Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chapter 13: Rotavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-13-rotavirus.html

  The licensure and approval by ACIP of rotavirus vaccines brought dramatic overall declines in the rotavirus disease burden among US children, which have been consistently observed in various surveillance efforts. […] Definitive diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis requires laboratory confirmation of infection. […] It is not possible to diagnose rotavirus infection by clinical presentation because the clinical features of rotavirus gastroenteritis do not differ from those of gastroenteritis caused by other pathogens. […] Confirmation of rotavirus infection by laboratory testing is necessary for reliable rotavirus surveillance and can be useful in clinical settings to avoid inappropriate use of antimicrobial therapy. […] Rotavirus detection assays include electron microscopy (EM), cell culture isolation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of viral segments, enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), latex agglutination tests, immunochromatographic tests, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real time or quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and multi-pathogen diagnostic assays.

• #2 Rotavirus – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/rotaviruses/

  Rotavirus is a highly contagious infection that causes diarrhea and vomiting. […] Therefore, this article focuses on the risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of rotavirus in young children. […] The first licensed modern rotavirus vaccine was introduced in 2006. […] Most patients are diagnosed clinically, but for some, stool tests may be used to confirm diagnosis. […] The following laboratory techniques are used for the definitive diagnosis of rotavirus in stool samples: Electron microscopy; Gel electrophoresis; Antigen detection (such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays [ELISAs] and immunochromatographic assays); Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); and Virus isolation. […] The rotavirus antigen can be found in fecal samples using RT-PCR and ELISAs. […] Vaccination against rotavirus is currently the best protection against infection. […] The National Foundation for Infectious Diseases recommends that children receive their first vaccine before age 15 weeks and complete all doses before age 8 months. […] The rotavirus vaccines currently available in the US (RV5 and RV1) have been tested for intussusception.

• #3 Chapter 13: Rotavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-13-rotavirus.html

  The most widely available method for detection of rotavirus antigen in stool is an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) directed at an antigen common to all group A rotaviruses. […] Rotaviruses are traditionally classified based on the serologic/genetic characteristics of the aforementioned outer capsid proteins VP7 (G) and VP4 (P) that elicit neutralizing antibodies in the host. […] Sequence analysis is the definitive method for confirmation of rotavirus genotypes.

• #4 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rotavirus-Diagnosis.aspx

  Laboratory diagnosis of rotaviral infections is primarily achieved via enzyme immunoassays that involve detection of VP6 group A-specific antigen in diarrheal stools. […] Although the commercial enzyme immunoassays that are used for rotavirus surveillance are sensitive and specific, regular quality control procedures are required in order to ensure that different laboratories are performing the commercial assay at high proficiency. […] Electron microscopy is highly specific for the detection of rotavirus with sensitivity comparable to enzyme immunoassays. […] Rotaviral double-stranded RNA segments can be detected in clinical specimens via extraction of the viral RNA and subsequent analysis by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel followed by silver staining. […] Human rotavirus exhibits well-defined patterns of gene-segment distribution, which are also known as electropherotypes. […] A plethora of sensitive conventional or real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods have been developed based on the primers that are specific for different rotavirus genes.

• #5 Clinical Overview of Rotavirus | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Rotavirus disease among infants and young children has decreased significantly in the United States since vaccine introduction. […] To rapidly detect rotavirus RNA or antigens and make a diagnosis, conduct either of the following on stool specimens: […] You can conduct nucleic acid detection PCR assays for rotavirus alone or in multipathogen panels. […] However, such tests are usually carried out only by laboratories engaged in surveillance testing or research.

• #6 Rotavirus infection – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/rotavirus-infection/

  Most patients with rotavirus infection receive a clinical diagnosis of acute viral gastroenteritis; diagnostic studies are usually not necessary, as they do not alter management. […] For patients with severe disease or in whom the diagnosis is uncertain, rotavirus infection can be confirmed by antigen detection in the stool. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical. […] Consider diagnostic studies for: Patients with red flags for diarrhea, admitted patients if cohorting is being considered, exclusion of alternative diagnoses (e.g., bacterial gastroenteritis). […] Antigen detection: via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunochromatography. […] Although a stool sample analysis can be used for diagnostic confirmation of rotavirus infection, management remains the same.

• #7 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  Many illnesses cause diarrhea. So although rotavirus is often diagnosed based on symptoms and a physical exam, a stool sample analysis might be used to confirm the diagnosis. […] Is there a need for tests? […] Some questions the doctor may ask include: […] Is there a need to take any medicine? […] Ask your child’s doctor if giving your child an oral rehydration fluid is appropriate.

• #8 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  If your child has signs of rotavirus, contact their healthcare provider. Providers can often diagnose rotavirus based on symptoms and a physical examination. In some cases, they may take a stool (poop) sample to test it for rotavirus. But this step usually isn’t necessary. […] If you do need to take a stool sample, your child’s provider will give you a sterile (germ-free) container. You collect some of your child’s stool in the container. A lab analyzes the stool for rotavirus. […] The best way to prevent rotavirus and protect the health of your family is to make sure they get one of the rotavirus vaccines. […] About 70% of children who receive the vaccine don’t get rotavirus. For those who still get infected, the symptoms are much milder. Put another way, 90% of vaccinated children either get protected from severe rotavirus or avoid the disease altogether.

• #9 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=167&contentid=rotavirus_stool

  The rotavirus test is a stool test used to diagnose a rotavirus infection. […] You may need this test if you have symptoms of a rotavirus infection. […] You may have other tests to diagnose rotavirus or check for dehydration, including urine tests and blood tests. […] If the test results show rotavirus in your stool sample, you have the infection.

• #10 The laboratory test procedure to confirm rotavirus vaccine infection in severe complex immunodeficiency patients

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=624

  The rotavirus vaccine is a live vaccine, and there is a possibility of infection by the virus strain used in the vaccine. […] The testing process was conducted in the following order: confirming rotavirus infection, determining its genotype, and confirming the vaccine strain. […] Rotavirus infection was confirmed through enzyme immunoassay and VP6 gene detection. […] By detecting the fingerprint gene (WC3) of RotaTeq, it was confirmed that the detected virus was the vaccine strain. […] Rotavirus infection by the vaccine strain can be identified through genotyping and fingerprint gene detection. However, genetic linkage analysis will also help to identify vaccine strains. […] The identification of other genotypes included in equal amounts in the vaccine was attempted, although G1 and P[8] were confirmed using RT-PCR genotyping.

• #11 The laboratory test procedure to confirm rotavirus vaccine infection in severe complex immunodeficiency patients

  https://ophrp.org/journal/view.php?number=624

  Moreover, it was confirmed that the patient’s infection was related to the rotavirus vaccination, as demonstrated by the amplification of the NSP3 (WC3) gene used in the RotaTeq vaccine for the recombination of vaccine strains. […] This study confirmed that the rotavirus infection in SCID patients was related to the vaccine strain by identifying the genotype (G1, G3, P[8]) and detecting the bovine gene (WC3) used in the vaccine strain (RotaTeq).

• #12 Ask The Experts About Vaccines: Rotavirus | Immunize.org

  https://www.immunize.org/ask-experts/topic/rotavirus/

  Rotavirus vaccine is contraindicated in infants with the rare disorder severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and in infants with a history of intussusception. […] Practitioners should consider the potential risks and benefits of administering rotavirus vaccine to infants with known or suspected altered immunocompetence, including those whose mothers received immunosuppressive biologics (such as infliximab) during pregnancy. […] Inactivated vaccines should be given on schedule. […] Both vaccines should be stored at refrigerator temperature and protected from light. Do not administer the vaccine if it has been frozen or exposed to freezing temperatures.

• #13 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  Serologic testing is not recommended before or after receiving RV vaccine. […] Each dose of Rot-5 vaccine is 2.0 mL. Each dose of Rot-1 vaccine is 1.5 mL. […] RV vaccines are for oral administration only and must not be injected. […] RV vaccines should be stored and transported at +2C to +8C. […] Vaccine providers are asked to report the following adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in particular, through local public health officials: Intussusception in the first 21 days following any dose of RV vaccine. […] RV vaccines are contraindicated in infants with SCID; previous history of intussusception; a history of anaphylaxis after previous administration of the vaccine; or proven immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or its container.

• #13 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  Rotavirus vaccine efficacy against diarrhea of any severity in developed world settings is 74% to 87%; efficacy against severe diarrhea is 85% to 98%. […] RV vaccine reduces physician and emergency room visits for diarrhea and hospital admissions for RV diarrhea. […] Countries with routine RV immunization programs, such as the United States of America (USA), Australia, Brazil and Mexico have seen reductions in the number of infants and children needing hospitalization or emergency department care for RV disease by about 85%. […] The burden of illness from RV disease in Canada before RV vaccine availability is documented in studies by the Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program, Active (IMPACT). […] In Ontario, when comparing RV-specific gastroenteritis hospitalization in the post-RV vaccine period (August 2011 to March 2013) to the pre-RV vaccine period (January 2003 to July 2006), there was a 75% decrease in hospitalizations.

• #14 Quick answers to frequent rotavirus vaccine questions – Factsheets – Immunisation Advisory Centre

  https://www.immune.org.nz/factsheets/quick-answers-to-frequent-rotavirus-vaccine-questions

  Rotarix (RV1) is a live attenuated ORAL vaccine. It MUST NOT be injected. Please familiarise yourself with the Rotavirus chapter in the current Immunisation Handbook, including the contraindications and precautions for this vaccine. […] An infant who does not receive their second rotavirus vaccine dose before they are 25 weeks old, they cannot complete a course of rotavirus vaccines. […] Rotarix is contraindicated if the infant has an uncorrected gastrointestinal malformation that predisposes them to intussusception. […] There may be a small increase in the risk of developing intussusception during the week following the first vaccine dose and a smaller risk after the second dose. […] It is recommended that parents seek medical advice if their baby develops intermittent crying/screaming episodes, start pulling their knees towards their chest, vomiting, or has pink or red coloured jelly-like stools. […] The weakened rotavirus from the vaccine may be found in stools for up to 28 days after the first immunisation and up to 15 days after the second dose.

• #15 Rotavirus Vaccine | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/rotavirus-vaccine

  Babies should have the results of their screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) checked before the rotavirus vaccine is given if they live in an area of England where screening happens. […] Alongside Rotarix, another vaccine is licensed to protect against Rotavirus but is not currently used in the UK. RotaTeq is used in some countries and is delivered as a three-dose course. […] In the UK, when the rotavirus vaccine was introduced, experts predicted that the vaccine would halve the number of rotavirus cases seen by GPs each year.

• #16 Symptoms to watch after Rotavirus Vaccination | UNICEF Viet Nam

  https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/stories/symptoms-watch-after-rotavirus-vaccination

  The Rotavirus vaccine is an effective „shield” that helps protect young children from the dangerous risk of acute diarrhoea. However, like other vaccines, children may experience some side effects after receiving the vaccine. […] Similar to medication, children who receive the Rotavirus vaccine may experience side effects. However, these symptoms are usually mild and resolve on their own. Serious side effects can occur, but they are rare. Parents can be reassured if the child shows signs like irritability (crying), mild temporary diarrhoea or vomiting. […] Parents and caregivers should monitor the child’s overall condition, including their mental state, appetite, sleep patterns, temperature and any rashes. If the child has a fever, measure her/his temperature. […] Receiving the Rotavirus vaccine is an essential step in protecting children from the severe risks of acute diarrhoea caused by the Rota virus. However, the role of parents extends beyond simply bringing the child to the health facility; it also involves observing and caring for the child after vaccination. A full understanding of the potential side effects and abnormal signs will help ensure that the child remains safe and well-protected.

• #17 Rotavirus vaccine

  https://info.health.nz/immunisations/vaccines-aotearoa/rotavirus-vaccine

  The rotavirus vaccine is offered to babies for free when they are 6 weeks and 3 months old. Your ppi (baby) needs 2 doses to be fully protected. […] Immunisation against rotavirus will protect around 8 out of 10 babies from severe rotavirus infection. Almost all children who are not immunised get a rotavirus infection before they are 5 years old. […] The rotavirus vaccine is offered to babies for free when they are 6 weeks and 3 months old. Your ppi (baby) needs 2 doses to be fully protected. […] The vaccine we use in Aotearoa New Zealand is Rotarix. […] The most common reaction to the rotavirus vaccine is a slight fever. […] An extremely rare side effect of the vaccine is called intussusception. This causes a blockage of the intestine. […] Serious allergic reactions are extremely rare. Only about 1 in a million people will experience this.

• #18

• #18 Rotavirus Vaccine – Parents and Parenting – The Ministry of Health

  https://me.health.gov.il/en/parenting/raising-children/immunization-schedule/vaccines-up-to-age-six/rotavirus-vaccine/

  There are almost no side effects. The documented side effects are usually mild and resolve on their own. […] If your baby demonstrates one of these symptoms, seek medical attention. Early detection and prompt treatment can help prevent complications and usually lead to a full recovery. […] If, within the week after vaccination, your child experiences extreme crying, draws the knees up toward the chest, vomits, or exhibits blood in the stool.

• #18 Rotavirus Vaccine – Parents and Parenting – The Ministry of Health

  https://me.health.gov.il/en/parenting/raising-children/immunization-schedule/vaccines-up-to-age-six/rotavirus-vaccine/

  The rotavirus vaccine reduces this risk by 90%. […] The vaccine is administered orally. […] The period between doses should be at least four weeks. […] The vaccine (Rotateq) is given in three doses. The first dose can be given from the age of 6 weeks and until the age of 14 weeks and 6 days. The last dose can be given until the age of 8 months. The period between doses should be at least 4 weeks. Therefore, it is important to get the vaccine on schedule (this vaccine can be given together with other vaccines). […] The influence of the vaccine in Israel: before the vaccine was introduced into routine vaccinations in 2010, about 2,200 infants were hospitalized annually because of the virus. Since the implementation of the vaccination, the number of hospitalizations associated with rotavirus dropped by around 90%.

• #19 Rotavirus and Rotavirus Vaccination | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/rotavirus-and-rotavirus-vaccination

  Rotavirus vaccination is effective in reducing the incidence and severity of rotavirus infection. […] Stool sample: rotavirus can be identified by several means – eg, enzyme immunoassay (the most common), latex agglutination, electron microscopy or culture. […] Investigations may also be required if there is any suspicion of a non-infective cause of diarrhoea. […] Rotavirus vaccination is effective in reducing the incidence and severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis. […] In high- and middle-income countries, rotavirus vaccines have achieved 85-100% protection against severe disease. In low-income countries in Africa and Asia, protection is less (50-75%). […] Despite this reduced efficacy in low-income countries, the high burden of diarrhoeal disease in these regions means that proportionately more severe cases are prevented by vaccination than elsewhere.

• #20 CDC: Rotavirus vaccine 78% effective against serious illness in preschoolers, 53% in older kids | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/rotavirus/cdc-rotavirus-vaccine-78-effective-against-serious-illness-preschoolers-53-older-kids

  The effectiveness of a single dose of the rotavirus vaccine against emergency department (ED) visits or hospitalizations for inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract was 78% in children younger than 5 years and 53% in older children from 2009 to 2022, estimates a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-led study published yesterday in Pediatrics. […] „To maintain the public’s confidence in the rotavirus vaccination program, it is critical to monitor long-term effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines, especially against severe illness.” […] Rotavirus vaccines remain highly effective in preventing rotavirus-associated ED visits and hospitalizations across time, disease severity, and common genotypes in the US. […] „Rotavirus vaccines remain highly effective in preventing rotavirus-associated ED visits and hospitalizations across time, disease severity, and common genotypes in the US,” the researchers wrote.

• #21 Research Roundup: An effective Rotavirus vaccine, prioritizing pediatric TB diagnostics, and a powerful HIV antibody

  https://www.ghtcoalition.org/blog/research-roundup-an-effective-rotavirus-vaccine-prioritizing-pediatric-tb-diagnostics-and-a-powerful-hiv-antibody

  A new low-cost and heat-stable vaccine ROTASIL has been found effective against severe rotavirus in phase III clinical trials. The vaccine, which was developed by the Serum Institute of India and tested in partnership with PATH, had an efficacy of nearly 39 percent in children with severe rotavirus and 55 percent against a very severe form of rotavirus. The vaccine is a hybrid of bovine and human rotavirus and is capable of targeting all five rotavirus serotypes. […] Indian children face a high burden of rotavirus, as the country accounts for 22 percent of all rotavirus deaths worldwide.

• #22 Family

  https://patents.google.com/patent/US8822192B2/en

  A method of inducing an immunological response to a rotavirus in a subject is provided including administering a vaccine composition including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier admixed with an isolated human rotavirus strain of CDC-9 or CDC-66. […] A method of inducing an immunological response to a rotavirus in a subject is provided including administering a vaccine composition including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier admixed with an isolated human rotavirus strain characterized as having a G1 group serotype and an isolated human rotavirus strain characterized as having a G2 group serotype. […] A vaccine composition for enhancing immunological protection against a rotavirus-mediated disease in a subject includes a first human rotavirus strain characterized as having a G1 serotype and a second human rotavirus strain characterized as having a G2 serotype in particular embodiments of a vaccine composition of the present invention. […] Methods of inducing an immunological response against a rotavirus-mediated disease in a subject are provided according to embodiments of the present invention which include administering a therapeutic amount of a vaccine composition including at least one human rotavirus strain.

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