without adequate blood flow, the brain does not receive the necessary flow of oxygen and glucose. A stroke can occur. Brain swelling after a concussion has the potential to amplify the severity of the injury. […] A blow to the head can cause a more serious initial injury to the brain. A contusion is a bruise of the brain tissue involving bleeding and swelling in the brain. A skull fracture occurs when the bone of the skull breaks. A skull fracture by itself may not necessarily be a serious injury. Sometimes, however, the broken skull bones cause bleeding or other damage by cutting into the brain or its coverings.

• #9 Traumatic brain injury – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

  Traumatic brain injury is usually caused by a blow or other traumatic injury to the head or body. The degree of damage can depend on several factors, including the nature of the injury and the force of impact. […] Common events causing traumatic brain injury include the following: Falls from bed or a ladder, down stairs, in the bath, and other falls are the most common cause of traumatic brain injury overall, particularly in older adults and young children. […] Vehicle-related collisions. Collisions involving cars, motorcycles or bicycles and pedestrians involved in such accidents are a common cause of traumatic brain injury. […] Violence. Gunshot wounds, domestic violence, child abuse and other assaults are common causes. Shaken baby syndrome is a traumatic brain injury in infants caused by violent shaking.

• #10 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Theyre some of the most common (and most commonly misunderstood) injuries that people experience. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Anyone can experience a concussion. People who have an increased concussion risk include: People older than 65 or children younger than 4 (or anyone with an increased risk of falling). People with physically demanding jobs like carpentry, landscaping or construction. Teens and adolescents. Athletes who play physically demanding or contact sports. Anyone whos had a concussion in the past. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.

• #11 Traumatic brain injury – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

  Traumatic brain injury is usually caused by a blow or other traumatic injury to the head or body. The degree of damage can depend on several factors, including the nature of the injury and the force of impact. […] Common events causing traumatic brain injury include the following: Falls from bed or a ladder, down stairs, in the bath, and other falls are the most common cause of traumatic brain injury overall, particularly in older adults and young children. […] Vehicle-related collisions. Collisions involving cars, motorcycles or bicycles and pedestrians involved in such accidents are a common cause of traumatic brain injury. […] Violence. Gunshot wounds, domestic violence, child abuse and other assaults are common causes. Shaken baby syndrome is a traumatic brain injury in infants caused by violent shaking.

• #12 Traumatic brain injury – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

  Traumatic brain injury is usually caused by a blow or other traumatic injury to the head or body. The degree of damage can depend on several factors, including the nature of the injury and the force of impact. […] Common events causing traumatic brain injury include the following: Falls from bed or a ladder, down stairs, in the bath, and other falls are the most common cause of traumatic brain injury overall, particularly in older adults and young children. […] Vehicle-related collisions. Collisions involving cars, motorcycles or bicycles and pedestrians involved in such accidents are a common cause of traumatic brain injury. […] Violence. Gunshot wounds, domestic violence, child abuse and other assaults are common causes. Shaken baby syndrome is a traumatic brain injury in infants caused by violent shaking.

• #13 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Theyre some of the most common (and most commonly misunderstood) injuries that people experience. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Anyone can experience a concussion. People who have an increased concussion risk include: People older than 65 or children younger than 4 (or anyone with an increased risk of falling). People with physically demanding jobs like carpentry, landscaping or construction. Teens and adolescents. Athletes who play physically demanding or contact sports. Anyone whos had a concussion in the past. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.

• #14 Traumatic brain injury – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

  Sports injuries. Traumatic brain injuries may be caused by injuries from a number of sports, including soccer, boxing, football, baseball, lacrosse, skateboarding, hockey, and other high-impact or extreme sports. These are particularly common in youth. […] Explosive blasts and other combat injuries. Explosive blasts are a common cause of traumatic brain injury in active-duty military personnel. Although how the damage occurs isn’t yet well understood, many researchers believe that the pressure wave passing through the brain significantly disrupts brain function.

• #15 Concussion & Concussion Symptoms | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/concussion/symptoms

  A concussion results from a forceful blow to the head or body that causes the brain to move rapidly inside the skull, which may or may not cause a loss of consciousness. A concussion is considered a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) because it causes either a brief change in mental status or consciousness. […] Concussions can happen after a fall, car accident, trauma, or in any organized sport or recreational activity. Concussions are more likely to occur in athletic environments where collisions are common. […] An estimated 3.8 million sports and recreation-related concussions happen in the United States each year; however, as many as 50 percent of the concussions may go unreported. […] Sports and recreation-related concussions are a leading cause of TBI-related emergency department (ED) visits among children and teens. […] Children and teens make up approximately 70 percent of all sports- and recreation-related concussions seen in the emergency department. […] Concussions occur in all sports with the highest incidence in football, hockey, rugby, soccer, and basketball.

• #16 Concussion Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors

  In emergency departments, the leading causes of concussions are falls, motor vehicle trauma, assaults, and sports. […] In sports-related concussions, contact sports have the highest rate of concussions. […] An athletes position and style of play also affect his or her risk of concussion. […] People who have suffered a concussion(s) in the past are more likely to sustain another concussion in the future. […] People younger than 24 and people older than 75 are at the greatest risk for concussion. […] Female athletes report more concussions and more severe symptoms than their male counterparts playing the same sport. […] Concussions in people with learning disorder or mood disorders may have a more complicated recovery. […] Some experts suspect that people who suffer migraines are more likely suffer a concussion and/or may have a longer concussion recovery. […] People engaging in risky behavior, such as drinking and driving, have an increased risk for concussion.

• #17 Traumatic brain injury – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

  Traumatic brain injury is usually caused by a blow or other traumatic injury to the head or body. The degree of damage can depend on several factors, including the nature of the injury and the force of impact. […] Common events causing traumatic brain injury include the following: Falls from bed or a ladder, down stairs, in the bath, and other falls are the most common cause of traumatic brain injury overall, particularly in older adults and young children. […] Vehicle-related collisions. Collisions involving cars, motorcycles or bicycles and pedestrians involved in such accidents are a common cause of traumatic brain injury. […] Violence. Gunshot wounds, domestic violence, child abuse and other assaults are common causes. Shaken baby syndrome is a traumatic brain injury in infants caused by violent shaking.

• #18 Traumatic brain injury – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

  Traumatic brain injury is usually caused by a blow or other traumatic injury to the head or body. The degree of damage can depend on several factors, including the nature of the injury and the force of impact. […] Common events causing traumatic brain injury include the following: Falls from bed or a ladder, down stairs, in the bath, and other falls are the most common cause of traumatic brain injury overall, particularly in older adults and young children. […] Vehicle-related collisions. Collisions involving cars, motorcycles or bicycles and pedestrians involved in such accidents are a common cause of traumatic brain injury. […] Violence. Gunshot wounds, domestic violence, child abuse and other assaults are common causes. Shaken baby syndrome is a traumatic brain injury in infants caused by violent shaking.

• #19 Traumatic brain injury – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

  Sports injuries. Traumatic brain injuries may be caused by injuries from a number of sports, including soccer, boxing, football, baseball, lacrosse, skateboarding, hockey, and other high-impact or extreme sports. These are particularly common in youth. […] Explosive blasts and other combat injuries. Explosive blasts are a common cause of traumatic brain injury in active-duty military personnel. Although how the damage occurs isn’t yet well understood, many researchers believe that the pressure wave passing through the brain significantly disrupts brain function.

• #20 Overview of Head Injuries – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/head-injuries/overview-of-head-injuries

  Common causes of head injuries include falls, motor vehicle crashes, physical assaults, and mishaps during sports and recreational activities. […] Often, injury is caused by direct impact. However, the brain can be damaged even if the head has not been hit. For example, violent shaking (such as in abusive head trauma [shaken baby syndrome]) or sudden deceleration can damage the soft brain as it collides with the rigid skull. […] Head injuries may cause brain injury (traumatic brain injury or TBI). TBIs contribute to about 30% of all deaths caused by injuries of any kind. […] Common causes of head injuries are falls (especially in older adults and young children), motor vehicle crashes, physical assaults, and mishaps during sports or recreational activities. Mishaps in the workplace (for example, while operating machinery) and firearms also cause head injuries. […] The degree of external head injury may have little to do with the degree of brain injury.

• #21 Concussion and Traumatic Brain Injury Prevention Program

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/health-education-management–surveillance/the-office-of-injury-prevention/concussion-and-traumatic-brain-injury-prevention-program

  Increasingly, Connecticut residents are taking part in sports and recreational activities. Unfortunately, some of these activities can lead to serious head injuries unless precautions are taken. […] The CDC identifies traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a major cause of death and disability in the United States. TBIs contribute to about 30% of all injury deaths. […] A TBI is caused when a bump, blow, or jolt to the head disrupts the normal function of the brain. […] The leading cause of TBI was attributed to falls. Falls accounted for 47% of all TBI-related ED visits, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States. […] The second leading cause of TBI was being struck by or against an object. […] A more common type of TBI, concussions, are caused by a blow or jolt to the head or body that results in rapid movement to the head that disrupts the function of the brain.

• #22 Statistics and Causes of Brain Injury | MyShepherdConnection

  https://myshepherdconnection.org/conditions/brain-injury/introduction-to-brain-injury/statistics-and-causes/

  According to the Brain Injury Association of America, an estimated 2.8 million people sustain new brain injuries annually in the U.S., where more than 5 million people live with the lingering effects of brain injury. […] The leading causes of traumatic brain injury are: Falls: 40.5%, Motor vehicle-traffic crashes: 14.3%, Struck by/against events (including recreation-related events): 15.5%, Assaults: 10.7%, Unknown: 19.0%.

• #23 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Theyre some of the most common (and most commonly misunderstood) injuries that people experience. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Anyone can experience a concussion. People who have an increased concussion risk include: People older than 65 or children younger than 4 (or anyone with an increased risk of falling). People with physically demanding jobs like carpentry, landscaping or construction. Teens and adolescents. Athletes who play physically demanding or contact sports. Anyone whos had a concussion in the past. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.

• #24 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Theyre some of the most common (and most commonly misunderstood) injuries that people experience. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Anyone can experience a concussion. People who have an increased concussion risk include: People older than 65 or children younger than 4 (or anyone with an increased risk of falling). People with physically demanding jobs like carpentry, landscaping or construction. Teens and adolescents. Athletes who play physically demanding or contact sports. Anyone whos had a concussion in the past. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.

• #25 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Theyre some of the most common (and most commonly misunderstood) injuries that people experience. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Anyone can experience a concussion. People who have an increased concussion risk include: People older than 65 or children younger than 4 (or anyone with an increased risk of falling). People with physically demanding jobs like carpentry, landscaping or construction. Teens and adolescents. Athletes who play physically demanding or contact sports. Anyone whos had a concussion in the past. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.

• #26 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Theyre some of the most common (and most commonly misunderstood) injuries that people experience. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Anyone can experience a concussion. People who have an increased concussion risk include: People older than 65 or children younger than 4 (or anyone with an increased risk of falling). People with physically demanding jobs like carpentry, landscaping or construction. Teens and adolescents. Athletes who play physically demanding or contact sports. Anyone whos had a concussion in the past. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.

• #27 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Theyre some of the most common (and most commonly misunderstood) injuries that people experience. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Anyone can experience a concussion. People who have an increased concussion risk include: People older than 65 or children younger than 4 (or anyone with an increased risk of falling). People with physically demanding jobs like carpentry, landscaping or construction. Teens and adolescents. Athletes who play physically demanding or contact sports. Anyone whos had a concussion in the past. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.

• #28 Concussion: Practice Essentials, Background, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92095-overview

  A previous concussion is a significant risk factor for sustaining a subsequent concussion. […] One study reported that the risk of sustaining a concussion was 4-5 times higher in patients who had at least 1 concussion in the past. […] Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative disease that persons with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including boxers and football players, are at risk for developing. […] The condition is also characterized by ventricular dilatation and by fenestration of the cavum septum pellucidum, as well as the accumulation of phosphorylated tau in the brain, with deposits of the protein being found in the sulci and in perivascular areas of the cerebral cortex.

• #29 Statistics and Causes of Mild TBI & Concussion | MyShepherdConnection

  https://www.myshepherdconnection.org/mild-tbi-concussion/introduction/stays-causes

  According to the Brain Injury Association of America, an estimated 2.8 million people sustain new brain injuries annually in the U.S., and most of these are considered mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI), or concussions. […] Falls, being struck by an object, and motor vehicle accidents are thought to be the most common causes of traumatic brain injury overall. […] Up to 3.8 million concussions are estimated to occur in the U.S. during sports and recreational activities each year (National Library of Medicine). […] Risk factors for concussion include participation in contact sports, unsafe driving practices, and employment in certain occupations. […] Military service members are at an increased risk for concussion compared to civilian peers.

• #30 Concussion Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors

  In emergency departments, the leading causes of concussions are falls, motor vehicle trauma, assaults, and sports. […] In sports-related concussions, contact sports have the highest rate of concussions. […] An athletes position and style of play also affect his or her risk of concussion. […] People who have suffered a concussion(s) in the past are more likely to sustain another concussion in the future. […] People younger than 24 and people older than 75 are at the greatest risk for concussion. […] Female athletes report more concussions and more severe symptoms than their male counterparts playing the same sport. […] Concussions in people with learning disorder or mood disorders may have a more complicated recovery. […] Some experts suspect that people who suffer migraines are more likely suffer a concussion and/or may have a longer concussion recovery. […] People engaging in risky behavior, such as drinking and driving, have an increased risk for concussion.

• #31 Concussion Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors

  In emergency departments, the leading causes of concussions are falls, motor vehicle trauma, assaults, and sports. […] In sports-related concussions, contact sports have the highest rate of concussions. […] An athletes position and style of play also affect his or her risk of concussion. […] People who have suffered a concussion(s) in the past are more likely to sustain another concussion in the future. […] People younger than 24 and people older than 75 are at the greatest risk for concussion. […] Female athletes report more concussions and more severe symptoms than their male counterparts playing the same sport. […] Concussions in people with learning disorder or mood disorders may have a more complicated recovery. […] Some experts suspect that people who suffer migraines are more likely suffer a concussion and/or may have a longer concussion recovery. […] People engaging in risky behavior, such as drinking and driving, have an increased risk for concussion.

• #32 Concussion – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537017/

  A concussion occurs as a result of either a direct or indirect injury to the head. Providers often consider a direct, traumatic blow to the head as a significant cause of a concussion. However, indirect traumatic forces elsewhere in the body can lead to an acute acceleration/deceleration injury to the brain, which can also lead to a concussion.[2] […] Frequent causes of concussions are motor vehicle crashes, being struck by an object, assault, and participation in recreational athletics. […] The pathophysiologic mechanism of a concussion is complex. The acute symptoms of a concussion are due primarily to a „functional disturbance rather than structural injury.” […] The severity of symptoms within the first few days after a head injury is the most consistent prognostic indicator.[2] […] The most commonly seen complication of a concussion is post-concussion syndrome (PCS), characterized by persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months after the initial injury. […] A history of prior concussions does appear to correlate with the likelihood of the development of PCS.[22][21][23]

• #33 Concussion – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/concussion/

  A concussion is an injury to the brain that results in temporary loss of normal brain function. Medically, it is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by immediate and transient alteration in brain function, including alteration of mental status or level of consciousness, that results from mechanical force or trauma. […] Concussions can be caused by direct trauma to the head, such as from falling, getting hit or being in an accident. They can also occur as a result of rapid acceleration-deceleration of the head, such as in whiplash injuries or blast injuries, like in a war zone. […] The skull protects the brain against penetrating trauma, but does not absorb all the impact of a violent force. The brain is cushioned inside the skull by the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid. Despite this, an abrupt blow to the head, or even a rapid deceleration, can cause the brain to contact the inner side of the skull. There is a potential for tearing of blood vessels, pulling of nerve fibers and bruising of the brain.

• #34 Concussion – Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?Hwid=custom.ab_concussion_ac_adult

  A concussion, also called a mild traumatic brain injury, is a head injury. It happens when your brain gets shaken inside your skull from a hit (blow) to your head or when your head and neck jerk when your body is hit. […] Common causes of a concussion are falls, sports, physical assaults (fights), and motor vehicle collisions. […] With a concussion, your brains nerve fibers get injured, which affects how your brain normally works. In most cases, you cannot see this injury on tests such as a CT scan or MRI. […] You don’t have to pass out (lose consciousness) to have a concussion. Some people have symptoms of a concussion, but others don’t.

• #35 Concussions: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/concussion-traumatic-brain-injury-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Other than direct blows to the head, concussions can be caused by foreign objects. You can be struck by something such as during a sports game or get whiplash injuries or blast zone injuries in a war zone. […] In both contact and noncontact sports, athletes are at risk for concussions. This is true whether you’re playing Little League or in the pros. […] If you get a second concussion, it may make it much harder to heal and you could have long-term effects such as chronic headaches or learning difficulties. […] Concussions can be tricky to diagnose. […] Signs of a concussion may not appear for days or weeks after the injury. […] Concussions are fairly common. Some estimates say a mild brain trauma is sustained every 21 seconds in the U.S. […] Post-concussive syndrome is when issues from a concussion linger after you should have recovered.

• #36 Traumatic brain injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury

  A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by an external force. […] Causes include falls, vehicle collisions, and violence. […] The most common causes of TBI in the U.S. include violence, transportation accidents, construction site mishaps, and sports. […] Motor bikes are major causes, increasing in significance in developing countries as other causes reduce. […] TBI is the third most common injury to result from child abuse. […] Abuse causes 19% of cases of pediatric brain trauma, and the death rate is higher among these cases. […] Firearms and blast injuries from explosions are other causes of TBI, which is the leading cause of death and disability in war zones. […] The type, direction, intensity, and duration of forces all contribute to the characteristics and severity of TBI. […] Forces that may contribute to TBI include angular, rotational, shear, and translational forces. […] Even in the absence of an impact, significant acceleration or deceleration of the head can cause TBI; however in most cases, a combination of impact and acceleration is probably to blame.

• #37 Traumatic brain injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury

  A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by an external force. […] Causes include falls, vehicle collisions, and violence. […] The most common causes of TBI in the U.S. include violence, transportation accidents, construction site mishaps, and sports. […] Motor bikes are major causes, increasing in significance in developing countries as other causes reduce. […] TBI is the third most common injury to result from child abuse. […] Abuse causes 19% of cases of pediatric brain trauma, and the death rate is higher among these cases. […] Firearms and blast injuries from explosions are other causes of TBI, which is the leading cause of death and disability in war zones. […] The type, direction, intensity, and duration of forces all contribute to the characteristics and severity of TBI. […] Forces that may contribute to TBI include angular, rotational, shear, and translational forces. […] Even in the absence of an impact, significant acceleration or deceleration of the head can cause TBI; however in most cases, a combination of impact and acceleration is probably to blame.

• #38 Concussion – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537017/

  A concussion occurs as a result of either a direct or indirect injury to the head. Providers often consider a direct, traumatic blow to the head as a significant cause of a concussion. However, indirect traumatic forces elsewhere in the body can lead to an acute acceleration/deceleration injury to the brain, which can also lead to a concussion.[2] […] Frequent causes of concussions are motor vehicle crashes, being struck by an object, assault, and participation in recreational athletics. […] The pathophysiologic mechanism of a concussion is complex. The acute symptoms of a concussion are due primarily to a „functional disturbance rather than structural injury.” […] The severity of symptoms within the first few days after a head injury is the most consistent prognostic indicator.[2] […] The most commonly seen complication of a concussion is post-concussion syndrome (PCS), characterized by persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months after the initial injury. […] A history of prior concussions does appear to correlate with the likelihood of the development of PCS.[22][21][23]

• #39 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) occurs when a patient experiences persistent symptoms three months or more after a head injury. Those symptoms could include headaches, brain fog, fatigue, sleep problems, memory issues, vision problems, and more. PCS can develop after a concussive event (falls, car accidents, contact sports, etc) or another closed-head injury. It doesnt take a direct hit or loss of consciousness to constitute a concussion; many patients suffer concussion symptoms after whiplash or jostling of their brains. […] Post-concussion syndrome can develop after a mild, moderate, or severe TBI. It can also come from brain traumas like carbon monoxide poisoning, transient ischemic attack (TIA), chemical exposure, certain viral or bacterial illnesses, surgery, and more. […] Post-concussion symptoms stem primarily from dysfunctional neurovascular coupling (NVC), which is the dynamic relationship between neurons and the blood vessels that supply them.

• #40 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) occurs when a patient experiences persistent symptoms three months or more after a head injury. Those symptoms could include headaches, brain fog, fatigue, sleep problems, memory issues, vision problems, and more. PCS can develop after a concussive event (falls, car accidents, contact sports, etc) or another closed-head injury. It doesnt take a direct hit or loss of consciousness to constitute a concussion; many patients suffer concussion symptoms after whiplash or jostling of their brains. […] Post-concussion syndrome can develop after a mild, moderate, or severe TBI. It can also come from brain traumas like carbon monoxide poisoning, transient ischemic attack (TIA), chemical exposure, certain viral or bacterial illnesses, surgery, and more. […] Post-concussion symptoms stem primarily from dysfunctional neurovascular coupling (NVC), which is the dynamic relationship between neurons and the blood vessels that supply them.

• #41 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) occurs when a patient experiences persistent symptoms three months or more after a head injury. Those symptoms could include headaches, brain fog, fatigue, sleep problems, memory issues, vision problems, and more. PCS can develop after a concussive event (falls, car accidents, contact sports, etc) or another closed-head injury. It doesnt take a direct hit or loss of consciousness to constitute a concussion; many patients suffer concussion symptoms after whiplash or jostling of their brains. […] Post-concussion syndrome can develop after a mild, moderate, or severe TBI. It can also come from brain traumas like carbon monoxide poisoning, transient ischemic attack (TIA), chemical exposure, certain viral or bacterial illnesses, surgery, and more. […] Post-concussion symptoms stem primarily from dysfunctional neurovascular coupling (NVC), which is the dynamic relationship between neurons and the blood vessels that supply them.

• #42 Concussion – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537017/

  A concussion occurs as a result of either a direct or indirect injury to the head. Providers often consider a direct, traumatic blow to the head as a significant cause of a concussion. However, indirect traumatic forces elsewhere in the body can lead to an acute acceleration/deceleration injury to the brain, which can also lead to a concussion.[2] […] Frequent causes of concussions are motor vehicle crashes, being struck by an object, assault, and participation in recreational athletics. […] The pathophysiologic mechanism of a concussion is complex. The acute symptoms of a concussion are due primarily to a „functional disturbance rather than structural injury.” […] The severity of symptoms within the first few days after a head injury is the most consistent prognostic indicator.[2] […] The most commonly seen complication of a concussion is post-concussion syndrome (PCS), characterized by persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months after the initial injury. […] A history of prior concussions does appear to correlate with the likelihood of the development of PCS.[22][21][23]

• #43 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Up to 30% of all concussion patients develop lasting post-concussion symptoms and sequelae to some degree a much higher incidence than you might expect given the current lack of awareness in the medical community. […] Post-concussion symptoms can persist or recur years after the original injury. In general, PCS symptoms tend to stay the same or get worse over time until they are properly treated. […] History of concussion is also linked to structural and functional alterations in aging individuals, even in those that may present with normal neuropsychological performance. […] The good news is that weve detected no difference in recovery rates whether youve had post-concussion syndrome for just a year or over a decade. The brain is still capable of healing all those years later! […] Many studies have found that PCS recovery time varies drastically. Some patients recover after a couple of weeks without any long-term side effects; others struggle with symptoms for the rest of their lives. […] Some studies even go as far to state that PCS may be permanent if recovery has not occurred by 3 years. […] What weve found is that it doesnt matter how old your injury was: The key to recovery is getting the right treatment.

• #44 Concussion: Practice Essentials, Background, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92095-overview

  A previous concussion is a significant risk factor for sustaining a subsequent concussion. […] One study reported that the risk of sustaining a concussion was 4-5 times higher in patients who had at least 1 concussion in the past. […] Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative disease that persons with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including boxers and football players, are at risk for developing. […] The condition is also characterized by ventricular dilatation and by fenestration of the cavum septum pellucidum, as well as the accumulation of phosphorylated tau in the brain, with deposits of the protein being found in the sulci and in perivascular areas of the cerebral cortex.

• #45 Concussion: Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/concussion/article_em.htm

  Concussions, or traumatic brain injuries, can be mild or severe. […] The term concussion describes an injury to the brain resulting from impact to the head. By definition, a concussion is not a life-threatening injury, but it can cause both short-term and long-term problems. A concussion results from a closed-head type of injury and does not include injuries in which there is bleeding under the skull or into the brain. Another type of brain injury must be present if bleeding is visible on a CT scan (CAT scan) of the brain. […] A concussion can be caused by any significant blunt force trauma to the head such as: Falls, Car accidents, Sports injuries, Being struck on the head with an object. […] A repeat concussion that occurs before the brain recovers from the first usually within a short period of time (hours, days, or weeks) can slow recovery or increase the likelihood of having long-term problems. In rare cases, repeat concussions can result in edema (brain swelling), permanent brain damage, and even death. […] Concussions are known to be cumulative. That is, each time you have a concussion it is easier to get another concussion in the future. Repeated concussions can lead to long-term memory loss, psychiatric disorders, brain damage, and other neurologic problems.

• #46 Head injuries and concussion | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/head-injuries-and-concussion

  Any knock to the head is considered a head injury. […] The most common type of head injury is concussion. Concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury which alters the way the brain functions, usually temporarily. […] Anyone suspected of having concussion should be assessed by a doctor. […] It can take some time for the brain to recover from a head injury. During this time, headaches, dizziness and mild cognitive (thought) problems are common. […] A second concussion that occurs before your brain recovers from the first usually within a short period of time (hours, days or weeks) can slow recovery or increase the likelihood of having long-term problems. […] In rare cases, repeat concussions can result in brain swelling (oedema), permanent brain damage and even death.

• #47 Concussions – Traumatic Brain Injury

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/concussions/

  A concussion is a type of brain injury that changes the way the brain normally works. A concussion is caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head. It can also be caused by a blow to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. […] Concussions can have serious long-term health effects, especially on the developing brains of children and teens. Untreated concussions can have serious consequences: […] Second Impact Syndrome is a rare condition in which a second, often mild, impact occurs when someone is still suffering from an initial concussion that results in 50% of the cases ending in death and the other half in permanent brain damage. […] Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative disease resulting from multiple concussions. […] However, untreated concussions can lead to serious injury or death.

• #48 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Theyre some of the most common (and most commonly misunderstood) injuries that people experience. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Anyone can experience a concussion. People who have an increased concussion risk include: People older than 65 or children younger than 4 (or anyone with an increased risk of falling). People with physically demanding jobs like carpentry, landscaping or construction. Teens and adolescents. Athletes who play physically demanding or contact sports. Anyone whos had a concussion in the past. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.

• #49 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Theyre some of the most common (and most commonly misunderstood) injuries that people experience. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Anyone can experience a concussion. People who have an increased concussion risk include: People older than 65 or children younger than 4 (or anyone with an increased risk of falling). People with physically demanding jobs like carpentry, landscaping or construction. Teens and adolescents. Athletes who play physically demanding or contact sports. Anyone whos had a concussion in the past. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.

• #50 Concussion: Practice Essentials, Background, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92095-overview

  A previous concussion is a significant risk factor for sustaining a subsequent concussion. […] One study reported that the risk of sustaining a concussion was 4-5 times higher in patients who had at least 1 concussion in the past. […] Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative disease that persons with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including boxers and football players, are at risk for developing. […] The condition is also characterized by ventricular dilatation and by fenestration of the cavum septum pellucidum, as well as the accumulation of phosphorylated tau in the brain, with deposits of the protein being found in the sulci and in perivascular areas of the cerebral cortex.

• #51 Concussion: Practice Essentials, Background, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92095-overview

  A previous concussion is a significant risk factor for sustaining a subsequent concussion. […] One study reported that the risk of sustaining a concussion was 4-5 times higher in patients who had at least 1 concussion in the past. […] Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative disease that persons with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including boxers and football players, are at risk for developing. […] The condition is also characterized by ventricular dilatation and by fenestration of the cavum septum pellucidum, as well as the accumulation of phosphorylated tau in the brain, with deposits of the protein being found in the sulci and in perivascular areas of the cerebral cortex.

• #52 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/traumatic-brain-injury-tbi

  Concussion is a type of mild TBI that may be considered a temporary injury to the brain but could take minutes to several months to heal. Concussion may be caused by a blow to the head, a sports injury or fall, a motor vehicle accident, or a rapid movement of the brain within the skull, as can happen when a person is violently shaken. […] Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurological disorder with symptoms that may include problems with thinking, understanding, and communicating; movement disorders; problems with impulse control and depression; confusion; and irritability. While it was originally identified only at autopsy, research to date suggests CTE may be caused in part by repeated TBIs. […] Studies suggest that age and the number of head injuries a person has suffered over his or her lifetime are two critical factors that impact recovery.

• #53 Traumatic Brain Injury | Symptoms & Treatments | alz.org

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/related_conditions/traumatic-brain-injury

  There’s no evidence that a single mild TBI increases cognitive decline and dementia risk. […] Ongoing research is aimed at understanding the underlying mechanisms of the connection between TBI, cognitive decline and dementia in the brain, including the role of potential exacerbating factors. […] Over the past 30 years, research has linked moderate and severe TBI to a greater risk of cognitive decline or dementia years after the original head injury. […] The key studies showing an increased risk found that older adults with a history of moderate TBI had a 2.3 times greater risk of developing Alzheimer’s than seniors with no history of head injury. […] Those with a history of severe TBI had a 4.5 times greater risk. […] More research is needed to fully understand the relationship between TBI and dementia and to understand why moderate, severe and repeated mild traumatic brain injuries are at an increased risk with changes in memory, thinking and reasoning in individuals in later life.

• #54 Concussion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussion

  The debate over whether concussion is a functional or structural phenomenon is ongoing. […] Definitions of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) were inconsistent until the World Health Organization’s International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) provided a consistent, authoritative definition across specialties in 1992. […] Concussion falls under the classification of mild TBI, but it is not clear whether concussion is implied in mild brain injury or mild head injury. […] The majority of children and adults fully recover from a concussion, however some may experience a prolonged recovery. […] For unknown reasons, having had one concussion significantly increases a person’s risk of having another. […] Repeated concussions may increase a person’s risk in later life for dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and depression.

• #55 Concussion Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/concussion

  Concussion happens because of a blow to your head or an injury that shakes your brain inside your skull. […] A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). You can get a concussion if you take a direct or indirect hit to your head or body. […] A strong impact can cause your brain to shake or collide with the inside of your skull. […] There are many ways to get a concussion that aren’t related to athletic injuries. Some common causes of concussion include fights, falls, playground injuries, car crashes, and bike accidents. […] Anyone can get a concussion, but athletes who participate in certain sports have a higher risk of concussion. […] Concussions can have significant emotional and psychological effects, including anxiety and depression. […] A concussion can disrupt the delicate chemical balance in the brain, affecting areas responsible for regulating mood and emotions.

• #56 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Up to 30% of all concussion patients develop lasting post-concussion symptoms and sequelae to some degree a much higher incidence than you might expect given the current lack of awareness in the medical community. […] Post-concussion symptoms can persist or recur years after the original injury. In general, PCS symptoms tend to stay the same or get worse over time until they are properly treated. […] History of concussion is also linked to structural and functional alterations in aging individuals, even in those that may present with normal neuropsychological performance. […] The good news is that weve detected no difference in recovery rates whether youve had post-concussion syndrome for just a year or over a decade. The brain is still capable of healing all those years later! […] Many studies have found that PCS recovery time varies drastically. Some patients recover after a couple of weeks without any long-term side effects; others struggle with symptoms for the rest of their lives. […] Some studies even go as far to state that PCS may be permanent if recovery has not occurred by 3 years. […] What weve found is that it doesnt matter how old your injury was: The key to recovery is getting the right treatment.

• #57 Concussion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussion

  The debate over whether concussion is a functional or structural phenomenon is ongoing. […] Definitions of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) were inconsistent until the World Health Organization’s International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) provided a consistent, authoritative definition across specialties in 1992. […] Concussion falls under the classification of mild TBI, but it is not clear whether concussion is implied in mild brain injury or mild head injury. […] The majority of children and adults fully recover from a concussion, however some may experience a prolonged recovery. […] For unknown reasons, having had one concussion significantly increases a person’s risk of having another. […] Repeated concussions may increase a person’s risk in later life for dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and depression.

• #58 What Are My Risk Factors for Getting a Concussion?

  https://www.universalclass.com/articles/health/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors.htm

  Due to the major under-diagnosing of concussions, the exact number of concussions per year is not known, but it is in the millions for the United States alone. Great varieties of causes are responsible for this high number of mild traumatic brain injuries, but some of the leading causes are sports, automobile accidents, and falls. […] A bump from the car behind you could cause you to lurch forward, and this simple motion can cause a mild brain injury, even if you were wearing your seatbelt at the time and feel fine. […] Falling is the leading cause of concussions in the United States. Falling makes up over half of the traumatic brain injuries in young children, since they are not yet steady on their feet. […] Although this cause is not the most common of all causes, it has received the most attention over the last couple decades. Awareness began to grow as research was developed in regards to the brain injuries that boxers suffer from repeated blows to the head.

• #59 What Are My Risk Factors for Getting a Concussion?

  https://www.universalclass.com/articles/health/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors.htm

  Due to the major under-diagnosing of concussions, the exact number of concussions per year is not known, but it is in the millions for the United States alone. Great varieties of causes are responsible for this high number of mild traumatic brain injuries, but some of the leading causes are sports, automobile accidents, and falls. […] A bump from the car behind you could cause you to lurch forward, and this simple motion can cause a mild brain injury, even if you were wearing your seatbelt at the time and feel fine. […] Falling is the leading cause of concussions in the United States. Falling makes up over half of the traumatic brain injuries in young children, since they are not yet steady on their feet. […] Although this cause is not the most common of all causes, it has received the most attention over the last couple decades. Awareness began to grow as research was developed in regards to the brain injuries that boxers suffer from repeated blows to the head.

• #60 Traumatic Brain Injury | TBI | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/traumaticbraininjury.html

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden injury that causes damage to the brain. It may happen when there is a blow, bump, or jolt to the head. This is a closed head injury. A TBI can also happen when an object penetrates the skull. This is a penetrating injury. […] The main causes of TBI depend on the type of head injury: Some of the common causes of a closed head injury include Falls. This is the most common cause in adults age 65 and older. Motor vehicle crashes. This is the most common cause in young adults. Sports injuries. Being struck by an object. Child abuse. This is the most common cause in children under age 4. Blast injuries due to explosions. […] Some of the common causes of a penetrating injury include Being hit by a bullet or shrapnel. Being hit by a weapon such as a hammer, knife, or baseball bat. A head injury that causes a bone fragment to penetrate the skull. […] Some accidents such as explosions, natural disasters, or other extreme events can cause both closed and penetrating TBI in the same person.

• #61 Concussion & Concussion Symptoms | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/concussion/symptoms

  A concussion results from a forceful blow to the head or body that causes the brain to move rapidly inside the skull, which may or may not cause a loss of consciousness. A concussion is considered a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) because it causes either a brief change in mental status or consciousness. […] Concussions can happen after a fall, car accident, trauma, or in any organized sport or recreational activity. Concussions are more likely to occur in athletic environments where collisions are common. […] An estimated 3.8 million sports and recreation-related concussions happen in the United States each year; however, as many as 50 percent of the concussions may go unreported. […] Sports and recreation-related concussions are a leading cause of TBI-related emergency department (ED) visits among children and teens. […] Children and teens make up approximately 70 percent of all sports- and recreation-related concussions seen in the emergency department. […] Concussions occur in all sports with the highest incidence in football, hockey, rugby, soccer, and basketball.

• #62 Head Injury in Children | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/head-injury-children

  A head injury is any kind of damage to the scalp, skull, brain, or other tissue and blood vessels in the head. A head injury is also often called a brain injury or traumatic brain injury (TBI), depending on the extent of the injury. […] Head injuries are one of the most common causes of disability and death in children. […] There are many causes of head injury in children. Common causes are: Sports injury, Falling, A motor vehicle accident, or being struck by a vehicle while walking, Child abuse, Abusive head trauma. […] The risk of head injury is high in teens. Head injuries happen twice as often in boys than in girls. Head injuries are more common in the spring and summer months when children are very active in outdoor activities, such as riding bikes, roller skating, or skateboarding. Children who play sports, such as football, soccer, hockey, and basketball, are also at higher risk of concussion.

• #63 Concussion: Symptoms and treatment – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/concussion-sign-symptoms.html

  A concussion is a type of brain injury. It often happens because of a hit to the: […] When you are hit on the head or body, your brain moves inside the skull. This movement can cause brain injury, such as a concussion. […] A concussion causes changes in the way you think and feel. […] A concussion can’t be seen on routine image scans, such as an MRI, X-ray or CT scan. It is diagnosed by observing changes in the way a person thinks and feels. […] If you have a concussion, your doctor will monitor your symptoms and tell you when you can return to activities. […] If you or your child has had a concussion before, or there are other health factors, recovery may take longer. […] Research shows that females and males with a concussion have different symptoms. Their recovery is also different. […] Knowing these differences will help health care providers improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment. […] In Canada, only doctors and nurse practitioners can medically assess patients with a head injury.

• #64 Traumatic Brain Injury | TBI | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/traumaticbraininjury.html

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden injury that causes damage to the brain. It may happen when there is a blow, bump, or jolt to the head. This is a closed head injury. A TBI can also happen when an object penetrates the skull. This is a penetrating injury. […] The main causes of TBI depend on the type of head injury: Some of the common causes of a closed head injury include Falls. This is the most common cause in adults age 65 and older. Motor vehicle crashes. This is the most common cause in young adults. Sports injuries. Being struck by an object. Child abuse. This is the most common cause in children under age 4. Blast injuries due to explosions. […] Some of the common causes of a penetrating injury include Being hit by a bullet or shrapnel. Being hit by a weapon such as a hammer, knife, or baseball bat. A head injury that causes a bone fragment to penetrate the skull. […] Some accidents such as explosions, natural disasters, or other extreme events can cause both closed and penetrating TBI in the same person.

• #65 Traumatic Brain Injury | TBI | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/traumaticbraininjury.html

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden injury that causes damage to the brain. It may happen when there is a blow, bump, or jolt to the head. This is a closed head injury. A TBI can also happen when an object penetrates the skull. This is a penetrating injury. […] The main causes of TBI depend on the type of head injury: Some of the common causes of a closed head injury include Falls. This is the most common cause in adults age 65 and older. Motor vehicle crashes. This is the most common cause in young adults. Sports injuries. Being struck by an object. Child abuse. This is the most common cause in children under age 4. Blast injuries due to explosions. […] Some of the common causes of a penetrating injury include Being hit by a bullet or shrapnel. Being hit by a weapon such as a hammer, knife, or baseball bat. A head injury that causes a bone fragment to penetrate the skull. […] Some accidents such as explosions, natural disasters, or other extreme events can cause both closed and penetrating TBI in the same person.

• #66 Traumatic Brain Injury | Symptoms & Treatments | alz.org

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/related_conditions/traumatic-brain-injury

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from an impact to the head that disrupts normal brain function. TBI may affect a person’s cognitive abilities, including learning and thinking skills. […] Most TBIs are caused by falls, being struck by an object or by vehicle crashes. […] Certain types of TBI may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s or another type of dementia years after the injury takes place. […] The leading causes of TBI that result in emergency department visits are falls, being struck by an object and motor vehicle crashes. […] Falls are the most common cause of TBI, and falling poses an especially serious risk for older adults. […] When a person over 65 years old sustains a serious TBI in a fall, direct effects of the injury may result in long-term cognitive changes, reduced ability to function and changes in emotional health.

• #67 Concussion Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors

  In emergency departments, the leading causes of concussions are falls, motor vehicle trauma, assaults, and sports. […] In sports-related concussions, contact sports have the highest rate of concussions. […] An athletes position and style of play also affect his or her risk of concussion. […] People who have suffered a concussion(s) in the past are more likely to sustain another concussion in the future. […] People younger than 24 and people older than 75 are at the greatest risk for concussion. […] Female athletes report more concussions and more severe symptoms than their male counterparts playing the same sport. […] Concussions in people with learning disorder or mood disorders may have a more complicated recovery. […] Some experts suspect that people who suffer migraines are more likely suffer a concussion and/or may have a longer concussion recovery. […] People engaging in risky behavior, such as drinking and driving, have an increased risk for concussion.

• #68 Head Injury in Children | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/head-injury-children

  A head injury is any kind of damage to the scalp, skull, brain, or other tissue and blood vessels in the head. A head injury is also often called a brain injury or traumatic brain injury (TBI), depending on the extent of the injury. […] Head injuries are one of the most common causes of disability and death in children. […] There are many causes of head injury in children. Common causes are: Sports injury, Falling, A motor vehicle accident, or being struck by a vehicle while walking, Child abuse, Abusive head trauma. […] The risk of head injury is high in teens. Head injuries happen twice as often in boys than in girls. Head injuries are more common in the spring and summer months when children are very active in outdoor activities, such as riding bikes, roller skating, or skateboarding. Children who play sports, such as football, soccer, hockey, and basketball, are also at higher risk of concussion.

• #69 Concussion Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors

  In emergency departments, the leading causes of concussions are falls, motor vehicle trauma, assaults, and sports. […] In sports-related concussions, contact sports have the highest rate of concussions. […] An athletes position and style of play also affect his or her risk of concussion. […] People who have suffered a concussion(s) in the past are more likely to sustain another concussion in the future. […] People younger than 24 and people older than 75 are at the greatest risk for concussion. […] Female athletes report more concussions and more severe symptoms than their male counterparts playing the same sport. […] Concussions in people with learning disorder or mood disorders may have a more complicated recovery. […] Some experts suspect that people who suffer migraines are more likely suffer a concussion and/or may have a longer concussion recovery. […] People engaging in risky behavior, such as drinking and driving, have an increased risk for concussion.

• #70 Concussion: Symptoms and treatment – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/concussion-sign-symptoms.html

  A concussion is a type of brain injury. It often happens because of a hit to the: […] When you are hit on the head or body, your brain moves inside the skull. This movement can cause brain injury, such as a concussion. […] A concussion causes changes in the way you think and feel. […] A concussion can’t be seen on routine image scans, such as an MRI, X-ray or CT scan. It is diagnosed by observing changes in the way a person thinks and feels. […] If you have a concussion, your doctor will monitor your symptoms and tell you when you can return to activities. […] If you or your child has had a concussion before, or there are other health factors, recovery may take longer. […] Research shows that females and males with a concussion have different symptoms. Their recovery is also different. […] Knowing these differences will help health care providers improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment. […] In Canada, only doctors and nurse practitioners can medically assess patients with a head injury.

• #71 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Theyre some of the most common (and most commonly misunderstood) injuries that people experience. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Anyone can experience a concussion. People who have an increased concussion risk include: People older than 65 or children younger than 4 (or anyone with an increased risk of falling). People with physically demanding jobs like carpentry, landscaping or construction. Teens and adolescents. Athletes who play physically demanding or contact sports. Anyone whos had a concussion in the past. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.

• #72 What Are My Risk Factors for Getting a Concussion?

  https://www.universalclass.com/articles/health/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors.htm

  Understanding what kind of circumstances can lead to a concussion can help observers notice situations where a concussion might have occurred. It’s important to note that there is no one specific way to get a concussion, but that this brain injury can be caused by a multitude of different factors of types of accidents. […] The risk that they should avoid, however, is the risk of receiving multiple concussions once they have already suffered from a single concussion. The risk of potential damage from multiple concussions can be severe. […] If an adult who takes a blood thinner has recently hit their head or had an accident, always get it checked out be a doctor just to make sure that there are no life-threatening or concerning consequences. […] While other causes of concussions may take the spotlight in media and society, it is important to realize that physical assaults or abuse can also lead to brain injuries. […] Certain occupations can even present more of a risk to workers, as they put them in situations where a concussion is a bigger possibility.

• #73 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Theyre some of the most common (and most commonly misunderstood) injuries that people experience. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Anyone can experience a concussion. People who have an increased concussion risk include: People older than 65 or children younger than 4 (or anyone with an increased risk of falling). People with physically demanding jobs like carpentry, landscaping or construction. Teens and adolescents. Athletes who play physically demanding or contact sports. Anyone whos had a concussion in the past. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.

• #74 Concussion & Concussion Symptoms | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/concussion/symptoms

  A concussion results from a forceful blow to the head or body that causes the brain to move rapidly inside the skull, which may or may not cause a loss of consciousness. A concussion is considered a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) because it causes either a brief change in mental status or consciousness. […] Concussions can happen after a fall, car accident, trauma, or in any organized sport or recreational activity. Concussions are more likely to occur in athletic environments where collisions are common. […] An estimated 3.8 million sports and recreation-related concussions happen in the United States each year; however, as many as 50 percent of the concussions may go unreported. […] Sports and recreation-related concussions are a leading cause of TBI-related emergency department (ED) visits among children and teens. […] Children and teens make up approximately 70 percent of all sports- and recreation-related concussions seen in the emergency department. […] Concussions occur in all sports with the highest incidence in football, hockey, rugby, soccer, and basketball.

• #75 Concussion Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors

  In emergency departments, the leading causes of concussions are falls, motor vehicle trauma, assaults, and sports. […] In sports-related concussions, contact sports have the highest rate of concussions. […] An athletes position and style of play also affect his or her risk of concussion. […] People who have suffered a concussion(s) in the past are more likely to sustain another concussion in the future. […] People younger than 24 and people older than 75 are at the greatest risk for concussion. […] Female athletes report more concussions and more severe symptoms than their male counterparts playing the same sport. […] Concussions in people with learning disorder or mood disorders may have a more complicated recovery. […] Some experts suspect that people who suffer migraines are more likely suffer a concussion and/or may have a longer concussion recovery. […] People engaging in risky behavior, such as drinking and driving, have an increased risk for concussion.

• #76 Traumatic brain injury – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

  Sports injuries. Traumatic brain injuries may be caused by injuries from a number of sports, including soccer, boxing, football, baseball, lacrosse, skateboarding, hockey, and other high-impact or extreme sports. These are particularly common in youth. […] Explosive blasts and other combat injuries. Explosive blasts are a common cause of traumatic brain injury in active-duty military personnel. Although how the damage occurs isn’t yet well understood, many researchers believe that the pressure wave passing through the brain significantly disrupts brain function.

• #77 Statistics and Causes of Mild TBI & Concussion | MyShepherdConnection

  https://www.myshepherdconnection.org/mild-tbi-concussion/introduction/stays-causes

  According to the Brain Injury Association of America, an estimated 2.8 million people sustain new brain injuries annually in the U.S., and most of these are considered mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI), or concussions. […] Falls, being struck by an object, and motor vehicle accidents are thought to be the most common causes of traumatic brain injury overall. […] Up to 3.8 million concussions are estimated to occur in the U.S. during sports and recreational activities each year (National Library of Medicine). […] Risk factors for concussion include participation in contact sports, unsafe driving practices, and employment in certain occupations. […] Military service members are at an increased risk for concussion compared to civilian peers.

• #78 Concussion Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors

  In emergency departments, the leading causes of concussions are falls, motor vehicle trauma, assaults, and sports. […] In sports-related concussions, contact sports have the highest rate of concussions. […] An athletes position and style of play also affect his or her risk of concussion. […] People who have suffered a concussion(s) in the past are more likely to sustain another concussion in the future. […] People younger than 24 and people older than 75 are at the greatest risk for concussion. […] Female athletes report more concussions and more severe symptoms than their male counterparts playing the same sport. […] Concussions in people with learning disorder or mood disorders may have a more complicated recovery. […] Some experts suspect that people who suffer migraines are more likely suffer a concussion and/or may have a longer concussion recovery. […] People engaging in risky behavior, such as drinking and driving, have an increased risk for concussion.

• #79 Concussion Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors

  In emergency departments, the leading causes of concussions are falls, motor vehicle trauma, assaults, and sports. […] In sports-related concussions, contact sports have the highest rate of concussions. […] An athletes position and style of play also affect his or her risk of concussion. […] People who have suffered a concussion(s) in the past are more likely to sustain another concussion in the future. […] People younger than 24 and people older than 75 are at the greatest risk for concussion. […] Female athletes report more concussions and more severe symptoms than their male counterparts playing the same sport. […] Concussions in people with learning disorder or mood disorders may have a more complicated recovery. […] Some experts suspect that people who suffer migraines are more likely suffer a concussion and/or may have a longer concussion recovery. […] People engaging in risky behavior, such as drinking and driving, have an increased risk for concussion.

• #80 Concussions in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/concussions

  A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a rapid acceleration of the brain. Concussions are often the result of a direct hit to the head but can also result from any blow to neck, face, or body that places a rotational force on the brain. […] Children can get concussions from any hard hit to the head, neck, face, or body that cause a rapid acceleration of the brain. This typically happens when they are struck in the head. It can also occur if an athlete is hit on the facemask or chest, causing the head to snap forward or backward. […] Some of the most common causes of concussion in children include falls, sports injuries, motor vehicle accidents, and being hit by an object or another person. […] The most common long-term problem is delayed or incomplete recovery. This can happen after multiple concussions, or when a child has another concussion before fully recovering from a previous one. In some cases, repeated concussions can cause massive brain swelling and permanent brain damage. […] People who have already sustained a concussion are at greater risk for subsequent concussions. The effects are likely to accumulate, in other words, each concussion causes more severe symptoms and requires longer recovery times.

• #81 Concussion Basics | HEADS UP | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heads-up/about/index.html

  A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury. […] A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury or TBI caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. […] Exposure to repeated head impacts increases the chance for concussions and other TBIs, as well as the potential for changes in the brain and brain diseases. […] There’s a bigger risk of more serious and longer-lasting symptoms when a child has multiple concussions. […] A child with a history of multiple concussions also may have a greater risk for mental health problems and other chronic health conditions.

• #82 Concussion Basics | HEADS UP | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heads-up/about/index.html

  A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury. […] A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury or TBI caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. […] Exposure to repeated head impacts increases the chance for concussions and other TBIs, as well as the potential for changes in the brain and brain diseases. […] There’s a bigger risk of more serious and longer-lasting symptoms when a child has multiple concussions. […] A child with a history of multiple concussions also may have a greater risk for mental health problems and other chronic health conditions.

• #83 Concussions in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/concussions

  A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a rapid acceleration of the brain. Concussions are often the result of a direct hit to the head but can also result from any blow to neck, face, or body that places a rotational force on the brain. […] Children can get concussions from any hard hit to the head, neck, face, or body that cause a rapid acceleration of the brain. This typically happens when they are struck in the head. It can also occur if an athlete is hit on the facemask or chest, causing the head to snap forward or backward. […] Some of the most common causes of concussion in children include falls, sports injuries, motor vehicle accidents, and being hit by an object or another person. […] The most common long-term problem is delayed or incomplete recovery. This can happen after multiple concussions, or when a child has another concussion before fully recovering from a previous one. In some cases, repeated concussions can cause massive brain swelling and permanent brain damage. […] People who have already sustained a concussion are at greater risk for subsequent concussions. The effects are likely to accumulate, in other words, each concussion causes more severe symptoms and requires longer recovery times.

• #84 Head Injury in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/trauma-services/conditions-we-treat/head-injury

  A child who has a concussion should not play sports or do other activities until a healthcare provider determines that it’s safe to do so. […] A head injury may cause the brain to swell. There is only a small amount of room for the brain to swell inside the skull. This causes pressure inside the skull to increase and can lead to brain damage. […] Children who suffer a severe brain injury may lose some function in muscle, speech, vision, hearing, or taste. This depends on the area where the brain is damaged. Long- or short-term changes in personality or behavior may also occur. These children need lifelong medical and rehabilitative treatment. This may include physical, occupational, or speech therapy.

• #85 Pathophysiology of Concussion | Complete Concussions

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion/pathophysiology-of-concussion/

  Concussions are a subset of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), and are characterized by temporary disruptions in brain function, resulting from external kinetic forces applied to the head or body. […] A concussion typically occurs when a sudden force causes rapid acceleration and deceleration of the head, which can be the result of a direct blow to the head, face, neck, or elsewhere on the body with an “impulsive” force transmitted to the head. […] The immediate aftermath of such a kinetic impact is the stretching or shearing of neurons and other neural structures. […] Following the mechanical insult, there is a period of altered neurometabolic activity, which may last from minutes to days. […] After the initial traumatic axonal injury occurs, resulting in an influx of calcium into the neuron, there is a second mechanism by which a further influx of calcium occurs.

• #86 Pathophysiology of Concussion | Complete Concussions

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion/pathophysiology-of-concussion/

  Concussions are a subset of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), and are characterized by temporary disruptions in brain function, resulting from external kinetic forces applied to the head or body. […] A concussion typically occurs when a sudden force causes rapid acceleration and deceleration of the head, which can be the result of a direct blow to the head, face, neck, or elsewhere on the body with an “impulsive” force transmitted to the head. […] The immediate aftermath of such a kinetic impact is the stretching or shearing of neurons and other neural structures. […] Following the mechanical insult, there is a period of altered neurometabolic activity, which may last from minutes to days. […] After the initial traumatic axonal injury occurs, resulting in an influx of calcium into the neuron, there is a second mechanism by which a further influx of calcium occurs.

• #87 Pathophysiology of Concussion | Complete Concussions

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion/pathophysiology-of-concussion/

  Concussions are a subset of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), and are characterized by temporary disruptions in brain function, resulting from external kinetic forces applied to the head or body. […] A concussion typically occurs when a sudden force causes rapid acceleration and deceleration of the head, which can be the result of a direct blow to the head, face, neck, or elsewhere on the body with an “impulsive” force transmitted to the head. […] The immediate aftermath of such a kinetic impact is the stretching or shearing of neurons and other neural structures. […] Following the mechanical insult, there is a period of altered neurometabolic activity, which may last from minutes to days. […] After the initial traumatic axonal injury occurs, resulting in an influx of calcium into the neuron, there is a second mechanism by which a further influx of calcium occurs.

• #88 Pathophysiology of Concussion | Complete Concussions

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion/pathophysiology-of-concussion/

  The increased demand for ATP to help restore resting membrane potential, coupled with the impaired ability of the brain to produce it, results in a metabolic energy crisis that can last up to 30 days in humans. […] In some patients, impaired cerebral blood flow can persist long after the initial injury. […] Additional risks arise when an individual sustains a second concussion before fully recovering from the first one. […] This highlights the serious risk of sustaining multiple concussions before the brain has fully physiologically recovered. […] The blood-brain barrier acts as a selective filter protecting the brain from potentially harmful substances in the bloodstream while still allowing essential nutrients to pass through. […] Responding to the insult, resident immune cells in the central nervous system, primarily microglia, become activated. […] Inflammation may persist for days to weeks, causing secondary injury cascades that impair neuronal function and potentiate neurodegeneration.

• #89 Pathophysiology of Concussion | Complete Concussions

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion/pathophysiology-of-concussion/

  The increased demand for ATP to help restore resting membrane potential, coupled with the impaired ability of the brain to produce it, results in a metabolic energy crisis that can last up to 30 days in humans. […] In some patients, impaired cerebral blood flow can persist long after the initial injury. […] Additional risks arise when an individual sustains a second concussion before fully recovering from the first one. […] This highlights the serious risk of sustaining multiple concussions before the brain has fully physiologically recovered. […] The blood-brain barrier acts as a selective filter protecting the brain from potentially harmful substances in the bloodstream while still allowing essential nutrients to pass through. […] Responding to the insult, resident immune cells in the central nervous system, primarily microglia, become activated. […] Inflammation may persist for days to weeks, causing secondary injury cascades that impair neuronal function and potentiate neurodegeneration.

• #90 Pathophysiology of Concussion | Complete Concussions

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion/pathophysiology-of-concussion/

  The increased demand for ATP to help restore resting membrane potential, coupled with the impaired ability of the brain to produce it, results in a metabolic energy crisis that can last up to 30 days in humans. […] In some patients, impaired cerebral blood flow can persist long after the initial injury. […] Additional risks arise when an individual sustains a second concussion before fully recovering from the first one. […] This highlights the serious risk of sustaining multiple concussions before the brain has fully physiologically recovered. […] The blood-brain barrier acts as a selective filter protecting the brain from potentially harmful substances in the bloodstream while still allowing essential nutrients to pass through. […] Responding to the insult, resident immune cells in the central nervous system, primarily microglia, become activated. […] Inflammation may persist for days to weeks, causing secondary injury cascades that impair neuronal function and potentiate neurodegeneration.

• #91 Concussion Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/concussion

  When your brain suffers a blow, a series of things happen at the cellular level. Essentially, there’s a chain reaction. The result is that you have decreased blood supply to your brain. […] Lower blood supply makes your cells vulnerable, and another injury can damage them more severely. That’s why it’s so dangerous for athletes with concussions to stay in the game or continue their activity.

• #92 Pathophysiology of Concussion | Complete Concussions

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion/pathophysiology-of-concussion/

  The increased demand for ATP to help restore resting membrane potential, coupled with the impaired ability of the brain to produce it, results in a metabolic energy crisis that can last up to 30 days in humans. […] In some patients, impaired cerebral blood flow can persist long after the initial injury. […] Additional risks arise when an individual sustains a second concussion before fully recovering from the first one. […] This highlights the serious risk of sustaining multiple concussions before the brain has fully physiologically recovered. […] The blood-brain barrier acts as a selective filter protecting the brain from potentially harmful substances in the bloodstream while still allowing essential nutrients to pass through. […] Responding to the insult, resident immune cells in the central nervous system, primarily microglia, become activated. […] Inflammation may persist for days to weeks, causing secondary injury cascades that impair neuronal function and potentiate neurodegeneration.

• #93 Pathophysiology of Concussion | Complete Concussions

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion/pathophysiology-of-concussion/

  The increased demand for ATP to help restore resting membrane potential, coupled with the impaired ability of the brain to produce it, results in a metabolic energy crisis that can last up to 30 days in humans. […] In some patients, impaired cerebral blood flow can persist long after the initial injury. […] Additional risks arise when an individual sustains a second concussion before fully recovering from the first one. […] This highlights the serious risk of sustaining multiple concussions before the brain has fully physiologically recovered. […] The blood-brain barrier acts as a selective filter protecting the brain from potentially harmful substances in the bloodstream while still allowing essential nutrients to pass through. […] Responding to the insult, resident immune cells in the central nervous system, primarily microglia, become activated. […] Inflammation may persist for days to weeks, causing secondary injury cascades that impair neuronal function and potentiate neurodegeneration.

• #94 Concussions: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/concussion-traumatic-brain-injury-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Other than direct blows to the head, concussions can be caused by foreign objects. You can be struck by something such as during a sports game or get whiplash injuries or blast zone injuries in a war zone. […] In both contact and noncontact sports, athletes are at risk for concussions. This is true whether you’re playing Little League or in the pros. […] If you get a second concussion, it may make it much harder to heal and you could have long-term effects such as chronic headaches or learning difficulties. […] Concussions can be tricky to diagnose. […] Signs of a concussion may not appear for days or weeks after the injury. […] Concussions are fairly common. Some estimates say a mild brain trauma is sustained every 21 seconds in the U.S. […] Post-concussive syndrome is when issues from a concussion linger after you should have recovered.

• #95 Concussions: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/concussion-traumatic-brain-injury-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Other than direct blows to the head, concussions can be caused by foreign objects. You can be struck by something such as during a sports game or get whiplash injuries or blast zone injuries in a war zone. […] In both contact and noncontact sports, athletes are at risk for concussions. This is true whether you’re playing Little League or in the pros. […] If you get a second concussion, it may make it much harder to heal and you could have long-term effects such as chronic headaches or learning difficulties. […] Concussions can be tricky to diagnose. […] Signs of a concussion may not appear for days or weeks after the injury. […] Concussions are fairly common. Some estimates say a mild brain trauma is sustained every 21 seconds in the U.S. […] Post-concussive syndrome is when issues from a concussion linger after you should have recovered.

• #96 Concussions: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/concussion-traumatic-brain-injury-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Delayed concussion symptoms, in which you don’t have symptoms until several days or weeks after the event, can play a role in this as well. […] By following concussion protocol — the set of rules and guidelines for caring for those with brain injuries — your doctor may suggest small increases in activity and a gradual return to your normal activities.

• #97 Concussions: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/concussion-traumatic-brain-injury-symptoms-causes-treatments

  The most common and least serious type of traumatic brain injury is called a concussion. A concussion is most often caused by a sudden direct blow or bump to the head. […] Other causes include car and bicycle accidents, work-related injuries, falls, and fighting. […] The brain is made of soft tissue. It’s cushioned by spinal fluid and encased in the protective shell of the skull. When you have a blow or bump to your head, the impact can jolt your brain. Sometimes, it literally causes it to move around in your head. Traumatic brain injuries can cause bruising, damage to the blood vessels, and injury to the nerves. […] Some things increase your risk for a concussion, including falls, particularly in children and older adults, playing a contact sport, lack of proper safety gear or supervision for contact sports, car, motorcycle, bicycle, and other accidents that cause a blow to the head, being hit, struck with an object, or other physical abuse, military service, and an earlier concussion.

• #98 Head Injury in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/trauma-services/conditions-we-treat/head-injury

  A child who has a concussion should not play sports or do other activities until a healthcare provider determines that it’s safe to do so. […] A head injury may cause the brain to swell. There is only a small amount of room for the brain to swell inside the skull. This causes pressure inside the skull to increase and can lead to brain damage. […] Children who suffer a severe brain injury may lose some function in muscle, speech, vision, hearing, or taste. This depends on the area where the brain is damaged. Long- or short-term changes in personality or behavior may also occur. These children need lifelong medical and rehabilitative treatment. This may include physical, occupational, or speech therapy.

• #99 Concussions: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/concussion-traumatic-brain-injury-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Delayed concussion symptoms, in which you don’t have symptoms until several days or weeks after the event, can play a role in this as well. […] By following concussion protocol — the set of rules and guidelines for caring for those with brain injuries — your doctor may suggest small increases in activity and a gradual return to your normal activities.

• #100 Signs of Concussion in a Child & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/signs-concussion-child

  Concussions are related to an external force that causes a transient neurologic deficit, explains Dr. Zafonte. They are a common, mild form of brain injury that can happen in a variety of scenarios, including during a fall, in an accident, or while playing sports. They can happen when a person is hit in the head, or when another kind of injury causes their head to shake back and forth very quickly. […] Yes concussions and other head injuries can cause fever. Typically, fever is a short-term symptom of concussion if it occurs at all. […] Post-concussion syndrome, or post-concussive syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last longer than the expected recovery period. Children with the condition may receive the diagnosis if their symptoms last longer than 3 weeks. […] The critical element in concussion is reporting it early, and getting early, focused treatment, says Dr. Zafonte. Recent studies on young athletes have shown that recovery within the first week leads to faster recovery times. So, if you believe your child has a concussion, its important to seek medical care as soon as possible so serious injury can be ruled out or addressed. […] When dealing with a concussion, its important to rest. Weve learned prolonged rest doesnt help concussions, but a brief period of rest might, says Dr. Zafonte.

• #101 Head Injury and Concussion Care – Student Life

  https://www.mines.edu/student-life/head-injury-and-concussion-care/

  A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull, creating chemical changes in the brain and sometimes stretching and damaging brain cells (source: CDC Heads Up). […] Because the brain is extraordinarily complex, every brain injury is different, and concussion symptoms vary from person to person. Concussions can impact a student’s ability to learn and may require academic adjustments and accommodations. […] Providing appropriate support when students return to classes can prevent symptom exacerbation and lead to a quicker and more successful recovery (source: Concussion Alliance).

• #102 Signs of Concussion in a Child & Treatment | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/signs-concussion-child

  Concussions are related to an external force that causes a transient neurologic deficit, explains Dr. Zafonte. They are a common, mild form of brain injury that can happen in a variety of scenarios, including during a fall, in an accident, or while playing sports. They can happen when a person is hit in the head, or when another kind of injury causes their head to shake back and forth very quickly. […] Yes concussions and other head injuries can cause fever. Typically, fever is a short-term symptom of concussion if it occurs at all. […] Post-concussion syndrome, or post-concussive syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last longer than the expected recovery period. Children with the condition may receive the diagnosis if their symptoms last longer than 3 weeks. […] The critical element in concussion is reporting it early, and getting early, focused treatment, says Dr. Zafonte. Recent studies on young athletes have shown that recovery within the first week leads to faster recovery times. So, if you believe your child has a concussion, its important to seek medical care as soon as possible so serious injury can be ruled out or addressed. […] When dealing with a concussion, its important to rest. Weve learned prolonged rest doesnt help concussions, but a brief period of rest might, says Dr. Zafonte.

• #103 Concussion – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537017/

  A concussion occurs as a result of either a direct or indirect injury to the head. Providers often consider a direct, traumatic blow to the head as a significant cause of a concussion. However, indirect traumatic forces elsewhere in the body can lead to an acute acceleration/deceleration injury to the brain, which can also lead to a concussion.[2] […] Frequent causes of concussions are motor vehicle crashes, being struck by an object, assault, and participation in recreational athletics. […] The pathophysiologic mechanism of a concussion is complex. The acute symptoms of a concussion are due primarily to a „functional disturbance rather than structural injury.” […] The severity of symptoms within the first few days after a head injury is the most consistent prognostic indicator.[2] […] The most commonly seen complication of a concussion is post-concussion syndrome (PCS), characterized by persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months after the initial injury. […] A history of prior concussions does appear to correlate with the likelihood of the development of PCS.[22][21][23]

• #104 Head injuries and concussion | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/head-injuries-and-concussion

  Any knock to the head is considered a head injury. […] The most common type of head injury is concussion. Concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury which alters the way the brain functions, usually temporarily. […] Anyone suspected of having concussion should be assessed by a doctor. […] It can take some time for the brain to recover from a head injury. During this time, headaches, dizziness and mild cognitive (thought) problems are common. […] A second concussion that occurs before your brain recovers from the first usually within a short period of time (hours, days or weeks) can slow recovery or increase the likelihood of having long-term problems. […] In rare cases, repeat concussions can result in brain swelling (oedema), permanent brain damage and even death.

• #105

  https://sportsmedicine.northside.com/conditions/concussion-program/concussion-causes-symptoms

  A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that occurs when forces on the head cause the brain to shake within the skull. This may occur due to a direct blow to the head, but may also occur if contact to other parts of the body result in the force of impact being transmitted to the head. […] A concussion can result from a fall, sports activities, car accidents, or other forms of trauma to the brain. […] Head injuries that cause a concussion can sometime occur with injury to the neck and spine. […] Appropriate medical evaluation is an essential aspect of concussion management following injury, as this allows for the early identification of deficits so that treatment may be initiated when needed.

• #106 Concussion: Symptoms and treatment – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/concussion-sign-symptoms.html

  A concussion is a type of brain injury. It often happens because of a hit to the: […] When you are hit on the head or body, your brain moves inside the skull. This movement can cause brain injury, such as a concussion. […] A concussion causes changes in the way you think and feel. […] A concussion can’t be seen on routine image scans, such as an MRI, X-ray or CT scan. It is diagnosed by observing changes in the way a person thinks and feels. […] If you have a concussion, your doctor will monitor your symptoms and tell you when you can return to activities. […] If you or your child has had a concussion before, or there are other health factors, recovery may take longer. […] Research shows that females and males with a concussion have different symptoms. Their recovery is also different. […] Knowing these differences will help health care providers improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment. […] In Canada, only doctors and nurse practitioners can medically assess patients with a head injury.

• #107 Post-Concussion Headaches: Causes & Treatment Options

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/concussion-headaches-and-post-concussion-headaches

  Most concussion symptoms, including headaches, resolve within 3-6 weeks. […] If you’re suffering from post-traumatic headaches, we can help. […] The best treatment for post-traumatic headaches is to treat the concussion itself rather than medicate the pain. […] Overall, treating headaches with medication isn’t ideal because it doesn’t solve the root issue, might cause side effects, puts additional strain on your liver, and may result in dependency. […] We provide our patients with therapy designed to promote neuroplasticity. […] Improving NVC is important for recovering from a concussion since vascular issues are so connected to ANS dysfunction and post-traumatic headaches. […] If you’re experiencing post-concussion symptoms six weeks after injury, it is highly unlikely the headaches will resolve without treatment.

• #108 Post-Concussion Headaches: Causes & Treatment Options

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/concussion-headaches-and-post-concussion-headaches

  Most concussion symptoms, including headaches, resolve within 3-6 weeks. […] If you’re suffering from post-traumatic headaches, we can help. […] The best treatment for post-traumatic headaches is to treat the concussion itself rather than medicate the pain. […] Overall, treating headaches with medication isn’t ideal because it doesn’t solve the root issue, might cause side effects, puts additional strain on your liver, and may result in dependency. […] We provide our patients with therapy designed to promote neuroplasticity. […] Improving NVC is important for recovering from a concussion since vascular issues are so connected to ANS dysfunction and post-traumatic headaches. […] If you’re experiencing post-concussion symptoms six weeks after injury, it is highly unlikely the headaches will resolve without treatment.

• #109 Head injury and concussion information for schools, school staff, coaches, athletic trainers, and volunteers | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/head-injury-and-concussion-information-for-schools-school-staff-coaches-athletic-trainers-and-volunteers

  A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body that causes the head and brain to move quickly back and forth. In school aged children, many of these brain injuries can occur during a sports practice or event. […] Since 2011, Massachusetts has required public schools and schools affiliated with the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association (MIAA) to develop an interscholastic head injury safety program for grades 6-12 if they have extracurricular athletic activities. These head injury safety programs must include standardized procedures for concussion management and return to play plans for students who sustain head injuries during extracurricular athletic activities. By having concussion policies and procedures in place, schools can prevent further injury or even death from a concussion, and protect the health and safety of their students.

• #110 Concussion and Traumatic Brain Injury Prevention Program

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/health-education-management–surveillance/the-office-of-injury-prevention/concussion-and-traumatic-brain-injury-prevention-program

  Increasingly, Connecticut residents are taking part in sports and recreational activities. Unfortunately, some of these activities can lead to serious head injuries unless precautions are taken. […] The CDC identifies traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a major cause of death and disability in the United States. TBIs contribute to about 30% of all injury deaths. […] A TBI is caused when a bump, blow, or jolt to the head disrupts the normal function of the brain. […] The leading cause of TBI was attributed to falls. Falls accounted for 47% of all TBI-related ED visits, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States. […] The second leading cause of TBI was being struck by or against an object. […] A more common type of TBI, concussions, are caused by a blow or jolt to the head or body that results in rapid movement to the head that disrupts the function of the brain.

• #111 Concussion and Traumatic Brain Injury Prevention Program

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/health-education-management–surveillance/the-office-of-injury-prevention/concussion-and-traumatic-brain-injury-prevention-program

  Most people with a concussion recover well from symptoms experienced at the time of the injury. But for some people, symptoms can last for days, weeks, or longer. […] The Connecticut State Department of Education Health (CSDE) Services Concussion Reports indicate an overall decline (about 67% lower) in student concussions from the 2015-2016 school year to the 2022-2023 school year.

• #112

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/concussion/

  It’s essential to note that not all blows or impacts to the head will result in a concussion. However, it’s crucial to be aware of these potential causes and take appropriate precautions when engaging in activities that carry a higher risk for head injuries. […] By understanding and addressing these causes, we can work towards reducing the occurrence of concussions and promoting safer environments for everyone involved.

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