Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39336499/

  Dry eye disease is a multifactorial condition characterised by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity and ocular surface inflammation. Understanding the epidemiology of dry eye disease and recognising both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors can assist eye care practitioners in assessing, treating, and managing patients with the condition. This review considers current knowledge surrounding its incidence and prevalence, as well as associated demographic, systemic, ocular, and iatrogenic, and lifestyle-related modifiable risk factors. […] Population-based prevalence estimates vary according to the diagnostic criteria used to define dry eye disease, as well as severity and demographic characteristics of the population. Considering recent data and variable population demographics, conservative prevalence estimates suggest that 10-20% of the population over 40 years of age report moderate to severe symptoms and/or seek treatment for dry eye disease.

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/9/1458

  Dry eye disease is a multifactorial condition characterised by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity and ocular surface inflammation. Understanding the epidemiology of dry eye disease and recognising both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors can assist eye care practitioners in assessing, treating, and managing patients with the condition. This review considers current knowledge surrounding its incidence and prevalence, as well as associated demographic, systemic, ocular, and iatrogenic, and lifestyle-related modifiable risk factors. […] Considering recent data and variable population demographics, conservative prevalence estimates suggest that 10–20% of the population over 40 years of age report moderate to severe symptoms and/or seek treatment for dry eye disease. […] The purpose of the current review is to provide an overview of the existing literature (searched up to 31 May 2024) on the epidemiology of dry eye disease, including modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, to support clinical management.

• #1 Dry eye disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dry-eye-disease

  Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface with loss of homeostasis of the tear film and ocular symptoms. DED is also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dry eye syndrome, and dysfunctional tear syndrome. […] The epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options for DED will be reviewed here. Various conditions associated with DED are discussed separately. […] In epidemiologic studies performed globally, the prevalence of DED ranges from 5 to 50 percent, with persons living in Asia (principally China, Tibet, Korea) having a higher prevalence. The wide range in prevalence is due to different definitions of DED being used, as well as variation in study populations. […] Based on data from the 2017 National Health and Wellness Survey, 6.8 percent of the United States adult population has been diagnosed with DED, with an increasing prevalence with older age and greater prevalence in women than men. In a 2022 meta-analysis of three United States studies, the prevalence ranged from 5.3 to 14.5 percent with an estimated pooled prevalence of 8.1 percent. […] Risk factors for DED include.

• #1 TFOS DEWS II REPORT – Epidemiology Report – TFOS – Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society

  https://www.tfosdewsreport.org/report-epidemiology_report/71_36/en/

  Prevalence of disease for studies involving symptoms with or without signs ranged from approximately 5% to 50%. Studies where the diagnosis was based primarily on signs generally reported higher and more variable rates of disease, up to 75% in certain populations. […] The prevalence of DED increases linearly with age. The increase in prevalence by decade is greater with clinical signs of dry eye compared with symptoms report and with self-report of a clinical diagnosis. Similarly, the rate of MGD increases linearly with age. […] The weight of evidence from large epidemiologic studies confirms that female sex and older age increase the risk for DED. Other substantiated risk factors include MGD, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, computer use, Asian race, contact lens wear, Sjgren syndrome, environmental hazardous conditions such as pollution, low humidity, systemic connective diseases, and certain classes of medications including antihistamines, antidepressants, anxiolytics and isotretinoin.

• #1

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/dry-eye/epidemiology-overview

  Dry eye is extremely common, especially in older individuals. It is the most commonly reported reason for seeking ophthalmologic medical care. Various epidemiological studies have found a prevalence range of 5-50%, depending on the geographic region and age of the studied population. […] A Bayesian analysis of 30 prevalence studies published between 1997 and 2021 found a global prevalence for symptomatic disease of 9.12%. Prevalence was higher among women (9.5%) than among men (6.8%). Geographically, Africa showed the highest prevalence (47.9%), followed by Southern Asia (32.0%), Western Asia (29.0%), Eastern Asia (19.4%), Oceania (14.9%), South America (14.7%), Europe (13.7%) and North America (4.6%). […] In the United States (US), a retrospective analysis of data from 9.7 million beneficiaries of the Department of Defense Military Health System (DOD MHS) revealed an overall DES prevalence of 5.28%, with a higher prevalence among female MHS beneficiaries (7.78%) compared to male MHS beneficiaries (2.96%). Prevalence was highest (11.66%) for beneficiaries 50 years of age and above.

• #1 TFOS DEWS II REPORT – Epidemiology Report – TFOS – Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society

  https://www.tfosdewsreport.org/report-epidemiology_report/71_36/en/

  The prevalence of dry eye appears slightly higher in Asia than other continents. […] The economic burden of DED can be attributed to direct medical care spending, the impact of loss of productivity, and impact on quality of life. […] The prevalence mapping described here could also be used to examine overlap with the human development index (a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita) and the distributions of different dry eye interventions.

• #1 Dry Eye Disease: A Review of Epidemiology in Taiwan, and its Clinical Treatment and Merits

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/8/1227

  Dry eye disease (DED) has become common on a global scale in recent years. There is a wide prevalence of DED in different countries based on various ethnicities and environment. DED is a multifactorial ocular disorder. […] We report the DED epidemiology in Taiwan firstly in this article. According to a cohort study through the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) from 2000 to 2008 in Taiwan, the incidence rates of developing Sjogren’s syndrome were 4.8% for the group of dry eye disease and 1.5% for the comparison group. In addition, patients with DED presented for Sjogren’s syndrome were diagnosed 3.88 years earlier than the patients in the comparison group. […] The prevalence of dry eye disease varies globally in different places, ranging from 7% in the United States to over 30% in Taiwan, Japan and Korea. It is believed that this difference in the prevalence of DED between Asian and Western populations is based on ethnic variability. In Taiwan, a population-based survey of eye disease showed that 33.7% of the elderly were symptomatic, defined as reporting one or more dry-eye symptoms.

• #1 The prevalence, severity, and risk factors for dry eye disease in Dubai – a cross sectional study | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-021-01978-4

  The prevalence of dry eye disease is increasing globally and requires the attention of healthcare professionals as it worsens patients quality of life. No published studies on the epidemiology of dry eyes have been found in Dubai. […] To describe the epidemiology, prevalence, severity, and associated factors of dry eyes in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 2019. […] The prevalence of dry eyes in Dubai was estimated to be 62.6% (283/452), with severely dry eyes being the most prevalent (119/283; 42%). […] This is the first cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of dry eyes in Dubai (62.6%). […] The study raises awareness about the burden of dry eyes in Dubai. […] This is the first analytical, cross-sectional study to be conducted in Dubai to estimate the prevalence of dry eyes as 62.6%.

• #1 Dry eye disease in the Middle East and northern Africa | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/dry-eye-disease-in-the-middle-east-and-northern-africa-a-position-pape-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  Additionally, there is a relative scarcity of epidemiologic data and peer-reviewed publications on DED originating from this region. […] Given the geographic size of area and population living in the region, there is an emergent need to establish a uniform approach for the management of DED for healthcare providers in MENA. […] Countries such as Egypt, Algeria, and Tunisia in North Africa, and Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East have country-specific differences in the epidemiology of DED, including prevalence and associated risk factors. […] Additional studies focusing specifically on DED in MENA have indicated by-country prevalences ranging from 6.8% to 69%. […] One systematic review indicated that the estimated prevalence of DED in Saudi Arabia ranged from 32.1% to 62.4%, and from 6.8% to 28% in Egypt.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12982-024-00185-y

  To evaluate the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) and its associated risk factors in a sample of the Argentine population. […] The overall prevalence of DED was 42.1%. DED prevalence in women was 45.1% (3848 out of 8525) and in men was 30.8% (704 out of 2287). […] DED was found to be a prevalent condition among Argentine participants, the main risk factors were determined by sex, age, and especially those related to lifestyle in South America. […] The general prevalence of DED found in this population of 10,812 participants from all Provinces of Argentina was 42.1%. […] There is not enough information about prevalence of DED in South America yet, except for the Castro study in Brazil which showed a prevalence of 12.8% with dry eye; previous diagnosis was reported by 10.2% and presence of severe symptoms in 4.9%.

• #1 Prevalence and associated risk factors of dry eye disease in 16 northern West bank towns in Palestine: a cross-sectional study | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1290-z

  Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the interpalpebral ocular surface and tear film that leads to discomfort, fatigue and disturbance in vision. DED affects patients quality of life and leads eventually to decrease of productivity. Moreover, it has a considerable socioeconomic burden. It is a growing underdiagnosed health issue and the possible associated risk factors are very common and keep growing worldwide. […] To assess the prevalence of DED and potential associated risk factors in the Northern West Bank of Palestine. […] Based on the diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of DED was 64% (95% confidence interval 60.6-67.3). DED was significantly associated with female gender p=(0.001) and older age p=(0.001). […] The prevalence of DED is high in the study population. Older age and female gender were associated risk factors with the development of DED.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence and risk factors for dry eye disease: the Sao Paulo dry eye study Prevalence and risk factors for dry eye disease: the Sao Paulo dry eye study

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/s9TKScF5kW7B768pwDcyNgQ/

  Purpose: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease symptoms and clinical diagnoses in Sao Paulo city, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. […] Overall dry eye disease severe symptoms and/or clinical diagnoses prevalence was calculated as 24.4% for both sexes. […] In women, ages between 55 to 75 years old were associated with dry eye disease severe symptoms (OR=3.11; 95%CI 1.56-6.23, p=0.001) and diagnosed dry eye disease (OR=2.02; 95% CI 1.04-3.93, p=0.037). […] Hypertension was significantly associated with dry eye disease symptoms (OR=1.98; 95% CI 1.14-3.43, p=0.015) and diagnoses (OR=3.54; 95% CI 1.92-6.53, p=0.0001) in women. […] Dry eye disease prevalence in Sao Paulo city is higher in women than in men. Age and hypertension were stronger risk factors of dry eye disease for women, while eye drops use was a significant indicator of dry eye disease for both sexes.

• #1 TFOS DEWS II REPORT – Epidemiology Report – TFOS – Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society

  https://www.tfosdewsreport.org/report-epidemiology_report/71_36/en/

  The limited number of studies, disparate clinical signs of MGD applied and population differences limit the broad generalizability of these findings and would indicate that further studies with similar diagnostic criteria in the different population groups are required to fully explore the prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic disease in MGD, stratified by age, sex and race. […] Overall, study locations ranged in latitude from 1.28 north (Singapore) to 51.5 north (England) of the equator. No studies reported on the prevalence of dry eye symptoms south of the equator during the last 10-year period. […] The incidence of disease describes the rate of new or incident cases of a disease over a period of time. A limited number of studies have reported the incidence of DED. […] A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence of dry eye for different diagnostic criteria stratified by age and sex.

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lebP1jE9/

  Individuals with specific non-modifiable demographic risk factors may be at increased risk of developing dry eye disease. […] Advanced age, female sex and East Asian ethnicity have been identified as key non-modifiable demographic features predisposing individuals to dry eye disease. […] Systemic conditions that have been associated with an increased risk of dry eye disease include migraine, Sjögren syndrome, connective tissue disorders, mental health disorders, diabetes mellitus and androgen deficiency. […] A range of modifiable lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of dry eye disease have also been identified, including low humidity environments, digital screen use, quality of sleep, diet, and eye cosmetic wear. […] Dry eye is a common disease affecting millions globally. […] Increasing knowledge regarding its associated risk factors can better prepare the eye care practitioner to successfully manage patients with this ocular surface disease.

• #1 The epidemiology of dry eye disease

  https://www.nzoptics.co.nz/live-articles/the-epidemiology-of-dry-eye-disease/

  On average, each decade of life was associated with 25% increased odds of developing dry eye disease. […] Interestingly, a transient delay was detected between the appearance of clinical signs of MGD and other markers of DED, including tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, lid wiper epitheliopathy and dry eye symptoms, which predominantly emerged during the fourth decade of life, between the ages of 33 and 38 years. […] Finally, and of importance to clinicians relying on ocular surface staining in dry eye diagnosis, corneal and conjunctival staining were among the last clinical signs of DED to emerge in the natural history of progression. Such signs of ocular surface damage typically arose between the ages of 46 and 52 years and were more likely to represent moderate-to-severe dry eye disease.

• #1 Dry Eye Disease (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210417-overview

  As a consequence of the demographic pressure created by an aging population, meibomian gland dysfunction is expected to increase in prevalence and thus to impose a growing burden on ophthalmologic practices. […] The reported frequency of dry eye in other countries closely parallels that in the United States. […] Dry eye is more common in women. […] Dry eye disease associated with SS is believed to affect 1-2% of the population, and 90% of those affected are women. Data on race and ethnicity in dry eye disease are limited, but the frequency and the clinical diagnosis of dry eye appear to be greater in the Hispanic and Asian populations than in whites.

• #1 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  Dry eye is more common in women than men (due to female hormonal effects on the lacrimal and Meibomian glands and ocular surface) and has an increased prevalence with age. Studies have shown that female gender is a risk factor in developing dry eye, with a prevalence that ranges from 12% to 22%. The prevalence of DED worldwide varies depending on the diagnostic criteria employed, which ranges from approximately 5% to 50% in population-based studies. […] DES has been shown to be as high as 70% in visual terminal users. In general, it is more common in Black individuals and Asian populations when compared with White individuals, although geographic, climatic, and environmental variations may also be significant factors. […] Evaporative dry eye is considered the most common subtype of DED. There may be discordance between dry eye signs and symptoms, with signs being more prevalent and variable than symptoms.

• #1 TFOS DEWS II REPORT – Epidemiology Report – TFOS – Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society

  https://www.tfosdewsreport.org/report-epidemiology_report/71_36/en/

  The subcommittee reviewed the prevalence, incidence, risk factors, natural history, morbidity and questionnaires reported in epidemiological studies of dry eye disease (DED). A meta-analysis of published prevalence data estimated the impact of age and sex. Global mapping of prevalence was undertaken. The prevalence of DED ranged from 5 to 50%. The prevalence of signs was higher and more variable than symptoms. There were limited prevalence studies in youth and in populations south of the equator. The meta-analysis confirmed that prevalence increases with age, however signs showed a greater increase per decade than symptoms. Women have a higher prevalence of DED than men, although differences become significant only with age. Risk factors were categorized as modifiable/non-modifiable, and as consistent, probable or inconclusive. Asian ethnicity was a mostly consistent risk factor. The economic burden and impact of DED on vision, quality of life, work productivity, psychological and physical impact of pain, are considerable, particularly costs due to reduced work productivity.

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39336499/

  Individuals with specific non-modifiable demographic risk factors may be at increased risk of developing dry eye disease. Advanced age, female sex and East Asian ethnicity have been identified as key non-modifiable demographic features predisposing individuals to dry eye disease. […] Systemic conditions that have been associated with an increased risk of dry eye disease include migraine, Sjgren syndrome, connective tissue disorders, mental health disorders, diabetes mellitus and androgen deficiency. […] A range of modifiable lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of dry eye disease have also been identified, including low humidity environments, digital screen use, quality of sleep, diet, and eye cosmetic wear. Dry eye is a common disease affecting millions globally. Increasing knowledge regarding its associated risk factors can better prepare the eye care practitioner to successfully manage patients with this ocular surface disease.

• #1 The epidemiology of dry eye disease

  https://www.nzoptics.co.nz/live-articles/the-epidemiology-of-dry-eye-disease/

  The epidemiology of dry eye disease as a highly prevalent and often debilitating condition has recognised impacts on ocular comfort, visual function, work productivity, psychological well-being and quality of life-. The 2017 TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology report highlighted the paucity of studies in the literature investigating the risk factors and natural history of DED. […] Multivariate regression analysis showed that systemic rheumatological disease and antidepressant medication use were associated with increased odds of aqueous tear deficiency. Independent risk factors for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), the primary cause of evaporative dry eye disease, included advancing age, East Asian ethnicity, migraine headaches, thyroid disease and use of oral contraceptive therapy. […] Our associated, second study evaluated the impacts of ageing on the natural history of DED in a cohort of 1331 community residents.

• #1 Dry Eye Statistics in 2023 – Dry Eye Directory

  https://dryeyedirectory.com/dry-eye-statistics/

  Currently between 16.7 million and 50.2 million Americans have dry eyes. This is between 5-15% of the population. […] A large population study of over 79,866 people in Netherlands found that 9.1% had dry eye disease. […] Over 86% of people with dry eyes show signs of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. […] The prevalence of dry eye disease is likely to continue to rise. […] Future studies may see younger people develop dry eye at a high rate.

• #1 Dry Eye Epidemiology in Patients before Cataract Surgery | Sakhnov | Ophthalmology in Russia

  https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1208?locale=en_US

  In our opinion, data on the high DE prevalence in cataract patients (53.2 %) should be taken into account when planning cataract surgery, since perioperative correction of the ocular surface condition can increase the surgical treatment efficiency, predictability and safety. […] The risk factor most significantly associated with DE in cataract patients was the meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) (Pearson xi-square test = 88.542, p 0.001, = 0.58; relatively strong strength).

• #1 Dry Eye Epidemiology in Patients before Cataract Surgery | Sakhnov | Ophthalmology in Russia

  https://www.ophthalmojournal.com/opht/article/view/1208?locale=en_US

  Purpose. To evaluate the prevalence, clinical and pathogenetic variants and statistically significant risk factors of dry eye (DE) in patients before cataract surgery. […] The dry eye prevalence was 53.2 % (of them, 25.5 % was mild, 27.7 % moderate, by Brzhesky). […] The most significant systemic-organ DE risk factors were: diabetes mellitus (C = 0.302; in 18.8 % DE patients), female sex (C = 0.240; in 62.1 % de patients), allergy ( = 0.233; in 23.2 % DE patients). […] Local risk factors most significantly associated with DE were: meibomian glands dysfunction ( = 0.58; in 77.7 % DE patients), chronic blepharitis ( = 0.233; in 23.2 % DE patients), pterygium ( = 0.276; in 13.2 % DE patients), allergic conjunctivitis ( = 0.21; in 21.3 % DE patients). […] Among the exogenous risk factors, the most significant were: the use of medication affecting tear production or tear film stability ( = 0.485; in 89.03 % DE patients), preservative eye drops instillation ( = 0.2975; in 56.1 % DE patients).

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2023/04000/prevalence_of_dry_eye,_its_categorization__dry_eye.53.aspx

  The prevalence of DED was found significantly higher in females (33.0%) compared to males (26.59%) (P value 0.0359), in age group more than 60 years (33.74%), in urban dwellers (32.44%) compared to rural dwellers (23.74%) P value 0.0071. […] Diabetes (P value 0.00001), smoking (P value 0.0134), history of previous cataract surgery (P value 0.00001), and use of visual display terminal devices (VDT) (P value 0.00001) were found to be significantly associated risk factors of DED. […] Hospital-based prevalence of DED in a tertiary care hospital is 29.5% with a preponderance of EDE. Thus, this study reflects a major burden of DED on routine outpatients.

• #1

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/dry-eye/epidemiology-overview

  A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence (reported by 10 studies) and incidence (reported by 2 studies) of DES in the US estimated an overall prevalence of 8.1% (range 5.3-14.5%) and a 5-year incidence of 3.5% among adults 18 years of age and 7.8% among adults 68 years of age. […] These include older age, female sex (and, relatedly, estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women or androgen deficiency), use of systemic antihistamines, LASIK and refractive surgery, radiation therapy, vitamin A deficiency, hepatitis C (HCV) infection and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

• #1 Dry Eye Disease Epidemiology

  https://www.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/dry-eye-disease-epidemiology

  How common is dry eye? Whos at risk? […] I dont think I have a single patient whos come across my chair who doesnt have some level of clinically significant dry eye. […] Depending on the study, youre right, theres one study that shows that half of Americans have clinically significant dry eye. Another study says there are 30 million in the United States but only 16 million have been diagnosed. So its ubiquitous. […] The single most common reason why patients come into our offices by Medicare designation is dry eye. Its by far the most common problem we see in our office. […] The face of dry eye used to be the perimenopausal female, but the face of dry eye is changing with the use of digital devices, and the normal blink rate of 20 times a minute drops to 3 times a minute. […] Dry eye used to be the 60-, 70-year-old woman, now its 15- and 25-year-olds. […] we know the impact of hormones and menopause, well documented. But for the reasons we just discussed, there are a whole lot of men, especially young men, who have it too.

• #1 Dry Eye Disease (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210417-overview

  Dry eye disease is very common in the United States, affecting a significant percentage of the population, especially those older than 50 years. Prevalence estimates range from 10-30%. An estimated 3.23 million women and 1.68 million men aged 50 years and older are affected. […] The prevalence of dry eye disease also is increasing among young adults aged 18-34 years, mostly owing to increased use of soft contact lenses and frequent smartphone and computer usage. […] Dry eye disease is one of the most common reasons for a patient to seek eye care. […] Furthermore, its widespread prevalence has created a significant socioeconomic burden on the United States healthcare system. Lost productivity through missed work days, the rising cost of treatment, and the social and emotional stressors encountered by patients with dry eye disease are notable.

• #1 Prevalence of dry eye disease among children: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Open Ophthalmology

  https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/10/1/e002014

  The estimated prevalence of DED among children was 23.7% (95% CI 18.5% to 28.9%). […] The prevalence of DED after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak was 44.1% (95% CI 25.5% to 62.7%; 8 studies; 9163 children), which was significantly higher than the 18.7% (95% CI 15.6% to 21.9%; 34 studies, 39 316 children; p=0.01) before the COVID-19 outbreak. […] Standardisation of the diagnosis of DED in children and further study of other risk factors are needed to fully explain the epidemiology of DED in children. […] The prevalence of DED in children was associated with study context, diagnostic modality, COVID-19, weather and geographical location. […] The current study estimated the overall prevalence of DED in children to be 23.7%. […] The prevalence of DED was 18.7% before and 44.1% after the COVID-19 outbreak (p=0.01 for subgroup heterogeneity). […] This study highlights the urgent need to prioritise paediatric ocular surface health as a distinct clinical and public health concern.

• #1 Prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms, associated factors and impact on quality of life among medical students during the pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-75345-w

  This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) symptoms, their associated factors, and the impact on quality of life (QOL) and mental health among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic using online surveys. […] The prevalence of DED symptoms was 60.4% (95%CI 55.7-64.8). […] This study highlighted the high prevalence of DED symptoms among medical students during the pandemic and its negative impact on QoL and mental health. […] According to the 2017 International Dry Eye Workshop, the global prevalence of DED varied between 5 and 50%. […] Interestingly, there appears to be a high reported prevalence of DED (60.5-90%) among young populations and school children. […] During the global Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many countries implemented lockdowns or other restrictions to prevent the spread of the virus.

• #1 Prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms, associated factors and impact on quality of life among medical students during the pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-75345-w

  A study conducted among university students in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic revealed that 77.5% of students experienced dry eye symptoms. […] An online survey conducted among DED patients during the initial wave of COVID-19 indicated that exacerbation of dry eye symptoms had a detrimental effect on QOL. […] Given that DED is primarily a symptomatic disease, chronic dry eye symptoms can lead to complications including impaired QOL and a deterioration in mental health. […] This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of DED symptoms among medical students in Thailand, identify associated factors, and examine its impact on QOL and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] This study ascertained the prevalence of DED symptoms in young people and its associated factors, along with its impact on QoL during the pandemic.

• #1 Prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms, associated factors and impact on quality of life among medical students during the pandemic | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-75345-w

  This online survey, conducted during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand in 2022, revealed the prevalence of DED symptoms among medical students of 60.4%. […] This study identified several factors significantly associated with DED symptoms, including preexisting dry eye, refractive error, allergic conjunctivitis, the frequency of artificial tear use, and impaired QOL as measured by the EQ-5D-5L scores. […] During the pandemic, stress levels and sleep disturbance have been identified as factors exacerbating dry eye symptoms. […] Our findings underscore that DED is among the ocular disorders that significantly affect the QOL and mental well-being of an individual. […] In conclusion, the prevalence of DED symptoms among medical students was notably high during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #1 Dry Eye Disease: A Review of Epidemiology in Taiwan, and its Clinical Treatment and Merits

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/8/8/1227

  The economic burden of DED, including direct costs from doctor visits, medications, procedures and indirect costs from decreased productivity, reduced quality of life, and general impairment in functioning have affected patients significantly. An economic analysis reveals that the average annual cost of managing a patient with DED is $783 in the United States. When adjusted to the prevalence of DED nationwide, the overall burden of DED for the US healthcare system would be around $3.84 billion. Therefore, the impact of DED presents important economic challenges not only to patients, but also physicians and health care delivery organizations.

• #1 Evolving Knowledge of the Unmet Needs in Dry Eye Disease

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/evolving-knowledge-of-the-unmet-needs-in-dry-eye-disease

  Dry eye disease is a common but underdiagnosed disorder in the United States, and its prevalence is likely to increase as the nations population ages. […] Dry eye disease adversely affects peoples health- and vision-related quality of life (QOL), impairing their ability to fully engage in vocational and leisurely activities and to perform normal activities of daily living. […] Because it affects millions of people in the workforce, dry eye disease may impose a substantial economic burden on the US health care system and society, largely in the form of reduced productivity. […] Overall, the prevalence of dry eye disease is likely to increase as the population ages in the United States and globally. […] In epidemiology, more studies are needed about dry eye disease in populations younger than 40 years, the natural history of dry eye disease with and without treatment, risk factors, indirect costs stemming from lost productivity, and cost savings stemming from treatment. […] Payers acknowledged that the understanding of dry eye disease is evolving but that much more information and education on the disease are needed for perceptions to change.

• #1 Middle East Preferred Practice Patterns for Dry Eye Disease: A Modified Delphi Consensus

  https://openophthalmologyjournal.com/VOLUME/15/PAGE/34/FULLTEXT/

  Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a common ophthalmic condition resulting from dysfunction in the ocular surface, main lacrimal gland, meibomian glands, or connecting nerves. […] In the Middle East, epidemiological data on the prevalence of DED are scarce, but prevalence rates have been reported to be 8.7% in Iran and 59% in Jordan. In Saudi Arabia, dry eye symptoms were reported in 32.1% of an adult population. […] Quality of life can be significantly impaired in patients with DED. […] The economic burden of DED is high, with an estimated direct cost of $3.84 billion per year in the United States of America. […] Local challenges relating to DED in the Middle East include poor patient education concerning DED, lack of a proper general practitioner system, irregular follow-up, high rates of refractive eye surgery, high rates of contact lens wear, and environmental factors.

• #1 Middle East Preferred Practice Patterns for Dry Eye Disease: A Modified Delphi Consensus

  https://openophthalmologyjournal.com/VOLUME/15/PAGE/34/FULLTEXT/

  The expert panel reached consensus on 23 statements relating to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and management of DED. […] The expert panel agreed with all statements relating to the diagnosis of DED and confirmation of diagnosis. […] The expert panel fully agreed with all statements relating to treatment of DED. […] The expert panel agreed that the impact of DED on the quality of life of patients should be taken into consideration when managing the disease. […] In summary, a group of 8 ophthalmologists within the Middle East, with significant clinical practice experience, have reached a consensus on statements relating to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and management of DED using a modified Delphi technique.

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/9/1458

  In summary, as a conservative estimate, 10–20% of the population over 40 report severe symptoms and/or seek treatment for dry eye disease. […] From the current evidence base, there is a clear need for further prospective longitudinal studies to determine whether the development and progression of ocular and systemic co-morbidities precede dry eye disease or occur as a consequence of the condition. Greater consistency in study methodology and disease definitions across epidemiological studies is needed to enable better cross-study comparisons, and to assess the strength of association between dry eye disease and aetiological risk factors.

• #1 Dry eye disease in the Middle East and northern Africa | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/dry-eye-disease-in-the-middle-east-and-northern-africa-a-position-pape-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  Taken together, the varied outcomes reported in the above-mentioned studies indicate that the overall prevalence of DED in MENA is not clearly established. […] Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, no international multicenter epidemiological studies have been conducted in the region, and current data are specific to studies performed in individual countries. […] There is a significant need for epidemiological, population-based studies of DED in MENA. […] There is a need to determine proactive public health measures to decrease the burden of DED in MENA.

• #2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/9/1458

  Dry eye disease is a multifactorial condition characterised by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity and ocular surface inflammation. Understanding the epidemiology of dry eye disease and recognising both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors can assist eye care practitioners in assessing, treating, and managing patients with the condition. This review considers current knowledge surrounding its incidence and prevalence, as well as associated demographic, systemic, ocular, and iatrogenic, and lifestyle-related modifiable risk factors. […] Considering recent data and variable population demographics, conservative prevalence estimates suggest that 10–20% of the population over 40 years of age report moderate to severe symptoms and/or seek treatment for dry eye disease. […] The purpose of the current review is to provide an overview of the existing literature (searched up to 31 May 2024) on the epidemiology of dry eye disease, including modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, to support clinical management.

• #2 TFOS DEWS II REPORT – Epidemiology Report – TFOS – Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society

  https://www.tfosdewsreport.org/report-epidemiology_report/71_36/en/

  The goals of the TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology subcommittee were: 1. To assess and summarize knowledge on the prevalence and incidence of DED from well-designed population studies carried out in the past 10 years and to perform a meta-analyses of existing study data to determine prevalence of DED stratified by age and sex. 2. To assess and summarize available knowledge on risk factors of DED from well-designed studies. 3. To evaluate data available on natural history of DED and disease morbidity. 4. To review available instruments and determine their use/applicability in epidemiological research. […] The prevalence of a disease is a measure of the proportion of disease within a population at a given point in time. Prevalence estimates for DED vary with the operational definition of dry eye used and the characteristics of the population studied.

• #2 Dry eye disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dry-eye-disease/print

  Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface with loss of homeostasis of the tear film and ocular symptoms. DED is also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dry eye syndrome, and dysfunctional tear syndrome. […] The epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options for DED will be reviewed here. […] In epidemiologic studies performed globally, the prevalence of DED ranges from 5 to 50 percent, with persons living in Asia (principally China, Tibet, Korea) having a higher prevalence. The wide range in prevalence is due to different definitions of DED being used, as well as variation in study populations. […] Based on data from the 2017 National Health and Wellness Survey, 6.8 percent of the United States adult population has been diagnosed with DED, with an increasing prevalence with older age and greater prevalence in women than men. In a 2022 meta-analysis of three United States studies, the prevalence ranged from 5.3 to 14.5 percent with an estimated pooled prevalence of 8.1 percent.

• #2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/9/1458

  In summary, as a conservative estimate, 10–20% of the population over 40 report severe symptoms and/or seek treatment for dry eye disease. […] From the current evidence base, there is a clear need for further prospective longitudinal studies to determine whether the development and progression of ocular and systemic co-morbidities precede dry eye disease or occur as a consequence of the condition. Greater consistency in study methodology and disease definitions across epidemiological studies is needed to enable better cross-study comparisons, and to assess the strength of association between dry eye disease and aetiological risk factors.

• #2 The prevalence, severity, and risk factors for dry eye disease in Dubai – a cross sectional study | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/the-prevalence-severity-and-risk-factors-for-dry-eye-disease-in-/19169464

  The prevalence of dry eye disease is increasing globally and requires the attention of healthcare professionals as it worsens patients quality of life. No published studies on the epidemiology of dry eyes have been found in Dubai. […] To describe the epidemiology, prevalence, severity, and associated factors of dry eyes in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 2019. […] The prevalence of dry eyes in Dubai was estimated to be 62.6% (283/452), with severely dry eyes being the most prevalent (119/283; 42%). […] This is the first cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of dry eyes in Dubai (62.6%). […] The study raises awareness about the burden of dry eyes in Dubai. […] The study highlights the need to educate the public about the importance of screening for dry eyes and the need for future research about factors associated with this condition.

• #2 Prevalence and associated risk factors of dry eye disease in 16 northern West bank towns in Palestine: a cross-sectional study | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-019-1290-z

  Epidemiologic studies showed that the disease is more prevalent among women (particularly post menopause) and elderly population. […] A review of the literature showed that the prevalence of DED in the Middle East has not been frequently studied. However, according to the few studies reported in the region; the prevalence was noticeably high. […] The prevalence of DED in Palestine has not been studied before. Therefore, this study aims to study the prevalence of DED and to investigate possible risk factors of the disease in a general non-clinical population in Palestine. […] The overall prevalence of DED was 64% (95% confidence interval 60.6-67.3) in the study population. […] The risk factors associated with the definite DED were evaluated using a bivariate and a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Significant odds of having DED were associated with older age (older than 45) and female gender.

• #2 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence and risk factors for dry eye disease: the Sao Paulo dry eye study Prevalence and risk factors for dry eye disease: the Sao Paulo dry eye study

  https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/s9TKScF5kW7B768pwDcyNgQ/

  The overall prevalence of DED in this population was 24.4%. […] Our study showed an overall prevalence of 24% for severe DED symptoms and/or clinical diagnoses for both the sexes. […] The prevalence of clinically diagnosed DED is 15.83% in women and 13.84% in men, while the composite of symptoms and clinical diagnoses of DED is 26.86% for women and 18.18% for men. […] Our study estimated a trend (p0.2) for DED diagnoses in hypertensive men; however it is likely that our low participation rate among men in this population hindered the observation of a significant association between hypertension and DED. […] In conclusion, in this epidemiological study we aimed to evaluate DED symptoms and clinically diagnosed DED in Brazil’s largest city, in which a DED prevalence of approximately 24% was recorded. Ages over 55 years old and hypertension appear to be significant risk factors for DED in Sao Paulo female residents.

• #2 Dry eye disease in the Middle East and northern Africa | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/dry-eye-disease-in-the-middle-east-and-northern-africa-a-position-pape-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  Additionally, there is a relative scarcity of epidemiologic data and peer-reviewed publications on DED originating from this region. […] Given the geographic size of area and population living in the region, there is an emergent need to establish a uniform approach for the management of DED for healthcare providers in MENA. […] Countries such as Egypt, Algeria, and Tunisia in North Africa, and Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East have country-specific differences in the epidemiology of DED, including prevalence and associated risk factors. […] Additional studies focusing specifically on DED in MENA have indicated by-country prevalences ranging from 6.8% to 69%. […] One systematic review indicated that the estimated prevalence of DED in Saudi Arabia ranged from 32.1% to 62.4%, and from 6.8% to 28% in Egypt.

• #2 The Global Burden of Dry Eye

  https://www.reviewofcontactlenses.com/article/rccl0218-the-global-burden-of-dry-eye

  DED affects tens of millions of individuals around the world, and both its frequency and impact increase with age. Consequently, it is considered a major international health concern. Dry eye is the most commonly reported reason for seeking medical eye care, and up to one in five patients presenting to hospital outpatient clinics or optometry practices experience dry eye. […] The prevalence of DED increases with age, ranging from a 2% increase in prevalence per decade for practitioner-diagnosed dry eye to 10% per decade for disease based on low tear volume. […] Severe dry eye with major impact on quality of life can affect up to 10% of the population over 50. […] Since the publication of the original TFOS DEWS report, there has been considerable focus on the epidemiology of DED. Despite this, we have seen limited data from regions south of the equator, so large regions of the world are not represented in our current understanding of dry eye prevalence and risk factors. It has been well established that dry eye is common, has a significant impact on patients and has a considerable (and growing) societal cost due to reduced quality of life and reduced work productivity.

• #2 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  Dry eye is more common in women than men (due to female hormonal effects on the lacrimal and Meibomian glands and ocular surface) and has an increased prevalence with age. Studies have shown that female gender is a risk factor in developing dry eye, with a prevalence that ranges from 12% to 22%. The prevalence of DED worldwide varies depending on the diagnostic criteria employed, which ranges from approximately 5% to 50% in population-based studies. […] DES has been shown to be as high as 70% in visual terminal users. In general, it is more common in Black individuals and Asian populations when compared with White individuals, although geographic, climatic, and environmental variations may also be significant factors. […] Evaporative dry eye is considered the most common subtype of DED. There may be discordance between dry eye signs and symptoms, with signs being more prevalent and variable than symptoms.

• #2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lebP1jE9/

  Individuals with specific non-modifiable demographic risk factors may be at increased risk of developing dry eye disease. […] Advanced age, female sex and East Asian ethnicity have been identified as key non-modifiable demographic features predisposing individuals to dry eye disease. […] Systemic conditions that have been associated with an increased risk of dry eye disease include migraine, Sjögren syndrome, connective tissue disorders, mental health disorders, diabetes mellitus and androgen deficiency. […] A range of modifiable lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of dry eye disease have also been identified, including low humidity environments, digital screen use, quality of sleep, diet, and eye cosmetic wear. […] Dry eye is a common disease affecting millions globally. […] Increasing knowledge regarding its associated risk factors can better prepare the eye care practitioner to successfully manage patients with this ocular surface disease.

• #2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39336499/

  Individuals with specific non-modifiable demographic risk factors may be at increased risk of developing dry eye disease. Advanced age, female sex and East Asian ethnicity have been identified as key non-modifiable demographic features predisposing individuals to dry eye disease. […] Systemic conditions that have been associated with an increased risk of dry eye disease include migraine, Sjgren syndrome, connective tissue disorders, mental health disorders, diabetes mellitus and androgen deficiency. […] A range of modifiable lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of dry eye disease have also been identified, including low humidity environments, digital screen use, quality of sleep, diet, and eye cosmetic wear. Dry eye is a common disease affecting millions globally. Increasing knowledge regarding its associated risk factors can better prepare the eye care practitioner to successfully manage patients with this ocular surface disease.

• #2 Lesson: Dry Eye Epidemiology in Practice

  https://www.revieweducationgroup.com/ce/dry-eye-epidemiology-in-practice

  Influencing factors remain constant despite diagnostic criteria used, and include sex, age and geographic location. Prevalence increases linearly with age, and females are more affected according to the report. Prevalence appears higher in Asian than in Caucasian populations, though studies have not been conducted in all major geographic regions. Peri- and postmenopausal females seem to be particularly at a higher risk. In addition, hormonal studies demonstrate that sex hormones influence ocular surface conditions through their effects on aqueous tear secretion, meibomian gland function and conjunctival goblet cell density. […] Diabetes and other systemic conditions, such as connective tissue diseases, Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and thyroid disease have also been associated with DED prevalence.

• #2 The prevalence, severity, and risk factors for dry eye disease in Dubai – a cross sectional study | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/the-prevalence-severity-and-risk-factors-for-dry-eye-disease-in-/19169464

  The prevalence of dry eyes reported by our study (62.6%) was similar to that found in the population of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia (65.4%) and to the Jordanian population (59%). […] The present study also found an association between using contact lenses and the OSDI score. […] The high prevalence of dry eyes indicates the need for early diagnosis and treatment before complications occur. […] This study was the first cross-sectional study conducted in Dubai to determine the prevalence of dry eyes, which was found to be 62.6% in Dubai in 2019. […] We identified an association between female sex, a high amount of average daily screen time, the use of contact lenses, and dry eyes. […] However, age, a history of eye injury, and exposure to smoking/shisha were not found to be associated with dry eyes.

• #2

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/dry-eye/epidemiology-overview

  A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence (reported by 10 studies) and incidence (reported by 2 studies) of DES in the US estimated an overall prevalence of 8.1% (range 5.3-14.5%) and a 5-year incidence of 3.5% among adults 18 years of age and 7.8% among adults 68 years of age. […] These include older age, female sex (and, relatedly, estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women or androgen deficiency), use of systemic antihistamines, LASIK and refractive surgery, radiation therapy, vitamin A deficiency, hepatitis C (HCV) infection and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

• #2 Middle East Preferred Practice Patterns for Dry Eye Disease: A Modified Delphi Consensus

  https://openophthalmologyjournal.com/VOLUME/15/PAGE/34/FULLTEXT/

  Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a common ophthalmic condition resulting from dysfunction in the ocular surface, main lacrimal gland, meibomian glands, or connecting nerves. […] In the Middle East, epidemiological data on the prevalence of DED are scarce, but prevalence rates have been reported to be 8.7% in Iran and 59% in Jordan. In Saudi Arabia, dry eye symptoms were reported in 32.1% of an adult population. […] Quality of life can be significantly impaired in patients with DED. […] The economic burden of DED is high, with an estimated direct cost of $3.84 billion per year in the United States of America. […] Local challenges relating to DED in the Middle East include poor patient education concerning DED, lack of a proper general practitioner system, irregular follow-up, high rates of refractive eye surgery, high rates of contact lens wear, and environmental factors.

• #3 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lebP1jE9/

  Dry eye disease is a multifactorial condition characterised by tear film instability, hyperosmolarity and ocular surface inflammation. […] Understanding the epidemiology of dry eye disease and recognising both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors can assist eye care practitioners in assessing, treating, and managing patients with the condition. […] This review considers current knowledge surrounding its incidence and prevalence, as well as associated demographic, systemic, ocular, and iatrogenic, and lifestyle-related modifiable risk factors. […] Population-based prevalence estimates vary according to the diagnostic criteria used to define dry eye disease, as well as severity and demographic characteristics of the population. […] Considering recent data and variable population demographics, conservative prevalence estimates suggest that 10–20% of the population over 40 years of age report moderate to severe symptoms and/or seek treatment for dry eye disease.

• #3 TFOS DEWS II REPORT – Epidemiology Report – TFOS – Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society

  https://www.tfosdewsreport.org/report-epidemiology_report/71_36/en/

  Prevalence of disease for studies involving symptoms with or without signs ranged from approximately 5% to 50%. Studies where the diagnosis was based primarily on signs generally reported higher and more variable rates of disease, up to 75% in certain populations. […] The prevalence of DED increases linearly with age. The increase in prevalence by decade is greater with clinical signs of dry eye compared with symptoms report and with self-report of a clinical diagnosis. Similarly, the rate of MGD increases linearly with age. […] The weight of evidence from large epidemiologic studies confirms that female sex and older age increase the risk for DED. Other substantiated risk factors include MGD, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, computer use, Asian race, contact lens wear, Sjgren syndrome, environmental hazardous conditions such as pollution, low humidity, systemic connective diseases, and certain classes of medications including antihistamines, antidepressants, anxiolytics and isotretinoin.

• #3 The epidemiology of dry eye disease

  https://www.nzoptics.co.nz/live-articles/the-epidemiology-of-dry-eye-disease/

  The epidemiology of dry eye disease as a highly prevalent and often debilitating condition has recognised impacts on ocular comfort, visual function, work productivity, psychological well-being and quality of life-. The 2017 TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology report highlighted the paucity of studies in the literature investigating the risk factors and natural history of DED. […] Multivariate regression analysis showed that systemic rheumatological disease and antidepressant medication use were associated with increased odds of aqueous tear deficiency. Independent risk factors for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), the primary cause of evaporative dry eye disease, included advancing age, East Asian ethnicity, migraine headaches, thyroid disease and use of oral contraceptive therapy. […] Our associated, second study evaluated the impacts of ageing on the natural history of DED in a cohort of 1331 community residents.

• #3 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/lebP1jE9/

  Individuals with specific non-modifiable demographic risk factors may be at increased risk of developing dry eye disease. […] Advanced age, female sex and East Asian ethnicity have been identified as key non-modifiable demographic features predisposing individuals to dry eye disease. […] Systemic conditions that have been associated with an increased risk of dry eye disease include migraine, Sjögren syndrome, connective tissue disorders, mental health disorders, diabetes mellitus and androgen deficiency. […] A range of modifiable lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of dry eye disease have also been identified, including low humidity environments, digital screen use, quality of sleep, diet, and eye cosmetic wear. […] Dry eye is a common disease affecting millions globally. […] Increasing knowledge regarding its associated risk factors can better prepare the eye care practitioner to successfully manage patients with this ocular surface disease.

• #3 Lesson: Dry Eye Epidemiology in Practice

  https://www.revieweducationgroup.com/ce/dry-eye-epidemiology-in-practice

  Influencing factors remain constant despite diagnostic criteria used, and include sex, age and geographic location. Prevalence increases linearly with age, and females are more affected according to the report. Prevalence appears higher in Asian than in Caucasian populations, though studies have not been conducted in all major geographic regions. Peri- and postmenopausal females seem to be particularly at a higher risk. In addition, hormonal studies demonstrate that sex hormones influence ocular surface conditions through their effects on aqueous tear secretion, meibomian gland function and conjunctival goblet cell density. […] Diabetes and other systemic conditions, such as connective tissue diseases, Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and thyroid disease have also been associated with DED prevalence.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12982-024-00185-y

  The statistical analysis carried out allows us to highlight the significant risk factors that were identified, mainly the female sex and age over 60 years. […] The prevalence of DED increased with age in both sexes, but age is not a risk factor in the men’s group. […] The current study showed a higher prevalence of the symptoms or diagnosis of dry eye and the number of hours of screen use, greater than 6 h a day, according to what has been published, it would seem to have a potential proportional correlation. […] This is the first large population study performed in Argentina to evaluate DED and it is able to provide essential information regarding the epidemiological aspects.

• #4

  https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2023/04000/prevalence_of_dry_eye,_its_categorization__dry_eye.53.aspx

  The prevalence of DED was found significantly higher in females (33.0%) compared to males (26.59%) (P value 0.0359), in age group more than 60 years (33.74%), in urban dwellers (32.44%) compared to rural dwellers (23.74%) P value 0.0071. […] Diabetes (P value 0.00001), smoking (P value 0.0134), history of previous cataract surgery (P value 0.00001), and use of visual display terminal devices (VDT) (P value 0.00001) were found to be significantly associated risk factors of DED. […] Hospital-based prevalence of DED in a tertiary care hospital is 29.5% with a preponderance of EDE. Thus, this study reflects a major burden of DED on routine outpatients.

Zobacz więcej