Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350693

  The goal of abdominal aortic aneurysm treatment is to prevent an aneurysm from rupturing. Treatment may involve: […] Surgery to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm is generally recommended if the aneurysm is 1.9 to 2.2 inches (4.8 to 5.6 centimeters) or larger, or if it’s growing quickly. […] Abdominal aortic aneurysm treatment options may include: […] Endovascular repair. This treatment is most often used to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm. A surgeon places a thin, flexible tube, called a catheter, into an artery in the groin area and guides it to the aorta. A metal mesh tube on the end of the catheter is placed at the site of the aneurysm. The mesh tube, called a stent graft, expands. This strengthens the weakened area of the aorta. The graft helps prevent rupture of the aneurysm. […] Open surgery. This is major surgery. A surgeon removes the damaged part of the aorta and replaces it with a graft, which is sewn into place. Full recovery may take a month or more. […] Long-term survival rates are similar for both endovascular surgery and open surgery.

• #1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm.html

  Abdominal aortic aneurysm can be managed medically or surgically, depending on the patient’s symptoms and the size and growth rate of the aneurysm. […] Medical management is appropriate for asymptomatic patients and smaller aneurysms and includes tobacco cessation and therapy for cardiovascular risk reduction. […] Surgical management, which includes open and endovascular aneurysm repair, is indicated when the aneurysm diameter is 5.5 cm or larger in men and 5.0 cm or larger in women. […] Medical management of AAA predominantly involves cardiovascular risk reduction such as antihypertensive, statin, and antiplatelet therapy. […] Surgical repair of ruptured AAA is challenging, and most studies show that the perioperative mortality rates range from 40% to 60%. […] AAA can be managed using two types of surgical approaches: open repair and EVAR.

• #1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment of Unruptured Aneurysms, Initial Management

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-treatment

  The decision to treat an unruptured AAA is based on operative risk, the risk of rupture, and the patients estimated life expectancy. […] The SVS suggested that the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) mortality risk score be used preoperatively to assist patients in making informed decisions about proceeding with aneurysm repair. […] In patients with small AAAs, attempts should be made to reduce the expansion rate and rupture risk. Smoking cessation is of paramount importance. Hypertension should be aggressively controlled. Beta-blocker therapy should be instituted to lower blood pressure and reduce stress on the artery wall. […] According to the 2018 SVS guidelines, if the AAA is between 3.0 and 3.9 cm, surveillance imaging at 3-year intervals is suggested. […] Patients with AAAs 5-6 cm in diameter may benefit from repair, especially if they have other contributing factors for rupture.

• #1 Abdominal aortic aneurysm – causes, symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm

  If you have symptoms of a burst aortic aneurysm, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] The main treatment for a small abdominal aortic aneurysm that is not causing symptoms is regular monitoring with ultrasound or CT scans. […] Surgery may be recommended for a large abdominal aortic aneurysm, because it is more likely to burst. […] A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is an emergency and needs immediate treatment with surgery. […] Small aneurysms that are not causing symptoms don’t usually need treatment. You may be referred to a vascular surgeon and have regular follow-up ultrasound scans to see if the aneurysm is getting bigger. […] Surgery may be recommended for larger abdominal aortic aneurysms because they are more likely to burst. You might also need surgery if your aneurysm is small, but is growing quickly or causing symptoms. […] A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm is an emergency. It needs immediate treatment with surgery. Unfortunately, the chances of survival are small once an aneurysm has burst.

• #1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Emerging Therapies and Key Companies

  https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-treatment-market

  Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms treatment is safe and effective and the aneurysm is very much curable if Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms diagnosis is done earlier. […] Currently, there is no FDA-approved drug therapy to limit the Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms progression. […] The goal of the Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm treatment strategy is to prevent the rupture of an aneurysm by controlling its growth. […] If a large Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm is detected before it ruptures, most people will be advised to have treatment to prevent it from rupturing. […] At present, there is no FDA-approved Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm therapy for limiting the growth. […] If the aneurysm is less than 5 cm or 2 inches, the doctor might try to treat it with medication first. […] These medications will lessen the chance of rupture of the aneurysm.

• #1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Medication: Antihypertensives, Analgesics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-medication

  The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce morbidity and to prevent complications. Antihypertensive agents are used to reduce tension on the vessel wall in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) who have elevated blood pressure (BP). Analgesics are also an important element of care. […] Antihypertensives are used to reduce the rate of rise of the aortic pressure (dP/dt). For acute reduction of arterial pressure, the potent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside is very effective. To reduce dP/dt acutely, administer a beta blocker intravenously (IV) in incremental doses until a heart rate of 60-80 beats/min is attained. When beta blockers are contraindicated, as in second- or third-degree atrioventricular block, consider using calcium-channel blockers. […] Pain control is essential to quality patient care. It ensures patient comfort, promotes pulmonary toilet, and prevents exacerbation of tachycardia and hypertension.

• #1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment of Unruptured Aneurysms, Initial Management

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-treatment

  The 2018 SVS guidelines recommended elective repair for patients at low or acceptable surgical risk who have a fusiform AAA that is 5.5 cm or larger, as well as for patients who present with a saccular aneurysm. […] The decision to repair an AAA is a complex one in which the patient must play an important role. […] Contraindications for operative intervention of AAAs include severe COPD, severe cardiac disease, active infection, and medical problems that preclude operative intervention. […] There are two primary methods of AAA repair, open repair and EVAR. Open AAA repair requires direct access to the aorta via an abdominal or retroperitoneal incision. […] The 2018 SVS guidelines recommended EVAR as the preferred treatment for ruptured AAAs, if it is anatomically feasible. […] In a randomized study of 1252 patients (EVAR-1 UK trial) with large AAAs (5.5 cm in diameter), EVAR was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality than open surgical repair was.

• #1 Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Treatment options, image visualizations and follow-up procedures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3390098/

  Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a common vascular disease that affects elderly population. Open surgical repair is regarded as the gold standard technique for treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm, however, endovascular aneurysm repair has rapidly expanded since its first introduction in 1990s. As a less invasive technique, endovascular aneurysm repair has been confirmed to be an effective alternative to open surgical repair, especially in patients with co-morbid conditions. […] Definitive therapy for aortic aneurysms is to prevent aneurysm rupture, for example, by placement of the dilated segment of aorta with a prosthetic graft. […] For more than half a century, open surgical repair has been regarded as the gold standard to treat AAAs with a high degree of success, and it is still widely performed in many clinical centers.

• #1 Aortic Aneurysm – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/treatment

  Treatment for your aortic aneurysm will depend on its size, location, and the factors that put you at risk. Small aortic aneurysms may be managed with healthy lifestyle changes. The goal is to slow the growth of the aneurysm and lower the chance of rupture or dissection. Your healthcare provider may treat other medical conditions that raise your risk for rupture or dissection, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and high blood cholesterol. Surgery may be recommended to repair large aneurysms. […] Depending on the cause or size of an aortic aneurysm or how quickly it is growing, your provider may recommend surgery to repair it. Rupture or dissection of an aneurysm may require emergency surgery. […] Open surgical repair is the most common type of surgery. You will be asleep during the procedure. Your doctor first makes a large cut in your stomach area or chest, depending on the location of the aneurysm. Then, the aneurysm is removed and a graft is sewn in its place. This graft is typically a tube made of leak-proof polyester. Recovery time for open surgical repair is about a month.

• #1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment of Unruptured Aneurysms, Initial Management

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-treatment

  Open repair of AAAs and thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) has a mortality of about 4%, with myocardial infarction (MI) being a frequent cause of death. […] Antibiotics (usually a cephalosporin, such as cefazolin, 2 g IV piggyback) are administered to reduce the risk of infection. […] EVAR (see the image below) first became practical in the 1990s, as performed by Parodi et al, and has since become an established and increasingly popular alternative to open repair. […] Endovascular repair of an AAA involves gaining access to the lumen of the abdominal aorta, usually via small incisions or percutaneous access over the femoral vessels. […] The graft serves to contain aortic flow and decrease the pressure on the aortic wall, leading to a reduction in AAA size over time and a decrease in the risk of aortic rupture. […] Patients should be informed about the potential problems before a graft is implanted.

• #1 Abdominal aortic aneurysms – how to treat in today’s practice

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/abdominal-aortic-aneurysms-how-to-treat-in-today-s-practice

  The choice between OSR or EVAR should be individualised; it requires full aortic evaluation with CTA, carefully balancing between the risks and benefits of both techniques, and institutional experience, as in the majority of patients both treatment strategies could be applicable. […] For severely ill patients not fit for open surgery, the EVAR-2 trial suggested no benefit on midterm survival after EVAR. […] The ESVS guidelines for the management of elective AAA recommend EVAR as the first option in patients with reasonable life expectancy and OSR for patients with long life expectancy (15 years). […] Controversy was fuelled by the NICE guidelines based on evidence from RCT and cost-effectiveness assessment recommending OSR as the first option for intact aneurysms unless contraindicated and limiting the use of EVAR for hostile abdomens or high-risk patients.

• #1 Aortic Aneurysm – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/treatment

  Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is done by cardiac catheterization and is less invasive than open surgical repair. This is because the cut is smaller, and you usually need less recovery time. EVAR is used to repair abdominal aortic aneurysms more often than thoracic aortic aneurysms. During the procedure, your surgical team makes a small cut, usually in the groin, then guides a stent graft a tube covered with fabric through your blood vessels up to the aorta. The stent graft then expands and attaches to the aortic walls. A seal forms between the stent graft and the vessel wall to prevent blood from entering the aortic aneurysm.

• #1 Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Repair | Cooper University Health Care

  https://cooperhealth.org/services/endovascular-aortic-repair

  Endovascular aortic repair is surgery to treat a weakened and enlarged area (aortic aneurysm) in the large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the vital organs (aorta). […] The endovascular approach is rapidly becoming the preferred treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms and also is becoming more available for the treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] Endovascular aortic repair may be recommended to treat an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] The endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair procedure is performed inside the aorta (endovascular) using thin, long tubes (catheters) and a tube composed of fabric supported by a metal mesh (stent graft), which is used to reinforce the weakened area and allow blood to pass through. […] Endovascular repair offers these advantages: The procedure typically takes 1 to 3 hours. Patients can go home in a few days after the procedure. There are smaller scars and less trauma compared with open surgical techniques. Most people return to their normal activities in 2 to 6 weeks after the procedure. […] Patients who have an endovascular stent-graft must return to their doctor regularly to have the position of the stent-graft monitored by a CT scan.

• #1 Management of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-asymptomatic-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm

  Management of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm […] For asymptomatic patients, elective repair of the aneurysm is the most effective management to prevent rupture. […] For patients with asymptomatic AAA who do not have indications for elective repair, medical treatment is aimed at reducing the risk for future cardiovascular events and limiting the rate of aortic expansion. […] When elective AAA repair is indicated, the choice between open and endovascular AAA repair is based on anatomic factors, and patient and surgeon preference. […] Although elective endovascular AAA repair is associated with lower rates of perioperative (30-day) morbidity and mortality compared with elective open repair (<2 versus approximately 5 percent), long-term outcomes are similar.

• #1 Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Treatment options, image visualizations and follow-up procedures

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3390098/

  In an attempt to reduce the surgical risk in patients with associated medical conditions, less invasive techniques of AAA repair have been considered. […] Endovascular repair of AAA, as evaluated by the endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and the Dutch Randomized Endovascular Aneurysm Management (DREAM) trials, is reported to have lower 30-day mortality than conventional open repair. […] Although many dramatically successful early and midterm results have been achieved with EVAR, and many advantages have been demonstrated compared to open surgery, the repeated qualifying statement concluding so many articles on the topic of endovascular repair of AAA is that the long-term results are yet to be determined. […] While open surgery still remains the gold standard for treatment of patients with AAA, there is no doubt that EVAR has been confirmed as an effective alternative to open surgery. EVAR continues to benefit more patients and it will become more applicable and durable with technical improvements.

• #1 Improving treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm – without open surgery | Discovery | Heart | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/improving-treatment-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-without-open-surgery/

  The development of a minimally invasive approach known as endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) in the 1990s was a major breakthrough in AAA treatment. […] With EVAR, a doctor makes a small incision in a patients groin and threads a small tube known as a catheter to the site of the aneurysm. […] They then fasten a stent graft (a flexible device to support the weakened aortic tissue to the end of the catheter to prevent it from rupturing. […] EVAR offers a number of benefits over open surgery, including fewer complication risks and faster recovery. […] To overcome this issue, UT Southwestern offers fenestrated and branched endovascular aortic repair (F-BEVAR). […] This approach uses a custom-made stent graft that is based on a patients CT scan and has openings (fenestrations) or branches that align with the arteries branching off the aorta to allow blood flow to these organs to continue.

• #1 Innovative Approaches to Aortic Aneurysm Treatment | Surgery | U of U School of Medicine

  https://medicine.utah.edu/surgery/cardiothoracic/news/2025/02/innovative-approaches-aortic-aneurysm-treatment

  A far less invasive option, developed about 30 years ago and performed regularly for about 15 years, is complex fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR), which can treat aortic aneurysms in the belly and aneurysms that extend into the chest. […] U of U Health recently received the green light from the FDA to offer that different option. The agency has authorized Johnson and Droz to conduct a physician-sponsored investigational device exemption (PS-IDE) research trial for the FEVAR procedure called a Physician-Modified Endovascular Graft (PMEG). […] Johnson says FEVAR is ideal for particularly fragile patients who are either too old or too sick to undergo open aneurysm repair. […] At U of U Health, we’re willing to offer options to patients when other places have said, „There’s nothing that we can do,” Johnson said.

• #1 Types of Aneurysm – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/heart-vascular/aortic-disease/types-of-aneurysm-repair

  Because there are aneurysms that cannot be repaired through endovascular techniques alone, our vascular surgeons also offer hybrids repairs featuring a combination of endovascular stenting and open repair. Often, hybrid procedures can be custom designed for each patient in an effort to decrease the size of the incision and duration of the procedure, ultimately improving recovery and ensuring the best possible outcome.

• #1 Abdominal aortic aneurysms – how to treat in today’s practice

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/abdominal-aortic-aneurysms-how-to-treat-in-today-s-practice

  In rAAA, a pre-hospitalisation strategy to prevent massive fluid transfusion, acceptance of permissible hypotension, a fast-track system to provide CTA evaluation and rapid access to the operative room are key elements for success, along with detection of early complications such as abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) associated with colonic ischaemia and multi-organ failure. […] Management of AAA should be centralised in high-volume institutions with expertise in OSR and EVAR. […] Open repair of AAA first option for young and fit patients and connective tissue disorders, infections and post-EVAR ruptures or infected endografts. […] EVAR first option for older and sicker patients and also for younger patients with suitable anatomy provided that lifelong surveillance programmes are implemented. […] For AAA ruptures, a structured policy for immediate EVAR and management of ACS complications leads to lower mortality and better survival.

• #1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Treatment Sydney | Thoracic Aorta (TAA) Sydney

  https://www.sydneyvascularsurgery.com.au/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm.html

  EVAR is a minimally invasive surgery where a stent graft (a fabric covered wire frame in the shape of a tube) is inserted inside the aorta via two small entry incisions in the groin. […] This treatment is often reserved for cases not suitable for endovascular treatment (EVAR or FEVAR). […] The most common procedure for emergency aneurysm rupture repair is Open Aneurysm Repair. […] While the risks of treatment are large, the risk of not treating the aneurysm can be worse.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ud1765

  Aortic aneurysm repair is surgery to fix a weak and bulging section of the aorta. […] Treatment and other support can help you feel better. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety.

• #1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/abdominal-aortic-aneurysms

  Endovascular repair of AAA: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) involves introducing a stent-graft system through the femoral arteries, which relines the aneurysm, diverts blood flow through the endograft and allows the aneurysm to thrombose. […] For unruptured AAAs which meet the criteria for surgery, offer open repair unless the patient has abdominal co-pathology (eg, stoma, adhesions, horseshoe kidney), anaesthetic risks, and/or medical comorbidities. […] For ruptured AAAs the risk:benefit ratio favours open surgery in men under 70.

• #1 Treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/treatment-of-abdominal-aortic-aneurysms-aaa/

  If aneurysms are successfully repaired, this prevents them blocking or bursting and there is a very high likelihood that you will return to a normal life. […] As with any major operation there is a small risk of you having a medical complication such as: heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, chest problem, loss of circulation in the legs or bowel, infection in the graft used to replace your aorta. […] Your surgeon will only recommend treatment for your aneurysm if he or she believes that the risk of the aneurysm bursting is higher than the threat posed by the operation.

• #1 Abdominal aortic aneurysms – how to treat in today’s practice

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/abdominal-aortic-aneurysms-how-to-treat-in-today-s-practice

  OSR has a mortality rate ranging from 3 to 5%, non-negligible surgical morbidity, and long hospital stays but rare long-term aneurysm-related complications and reduced need of reinterventions in patients surviving the operation. […] In EVAR the aim is to exclude the aortic aneurysm from systemic circulation through a stent graft introduced remotely via the femoral arteries. […] Adequate proximal and distal fixation and sealing are major determinants for successful exclusion of the aneurysm; aortic neck shape (cylindrical, conical, funnel- or barrel-shaped), presence of thrombus and calcification, in addition to length, diameter and angulation, have an impact on the immediate success and long-term durability of EVAR. […] A lifelong surveillance programme is mandatory for all EVAR patients to detect early and late complications and to reduce late ruptures.

• #1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair – Open – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-repair-open

  Surgery is more likely to be suggested if the aneurysm is larger (about 2 inches or 5 centimeters) or growing more quickly (a little less than 1/4 inch over the last 6 to 12 months). […] Most people stay in the hospital for 5 to 10 days. […] Full recovery for open surgery to repair an aortic aneurysm may take 2 or 3 months. Most people make a full recovery from this surgery. […] Most people who have an aneurysm repaired before it breaks open (ruptures) have a good outlook.

• #1 Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms | Society for Vascular Surgery

  https://vascular.org/patients-and-referring-physicians/conditions/endovascular-repair-abdominal-aortic-aneurysms

  There is a risk that the stent graft will develop a leak around its seal zone. This may result in the need for further procedures to fix this leak and prevent aneurysm expansion. For this reason, ultrasound or CT examinations must be done on a regular basis after the procedure to monitor these devices. […] If you have an aortic aneurysm it is important to do all you can to stay healthy.

• #1 A New Treatment Approach for Deadly Aneurysms > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-treatment

  Minimally invasive techniques and advances in stent grafts are changing aneurysm care. […] We treat at least 80% of aortic aneurysms with minimally invasive approaches and that includes some of the most complicated ones, says Raul Guzman, MD, a vascular surgeon and chief of Yales Division of Vascular Endovascular Surgery. […] EVAR, first performed in the 1990s, is now considered the standard for repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. […] Medical advances have continued to improve the tools and devices used for aneurysm repair. […] One change that has occurred over the past 10 years is that vascular surgeons are now better able to treat aortic aneurysms that involve the vessels to the kidneys and intestine. […] Experienced surgeons consider a variety of factors in determining which treatment approach is best, weighing factors such as the health of the patient, the size of the aneurysm, and its location along the artery.

• #1 Aortic Aneurysms: Nonsurgical Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-health/aortic-aneurysm-treatment-without-surgery

  If you have an aortic aneurysm, a doctor will also recommend adopting lifestyle changes that promote heart health. […] Lifestyle changes for aortic aneurysm include quitting smoking, focusing on a heart-healthy diet, getting regular physical activity, and reducing stress. […] For small and some medium-sized aortic aneurysms, regular monitoring may be recommended. […] If your aneurysm is being monitored, a doctor may use nonsurgical treatments to improve your cardiovascular health and reduce the risk from your aneurysm. […] To date, there isn’t a nonsurgical treatment that can reliably shrink or slow the growth of aortic aneurysms. […] Nonsurgical treatments for aortic aneurysms include medications and lifestyle changes. But there currently aren’t any nonsurgical treatments that are guaranteed to slow the growth of aortic aneurysms. […] Surgery is still the main type of treatment for large aortic aneurysms or those that are growing quickly.

• #1 Aortic Aneurysms: Nonsurgical Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-health/aortic-aneurysm-treatment-without-surgery

  Nonsurgical treatments for aortic aneurysms, such as medications and lifestyle changes, focus on reducing your risk of an aneurysm growing larger or bursting. […] Surgery is the main treatment for large aneurysms or those that are growing rapidly. Nonsurgical treatments may be an option for small and some medium-sized aortic aneurysms. […] Nonsurgical treatments for aortic aneurysms fall into two general categories: medications and lifestyle changes. […] Medications for aortic aneurysms aim to prevent the aneurysm from getting larger or bursting. […] Blood pressure medications lower the pressure that blood flow places on your artery walls. […] Statins lower your cholesterol levels, slowing the progress of atherosclerosis, an important risk factor for aortic aneurysms. […] Low-dose aspirin may also be used in people with aortic aneurysms that began with atherosclerosis.

• #2 Aortic Aneurysm – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/aortic-aneurysm/treatment

  Treatment for your aortic aneurysm will depend on its size, location, and the factors that put you at risk. Small aortic aneurysms may be managed with healthy lifestyle changes. The goal is to slow the growth of the aneurysm and lower the chance of rupture or dissection. Your healthcare provider may treat other medical conditions that raise your risk for rupture or dissection, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and high blood cholesterol. Surgery may be recommended to repair large aneurysms. […] Depending on the cause or size of an aortic aneurysm or how quickly it is growing, your provider may recommend surgery to repair it. Rupture or dissection of an aneurysm may require emergency surgery. […] Open surgical repair is the most common type of surgery. You will be asleep during the procedure. Your doctor first makes a large cut in your stomach area or chest, depending on the location of the aneurysm. Then, the aneurysm is removed and a graft is sewn in its place. This graft is typically a tube made of leak-proof polyester. Recovery time for open surgical repair is about a month.

• #2 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Treatment | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/treatments.html

  Abdominal aortic aneurysm open repair […] Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) […] The goal of any treatment strategy is to preventing the rupture of an aneurysm by controlling the growth of the aneurysm. […] Specific treatment is based on: Your age, overall health, and medical history […] Asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms: May not require surgical intervention until they reach a certain size or grow in size over a certain period of time. Guidelines for surgical intervention include: Aneurysm size 5 cm (about 2 inches) […] Symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms: Immediate intervention is needed […] TYPES OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR AAA […] Abdominal aortic aneurysm open repair […] Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)

• #2 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7153-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm

  Treatment depends on the size of the aneurysm, which is the main factor that determines its risk of rupturing. Small aneurysms may not need treatment right away. Instead, your provider will monitor the aneurysm through regular ultrasound tests or CT (computed tomography) scans. This approach is called surveillance. Larger aneurysms may need surgery. […] Surveillance is typically appropriate when the AAA has a diameter of less than 5.5 centimeters in males or less than 5.0 centimeters in females. The aneurysm also shouldn’t be causing any symptoms. […] If you’re close to the treatment threshold, you may get CT scans and not ultrasounds. Be sure to follow your provider’s instructions on when you need your imaging tests. Your provider will also tell you: What lifestyle changes you should make. These include avoiding all tobacco use, eating a heart-healthy diet and exercising.

• #2 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

  https://www.massgeneral.org/condition/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm

  Treatment will depend on how bad the aneurysm is and if there are symptoms. Treatment may include: […] Monitoring with MRI or CT. These tests are done to check the aneurysms size and how fast its growing. […] Managing risk factors. Making some lifestyle changes may help control the progression of the aneurysm. These include quitting smoking, controlling blood sugar if you have diabetes, losing weight if overweight, controlling blood pressure, and eating a healthy diet. […] Medicine. This can control factors such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure. […] Surgery […] Abdominal aortic aneurysm open repair. A large cut (incision) is made in the belly to let the surgeon see and fix the AAA. A mesh, metal coil-like tube called a stent or graft may be used. This graft is sewn to the aorta. It connects one end of the aorta at the site of the aneurysm to the other end.

• #2 Medication for Aortic Aneurysm | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/aortic-aneurysm/treatments/medication-for-aortic-aneurysm

  Doctors at NYU Langone may prescribe medications to help reduce your risk of an aortic aneurysm or to prevent an aneurysm from growing, which can lead to a rupture of the aorta. […] Medications allow for aortic aneurysm treatment without surgery and often are prescribed in combination with watchful waiting, a period during which your doctor observes the aortic aneurysm for changes that would require more aggressive treatment. […] If you have an aortic aneurysm, keeping your blood pressure under control can help prevent the aneurysm from growing. Antihypertensive medications lower blood pressure, relieving pressure on the aortic wall and preventing the aneurysm from growing or rupturing. […] your doctor may prescribe medications that keep your cholesterol levels in check. Taking medications to reduce cholesterol levels can help prevent a buildup of plaque, which is an accumulation of fats, calcium, and other substances in the blood that adheres to an artery’s wall. This can reduce the symptoms of or prevent atherosclerosis.

• #2 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Medication: Antihypertensives, Analgesics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-medication

  Morphine is the drug of choice for narcotic analgesia because of its reliable and predictable effects, safety profile, and ease of reversibility with naloxone. Like fentanyl, morphine sulfate is easily titrated to the desired level of pain control. Morphine sulfate administered IV may be dosed in a number of ways. It is commonly titrated until the desired effect is obtained.

• #2 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0800/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm.html

  Surgical management is indicated when the aneurysm diameter is 5.5 cm or larger for men and 5.0 cm or larger for women. […] EVAR involves a small incision on the femoral vessels to gain vascular access to the aorta. […] The purpose of the endograft is to decrease the pressure on the native aortic wall and prevent aneurysmal sac enlargement by excluding the aneurysm from circulatory pressures.

• #2 Treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/treatment-of-abdominal-aortic-aneurysms-aaa/

  Repair of an AAA is a surgical procedure that is usually carried out when the risk of an AAA rupturing (bursting) is higher than the risk of an operation. […] Surgery is commonly advised if you develop an AAA larger than 5.5cm in maximum diameter (about 5 cm in women). For these larger aneurysms the risk of rupture is usually higher than the risk of surgery. […] The two types of operation available to repair your AAA are open surgery or endovascular repair. […] If you are unfit for surgery at the current time, your doctor may wish to advise medical treatments aimed at keeping you healthy and reducing the risks of rupture of your AAA. […] The traditional operation involves cutting open your abdomen to replace the aneurysm with an artificial piece of artery (a graft). […] This involves inserting a graft within the aneurysm through small groin incisions using X-rays to guide the graft into place.

• #2 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/abdominal-aortic-aneurysms

  NICE recommends considering repair for unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm if it is: […] For uncomplicated AAA, small aneurysms (5.5 cm) are generally monitored and larger ones (5.5 cm or greater) should be considered for surgery. […] Regular ultrasound monitoring – the frequency dictated by the diameter of the aneurysm at the time of detection as per the standard operating procedures of the NHS AAA Screening Programme: […] For all patients with aneurysms of 5.5 cm diameter or greater, consider elective surgical repair (if fit enough for surgery). […] The decision about surgical intervention is based on the risk of surgery versus rupture for each patient. […] Surgical (open) repair: This is the traditional operation. It involves exposure of the abdominal aorta, aortic and iliac clamping and replacement of the aneurysmal segment with a prosthetic graft.

• #2 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/abdominal-aneurysm-treatment

  Aortic aneurysm repair, or surgery, is generally recommended; however, treatment options differ depending on the type. Abdominal aortic surgery is one option where an abdominal incision is made, and the surgeon replaces the diseased section of the aorta with a piece of synthetic tubing. […] Stent-graft repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms is now available at MedStar Health to patients who are too sick to undergo major surgery and were previously untreatable. This minimally invasive procedure uses a stent-graft device a cloth-covered metal frame which is expanded within the aorta to alleviate pressure in the aneurysm sac and strengthen the artery wall. […] The procedure is performed through two small incisions in the groin area, rather than large incisions in the chest or abdomen, and uses local anesthesia. This procedure generally requires a one-night hospital stay, compared to 7 to 14 days for major surgery, and has high success rates and less recovery time. […] MedStar Health’s expertise with stent-graft repair of abdominal aortic and thoracic aortic aneurysms is unparalleled in the Mid-Atlantic region.

• #2 Management of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-asymptomatic-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm

  Management of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm […] For asymptomatic patients, elective repair of the aneurysm is the most effective management to prevent rupture. […] For patients with asymptomatic AAA who do not have indications for elective repair, medical treatment is aimed at reducing the risk for future cardiovascular events and limiting the rate of aortic expansion. […] When elective AAA repair is indicated, the choice between open and endovascular AAA repair is based on anatomic factors, and patient and surgeon preference. […] Although elective endovascular AAA repair is associated with lower rates of perioperative (30-day) morbidity and mortality compared with elective open repair (<2 versus approximately 5 percent), long-term outcomes are similar.

• #2 Abdominal aortic aneurysms – how to treat in today’s practice

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/abdominal-aortic-aneurysms-how-to-treat-in-today-s-practice

  In rAAA, a pre-hospitalisation strategy to prevent massive fluid transfusion, acceptance of permissible hypotension, a fast-track system to provide CTA evaluation and rapid access to the operative room are key elements for success, along with detection of early complications such as abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) associated with colonic ischaemia and multi-organ failure. […] Management of AAA should be centralised in high-volume institutions with expertise in OSR and EVAR. […] Open repair of AAA first option for young and fit patients and connective tissue disorders, infections and post-EVAR ruptures or infected endografts. […] EVAR first option for older and sicker patients and also for younger patients with suitable anatomy provided that lifelong surveillance programmes are implemented. […] For AAA ruptures, a structured policy for immediate EVAR and management of ACS complications leads to lower mortality and better survival.

• #2 A New Treatment Approach for Deadly Aneurysms > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-treatment

  Minimally invasive techniques and advances in stent grafts are changing aneurysm care. […] We treat at least 80% of aortic aneurysms with minimally invasive approaches and that includes some of the most complicated ones, says Raul Guzman, MD, a vascular surgeon and chief of Yales Division of Vascular Endovascular Surgery. […] EVAR, first performed in the 1990s, is now considered the standard for repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. […] Medical advances have continued to improve the tools and devices used for aneurysm repair. […] One change that has occurred over the past 10 years is that vascular surgeons are now better able to treat aortic aneurysms that involve the vessels to the kidneys and intestine. […] Experienced surgeons consider a variety of factors in determining which treatment approach is best, weighing factors such as the health of the patient, the size of the aneurysm, and its location along the artery.

• #2 Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Repair | Cooper University Health Care

  https://cooperhealth.org/services/endovascular-aortic-repair

  Endovascular aortic repair is surgery to treat a weakened and enlarged area (aortic aneurysm) in the large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the vital organs (aorta). […] The endovascular approach is rapidly becoming the preferred treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms and also is becoming more available for the treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms. […] Endovascular aortic repair may be recommended to treat an abdominal aortic aneurysm. […] The endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair procedure is performed inside the aorta (endovascular) using thin, long tubes (catheters) and a tube composed of fabric supported by a metal mesh (stent graft), which is used to reinforce the weakened area and allow blood to pass through. […] Endovascular repair offers these advantages: The procedure typically takes 1 to 3 hours. Patients can go home in a few days after the procedure. There are smaller scars and less trauma compared with open surgical techniques. Most people return to their normal activities in 2 to 6 weeks after the procedure. […] Patients who have an endovascular stent-graft must return to their doctor regularly to have the position of the stent-graft monitored by a CT scan.

• #2 Innovative Approaches to Aortic Aneurysm Treatment | Surgery | U of U School of Medicine

  https://medicine.utah.edu/surgery/cardiothoracic/news/2025/02/innovative-approaches-aortic-aneurysm-treatment

  A far less invasive option, developed about 30 years ago and performed regularly for about 15 years, is complex fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR), which can treat aortic aneurysms in the belly and aneurysms that extend into the chest. […] U of U Health recently received the green light from the FDA to offer that different option. The agency has authorized Johnson and Droz to conduct a physician-sponsored investigational device exemption (PS-IDE) research trial for the FEVAR procedure called a Physician-Modified Endovascular Graft (PMEG). […] Johnson says FEVAR is ideal for particularly fragile patients who are either too old or too sick to undergo open aneurysm repair. […] At U of U Health, we’re willing to offer options to patients when other places have said, „There’s nothing that we can do,” Johnson said.

• #2 Aortic Aneurysm | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/aortic-aneurysm

  Our surgical teams are leaders in the field of aortic aneurysm repair. Some of the procedures we perform include: […] Open repair of a thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) is a highly complex surgery. The surgeon removes the aneurysm and replaces it with a graft. […] Our skilled surgical teams can sometimes minimize invasiveness by using a customized hybrid approach that combines open and catheter-based procedures. Hybrid procedures are useful when multiple areas of the aorta are involved. They allow one area to be reached with a catheter from a smaller surgical opening elsewhere.

• #2 Abdominal aortic aneurysm Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm

  If you have bleeding inside your body from an aortic aneurysm, you will need surgery right away. […] If the aneurysm is small and there are no symptoms: […] Surgery is rarely done. […] You and your provider must decide if the risk of having surgery is smaller than the risk of bleeding if you do not have surgery. […] Your provider will want to check the size of the aneurysm with ultrasound tests. The recommended frequency depends on the size of your aneurysm. Ask your provider what is best for you. […] Most of the time, surgery is done if the aneurysm is bigger than 2 inches (5 centimeters) across or growing quickly. The goal is to do surgery before complications develop. […] There are two types of surgery: […] Open repair – A large cut is made in your abdomen. The abnormal vessel is replaced with a graft made of man-made material.

• #2 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm

  Your vascular surgeon will discuss your individual risks and benefits of surgery and decide with you whether to wait or undergo a repair. […] The majority of abdominal aortic aneurysms can be repaired with a minimally invasive EVAR procedure. […] After an EVAR, most people recover quickly and can often go home the next day. However, yearly follow-ups with your surgeon are required because the stent can shift over time. […] UPMC vascular surgeons are also experts in traditional open aneurysm repair. […] Because this is a more invasive surgery, your hospital stay will be 5-7 days. Recovery time is six weeks to three months for a complete recovery, depending on your overall health and the extent of your procedure. […] Many open aneurysm repairs are successful in the long term with few complications. Follow-up after open aneurysm repair is less frequent than that for EVAR, with most patients coming back every 2-3 years for a checkup.

• #2 Abdominal aortic aneurysm and IR treatment options | Society of Interventional Radiology

  https://www.sirweb.org/for-patients/conditions-and-treatments/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/

  Your interventional radiologist may decide to treat an aneurysm if it grows too quickly or becomes too large. Treatment is also suggested if an aneurysm causes pain in the chest, abdomen or legs. […] Interventional radiologists provide the least invasive treatment optioninserting a metal tube, called a stent, into the aorta to help support the vessel wall and prevent an aneurysm from growing. […] The procedure can be performed using local anesthesia to numb the skin and with painkillers like those used at the dentists office. This treatment helps patients avoid major surgery, reducing recovery time and decreasing risk of death during hospital stay. […] The recovery time for AAA repair varies by the patient, but most patients can expect to recover fully after about a month to 6 weeks. […] Follow-up imaging is required to ensure that the stent-graft remains in good position and that the aneurysm does not continue to grow.

• #2 Frontiers | Status of diagnosis and therapy of abdominal aortic aneurysms

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1199804/full

  However, there are some concerns regarding the possible loss of survival benefits with EVAR. […] Although it provides similar early survival advantages as OR, with similar or lower operative mortality, a lower injury rate, shorter hospital stay, and rapid recovery, it offers similar or poorer long-term survival due to the incidence of postoperative complications.

• #2 Abdominal aortic aneurysm: new treatment may reduce size; COVID infection may speed growth | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-new-treatment-may-reduce-size-covid-infection-may-speed-growth

  Abdominal aortic aneurysm, a weakening and ballooning of the aorta, the largest blood vessel in the body, may result in a life-threatening rupture. […] In a small, preliminary study examining a potential treatment to keep small abdominal aortic aneurysms from growing to a dangerous size, intravenous administration of immune-modulating cells resulted in a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cells, and with higher doses, there was a decrease in aneurysm size. […] Depending on its size, after an abdominal aortic aneurysm is diagnosed, surgical repair may be recommended right away, or the aneurysm may be monitored over time, with intervention taking place before it reaches a rupture-prone size, according to researchers. […] When aneurysms are small, no medication has been proven to keep them from enlarging, however, these patients are advised to stop smoking and to take medications to manage high blood pressure if they have it, Samra explained.

• #2 Abdominal aortic aneurysm

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/

  Treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm usually depends on how big it is and if you have symptoms. […] If it’s small, lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and eating healthily may be recommended to help stop it getting bigger. […] Sometimes you may need: medicines to lower your blood pressure and cholesterol level, which may help stop the aneurysm getting bigger […] surgery to reduce the risk of the aneurysm bursting – this may be done if your AAA is large (5.5cm or bigger), is quickly getting bigger or is painful. […] Surgery has risks and side effects which your doctor or surgeon should discuss with you. […] If your aneurysm ruptures, youll need emergency surgery to treat it.

• #2 Aortic Aneurysms: Nonsurgical Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-health/aortic-aneurysm-treatment-without-surgery

  If you have an aortic aneurysm, a doctor will also recommend adopting lifestyle changes that promote heart health. […] Lifestyle changes for aortic aneurysm include quitting smoking, focusing on a heart-healthy diet, getting regular physical activity, and reducing stress. […] For small and some medium-sized aortic aneurysms, regular monitoring may be recommended. […] If your aneurysm is being monitored, a doctor may use nonsurgical treatments to improve your cardiovascular health and reduce the risk from your aneurysm. […] To date, there isn’t a nonsurgical treatment that can reliably shrink or slow the growth of aortic aneurysms. […] Nonsurgical treatments for aortic aneurysms include medications and lifestyle changes. But there currently aren’t any nonsurgical treatments that are guaranteed to slow the growth of aortic aneurysms. […] Surgery is still the main type of treatment for large aortic aneurysms or those that are growing quickly.

• #3

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm/treatment/

  The treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) mostly depends on how big it is and the patients state of health. […] Treating an AAA usually means having surgery to replace the damaged Aorta. […] Large AAAs are more likely to burst (rupture). You will usually be recommended surgery to stop this happening. […] Surgery is not recommended until the aneurysm is at risk of rupture. […] You may need surgery if the scans show that a AAA larger than 4cms has grown by more than 1cm over 12 months. […] If you have a large AAA, surgery to replace the weakened section of aorta with an artificial aorta is usually recommended. […] There are 2 main types of surgery for an AAA: endovascular surgery the tube is inserted into a blood vessel in your groin and then passed up into the aorta […] open surgery the tube is placed in the aorta through a cut in your tummy.

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