Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5776699/

  Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe childhood gastroenteritis. […] Orally administered live attenuated vaccines that mimic natural infection offer the best protection against rotavirus. […] Two licensed rotavirus vaccines have been available since 2006 and have been implemented in many countries. […] Rotavirus vaccines have performed well in countries where they are used routinely; in some settings, they have conferred additional benefits to unvaccinated children and adults through herd protection. […] The documented health benefits of rotavirus vaccines far outweigh the small risk of intussusception that has been seen in some settings. […] A rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (Rotashield, Wyeth) was licensed in the US in 1998 after showing high efficacy against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in randomized clinical trials.

• #2 Treatment and prevention of rotavirus infection in children – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23526488/

  Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. […] No antiviral therapy is available. Treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis is limited to rehydration therapy. Recently, therapies, such as probiotics, have been developed as adjuncts to rehydration therapy. […] Two effective rotavirus vaccines are available and recommended for routine immunization of all infants. These vaccines have been introduced in both developed and developing countries. […] In the United States, rotavirus vaccination has led to dramatic drops in severe rotavirus-related hospitalizations and has reduced emergency room visits. Herd immunity has also been noted after routine rotavirus immunization. There have been no significant strain shifts or escape mutants noted since the introduction of rotavirus vaccines.

• #3 Rotavirus Vaccination | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/vaccines/index.html

  Two or more doses of rotavirus vaccine are recommended for children by doctors as the best way to protect against rotavirus. […] The best way to protect against rotavirus disease is to get the rotavirus vaccine. Children who are not vaccinated usually have more severe symptoms the first time they get rotavirus disease. Vaccinated children are less likely to get sick from rotavirus. […] There are two rotavirus vaccines licensed for use in infants in the United States. Both available rotavirus vaccines are given by putting drops in the infant’s mouth. Your child’s doctor can help you choose which rotavirus vaccine to use. […] Your baby should get either of the two available rotavirus vaccines. […] Before your child turns 15 weeks old, they should get the first dose of either rotavirus vaccine. Before your child turns 8 months old, they should receive all doses of rotavirus vaccine.

• #4 Administering the Rotavirus Vaccine | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/rotavirus/hcp/administering-vaccine.html

  Both rotavirus vaccines are administered orally, by putting drops in the infants mouth. Each requires multiple doses: […] RotaTeq (RV5) is given in three doses at 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months of age. […] Rotarix (RV1) is given in two doses at 2 months and 4 months of age. […] Rotavirus vaccine can be administered at the same doctor visit as DTaP vaccine, Hib vaccine, polio vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Available evidence suggests that rotavirus vaccine does not interfere with the immune response to these vaccines. […] Infants for whom the first dose of rotavirus vaccine was inadvertently administered at age 15 weeks or older should receive the remaining doses of the series at the routinely recommended intervals. Timing of the first dose should not affect the safety and efficacy of the remaining doses. Rotavirus vaccine should not be given after age 8 months 0 days, even if the series is incomplete.

• #5 Rotavirus Medication: Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-medication

  A rotavirus vaccine (RotaShield) was released for general use in 1998-1999. Despite promising initial results, RotaShield was withdrawn from the market in 1999 because of a causal relationship between the vaccine and several cases of intussusception. The risk was observed 3-14 days following administration of the first dose of the RotaShield vaccine in infants older than 3 months. […] In February 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved RotaTeq. RotaTeq administration has been recommended for children as 3 separate oral doses at ages 2, 4, and 6 months. […] In April 2008, the FDA approved Rotarix, another oral vaccine, for prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Rotarix administration is currently recommended as 2 separate doses to patients at ages 2 and 4 months.

• #6 Rotavirus: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/rotavirus-vaccine

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) approved a rotavirus vaccine for use in all infants in the United States in 2006. The vaccine, called RotaTeq, is given as a series of three doses by mouth at 2 months, 4 months and 6 months of age and can be given with other vaccines typically administered at those times. A second vaccine, called Rotarix, was approved for use in June 2008 and is given as a series of two doses by mouth at 2 months and 4 months of age. […] The first rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq, is made from a strain of rotavirus that was originally isolated from a calf. Human rotavirus proteins responsible for evoking protective antibodies, but incapable of causing disease, were also added. This combination of a calf rotavirus, which can’t cause disease in children, with human rotavirus proteins, which protect against disease, allows babies to develop immunity without getting sick. The second rotavirus vaccine, Rotarix, is made from one type of rotavirus originally isolated from a person and weakened in the lab.

• #7

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/rotavirus

  Four oral, live, attenuated rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix (derived from a single common strain of human rotavirus); RotaTeq (a reassorted bovine-human rotavirus); Rotavac (naturally occurring bovine-human reassortant neonatal G9P, also called 116E); and RotaSiil (bovine-human reassortant with human G1, G2, G3 and G4 bovine UK G6P[5] backbone) are available internationally and WHO prequalified. All four vaccines are considered highly effective in preventing severe gastrointestinal disease. […] WHO recommends that rotavirus vaccines should be included in all national immunization programmes and considered a priority particularly in countries in South and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. WHO continues to recommend that the first dose of rotavirus vaccine be administered as soon as possible after 6 weeks of age, along with DTP vaccination. Apart from a low risk of intussusception (up to 6 per 100 000 infants vaccinated)1 the current rotavirus vaccines are considered safe and well tolerated.

• #8 Rotavirus vaccine – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/rotavirus-vaccine/

  The rotavirus vaccine helps protect against rotavirus, a common cause of diarrhoea and vomiting. It’s given to babies when they’re 8 and 12 weeks old. […] Most children with rotavirus will get better in a few days, but some children can become very dehydrated and need treatment in hospital. Very rarely, rotavirus can be life-threatening. […] Vaccination is recommended for babies to help stop them getting infected. […] Your GP surgery will usually contact you about your baby’s rotavirus vaccinations. This will usually be by letter, text, phone call or email. […] The rotavirus vaccine is given as a liquid that’s squirted into your baby’s mouth. […] Like all medicines, the rotavirus vaccine can cause side effects, but not all babies get them. […] The rotavirus vaccine works very well at stopping babies getting infected by rotavirus.

• #9 Rotavirus | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/rotavirus

  All infants <6 months of age are recommended to receive a course of oral rotavirus vaccine. [...] The vaccination course of Rotarix is 2 doses, at 2 and 4 months of age. [...] The vaccination course of RotaTeq is 3 doses, at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. [...] Rotavirus vaccination significantly reduces rotavirus-specific and all-cause hospital presentations for gastroenteritis. [...] Infants aged <6 months are recommended to receive rotavirus vaccine. [...] Infants can receive the 1st dose of rotavirus vaccine as early as 6 weeks of age. [...] Rotavirus vaccine is funded through the NIP for all infants aged <6 months of age. [...] Infants who develop rotavirus gastroenteritis before receiving the full course of rotavirus vaccine should still complete the full 2- or 3-dose schedule. [...] Preterm infants are recommended to receive either rotavirus vaccine starting at the chronological age of at least 6 weeks, if the infant is clinically stable.

• #10 AAP Updates Guidelines on Rotavirus Vaccination | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0215/p552.html

  The minimum interval between doses is four weeks. […] Breastfeeding before or after administration of the rotavirus vaccine is encouraged. […] Rotavirus vaccine may be administered concurrently with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, inactivated poliovirus vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar). […] Preterm infants (i.e., those born before 37 weeks’ gestation) should be immunized on the same schedule and with the same precautions as term infants if they are clinically stable and meet the age requirements for rotavirus vaccine (six weeks to 14 weeks and six days of age for the first dose). […] Rotavirus vaccine should not be administered to infants with a history of severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of rotavirus vaccine or to a vaccine component. […] Physicians should weigh the potential risks and benefits of administering rotavirus vaccine to immunocompromised infants; consultation with an immunologist or infectious diseases subspecialist is recommended.

• #11 Rotavirus Vaccine Live Oral Monograph for Professionals – Drugs.com

  https://www.drugs.com/monograph/rotavirus-vaccine-live-oral.html

  Food or liquid intake (including breast milk) does not need to be restricted before or after administration of rotavirus vaccine. […] May be given simultaneously with other age-appropriate vaccines during the same health-care visit. […] Dosage and dosing schedule (i.e., number and timing of doses) differ between Rotarix and RotaTeq. […] ACIP and AAP state that first dose of rotavirus vaccine should be given at 6 weeks through 14 weeks 6 days of age and should not be initiated in infants ≥15 weeks of age. […] Because natural rotavirus infection frequently provides only partial immunity, ACIP and AAP recommend that rotavirus vaccination series be initiated or completed in infants who had rotavirus gastroenteritis before receiving the complete series. […] Rotarix: Safety and efficacy not established in infants <6 weeks or >24 weeks of age.

• #12 Rotavirus | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/rotavirus

  Vaccinating hospitalised infants, including hospitalised preterm infants, has a low risk of transmitting vaccine viruses if standard infection control precautions are maintained. […] There are no restrictions on the infant’s feeding before or after vaccination with either rotavirus vaccine. […] Infants living in households with pregnant women can receive rotavirus vaccines. […] Rotavirus vaccines can be co-administered with other vaccines or immunisation products. […] Rotavirus vaccines are for oral administration only. […] If an infant spits out or vomits most of a vaccine dose within minutes of receiving it, give 1 repeat dose during the same visit. […] The contraindications to rotavirus vaccines are: anaphylaxis after a previous dose of any rotavirus vaccine, history of intussusception, severe combined immunodeficiency in infants.

• #13 ACIP Recommends Routine Rotavirus Vaccinations in Infants and Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p924.html

  Rotavirus is a common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children and infants, and rotavirus gastroenteritis is a major cause of childhood death in developing countries. […] To address this problem, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has released its recommendations for administration of a live, oral, human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine (Rotateq). […] Rotateq is a live, oral vaccine with five reassortant rotaviruses that were developed from human and bovine parent rotavirus strains. […] ACIP recommends that U.S. infants receive routine rotavirus vaccinations given in three doses at two, four, and six months of age. […] Infants who have had rotavirus gastroenteritis before the completion of the vaccination should still complete the vaccination schedule because an initial infection may only provide partial immunity.

• #14 Rotavirus Vaccination | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/vaccines/index.html

  Getting vaccinated with the rotavirus helps protect your baby from rotavirus, a potentially serious disease. […] Most infants should get rotavirus vaccine to protect against rotavirus disease. […] Rotavirus vaccine is very safe and is effective at preventing rotavirus. Vaccines, like any medicine, can have side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own. […] Both rotavirus vaccines were tested in large clinical trials that involved thousands of infants. […] About 9 out of 10 who get the vaccine will be protected from severe rotavirus disease. […] Before rotavirus vaccine was used in the United States, each year about 1,900 infants developed intussusception before 1 year of age. With prompt treatment at the hospital, almost all infants who develop intussusception fully recover.

• #15 Rotavirus: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/rotavirus-vaccine

  Studies of more than 130,000 infants showed that the vaccine did not cause vomiting, diarrhea, fever, irritability or poor feeding. […] The current rotavirus vaccines have also been found to be rare causes of intestinal blockage (intussusception) affecting about 1 in 100,000 children, usually occurring within a week after getting the first or second dose of vaccine. […] Because virtually every young child gets rotavirus, and about 1 of every 65 are hospitalized as a result, the benefit of getting the rotavirus vaccine clearly outweighs the risk. Therefore, the rotavirus vaccine has been added back to the U.S. infant immunization schedule and is recommended for all infants. […] Without a rotavirus vaccine, approximately 55,000 to 70,000 children born in the United States would be hospitalized with rotavirus each year. Since the vaccine has been in use, this number has decreased by about 80 percent. There are no severe side effects from rotavirus vaccine. Therefore, the benefits of the rotavirus vaccine clearly outweigh the risks.

• #16 Rotavirus Vaccine | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/rotavirus-vaccine

  The rotavirus vaccine used in the UK is called Rotarix. It gives protection against rotavirus infections that can cause vomiting and severe diarrhoea in infants and children. […] Vaccines for rotavirus, including Rotarix, have been shown in clinical trials to be 90-100% effective in preventing severe rotavirus and 74-85% effective in preventing rotavirus infection of any severity. […] Reported cases of rotavirus fell by over 70% three years after the vaccine was introduced in the UK. […] The first dose of Rotarix is always given before 15 weeks of age, as the side effect of intussusception seems unlikely to occur if the vaccine doses start at this age. […] The vaccine contains live human rotavirus that has been weakened (attenuated), so it stimulates the immune system but does not cause disease in healthy people.

• #17 Rotavirus vaccine | Cochrane Equity

  https://methods.cochrane.org/equity/rotavirus-vaccine

  Rotavirus vaccines reduced severe diarrhea by 82-92% in low-mortality countries and 35-63% in high-mortality countries in children up to 2 years. […] Rotavirus vaccines reduces severe diarrhea by 82-92% in low-mortality countries and 35-63% in high-mortality countries in children up to 2 years depending on the vaccine given. […] Rotavirus vaccines are effective in disadvantaged populations but have higher success rates in countries with lower rotavirus mortality. This may be because of other factors such as comorbidities and malnutrition. […] The WHO recommends delivering the first dose of vaccine as soon as possible after an infant is 6 weeks old. Two doses of the vaccine are required. […] Adverse Events: Children receiving the rotavirus vaccine had 10% fewer serious adverse events than those receiving placebo.

• #18 Vaccine profiles: Rotavirusverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/routine-vaccines-extraordinary-impact-rotavirus

  The trials were enormous, involving more than 60,000 infants, and demonstrated that these vaccines were both safe and effective, protecting against severe disease or hospitalisation with an efficacy of 85% to 95%. […] In 2009, The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that rotavirus vaccination be included in all national immunisation programmes, following the release of data that evaluated vaccine efficacy in countries with high rates of child deaths from rotavirus disease. […] According to a recent Cochrane Review, which assessed the efficacy of all four WHO prequalified vaccines, rotavirus vaccines prevent more than 90% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with low child mortality rates, more than 75% in countries with medium child mortality rates, and 35% to 58% in countries with high child mortality rates. […] Rotavirus vaccine and improved sanitation have dramatically reduced the toll from diarrhoeal illness in recent decades, but too many children still die from the dehydration it causes. The next-generation of rotavirus vaccines may address key barriers to their uptake, and further reduce this toll.

• #19 Rotarix (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral Suspension): Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Interactions, Warnings

  https://www.rxlist.com/rotarix-drug.htm

  The exact immunologic mechanism by which ROTARIX protects against rotavirus gastroenteritis is unknown. ROTARIX contains a live, attenuated human rotavirus that replicates in the small intestine and induces immunity. […] The data demonstrating the efficacy of ROTARIX in preventing rotavirus gastroenteritis come from 24,163 infants randomized in two placebo-controlled studies conducted in 17 countries in Europe and Latin America. […] Efficacy of ROTARIX against any grade of severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis through one rotavirus season was 87.1%. Efficacy against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis through one rotavirus season was 95.8%. […] Safety and effectiveness of ROTARIX in infants with known primary or secondary immunodeficiencies, including infants with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), infants on immunosuppressive therapy, or infants with malignant neoplasms affecting the bone marrow or lymphatic system have not been established.

• #20 Everything You Need To Know About The Rotavirus Vaccine

  https://justtheinserts.com/rotavirus/

  RotaTeq is a vaccine indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by types G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9. RotaTeq is approved for use in infants 6 weeks to 32 weeks of age. […] ROTARIX is a vaccine indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by G1 and non-G1 types (G3, G4, and G9). ROTARIX is approved for use in infants 6 weeks and up to 24 weeks of age. […] RotaTeq is a live, oral pentavalent vaccine that contains 5 live reassortant rotaviruses. […] ROTARIX (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral), for oral administration, is a live, attenuated rotavirus vaccine derived from the human 89-12 strain which belongs to G1P type. […] RotaTeq can cause: Anaphylactic reaction, Intussusception (including death), Hematochezia, Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu), Vaccine viral shedding, Urticaria (Hives), Angioedema, Kawasaki disease, and transmission of vaccine virus strains from vaccine recipient to non-vaccinated contacts.

• #21 Diagnosis, management, and prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5776699/

  Two other live oral rotavirus vaccines—a pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine (RotaTeq, Merck) and a monovalent human vaccine (Rotarix, GSK Biologicals)—were in advanced stages of clinical testing when Rotashield was withdrawn. […] As of December 2013, 51 countries include rotavirus vaccines in their national immunization programs. […] A systematic review of ecologic studies from eight countries reported a 49-89% decline in laboratory confirmed rotavirus hospital admissions and 17-55% reduction in all cause hospital admissions for gastroenteritis in children under 5 years within two years of vaccine introduction. […] Post-licensure observational studies in several countries, including the US, Australia, Mexico, and Brazil, have also identified a low risk of intussusception with both rotavirus vaccines. […] Despite this reduced efficacy, the public health benefits of vaccination in terms of number of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis episodes prevented per 100 infants was greater in developing than in industrialised countries.

• #22

  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/rotavirus

  The public health impact of rotavirus vaccination has been demonstrated in several countries. For example, in the USA, a measurable decrease was seen in the number of rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations accompanied by a suggested herd effect protecting older non-vaccinated children, while in Mexico a decline of up to 50% in diarrhoeal deaths in children under 5 years of age was attributed directly to the use of the vaccine. […] WHO reiterates that the use of rotavirus vaccines should be part of a comprehensive strategy to control diarrhoeal diseases with the scaling up of both prevention (promotion of early and exclusive breastfeeding, handwashing with soap, improved water and sanitation) and treatment packages (including low-osmolarity ORS and zinc).

• #23 What Is Rotavirus? Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8275-rotavirus

  Rotavirus vaccines have kept many kids healthy. […] The rotavirus vaccines Rotarix or RotaTeq can protect children from getting rotavirus or make their symptoms less severe if they do get it. […] The vaccines have significantly improved children’s health and hospitalization rates. […] About 70% of children who receive the vaccine don’t get rotavirus. For those who still get infected, the symptoms are much milder. […] Scientists have tested both rotavirus vaccines extensively in thousands of babies. They consider both vaccines safe and effective. […] The main rotavirus treatment is to keep your child hydrated. […] Yes. Contact your child’s healthcare provider if you notice rotavirus symptoms. […] The best way to prevent rotavirus and protect the health of your family is to make sure they get one of the rotavirus vaccines. […] If your child has rotavirus, ask their provider about: Which over-the-counter medications do you recommend to reduce fever? […] If your child has severe diarrhea and vomiting, they may have a common childhood infection called rotavirus.

• #24 Rotavirus Vaccination | Rotavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/rotavirus/vaccines/index.html

  Most babies who get rotavirus vaccine have no problems. However, some babies can have side effects that are usually mild and go away on their own. […] Serious side effects are possible but very rare. There is a small risk in cases of intussusception within a week after the first or second dose of rotavirus vaccine. […] Your or your child’s doctor’s office is usually the best place to receive recommended vaccines. Vaccines may also be available at pharmacies, workplaces, community health clinics, health departments, schools, or religious centers.

• #25 Rotavirus vaccine, live (oral route) – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/rotavirus-vaccine-live-oral-route/description/drg-20071625

  Rotavirus vaccine live is used to prevent infants and children from getting a rotavirus stomach infection. It works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the virus. […] This vaccine is to be administered only by or under the supervision of your child’s doctor. […] The dose is specific to the brand of the rotavirus vaccine and the age of the child. […] It is very important that your child’s doctor check your child’s progress at regular visits to make sure that this vaccine is working properly and to check for unwanted effects. […] Call your child’s doctor right away if your child has diarrhea, blood in the stool, a high fever, severe stomach pain, or vomiting. These could be symptoms of a serious bowel problem called intussusception. […] Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention. […] Check with your doctor or nurse immediately if any of the following side effects occur: Diarrhea, earache, fever, headache, irritability, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, pain or cramping in the abdomen or stomach, sore throat, stuffy or runny nose, unusual tiredness or weakness.

• #26 Rotavirus vaccine

  https://info.health.nz/immunisations/vaccines-aotearoa/rotavirus-vaccine

  The rotavirus vaccine is offered to babies for free when they are 6 weeks and 3 months old. Your ppi (baby) needs 2 doses to be fully protected. […] Immunisation against rotavirus will protect around 8 out of 10 babies from severe rotavirus infection. Almost all children who are not immunised get a rotavirus infection before they are 5 years old. […] The vaccine we use in Aotearoa New Zealand is Rotarix. It is given as liquid drops into your baby’s mouth which they swallow. The vaccine contains a weakened form of rotavirus. It is very effective and has an excellent safety record. […] The most common reaction to the rotavirus vaccine is a slight fever. Other common reactions to the rotavirus vaccine include: not feeding as usual, crying, being upset, and hard to settle, runny poos within 7 days (mild diarrhoea), vomiting within 7 days, tummy pain. […] An extremely rare side effect of the vaccine is called intussusception. This causes a blockage of the intestine. […] Serious allergic reactions are extremely rare. Only about 1 in a million people will experience this.

• #27 Your Child’s Vaccines: Rotavirus Vaccine (RV) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rotavirus-vaccine.html

  Rarely, intussusception might happen within a week after the first or second shot. Intussusception is a type of bowel blockage that can happen in babies and young children. But rotavirus infection is much more likely to cause intussusception than the vaccine. […] As with any vaccine, there is a small risk of an allergic reaction. […] Your doctor may decide that the benefits of vaccinating your child outweigh the possible risks. […] For fever, check with your doctor to see if you can give either acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and to find out the right dose. […] If your child has vomiting or diarrhea, give small amounts of liquids often and watch for signs of dehydration, such as less urine (pee) than usual. […] Call the doctor if: You aren’t sure if the vaccine should be postponed or avoided. Your child has problems after the vaccination. […] Watch your child for symptoms of intussusception such as: intense belly pain with uncontrollable crying, vomiting, blood or mucus in the poop, weakness, drowsiness, or fussiness. […] Call your doctor right away or go to the hospital if your child has any signs of intussusception.

• #28 Rotavirus vaccines: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-19-rotavirus-vaccine.html

  Rotavirus (RV) is a common cause of gastroenteritis in children; approximately 36% of children with RV gastroenteritis see a physician, 15% visit an emergency department, and 7% require hospitalization. […] RV vaccine efficacy against diarrhea of any severity in developed world settings is 74% to 87%; efficacy against severe diarrhea is 85% to 98%. […] RV vaccines are well tolerated, but there is a small increased risk of intussusception of between 1 and 7 cases per 100,000 doses in the 7 days following both the first and second doses. […] Recommended for infants starting at 6 weeks of age. […] First dose of RV vaccine should be administered starting at 6 weeks of age and before 15 weeks of age. […] Parents should be informed of the benefit of RV vaccination in preventing or mitigating severe diarrheal disease in infants.

• #29

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Rotavirus-Vaccine-What-You-Need-to-Know.aspx

  Rotavirus vaccine can prevent rotavirus disease. […] Rotavirus vaccine is administered by putting drops in the child’s mouth. Babies should get 2 or 3 doses of rotavirus vaccine, depending on the brand of vaccine used. […] Almost all babies who get rotavirus vaccine will be protected from severe rotavirus diarrhea. […] Rotavirus vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines. […] In some cases, your child’s health care provider may decide to postpone rotavirus vaccination to a future visit. […] Irritability or mild, temporary diarrhea or vomiting can happen after rotavirus vaccine. […] There is also a small risk of intussusception from rotavirus vaccination, usually within a week after the first or second vaccine dose. […] As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death. […] Adverse reactions should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

• #30 Rotavirus | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/rotavirus

  Intussusception is a form of bowel obstruction, most often seen in young children. Rotavirus vaccination is associated with an increased risk of intussusception. […] Infants with severe combined immunodeficiency are unlikely to generate a protective immune response to vaccination, and there is a risk of harm from the vaccine. […] Do not vaccinate infants with moderate to severe acute gastroenteritis until they have recovered. […] The benefits from vaccination are expected to outweigh the risk in these infants. […] Infants who spit out or vomit most of a dose can receive a single replacement dose. […] The product information for Rotarix states that the vaccine should not be given to people with any chronic gastrointestinal disease. […] The product information for RotaTeq states that if a dose of vaccine is spat out or vomited, a replacement dose should not be given.

• #31 Rotavirus Vaccine – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/immunization/rotavirus-vaccine

  The rotavirus vaccine is recommended for infants to protect against gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus disease. […] Rotavirus vaccines are live-virus vaccines. RV5 and RV1 are currently licensed for use in infants in the United States. […] The rotavirus vaccine is a routine childhood vaccination. […] Contraindications for rotavirus vaccines are a severe allergic reaction (eg, anaphylaxis) after a previous dose of the vaccine or to a vaccine component (including latex, which is in the RV1 applicator), infants with severe combined immunodeficiency, and infants who have had intussusception. […] The main precautions with rotavirus vaccines are moderate or severe illness, including moderate or severe diarrhea or vomiting (vaccination is postponed until the illness resolves; infants with mild illness can be given the vaccine).

• #32 Storage | ROTARIX (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral) for HCPs

  https://www.rotarixhcp.com/dosage/storage-and-handling/

  ROTARIX is a vaccine indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by G1 and non-G1 types (G3, G4, and G9) when administered as a 2-dose series. ROTARIX is approved for use in infants 6 weeks and up to 24 weeks of age. […] Contraindications for ROTARIX include a history of any of the following: hypersensitivity to the vaccine or any component of the vaccine; uncorrected congenital malformation of the gastrointestinal tract (such as Meckels diverticulum) that would predispose the infant to intussusception; intussusception (in postmarketing experience, intussusception resulting in death following a second dose has been reported following a history of intussusception after the first dose); or Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID). […] Administration in infants suffering from acute diarrhea or vomiting should be delayed. Safety and effectiveness in infants with chronic gastrointestinal disorders have not been evaluated. […] Safety and effectiveness of ROTARIX when administered after exposure to rotavirus have not been evaluated. […] Vaccination with ROTARIX may not result in protection in all vaccine recipients.

• #33 Rotavirus Vaccine: What You Need to Know | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.rotavirus-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know.cdc21

  Rotavirus vaccine can prevent rotavirus disease. […] Rotavirus vaccine is administered by putting drops in the child’s mouth. […] Almost all babies who get rotavirus vaccine will be protected from severe rotavirus diarrhea. […] Rotavirus vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines. […] In some cases, your child’s health care provider may decide to postpone rotavirus vaccination until a future visit. […] Infants who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they recover before getting rotavirus vaccine. […] Irritability or mild, temporary diarrhea or vomiting can happen after rotavirus vaccine. […] There is also a small risk of intussusception from rotavirus vaccination, usually within a week after the first or second vaccine dose. […] As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death. […] Adverse reactions should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). […] The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) is a federal program that was created to compensate people who may have been injured by certain vaccines.

• #34 Rotavirus – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351306

  There’s no specific treatment for a rotavirus infection. Antibiotics and antivirals won’t help a rotavirus infection. Usually, the infection resolves within three to seven days. […] Preventing dehydration is the biggest concern. To prevent dehydration while the virus runs its course, drink plenty of fluids. If your child has severe diarrhea, ask your doctor about offering an oral rehydration fluid such as Pedialyte or Enfalyte especially if the diarrhea lasts longer than a few days. […] For children, a rehydration fluid can replace lost minerals more effectively than can water or other liquids. Severe dehydration may require intravenous fluids in the hospital. […] Anti-diarrheal medications aren’t recommended for a rotavirus infection. […] If you’re breastfeeding or using formula, continue to feed your child as usual. Ask your child’s doctor if giving your child an oral rehydration fluid is appropriate.

• #35 Rotavirus vaccine | UNICEF Viet Nam

  https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/stories/rotavirus-vaccine

  Rotavirus vaccine […] Currently, there is no specific treatment for acute diarrhoea caused by rotavirus. Therefore, proactive prevention through oral rotavirus vaccination remains the most effective way to protect children’s health and ensure their healthy growth from the earliest stages of life. […] At present, there is no antiviral medication specifically targeting rotavirus. Treatment primarily involves rehydration, continued breastfeeding, and keeping a close watch on children to support their recovery. […] The rotavirus vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, meaning the virus has been weakened so it cannot cause illness but can still stimulate the immune system to develop protection. Administered orally, the vaccine has shown high efficacy in preventing rotavirus infection in children.

• #36 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rotavirus-Treatment.aspx

  Rotavirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in children and is considered to be the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children under the age of 5 worldwide. […] Although gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus is regarded as a self-limiting disease, a dangerous combination of vomiting, watery diarrhea, and fever often leads to rapid dehydration. Therefore, the prevention of dehydration represents a key step in treating rotaviral gastroenteritis in children. […] Prompt oral rehydration therapy using an oral rehydration solution before the child becomes more severely dehydrated is pivotal. Oral rehydration therapy, which contains water and small amounts of salt and sugar as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), is given as the first line of treatment with more than 90% of effectiveness.

• #37

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/rotavirus/

  Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children and infants worldwide. […] No specific treatments exist for rotavirus infections. Rather, they are treated with supportive care, such as oral rehydration, rest, and fever relief. […] Hospitalization is usually necessary in these cases, and children are rehydrated via liquids delivered via a nasogastric tube or intravenously. Prompt rehydration therapy usually leads to a positive outcome, but deaths from rotavirus still occur in developed countries and, more commonly, in developing countries. […] The first vaccine for rotavirus, RotaShield, was licensed and recommended for routine childhood immunization in 1998. […] No rotavirus vaccine was available until 2006, when the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended routine infant immunization with three doses of the recently licensed RotaTeq vaccine, developed by H. Fred Clark, PhD, Stanley A. Plotkin, MD, and Paul A. Offit, MD.

• #38 Rotavirus: Symptoms, Causes, How It Spreads, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rotavirus

  The vaccine is more than 90 percent effective in preventing severe rotavirus disease. […] Rotavirus isnt treated with medications. It usually resolves on its own with time. However, dehydration is a serious concern. Knowing when to seek medical intervention is essential to prevent life threatening complications. […] There arent any medications or treatments that will make the rotavirus go away. This includes antiviral medications, over-the-counter antidiarrheal drugs, and antibiotics. […] In terms of treatment, the goal is to stay hydrated and comfortable while rotavirus works its way out of your system. […] The rotavirus vaccine was first introduced on the market in 2006. Before this time, it was commonplace for young children to have at least one bout of rotavirus infection. […] Since the vaccine was introduced, hospitalizations and deaths from rotavirus have dropped significantly.

• #39 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Rotavirus-Treatment.aspx

  Ondansetron, which is a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 serotonin antagonist, can be given as an emergency if vomiting is hampering oral rehydration therapy. […] Probiotics have shown certain benefits in modulating the immune response against foreign antigens in children with rotaviral gastroenteritis, but also other types of diarrheal illnesses. […] Nitazoxanide, which is a nitrothiazole benzamide compound notable for its activity in treating intestinal protozoal and helminthic infections, has also shown promise in treating severe cases of rotaviral gastroenteritis. […] Antidiarrheal medications should not be given to children with acute rotaviral gastroenteritis since they can delay the elimination of the virus from the intestines. Racecadotril (acetorphan), an antisecretory drug that inhibits intestinal enkephalinase without slowing intestinal transit, has shown efficacy in reducing stool output and duration of diarrhea in rotavirus infections.

• #40 Rotavirus Medication: Vaccines

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803885-medication

  The risks versus benefits of the available vaccines need to be evaluated for each individual patient. Based upon the current available data, it is generally accepted that the benefits of the vaccines significantly outweigh the risks of the vaccines including that of intussusception. […] With the introduction of RotaTeq and Rotarix, a significant amount of data have demonstrated the efficacy of the vaccines and overall decline of the rotavirus season not only in the United States but globally as well. […] Although more research is necessary, nitazoxanide was shown to reduce rotavirus diarrhea and gastroenteritis in a small study of 38 patients between the ages of 5 months to 7 years.

• #41 Persistent infection with a rotavirus vaccine strain in a child suffering from Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in Argentina | Revista Argentina de Microbiología

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-argentina-microbiologia-372-articulo-persistent-infection-with-rotavirus-vaccine-S0325754120300985

  Persistent infection with a rotavirus vaccine strain in a child suffering from Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in Argentina […] Due to the high burden of disease associated with rotavirus, the massive vaccination in children before six months of age has been encouraged. Currently licensed oral live vaccines have shown low risk of associated adverse events in the general population. […] Noteworthy, postmarketing reports of severe gastroenteritis with persistent vaccine viral shedding in children with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) have led companies to include this inborn error of immunity as an additional contraindication. […] We describe a clinical case of an infant with SCID who suffered from persistent rotavirus symptomatic diarrhea after receiving the rotavirus oral vaccine and was found to be infected with the vaccine strain.

• #42 Is Rotavirus Immunization Safe in Infants Born to Mothers Treated with Immunosuppressive Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease During Pregnancy?

  https://www.immunologyresearchjournal.com/articles/is-rotavirus-immunization-safe-in-infants-born-to-mothers-treated-with-immunosuppressive-drugs-for-inflammatory-bowel-disease-during-pregnancy.html

  The licensed rotavirus vaccines are live attenuated and are a component of the routine U.S. childhood immunization schedule. […] The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends infants born to women who received BRM during pregnancy avoid live viral vaccines during the first year of life. […] We report three infants, born to mothers receiving infliximab during pregnancy, who tolerated multiple doses of rotavirus vaccine. […] Live viral vaccines may be safe in infants who were exposed to BRM in utero. […] Rotavirus vaccination is important in preventing rotavirus in infants and is part of the standard vaccine schedule for infants within the first year of life. […] According to the ACIP, the first dose of the vaccine must be given between 6 weeks and 14 weeks and 6 months of life. […] This study suggests that some infants who were exposed to TNF- inhibitors in utero may have successfully reacted to the live viral vaccines such as rotavirus.

• #43 Rotavirus Vaccine Safe for Infants Exposed to Biologics in Utero

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/news/rotavirus-vaccine-safe-for-infants-exposed-to-biologics-in-utero/

  Infants exposed to biologics in utero have no increased risk for adverse events when receiving rotavirus vaccination. […] The rotavirus vaccine appears safe for infants exposed to biologics in utero, according to study results published in the journal Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. […] This new evidence points to the vaccine being safe for these vulnerable infants. […] Contrary to the recommendations of prior guidelines, with careful consideration of the risks and benefits, withholding rotavirus vaccination in this population does not appear to be necessary. […] Seven studies reported no adverse events of any severity following rotavirus vaccination. […] Importantly, no serious adverse events related to the vaccine were found in any study. […] These results indicate that the safety of the rotavirus vaccine in biologic-exposed infants is on par with that of infants not exposed to biologics. […] Rotavirus vaccination appears to be safe in infants exposed to anti-TNFs and non-TNF biologics in utero, study authors noted.

• #44

  https://historyofvaccines.org/diseases/rotavirus/

  The Food and Drug Administration licensed another rotavirus vaccine, Rotarix, for use in the United States in 2008. […] CDC has carefully monitored the incidence of rotavirus disease in the United States since 2000. […] Researchers have estimated that rotavirus vaccination prevented about 55,000 hospitalizations in 2008. […] Efforts are being made to make the rotavirus vaccine available in the developing world, where deaths from rotavirus illness are more common.

• #45 The global impact of rotavirus vaccines – Defeat DD

  https://www.defeatdd.org/the-global-impact-of-rotavirus-vaccines

  Rotavirus vaccines represent a huge step forward in the fight against diarrhea mortality. And as more countries commit to introducing rotavirus vaccines, we can expect the number of lives saved to grow. […] Rotavirus vaccines saved an estimated 140,000 children’s lives from 2006 to 2019 and that number has only grown in the years since. […] Rotavirus vaccines have a ripple effect that goes beyond lives saved: they lighten the burden of the disease for families, health systems, and economies. Countries that introduced the vaccine saw a 59% median reduction in rotavirus hospitalizations among children under 5, and a 36% decrease in deaths from severe diarrhea, with these percentages growing over time post-introduction. […] After Kenya and Uganda introduced the vaccine, data emerged confirming these anticipated trends. Both countries witnessed a drop in diarrhea hospitalizations associated with the vaccine in Uganda, there was a 1 percent decrease in hospitalizations for every 1 percent increase in rotavirus vaccine coverage.

• #46 The global impact of rotavirus vaccines – Defeat DD

  https://www.defeatdd.org/the-global-impact-of-rotavirus-vaccines

  The introduction also led to considerable cost savings in Uganda, with savings of $57 million in diarrhea-related treatment costs over just three years. […] If we invest in these vaccination programs among young children, you will find that they will not be admitted to the hospital. If they are not admitted, the burden of work in the hospitals will be reduced, and the health system will have some savings that can be used for other health burdens. […] In the more than 120 countries where they are introduced, rotavirus vaccines are saving lives and easing the burden on families, health systems, and governments.

• #47 Does Your Child Really Need the Rotavirus Vaccine?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/rotavirus-vaccine-8715245

  The rotavirus vaccine provides a safe and effective defense against rotavirus disease and its complications. […] There are no specific medications to treat rotavirus infection. […] The rotavirus vaccine is the best way to protect your baby from this disease. […] The rotavirus vaccine has a low risk of side effects and can help reduce the risk of hospitalization due to the disease. […] The Rotarix and RotaTeq rotavirus vaccines are both considered safe and effective for protecting against severe rotavirus disease. […] Both rotavirus vaccines are considered safe. […] The rotavirus vaccine is advised for all healthy infants, starting at 2 months of age. The vaccine is the best way to protect your child from the rotavirus and its severe complications. […] Side effects of the rotavirus vaccine are mild for most infants. The vaccine also carries a very small risk of intussusception. However, the benefits of being vaccinated outweigh the slight risk of getting this side effect.

• #48 Rotavirus vaccine | UNICEF Viet Nam

  https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/stories/rotavirus-vaccine

  The effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccine in providing active immunity has been demonstrated in numerous studies. It has been shown to prevent 85% to 98% of severe rotavirus-related diarrhoea cases, and 74% to 87% of all rotavirus diarrhoea cases during the first year post-vaccination. […] Since 2024, the Ministry of Health has officially included the rotavirus vaccine in the National Expanded Immunisation Program, offering it free of charge to ensure equal access for all children. […] Proactive prevention is the best way to protect children from the very beginning of life. Parents and caregivers are therefore strongly encouraged to take their children to local health facilities for rotavirus vaccination once the child turns two months old, and to ensure completion before six months of age, to shield them from the risks of rotavirus-induced acute diarrhoea and to support their healthy and comprehensive development.

• #49 Rotavirus vaccine – an effective tool that prevents children dying from diarrhea – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/rotavirus-vaccine

  According to a study published in 2018, the use of rotavirus vaccines prevented approximately 28,900 child deaths globally in 2016. […] In addition to saving lives, the rotavirus vaccine also reduces the burden on healthcare systems. […] Improving vaccination coverage, particularly across Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia is key to continued reduction of childhood deaths from diarrhea. […] One of the most cost-effective ways to treat most cases of diarrhea, including those due to rotavirus infection, is not a highly sophisticated drug or vaccine but a simple water, salt and sugar solution: oral rehydration therapy (ORT). ORT can be used to prevent deaths from diarrhea originating from any cause, and has already saved the lives of tens of millions of children since its introduction in the 1970s.

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