Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  Dry eye syndrome (DES), also referred to as dry eye disease (DED) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), encompasses multifactorial ocular surface pathology causing discomfort and visual disturbances. […] Understanding the complexity of tear film composition and dysfunction is pivotal in assessing patients presenting with dry eyes. […] Identify diverse etiological factors contributing to dry eye syndrome (DES), including environmental triggers, systemic conditions, aging, medication side effects, and ocular surface irregularities. […] DED is usually classified into 2 major nonmutual exclusive etiology groups, which include evaporative dry eye and aqueous-deficiency dry eye. […] Numerous potential etiologies may contribute to the development of DED, and many cases may be multifactorial.

• #2 Causes of Dry Eye | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/dry-eye/causes-dry-eye

  Dry eye happens when your eyes dont make enough tears to stay wet, or when your tears dont work correctly. This can make your eyes feel uncomfortable, and in some cases it can also cause vision problems. […] Dry eye happens when your tears cant keep your eyes wet enough. […] Other causes of dry eye include: […] Dry eye can be a side effect of some medicines that treat conditions like colds and allergies, depression, and high blood pressure. […] Some health problems including diabetes, thyroid problems, and autoimmune disorders like lupus or Sjgren syndrome can cause dry eye. […] After some types of laser surgery, your eyes may produce fewer tears. […] Spending time in these types of places can cause your tears to dry up faster and lead to dry eye. […] You may blink less when looking at computer or tablet screens, which can lead to dry eye. […] If you have Sjgren syndrome, your body attacks the glands that make tears and saliva, causing dry eye, dry mouth, and trouble swallowing.

• #3 Dry eyes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371863

  Dry eyes are caused by a variety of reasons that disrupt the healthy tear film. Your tear film has three layers: fatty oils, aqueous fluid and mucus. This combination usually keeps the surface of your eyes lubricated, smooth and clear. Problems with any of these layers can cause dry eyes. […] Reasons for tear film dysfunction are many, including hormone changes, autoimmune disease, inflamed eyelid glands or allergic eye disease. For some people, the cause of dry eyes is decreased tear production or increased tear evaporation. […] Common causes of decreased tear production include: Aging, Certain medical conditions including Sjogren’s syndrome, allergic eye disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, graft vs. host disease, sarcoidosis, thyroid disorders or vitamin A deficiency, Certain medicines, including antihistamines, decongestants, hormone replacement therapy, antidepressants, and medicines for high blood pressure, acne, birth control and Parkinson’s disease, Corneal nerve desensitivity caused by contact lens use, nerve damage or laser eye surgery, though symptoms of dry eyes related to this procedure are usually temporary.

• #4 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  Dry eye syndrome (DES), also referred to as dry eye disease (DED) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), encompasses multifactorial ocular surface pathology causing discomfort and visual disturbances. […] Understanding the complexity of tear film composition and dysfunction is pivotal in assessing patients presenting with dry eyes. […] Identify diverse etiological factors contributing to dry eye syndrome (DES), including environmental triggers, systemic conditions, aging, medication side effects, and ocular surface irregularities. […] DED is usually classified into 2 major nonmutual exclusive etiology groups, which include evaporative dry eye and aqueous-deficiency dry eye. […] Numerous potential etiologies may contribute to the development of DED, and many cases may be multifactorial.

• #5 What Is Dry Eye Syndrome (Dry Eyes Disease)?

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/dry-eye/overview-of-dry-eye-syndrome/

  Dry eye syndrome, also called dry eye disease (DED), is a condition in which the eyes do not make enough tears. DED can also occur when your eyes dont create the correct type of tears. The condition is extremely common, affecting over 16 million Americans. […] The exact cause of chronic dry eyes is unknown, but experts have determined two different types: aqueous tear-deficient and evaporative. […] Aqueous tear-deficient DED occurs when the lacrimal gland cannot produce enough water-based tears to keep the eyes surface hydrated and healthy. […] Evaporative DED happens due to inflammation of the meibomian glands in the eyelids. These glands produce an oily substance over the watery tears that keeps them from evaporating too quickly. […] Dry eyes can occur because of several causes. Factors ranging from natural bodily processes to bad habits can be the cause of your dry, itchy eyes.

• #6 Systemic Diseases That Cause Dry Eye – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/dry-eye/what-is-dry-eye-syndrome/systemic-diseases-that-cause-dry-eye/

  Up to 70 percent of patients with systemic conditions suffer from dry eye. […] Dry eyes is a common condition caused by insufficient tear quantity, or inadequate tear quality. […] If there is an imbalance between the quantity of tears, and the rate at which the tears evaporate, dry eye symptoms can develop. […] Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is the most common cause of dry eyes that occurs when there is an insufficient amount of tears. […] A study including 199 people with type 2 diabetes showed that 54 percent of the participants experienced dry eye syndrome. […] According to research, more than 70 percent of the participants with RA were diagnosed with dry eye disease. […] A study of 36 patients with SLE showed that 57 percent of the participants had dry eye. […] A study on patients with inflammatory bowel syndrome revealed that 22 percent of participants also had dry eye disease. […] If left untreated, dry eyes can damage the cornea, the clear covering of the eye, which can consequently increase your risk of vision loss and blindness.

• #7 Dry eye syndrome | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/dry-eye-syndrome

  Dry eye syndrome can occur when the complex tear production process is disrupted in some way. […] There are many different reasons why this can happen, although a single cause often can’t be found. […] Common causes include: being in a hot or windy climate, wearing contact lenses, certain underlying medical conditions, such as blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids), Sjogrens syndrome, diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease, side effects of certain medications, including antihistamines, antidepressants, beta-blockers and diuretics, hormonal changes in women, such as during the menopause, pregnancy, or while using the contraceptive pill. […] Although the condition may affect people of any age, your chances of developing dry eye syndrome increase as you grow older (over 50 years old). It increases from 7.5 per cent of people in their 50s to 15 per cent of people in their 70s. […] Dry eye syndrome is more common in women than men.

• #8 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Dry-Eye-Syndrome.aspx

  Dry eye occurs when the eyes do not generate adequate tears or if the tears generated evaporate quickly. […] Currently, it is held that dry eye is a multifactorial disorder that can arise because of the inflammation of the ocular surface and the lacrimal gland, neurotrophic deficiency, and dysfunction of the meibomian gland. […] The causes of dry eye can be due to different factors, which can be grouped under three categories: Aging and how gender difference has an impact on dry eye, Dry eye induced by diseases, eyelid disorder, ocular surgeries, and medications, Environmental causes. […] Predominantly, older people are affected by dry eye. […] The meibomian gland, which generates the oily part of tears, becomes dysfunctional with age; in addition, many other significant factors also contribute to the tear film evaporation rate.

• #9 Dry eyes: Symptoms, causes and treatment | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/dry-eyes-symptoms-causes/

  Dry eye disease (also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca) is a condition that occurs when your eyes dont get enough moisture. Without proper lubrication, they can feel itchy and painful, often with an accompanying burning sensation or vision issues. […] Dry eye can be triggered by several factors, but its typically the result of decreased tear production or increased tear evaporation. This means that your eyes arent making enough tears or that the overall quality of your tears has decreased. […] Factors that can contribute to dry eye include: Age, Gender, Pre-existing health conditions, Medications, Environmental conditions, Eye-related infection or inflammation, Eye procedures, Screen time. […] Although anyone can develop dry eye, people over 65 are more likely to experience it as part of the aging process.

• #10 Dry eyes: Symptoms, causes and treatment | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/dry-eyes-symptoms-causes/

  Women are 2-3 times more likely to have dry eye than men, at any age. […] Your overall health is connected to the health of your eyes, and certain health conditions can have a big impact. Autoimmune disorders (like rheumatoid arthritis), thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, Sjogrens syndrome, sleep apnea and seasonal allergies are all linked to dry eyes. […] Medications meant to dry other parts of your body can inadvertently dry your eyes. […] Your eyes are always exposed to your surroundings, whether youre in the desert, at the sauna or next to a cozy bonfire. […] When it comes to our eyes, it can be hard to tell the difference between infection, inflammation and allergies. […] Surgeries to correct certain eye issues can lead to temporary dry eye. […] We spend a lot of time looking at digital screens, which has a big impact on our eyes and vision.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Dry-Eye-Syndrome.aspx

  Women are more prone to dry eye symptoms, particularly those treated for oestrogen substitute therapy. […] Increase in the immune reaction in the lacrimal duct cells, destruction of acinal cells by prolactin, and epidermal growth phenomenon during pregnancy can affect the tear film and cause dry eye. […] Evidence of dry eye is found in patients with a history of the following diseases/deficiencies: High level in cases of collagen vascular disease, occult thyroid eye disease, vitamin A deficiency, hepatitis C and androgen insufficiency. […] Several systemic diseases are linked to dry eye syndrome and some of them include rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, polymyositis, lymphoma, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Eyelid disorders (such as infection, swelling or malignancies) may lead to dry eye.

• #12 Dry eye | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/dry-eye

  Gender. Women are more likely to develop dry eyes due to hormonal changes caused by pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives and menopause. […] Medications. Certain medicines, including antihistamines, decongestants, blood pressure medications, and antidepressants, can reduce tear production. […] Medical conditions. People with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and thyroid problems are more likely to have symptoms of dry eyes. […] Environmental conditions. Exposure to smoke, wind and dry climates can increase tear evaporation resulting in dry eye symptoms. […] Other factors. Long-term use of contact lenses can be a factor in the development of dry eyes. Refractive eye surgeries, such as LASIK, can decrease tear production and contribute to dry eyes.

• #13 Etiology of Dry Eye | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86159

  There are two major divisions of dry eye (discussed later in this chapter): 1. Aqueous-deficient dry eye and 2. Evaporative dry eye. Both lead to tear hyperosmolarity. […] The leading etiological causes of dry eye have been portrayed as etiopathogenic classification developed by the subcommittee presented in the National Eye Institute (NEI) industry workshop report with a current understanding of DED. […] Aqueous tear-deficient dry eye (tear deficient dry eye) dysfunction in the lacrimal gland leads to the aqueous-deficient dry eye that reduces lacrimal tear secretion and volume. Tear-deficient dry eye causes tear hyperosmolarity. Reduced lacrimal secretion may be due to 1 Sjogren syndrome, 2 obstruction to its outflow, and 3 an intervention with the homeostatic mechanism. […] Sjogren syndrome is an exocrinopathy that involves the lacrimal and salivary glands targeted by an autoimmune process. Immune cell infiltration, mainly the activated T cells, occurs in the lacrimal and salivary glands, which causes acinar and ductular cell death. This leads to the hyposecretion of tears or saliva.

• #14 Dry Eye Disease (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210417-overview

  Secondary lacrimal gland deficiencies that may impair aqueous production include lacrimal gland infiltration, sarcoidosis, lymphoma, AIDS, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, lacrimal gland infectious diseases, HIV diffuse infiltrative lymphadenopathy syndrome, trachoma, systemic vitamin A deficiency, malnutrition, fat-free diets, intestinal malabsorption, bowel resection, or chronic alcoholism. […] Medications that may impair aqueous production include antihistamines, beta blockers, phenothiazines, atropine, oral contraceptives, anxiolytics, antiparkinsonian agents, diuretics, anticholinergics, antiarrhythmics, topical preservatives in eye drops, topical anesthetics, and isotretinoin. […] Sjgren syndrome may be associated with any of the following connective tissue diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, interstitial nephritis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, Hashimoto thyroiditis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and hypergammaglobulinemia.

• #15 What Causes Dry Eye? | Bellport Perspective Eye Care

  https://www.bellporteyecenter.com/eye-care-services/dry-eye-optometrist/what-causes-dry-eye/

  Complications from certain medical procedures, including eye surgery and radiation therapy, will very often result in DES. Radiation therapy to treat head and neck cancers, cancer of the eye socket or whole brain radiation for brain cancer, often damages the lacrimal glands. The glands may decrease tear production and cause dry eye symptoms. […] Diabetes can lead to dry eyes because of nerve neuropathy. Essentially, the nerves that control the tear ducts may stop functioning properly, resulting in decreased tear production. Furthermore, diabetes can cause loss of corneal sensitivity, which also impacts dry eye syndrome. […] This is an autoimmune disease that can affect the nerves and prevent the tear ducts from producing a sufficient volume of tears. […] The thyroid maintains the bodys hormonal and metabolic balance. Therefore, a malfunctioning thyroid alters the metabolism of the entire body and your eyes are no exception. Both overactive and underactive thyroid conditions can result in dry eyes.

• #16 Systemic Diseases That Cause Dry Eye – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/dry-eye/what-is-dry-eye-syndrome/systemic-diseases-that-cause-dry-eye/

  Up to 70 percent of patients with systemic conditions suffer from dry eye. […] Dry eyes is a common condition caused by insufficient tear quantity, or inadequate tear quality. […] If there is an imbalance between the quantity of tears, and the rate at which the tears evaporate, dry eye symptoms can develop. […] Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is the most common cause of dry eyes that occurs when there is an insufficient amount of tears. […] A study including 199 people with type 2 diabetes showed that 54 percent of the participants experienced dry eye syndrome. […] According to research, more than 70 percent of the participants with RA were diagnosed with dry eye disease. […] A study of 36 patients with SLE showed that 57 percent of the participants had dry eye. […] A study on patients with inflammatory bowel syndrome revealed that 22 percent of participants also had dry eye disease. […] If left untreated, dry eyes can damage the cornea, the clear covering of the eye, which can consequently increase your risk of vision loss and blindness.

• #17 What Causes Dry Eye? | Bellport Perspective Eye Care

  https://www.bellporteyecenter.com/eye-care-services/dry-eye-optometrist/what-causes-dry-eye/

  Complications from certain medical procedures, including eye surgery and radiation therapy, will very often result in DES. Radiation therapy to treat head and neck cancers, cancer of the eye socket or whole brain radiation for brain cancer, often damages the lacrimal glands. The glands may decrease tear production and cause dry eye symptoms. […] Diabetes can lead to dry eyes because of nerve neuropathy. Essentially, the nerves that control the tear ducts may stop functioning properly, resulting in decreased tear production. Furthermore, diabetes can cause loss of corneal sensitivity, which also impacts dry eye syndrome. […] This is an autoimmune disease that can affect the nerves and prevent the tear ducts from producing a sufficient volume of tears. […] The thyroid maintains the bodys hormonal and metabolic balance. Therefore, a malfunctioning thyroid alters the metabolism of the entire body and your eyes are no exception. Both overactive and underactive thyroid conditions can result in dry eyes.

• #18 Systemic Diseases That Cause Dry Eye – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/dry-eye/what-is-dry-eye-syndrome/systemic-diseases-that-cause-dry-eye/

  Up to 70 percent of patients with systemic conditions suffer from dry eye. […] Dry eyes is a common condition caused by insufficient tear quantity, or inadequate tear quality. […] If there is an imbalance between the quantity of tears, and the rate at which the tears evaporate, dry eye symptoms can develop. […] Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is the most common cause of dry eyes that occurs when there is an insufficient amount of tears. […] A study including 199 people with type 2 diabetes showed that 54 percent of the participants experienced dry eye syndrome. […] According to research, more than 70 percent of the participants with RA were diagnosed with dry eye disease. […] A study of 36 patients with SLE showed that 57 percent of the participants had dry eye. […] A study on patients with inflammatory bowel syndrome revealed that 22 percent of participants also had dry eye disease. […] If left untreated, dry eyes can damage the cornea, the clear covering of the eye, which can consequently increase your risk of vision loss and blindness.

• #19 Dry Eye Disease (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210417-overview

  Secondary lacrimal gland deficiencies that may impair aqueous production include lacrimal gland infiltration, sarcoidosis, lymphoma, AIDS, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, lacrimal gland infectious diseases, HIV diffuse infiltrative lymphadenopathy syndrome, trachoma, systemic vitamin A deficiency, malnutrition, fat-free diets, intestinal malabsorption, bowel resection, or chronic alcoholism. […] Medications that may impair aqueous production include antihistamines, beta blockers, phenothiazines, atropine, oral contraceptives, anxiolytics, antiparkinsonian agents, diuretics, anticholinergics, antiarrhythmics, topical preservatives in eye drops, topical anesthetics, and isotretinoin. […] Sjgren syndrome may be associated with any of the following connective tissue diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, interstitial nephritis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, Hashimoto thyroiditis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and hypergammaglobulinemia.

• #20 What Is Dry Eye? Symptoms Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dry-eyes/guide/

  Dry eye is a condition marked by inadequate eye lubrication, either because tear ducts are not producing enough tears, or tears are evaporating too quickly. (1) […] The following are some of the risk factors for dry eye: (1) Environmental irritants, such as wind, low humidity, air-conditioning, sun exposure, smoke, chemical fumes, or heat […] Hormonal changes in women, such as from pregnancy, menopause, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), or birth control pills […] Autoimmune disorders, such as Sjgrens syndrome, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis […] Chronic inflammation of the eye […] Various medicines, such as antihistamines, nasal decongestants, tranquilizers, blood pressure medication, Parkinsons disease medication, and antidepressants […] Dry eyes has been linked to the following: (14) Diabetes mellitus

• #21 Systemic Diseases That Cause Dry Eye – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/dry-eye/what-is-dry-eye-syndrome/systemic-diseases-that-cause-dry-eye/

  Up to 70 percent of patients with systemic conditions suffer from dry eye. […] Dry eyes is a common condition caused by insufficient tear quantity, or inadequate tear quality. […] If there is an imbalance between the quantity of tears, and the rate at which the tears evaporate, dry eye symptoms can develop. […] Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is the most common cause of dry eyes that occurs when there is an insufficient amount of tears. […] A study including 199 people with type 2 diabetes showed that 54 percent of the participants experienced dry eye syndrome. […] According to research, more than 70 percent of the participants with RA were diagnosed with dry eye disease. […] A study of 36 patients with SLE showed that 57 percent of the participants had dry eye. […] A study on patients with inflammatory bowel syndrome revealed that 22 percent of participants also had dry eye disease. […] If left untreated, dry eyes can damage the cornea, the clear covering of the eye, which can consequently increase your risk of vision loss and blindness.

• #22 What Causes Dry Eye? | Bellport Perspective Eye Care

  https://www.bellporteyecenter.com/eye-care-services/dry-eye-optometrist/what-causes-dry-eye/

  Dry eye syndrome (DES) is an unpleasant condition where the eyes feel sore, itchy, gritty, and irritated. It can develop as a result of several factors, such as age, genetics, environment, lifestyle, medications, and overall ocular health. Any of these may lead you to either not produce sufficient tears, or to produce tears whose balance of water, lipids, and mucus arent sufficient to lubricate your eyes properly. […] Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) accounts for the majority of cases of dry eye syndrome. It occurs when an abnormality or blockage occurs in the small meibomian glands, which are located in your lower eyelid. This then prevents these tiny glands from producing the lipids needed to maintain the right balance for the optimum quality and functioning of the tears. A shortage of these lipids can cause the tears in your eyes to evaporate too quickly, resulting in dry eyes.

• #23 Why Are My Eyes Dry? Dry Eye Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Kraff Eye Institute

  https://kraffeye.com/blog/why-are-my-eyes-dry-dry-eye-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Dry eyes are a serious discomfort for many, sometimes to an extreme degree. Its a condition usually caused by Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, which means your body isnt producing enough protective oil for your eyes. […] Lets address the big question first: why are my eyes dry? Its all down to your eyes not being lubricated by a sufficient output of tear fluid. […] There are dry eye causes that result in your body not producing the tears you need. These include: Damage to the tear glands caused by external factors or medical treatment, Laser eye surgery (in rare cases, though this is typically not permanent), Side effects of some medications, Vitamin A deficiency, Aging, Several medical conditions ranging from diabetes to rheumatoid arthritis. […] An interesting fact to note is that dry eye is not necessarily a result of tear ducts not producing enough fluids. This is a multifactorial condition that can be caused by tears evaporating too quickly, or by the tear glands not producing the oil necessary to protect your eyes. For this reason, the exact cause of dry eye pain varies. […] 86% of Dry Eye Syndrome cases can be linked back to Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. This means that the tiny glands inside your eyelids stop producing oil as normal.

• #24 What Causes Dry Eye? | Bellport Perspective Eye Care

  https://www.bellporteyecenter.com/eye-care-services/dry-eye-optometrist/what-causes-dry-eye/

  Dry eye syndrome (DES) is an unpleasant condition where the eyes feel sore, itchy, gritty, and irritated. It can develop as a result of several factors, such as age, genetics, environment, lifestyle, medications, and overall ocular health. Any of these may lead you to either not produce sufficient tears, or to produce tears whose balance of water, lipids, and mucus arent sufficient to lubricate your eyes properly. […] Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) accounts for the majority of cases of dry eye syndrome. It occurs when an abnormality or blockage occurs in the small meibomian glands, which are located in your lower eyelid. This then prevents these tiny glands from producing the lipids needed to maintain the right balance for the optimum quality and functioning of the tears. A shortage of these lipids can cause the tears in your eyes to evaporate too quickly, resulting in dry eyes.

• #25 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  These include local ocular factors, systemic diseases, sociodemographic factors, environmental conditions, and iatrogenic causes such as medications or surgeries. […] Potential causes or factors associated with dry eye include: Systemic medications: Antihistamines, Antihypertensive, Anxiolytics/benzodiazepines, Diuretics, Systemic hormones, Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, Systemic or inhaled corticosteroids, Anticholinergic medications, Isotretinoin (causes meibomian gland atrophy), Antidepressants. […] Topical medications: Including glaucoma drops or preservative toxicity from eye drops containing preservatives. […] Skin diseases: On or around the eyelids, such as rosacea or eczema. […] Meibomian gland dysfunction: A common comorbidity with thickening and erythema of the eyelids and inadequate or altered secretions of meibomian glands.

• #26 What Causes Dry Eye Syndrome? | Lake Norman Eye Care

  https://lakenormaneye.com/what-causes-dry-eye-syndrome/

  Conditions like blepharitis, which causes inflammation of the eyelid, or meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), which affects the oil-producing glands in your eyelids, can disrupt tear quality. […] Certain eye surgeries, like LASIK or cataract surgery, may temporarily disrupt tear production or change the shape of the cornea, resulting in dry eye symptoms. […] Since dry eye syndrome can stem from various causes, treating it effectively requires a clear understanding of what’s triggering your symptoms.

• #27 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  These include local ocular factors, systemic diseases, sociodemographic factors, environmental conditions, and iatrogenic causes such as medications or surgeries. […] Potential causes or factors associated with dry eye include: Systemic medications: Antihistamines, Antihypertensive, Anxiolytics/benzodiazepines, Diuretics, Systemic hormones, Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, Systemic or inhaled corticosteroids, Anticholinergic medications, Isotretinoin (causes meibomian gland atrophy), Antidepressants. […] Topical medications: Including glaucoma drops or preservative toxicity from eye drops containing preservatives. […] Skin diseases: On or around the eyelids, such as rosacea or eczema. […] Meibomian gland dysfunction: A common comorbidity with thickening and erythema of the eyelids and inadequate or altered secretions of meibomian glands.

• #28 Dry Eye Disease (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210417-overview

  Secondary lacrimal gland deficiencies that may impair aqueous production include lacrimal gland infiltration, sarcoidosis, lymphoma, AIDS, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, lacrimal gland infectious diseases, HIV diffuse infiltrative lymphadenopathy syndrome, trachoma, systemic vitamin A deficiency, malnutrition, fat-free diets, intestinal malabsorption, bowel resection, or chronic alcoholism. […] Medications that may impair aqueous production include antihistamines, beta blockers, phenothiazines, atropine, oral contraceptives, anxiolytics, antiparkinsonian agents, diuretics, anticholinergics, antiarrhythmics, topical preservatives in eye drops, topical anesthetics, and isotretinoin. […] Sjgren syndrome may be associated with any of the following connective tissue diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, interstitial nephritis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, Hashimoto thyroiditis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and hypergammaglobulinemia.

• #29 Dry eye | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/dry-eye

  Gender. Women are more likely to develop dry eyes due to hormonal changes caused by pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives and menopause. […] Medications. Certain medicines, including antihistamines, decongestants, blood pressure medications, and antidepressants, can reduce tear production. […] Medical conditions. People with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and thyroid problems are more likely to have symptoms of dry eyes. […] Environmental conditions. Exposure to smoke, wind and dry climates can increase tear evaporation resulting in dry eye symptoms. […] Other factors. Long-term use of contact lenses can be a factor in the development of dry eyes. Refractive eye surgeries, such as LASIK, can decrease tear production and contribute to dry eyes.

• #30 Dry eyes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371863

  Dry eyes are caused by a variety of reasons that disrupt the healthy tear film. Your tear film has three layers: fatty oils, aqueous fluid and mucus. This combination usually keeps the surface of your eyes lubricated, smooth and clear. Problems with any of these layers can cause dry eyes. […] Reasons for tear film dysfunction are many, including hormone changes, autoimmune disease, inflamed eyelid glands or allergic eye disease. For some people, the cause of dry eyes is decreased tear production or increased tear evaporation. […] Common causes of decreased tear production include: Aging, Certain medical conditions including Sjogren’s syndrome, allergic eye disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, graft vs. host disease, sarcoidosis, thyroid disorders or vitamin A deficiency, Certain medicines, including antihistamines, decongestants, hormone replacement therapy, antidepressants, and medicines for high blood pressure, acne, birth control and Parkinson’s disease, Corneal nerve desensitivity caused by contact lens use, nerve damage or laser eye surgery, though symptoms of dry eyes related to this procedure are usually temporary.

• #31 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  Systemic conditions that increase the risk factors of dry eye: Diabetes, Xerophthalmia, Hereditary diseases, Gut dysbiosis, Multiple sclerosis, Nerve damage pathologies. […] Environmental factors: Including exposure to irritants such as chemical fumes, cigarette smoke, strong winds, high temperature, pollution, high altitude, low humidity. […] Behavioral habits: Smoking, Alcohol, Poor sleep, Unhealthy diet, Dislipidemia.

• #32 Dry Eyes: What Causes Them?

  https://floridaeye.org/eye-health/what-causes-dry-eyes/

  Some people have dry eyes after laser vision surgery. Laser surgery cuts some of the nerves in the cornea and this causes the eye to make fewer tears. […] Hormones play a role in dry eye. Some women have these symptoms during menopause, pregnancy, or during their time on birth control pills. […] A diet low in foods that have this vitamin can lead to vision impairments as well as dry eye. […] Exposure to wind or cold climates can cause tears to evaporate fast and this means chronic dryness. […] This is an autoimmune disorder that causes white blood cells to attack the tear and salivary glands and this lowers tear production. […] Autoimmune conditions have many other symptoms, but these conditions, such as diabetes, lupus, or arthritis, can cause insufficient or poor tear production.

• #33 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  Systemic conditions that increase the risk factors of dry eye: Diabetes, Xerophthalmia, Hereditary diseases, Gut dysbiosis, Multiple sclerosis, Nerve damage pathologies. […] Environmental factors: Including exposure to irritants such as chemical fumes, cigarette smoke, strong winds, high temperature, pollution, high altitude, low humidity. […] Behavioral habits: Smoking, Alcohol, Poor sleep, Unhealthy diet, Dislipidemia.

• #34 Top Causes of Dry Eyes | Garibaldi Eye Care

  https://garibaldieyecare.com/blog/top-causes-of-dry-eyes/

  Air Conditioning: While air conditioning can make our environments more comfortable, it can also inadvertently contribute to dry eyes. Air conditioning systems often lower humidity levels, leading to drier air. This dry air can cause the tear film on the surface of our eyes to evaporate more quickly than usual, leading to dryness and discomfort. […] Low Humidity: Just as with air conditioning, environments with naturally low humidity can cause the eye’s tear film to evaporate too quickly. This quick evaporation means that our eyes are not sufficiently lubricated, causing dryness and potentially leading to other symptoms of dry eye syndrome. […] Allergens: Exposure to allergens such as dust and pollen can cause an inflammatory response in our eyes. This inflammation often leads to an overproduction of the watery layer of tears, which, without adequate oil to slow evaporation, can lead to quick tear evaporation and dry eyes.

• #35 What Causes Dry Eye? | The Dry Eye Center Of NY & NJ

  https://www.dryeyecare.net/dry-eye-optometrist/what-causes-dry-eye/

  As your altitude increases, the air becomes dryer. […] While you read or perform any visual task like working on a computer or driving, you tend to blink less. […] The high energy blue-violet light emitted by modern LED devices is a growing cause of concern as it leads to eye strain, disrupted sleep patterns, and likely long-term damage. […] Eye infections such as conjunctivitis (whether viral or bacterial) can cause significant irritation, infected debris and mucous which can all contribute to dry eyes. […] Meibomian Gland Dysfunction or MGD accounts for the majority of cases of Dry Eye Syndrome. […] Omega 3 fatty acids are proven to prevent Dry Eye Syndrome from developing and can even treat mild cases. […] Stress tends to adversely affect the body. Recent studies have shown that stress can even trigger dry eyes, especially if there is a preexisting factor such as a dry and windy environment, gender, hormonal fluctuations or age all of which can contribute to the development of dry eyes.

• #36 Top Causes of Dry Eyes | Garibaldi Eye Care

  https://garibaldieyecare.com/blog/top-causes-of-dry-eyes/

  Air Conditioning: While air conditioning can make our environments more comfortable, it can also inadvertently contribute to dry eyes. Air conditioning systems often lower humidity levels, leading to drier air. This dry air can cause the tear film on the surface of our eyes to evaporate more quickly than usual, leading to dryness and discomfort. […] Low Humidity: Just as with air conditioning, environments with naturally low humidity can cause the eye’s tear film to evaporate too quickly. This quick evaporation means that our eyes are not sufficiently lubricated, causing dryness and potentially leading to other symptoms of dry eye syndrome. […] Allergens: Exposure to allergens such as dust and pollen can cause an inflammatory response in our eyes. This inflammation often leads to an overproduction of the watery layer of tears, which, without adequate oil to slow evaporation, can lead to quick tear evaporation and dry eyes.

• #37 Top Causes of Dry Eyes | Garibaldi Eye Care

  https://garibaldieyecare.com/blog/top-causes-of-dry-eyes/

  Understanding the environmental factors contributing to dry eyes is the first step toward management and relief. It allows us to make necessary ecological and lifestyle changes for improved eye health. […] Top Behavioral Causes of Dry Eyes […] Certain behaviors and habits can also contribute significantly to dry eye syndrome. From excessive screen usage to poor dietary habits, let’s delve into the specifics: […] Screen Usage: One of the most common culprits of dry eye symptoms in our digital age is excessive screen usage. Whether it’s a computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, prolonged visual attention to screens can decrease our blink rate. Blinking is essential as it helps spread fresh tears across the front of our eyes for lubrication and nutrient delivery. When we stare at screens, our blink rate can drop by up to 50%, leading to dry, uncomfortable eyes. Additionally, looking upwards at a screen causes more of your eye to be exposed to the air, which can also lead to increased evaporation of tears.

• #38 What Causes Dry Eye? | Bellport Perspective Eye Care

  https://www.bellporteyecenter.com/eye-care-services/dry-eye-optometrist/what-causes-dry-eye/

  Several medications may cause a reduction in the functionality of the tear ducts and lead to dry eyes. […] Sharp changes in your bodys hormone levels will often result in an inflammatory response that can result in dry, irritated eyes. […] Seasonal changes particularly in the spring, summer, and fall cause there to be a high amount of pollens and allergens in the air. Certain people develop an autoimmune response to these allergens, often resulting in ocular inflammation and dry eyes. […] Dry climates tend to have high winds and little moisture in the air, which can cause the tears to evaporate quickly. […] Cold weather may lead you to spend most of your time indoors, exposed to dry heat. This can evaporate your tears, leading to inflamed, itchy eyes. […] People tend to blink up to 66% less often when staring at a digital device. The blinks that are performed during computer work are only partial which arent as effective at keeping the eyes moist.

• #39 Top Causes of Dry Eyes | Garibaldi Eye Care

  https://garibaldieyecare.com/blog/top-causes-of-dry-eyes/

  Poor Blinking Habits: In addition to reduced blink rate, incomplete blinking can lead to dry eye symptoms. Incomplete blinks can result from concentrated tasks such as reading or driving, contributing to dry eyes by not fully refreshing the tear film with each blink. […] Inadequate Hydration and Nutrition: Dehydration and poor nutrition can negatively impact the quality and quantity of tears, leading to dry eye symptoms. Consuming insufficient water or a diet lacking essential fatty acids (omega-3) can hinder the production of quality tears, leading to dry eyes. […] Recognizing these behavioral causes can help individuals to take proactive measures to manage and reduce their dry eye symptoms. This could mean taking regular breaks from screens, being mindful of blinking habits, or improving dietary intake and hydration.

• #40 Dry eye syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_eye_syndrome

  Several classes of medications (both prescription and OTC) have been hypothesized as a major cause of dry eye, especially in the elderly. […] About half of all people who wear contact lenses complain of dry eyes. […] Dry eye also occurs or becomes worse after LASIK and other refractive surgeries, in which the corneal nerves that stimulate tear secretion are cut during the creation of a corneal flap. […] Abnormalities of the mucin tear layer caused by vitamin A deficiency, trachoma, diphtheric keratoconjunctivitis, mucocutaneous disorders, and certain topical medications are also causes of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

• #41 What Causes Dry Eyes? | Visionworks

  https://www.visionworks.com/articles-what-causes-dry-eyes

  People who have diets low in vitamin A may experience dry eyes and other eye conditions. […] Dry eye is one of the symptoms of dehydration, as well as other indications like dizziness, fatigue and dark urine. […] Some people experience dry eyes when wearing contact lenses for the first time. In some cases, contacts can obstruct oxygen flow to the corneas and absorb tears needed to lubricate the eyes.

• #42 Chronic Dry Eye Causes and How to Treat It

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chronic-dry-eye/causes-how-to-treat

  Cold climates and exposure to high winds can cause tears to evaporate too quickly, leading to chronic dryness. […] Sjgren disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes white blood cells to attack your salivary glands and tear glands, reducing tear production. […] Many autoimmune conditions, such as arthritis, lupus, and diabetes, can also cause poor or insufficient tear production. […] Blepharitis develops when small oil glands on your inner eyelid become clogged and inflamed. […] Allergies can also trigger chronic dry eye, which can cause itchy, red, and watery eyes. […] Sometimes, dry eye is the result of dehydration or not drinking enough fluids. […] Dry air also contributes to dry eyes. […] Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke can also make your eyes dry. […] Long-term use of contact lenses is another risk factor for chronic dry eye.

• #43 What are the Causes of Dry Eye? | Ocutears

  https://www.ocutears.co.uk/what-are-the-causes-of-dry-eyes/

  Some medications for allergies, blood pressure, nasal congestion, and antidepressants can lead to dry eyes. […] Several environmental factors could be silently sapping the moisture from your eyes, including allergies, screen time, air conditioning and heating, wind and dry climates, smoke, and air travel. […] When we’re dehydrated, our body can’t produce enough tears, leading to dry eyes. […] Tears are made up of water, oil, and mucus. Without enough water in our body, the tear production can’t keep up, leaving our eyes high and dry.

• #44 What Causes Dry Eye? | Bellport Perspective Eye Care

  https://www.bellporteyecenter.com/eye-care-services/dry-eye-optometrist/what-causes-dry-eye/

  People who wear traditional contact lenses often complain of dry eye symptoms. These symptoms can be exacerbated by improper contact lens hygiene or wearing the contacts too many hours at a time. […] Eye infections, such as viral or bacterial conjunctivitis (or pink eye), can cause significant irritation, similar to that of dry eye syndrome. […] Omega 3 fatty acids can improve the eyes oil film thats produced by small glands on the edge of the eyelid, called the meibomian glands. These fatty acids are essential for tear production and to ease stinging, irritation, and scratchy sensations that often occur with dry eyes.

• #45 Dry eye: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170743

  A deficiency in either vitamin A or Omega 3 fatty acids can increase a persons risk of developing dry eye. […] Research suggests that vitamin A or Omega 3 supplements may help to treat existing cases of dry eye. […] A 2019 meta-analysis of 17 randomized clinical trials found that Omega 3 fatty acid supplementation significantly improved the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease when compared with a placebo.

• #46 Dry eye syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_eye_syndrome

  Several classes of medications (both prescription and OTC) have been hypothesized as a major cause of dry eye, especially in the elderly. […] About half of all people who wear contact lenses complain of dry eyes. […] Dry eye also occurs or becomes worse after LASIK and other refractive surgeries, in which the corneal nerves that stimulate tear secretion are cut during the creation of a corneal flap. […] Abnormalities of the mucin tear layer caused by vitamin A deficiency, trachoma, diphtheric keratoconjunctivitis, mucocutaneous disorders, and certain topical medications are also causes of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

• #47 What Causes Severe Dry Eye? | MyDryEye.ca

  https://mydryeye.ca/what-causes-severe-dry-eye/

  If youre feeling burning, dry eyes, youre not alone. About one-third of Canadians experience symptoms of dry eye disease. And most casesabout 86%are related to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The meibomian glands are where the oil layer of tears are made, and if theyre clogged or not working correctly, dry eyes can be the result. […] Dry eyes can also be caused by contact lens wearing and some medications or some medical conditions, including: Diabetes, Autoimmune conditions including: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Sjogrens syndrome, Graft vs. host disease (GVHD), Lupus, Scleroderma, Rosacea, Thyroid conditions, Vitamin A deficiency. […] Dry eye is very common following LASIK surgery, and can be worse if a person had dry eye symptoms, even mild ones, before surgery. This kind of dry eye typically resolves within six to 12 months of surgery, but for some people, it will last much longer.

• #48 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  Ophthalmic surgery: Refractive surgery, Cataract surgery, Keratoplasty, Lid surgery. […] Chemical or thermal burns: Those that scar the conjunctiva. […] Ocular allergies. […] Decreased androgen levels: Occurring with menopause and other conditions. […] Computer or device usage: This may lead to decreased blinking when looking at the screen. […] Excess or insufficient dosages of vitamins: Particularly vitamin A deficiency; can lead to xerophthalmia and the appearance of Bitot spots on the conjunctiva in severe cases. […] Decreased sensation in the cornea: Due to long-term contact lens wear, herpes virus infections, or other causes of a neurotrophic cornea. […] Graft-versus-host disease. […] Autoimmune systemic diseases: Sjogren syndrome, Graves’ ophthalmopathy, Connective tissue disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, thyroid disease.

• #49 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  Ophthalmic surgery: Refractive surgery, Cataract surgery, Keratoplasty, Lid surgery. […] Chemical or thermal burns: Those that scar the conjunctiva. […] Ocular allergies. […] Decreased androgen levels: Occurring with menopause and other conditions. […] Computer or device usage: This may lead to decreased blinking when looking at the screen. […] Excess or insufficient dosages of vitamins: Particularly vitamin A deficiency; can lead to xerophthalmia and the appearance of Bitot spots on the conjunctiva in severe cases. […] Decreased sensation in the cornea: Due to long-term contact lens wear, herpes virus infections, or other causes of a neurotrophic cornea. […] Graft-versus-host disease. […] Autoimmune systemic diseases: Sjogren syndrome, Graves’ ophthalmopathy, Connective tissue disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, thyroid disease.

• #50 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  Ophthalmic surgery: Refractive surgery, Cataract surgery, Keratoplasty, Lid surgery. […] Chemical or thermal burns: Those that scar the conjunctiva. […] Ocular allergies. […] Decreased androgen levels: Occurring with menopause and other conditions. […] Computer or device usage: This may lead to decreased blinking when looking at the screen. […] Excess or insufficient dosages of vitamins: Particularly vitamin A deficiency; can lead to xerophthalmia and the appearance of Bitot spots on the conjunctiva in severe cases. […] Decreased sensation in the cornea: Due to long-term contact lens wear, herpes virus infections, or other causes of a neurotrophic cornea. […] Graft-versus-host disease. […] Autoimmune systemic diseases: Sjogren syndrome, Graves’ ophthalmopathy, Connective tissue disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, thyroid disease.

• #51 What Causes Dry Eye? | Bellport Perspective Eye Care

  https://www.bellporteyecenter.com/eye-care-services/dry-eye-optometrist/what-causes-dry-eye/

  Complications from certain medical procedures, including eye surgery and radiation therapy, will very often result in DES. Radiation therapy to treat head and neck cancers, cancer of the eye socket or whole brain radiation for brain cancer, often damages the lacrimal glands. The glands may decrease tear production and cause dry eye symptoms. […] Diabetes can lead to dry eyes because of nerve neuropathy. Essentially, the nerves that control the tear ducts may stop functioning properly, resulting in decreased tear production. Furthermore, diabetes can cause loss of corneal sensitivity, which also impacts dry eye syndrome. […] This is an autoimmune disease that can affect the nerves and prevent the tear ducts from producing a sufficient volume of tears. […] The thyroid maintains the bodys hormonal and metabolic balance. Therefore, a malfunctioning thyroid alters the metabolism of the entire body and your eyes are no exception. Both overactive and underactive thyroid conditions can result in dry eyes.

• #52 Dry eyes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371863

  Common causes of increased tear evaporation include: Posterior blepharitis (meibomian gland dysfunction), Blinking less often, which tends to occur with certain conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease; or when you’re concentrating during certain activities, such as while reading, driving or working at a computer, Eyelid problems, such as the lids turning outward (ectropion) and the lids turning inward (entropion), Eye allergies, Preservatives in topical eye drops, Wind, smoke or dry air, Vitamin A deficiency.

• #53 Waking Up With Dry Eyes: Causes & Treatment | Contact Us

  https://www.eyecliniclondon.com/blog/waking-up-with-dry-eyes/

  Waking up with dry eyes can be frustrating and uncomfortable, and many people are unsure of the best way to deal with this issue. It is one of the most common eye issues faced by people in the UK and is caused by your eyes either not producing enough tears or those tears evaporating too quickly. […] Some of the most common causes are: Your eyelids are not closed properly (nocturnal lagophthalmos), Your tears are of poor quality, You are not producing enough tears. […] Nocturnal lagophthalmos is characterised as being unable to fully close your eyes while sleeping. […] The inability of the eyelid to close fully results in faster evaporation of tears, leading to dry eyes in the morning. […] This is one of the most common causes of dry eyes, and the symptoms often can be more severe in the morning.

• #54 Dry Eye | CNIB

  https://www.cnib.ca/en/dry-eye

  As we age, there is a decrease in the quantity of tears we produce. This may lead to dry eye. […] Autoimmune conditions such as Sjgrens syndrome, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma may cause Dry Eye. […] Dry Eye is also associated with other disorders such as diabetes, thyroid conditions and Vitamin A deficiency. Conditions such as Bells Palsy and other forms of facial paralysis that prevent the eye from closing properly may also cause Dry Eye. […] Rosacea (an inflammatory skin disease) and blepharitis (an infection/inflammation of the eyelid) may cause Dry Eye by affecting the production of the lipid layer of the tearfilm. […] When we focus on a computer screen, or a cell phone screen, for long periods, we generally do not blink as often as we should. As a result, the eye tends to dry out.

• #55 Dry eyes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371863

  Dry eyes are caused by a variety of reasons that disrupt the healthy tear film. Your tear film has three layers: fatty oils, aqueous fluid and mucus. This combination usually keeps the surface of your eyes lubricated, smooth and clear. Problems with any of these layers can cause dry eyes. […] Reasons for tear film dysfunction are many, including hormone changes, autoimmune disease, inflamed eyelid glands or allergic eye disease. For some people, the cause of dry eyes is decreased tear production or increased tear evaporation. […] Common causes of decreased tear production include: Aging, Certain medical conditions including Sjogren’s syndrome, allergic eye disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, graft vs. host disease, sarcoidosis, thyroid disorders or vitamin A deficiency, Certain medicines, including antihistamines, decongestants, hormone replacement therapy, antidepressants, and medicines for high blood pressure, acne, birth control and Parkinson’s disease, Corneal nerve desensitivity caused by contact lens use, nerve damage or laser eye surgery, though symptoms of dry eyes related to this procedure are usually temporary.

• #56 Dry Eye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470411/

  Ophthalmic surgery: Refractive surgery, Cataract surgery, Keratoplasty, Lid surgery. […] Chemical or thermal burns: Those that scar the conjunctiva. […] Ocular allergies. […] Decreased androgen levels: Occurring with menopause and other conditions. […] Computer or device usage: This may lead to decreased blinking when looking at the screen. […] Excess or insufficient dosages of vitamins: Particularly vitamin A deficiency; can lead to xerophthalmia and the appearance of Bitot spots on the conjunctiva in severe cases. […] Decreased sensation in the cornea: Due to long-term contact lens wear, herpes virus infections, or other causes of a neurotrophic cornea. […] Graft-versus-host disease. […] Autoimmune systemic diseases: Sjogren syndrome, Graves’ ophthalmopathy, Connective tissue disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, thyroid disease.

• #57 Dry eye: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170743

  A deficiency in either vitamin A or Omega 3 fatty acids can increase a persons risk of developing dry eye. […] Research suggests that vitamin A or Omega 3 supplements may help to treat existing cases of dry eye. […] A 2019 meta-analysis of 17 randomized clinical trials found that Omega 3 fatty acid supplementation significantly improved the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease when compared with a placebo.

• #58 Top Causes of Dry Eyes | Garibaldi Eye Care

  https://garibaldieyecare.com/blog/top-causes-of-dry-eyes/

  Vitamin Deficiencies: Deficiencies in specific vitamins can contribute to dry eye symptoms. Vitamin A, D, and B-12 deficiencies can negatively impact the tear film’s composition and function. Vitamin A is essential for the health of the cornea and conjunctiva, while vitamin D plays a role in tear film production and ocular surface health. B-12 deficiency can affect the eyelids’ nerve function, which may indirectly influence the blinking mechanism and tear film stability. […] Recognizing the potential medical roots of dry eye syndrome is crucial for effective treatment. If you suspect that an underlying condition may be causing your dry eye symptoms, a comprehensive examination by an optometrist can help guide the best treatment plan.

• #59 Top Causes of Dry Eyes | Garibaldi Eye Care

  https://garibaldieyecare.com/blog/top-causes-of-dry-eyes/

  Vitamin Deficiencies: Deficiencies in specific vitamins can contribute to dry eye symptoms. Vitamin A, D, and B-12 deficiencies can negatively impact the tear film’s composition and function. Vitamin A is essential for the health of the cornea and conjunctiva, while vitamin D plays a role in tear film production and ocular surface health. B-12 deficiency can affect the eyelids’ nerve function, which may indirectly influence the blinking mechanism and tear film stability. […] Recognizing the potential medical roots of dry eye syndrome is crucial for effective treatment. If you suspect that an underlying condition may be causing your dry eye symptoms, a comprehensive examination by an optometrist can help guide the best treatment plan.

• #60 Etiology of Dry Eye | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86159

  There are two major divisions of dry eye (discussed later in this chapter): 1. Aqueous-deficient dry eye and 2. Evaporative dry eye. Both lead to tear hyperosmolarity. […] The leading etiological causes of dry eye have been portrayed as etiopathogenic classification developed by the subcommittee presented in the National Eye Institute (NEI) industry workshop report with a current understanding of DED. […] Aqueous tear-deficient dry eye (tear deficient dry eye) dysfunction in the lacrimal gland leads to the aqueous-deficient dry eye that reduces lacrimal tear secretion and volume. Tear-deficient dry eye causes tear hyperosmolarity. Reduced lacrimal secretion may be due to 1 Sjogren syndrome, 2 obstruction to its outflow, and 3 an intervention with the homeostatic mechanism. […] Sjogren syndrome is an exocrinopathy that involves the lacrimal and salivary glands targeted by an autoimmune process. Immune cell infiltration, mainly the activated T cells, occurs in the lacrimal and salivary glands, which causes acinar and ductular cell death. This leads to the hyposecretion of tears or saliva.

• #61 Etiology of Dry Eye | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86159

  Non-Sjogren syndrome dry eye is a type of ADDE caused due to lacrimal dysfunction but not with the characteristics of systemic autoimmunity; age-related dry eye is the most common. […] Evaporative dry eye is caused due to increased water loss (evaporation) from the tear film in the presence of normal lacrimal secretory function. The tear film lipid layer is the main barrier to evaporation from the ocular surface. The loss of the tear film lipid layer due to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the leading cause of evaporative dry eye.

• #62 Dry Eye Disease (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210417-overview

  Dry eye disease (DED), also known as dry eye syndrome (DES), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), and keratitis sicca, is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface due to a loss of homeostasis of the tear film. […] Dry eye disease may be subdivided into two non-mutually exclusive types as follows: Aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE) and Evaporative dry eye disease (EDE). […] Patients with ADDE may be further differentiated into those with dry eye disease associated with Sjgren syndrome (SS) and those with dry eye disease not associated with SS (non-SS KCS). […] Causes of deficient aqueous production can further be classified as related or unrelated to SS. […] Primary lacrimal gland deficiencies that may impair aqueous production include idiopathic, age-related dry eye, congenital alacrima, and familial dysautonomia.

• #63 Etiology of Dry Eye | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86159

  The scope of this chapter is to provide insights into the classification based on the significant factors causing dry eye. The etiological causes of dry eye have been classified broadly into two primary arms. The first arm, aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE), illustrates malfunction of normal lacrimal secretion causing tear hyposecretion. ADDE is subdivided into Sjogrens and the non-Sjogrens syndrome. The former exclusively includes systemic autoimmune characteristics, while the latter comprises age-related disorders, genetic disorders, denervation in the lacrimal gland, and obstruction in tear secretion. The second arm, evaporative dry eye (EDE), explains the excessive loss of aqueous from the tear film despite the normal lacrimal secretion. Extrinsic EDE is with ocular surface pathology caused by vitamin A deficiency, contact lens wear, use of topical drugs with preservatives, and ocular surface diseases (allergic eye disease). The intrinsic EDE encompasses abnormalities in the meibomian lipid deficiency, low blink rate, and poor lid congruity.

• #64 Etiology of Dry Eye | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86159

  The scope of this chapter is to provide insights into the classification based on the significant factors causing dry eye. The etiological causes of dry eye have been classified broadly into two primary arms. The first arm, aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE), illustrates malfunction of normal lacrimal secretion causing tear hyposecretion. ADDE is subdivided into Sjogrens and the non-Sjogrens syndrome. The former exclusively includes systemic autoimmune characteristics, while the latter comprises age-related disorders, genetic disorders, denervation in the lacrimal gland, and obstruction in tear secretion. The second arm, evaporative dry eye (EDE), explains the excessive loss of aqueous from the tear film despite the normal lacrimal secretion. Extrinsic EDE is with ocular surface pathology caused by vitamin A deficiency, contact lens wear, use of topical drugs with preservatives, and ocular surface diseases (allergic eye disease). The intrinsic EDE encompasses abnormalities in the meibomian lipid deficiency, low blink rate, and poor lid congruity.

• #65 Dry Eye Disease (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210417-overview

  Meibomian gland disease may involve a reduced number of functioning glands or complete gland replacement. […] Evaporative loss may result from a low blink rate caused by physiologic phenomena or extrapyramidal disorders. […] Vitamin A deficiency may cause dry eye as a consequence of development disorder of goblet cells and lacrimal acinar damage. […] Other extrinsic causes of dry eye include topical drugs and preservatives that cause surface epithelial cell damage, contact lens wear, and ocular surface disease.

• #66 Overlooked causes of dry eye

  https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/overlooked-causes-dry-eye

  With an explosion in the use of digital devices, shifts in diet and other likely contributing factors, eyecare providers are encountering a veritable epidemic of dry eye. […] This article explores the underlying causes of dry eye and the contributing elements that are often missed in its diagnosis and treatment. […] In 2017, the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (TFOS) Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) II defined dry eye as a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, and accompanied by ocular symptoms, in which tear film instability and hyperosmolarity, ocular surface inflammation and damage, and neurosensory abnormalities play etiological roles. […] Perhaps the most powerful part of the current definition is the reference to the loss of homeostasis of the tear film.

• #67 Dry Eye | CNIB

  https://www.cnib.ca/en/dry-eye

  Dry eye occurs when they eye doesnt make sufficient tears or when tears evaporate too quickly. […] The ocular surface is covered by a thin film called the tearfilm that provides lubrication to the external part of the eye and facilitates blinking. When the eye surface dries, dry spots appear within the tearfilm, exposing the nerves of the cornea to the motion of the eyelid during blinking thus causing an irritating sensation. […] There are many causes of dry eye that may be classified as follows: […] The dry air in an overheated room in winter or an over- airconditioned room in summer may be sufficient to cause dry eye symptoms. Smoky environments can also cause dryness symptoms. […] A large number of medications are associated with Dry Eye. These include systemic antihistamines for allergies, systemic decongestants for cold symptom relief, antidepressants, hormone replacement therapy, diuretics, some treatments for Parkinsons Disease and some blood pressure lowering medications.

• #68 Overlooked causes of dry eye

  https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/overlooked-causes-dry-eye

  With an explosion in the use of digital devices, shifts in diet and other likely contributing factors, eyecare providers are encountering a veritable epidemic of dry eye. […] This article explores the underlying causes of dry eye and the contributing elements that are often missed in its diagnosis and treatment. […] In 2017, the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (TFOS) Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) II defined dry eye as a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, and accompanied by ocular symptoms, in which tear film instability and hyperosmolarity, ocular surface inflammation and damage, and neurosensory abnormalities play etiological roles. […] Perhaps the most powerful part of the current definition is the reference to the loss of homeostasis of the tear film.

• #69 Overlooked causes of dry eye

  https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/overlooked-causes-dry-eye

  Baudouin, in a seminal treatise on dry eye, approached the disorder combining a comprehensive and holistic perspective. […] MGD is recognized as both a cause and a contributor to dry eye. […] What is described as evaporative dry eye is more complex than simple evaporation and often a result of tear instability caused by a combination of meibomian gland dysfunction and enzymatic degradation of tear lipids due to lid bacteria overpopulation associated with MGD. […] So, for the majority of dry eye patients, their problem is not a lack of tears but rather dysfunction of the tears they do have. […] Effectively managing tear dysfunction requires an understanding of cause and effect. […] Inflammation, which plays an important role in the progression of tear dysfunction, appears to result when balance is not regained, which can lead to even greater dysfunction.

• #70 Overlooked causes of dry eye

  https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/overlooked-causes-dry-eye

  With an explosion in the use of digital devices, shifts in diet and other likely contributing factors, eyecare providers are encountering a veritable epidemic of dry eye. […] This article explores the underlying causes of dry eye and the contributing elements that are often missed in its diagnosis and treatment. […] In 2017, the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (TFOS) Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) II defined dry eye as a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, and accompanied by ocular symptoms, in which tear film instability and hyperosmolarity, ocular surface inflammation and damage, and neurosensory abnormalities play etiological roles. […] Perhaps the most powerful part of the current definition is the reference to the loss of homeostasis of the tear film.

• #71 Overlooked causes of dry eye

  https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/overlooked-causes-dry-eye

  Baudouin, in a seminal treatise on dry eye, approached the disorder combining a comprehensive and holistic perspective. […] MGD is recognized as both a cause and a contributor to dry eye. […] What is described as evaporative dry eye is more complex than simple evaporation and often a result of tear instability caused by a combination of meibomian gland dysfunction and enzymatic degradation of tear lipids due to lid bacteria overpopulation associated with MGD. […] So, for the majority of dry eye patients, their problem is not a lack of tears but rather dysfunction of the tears they do have. […] Effectively managing tear dysfunction requires an understanding of cause and effect. […] Inflammation, which plays an important role in the progression of tear dysfunction, appears to result when balance is not regained, which can lead to even greater dysfunction.

• #72 Overlooked causes of dry eye

  https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/overlooked-causes-dry-eye

  Baudouin, in a seminal treatise on dry eye, approached the disorder combining a comprehensive and holistic perspective. […] MGD is recognized as both a cause and a contributor to dry eye. […] What is described as evaporative dry eye is more complex than simple evaporation and often a result of tear instability caused by a combination of meibomian gland dysfunction and enzymatic degradation of tear lipids due to lid bacteria overpopulation associated with MGD. […] So, for the majority of dry eye patients, their problem is not a lack of tears but rather dysfunction of the tears they do have. […] Effectively managing tear dysfunction requires an understanding of cause and effect. […] Inflammation, which plays an important role in the progression of tear dysfunction, appears to result when balance is not regained, which can lead to even greater dysfunction.

• #73 Systemic Diseases That Cause Dry Eye – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/dry-eye/what-is-dry-eye-syndrome/systemic-diseases-that-cause-dry-eye/

  Up to 70 percent of patients with systemic conditions suffer from dry eye. […] Dry eyes is a common condition caused by insufficient tear quantity, or inadequate tear quality. […] If there is an imbalance between the quantity of tears, and the rate at which the tears evaporate, dry eye symptoms can develop. […] Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is the most common cause of dry eyes that occurs when there is an insufficient amount of tears. […] A study including 199 people with type 2 diabetes showed that 54 percent of the participants experienced dry eye syndrome. […] According to research, more than 70 percent of the participants with RA were diagnosed with dry eye disease. […] A study of 36 patients with SLE showed that 57 percent of the participants had dry eye. […] A study on patients with inflammatory bowel syndrome revealed that 22 percent of participants also had dry eye disease. […] If left untreated, dry eyes can damage the cornea, the clear covering of the eye, which can consequently increase your risk of vision loss and blindness.

• #74 Dry Eye Syndrome – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Dry_Eye_Syndrome

  Dry eye syndrome is one of the most common problems affecting the general population and can cause problems that range in severity from mildly irritating to debilitating. […] Dry eye syndrome is a general term that describes the state of the front of the eye in response to a breakdown in the natural layer of tears that coats the front of the eye, called the tear film. […] When the tear film becomes unhealthy, it breaks down in different places on the cornea and conjunctiva, leading not only to symptoms of irritation, but also to unstable and intermittently changing vision. […] Dry eye is a common ocular condition and a major reason for visits to ophthalmologists. […] Its prevalence varies widely among epidemiological studies depending on how the disease is defined and diagnosed, and which population is surveyed.

• #75 What Causes Dry Eyes? | Eye Clinic London | Book A Consultation

  https://www.eyecliniclondon.com/blog/what-causes-dry-eyes/

  There are various risk factors that can increase your chances of experiencing dry eyes. […] As we get older, tear production decreases, leading to dry eyes. […] In addition, dry eyes can be caused by hormonal changes that occur in women experiencing menopause or going through pregnancy. […] Health conditions: Lupus, diabetes, high blood pressure, rheumatoid arthritis, IBS and thyroid problems have all been linked to dry eyes. […] If left untreated, dry eyes can lead to serious complications. […] Some of the most serious complications of dry eyes include: Infection, Quality of life, Corneal damage. […] If your dry eyes are mild, they are unlikely to lead to blindness, but if the condition is more severe, there is a risk of blindness. […] Dry eyes can have many causes, and it may not always be immediately apparent what is causing your dry eye disease.

• #76 What Causes Dry Eyes? | Eye Clinic London | Book A Consultation

  https://www.eyecliniclondon.com/blog/what-causes-dry-eyes/

  There are various risk factors that can increase your chances of experiencing dry eyes. […] As we get older, tear production decreases, leading to dry eyes. […] In addition, dry eyes can be caused by hormonal changes that occur in women experiencing menopause or going through pregnancy. […] Health conditions: Lupus, diabetes, high blood pressure, rheumatoid arthritis, IBS and thyroid problems have all been linked to dry eyes. […] If left untreated, dry eyes can lead to serious complications. […] Some of the most serious complications of dry eyes include: Infection, Quality of life, Corneal damage. […] If your dry eyes are mild, they are unlikely to lead to blindness, but if the condition is more severe, there is a risk of blindness. […] Dry eyes can have many causes, and it may not always be immediately apparent what is causing your dry eye disease.

• #77 What Causes Dry Eyes? | Eye Clinic London | Book A Consultation

  https://www.eyecliniclondon.com/blog/what-causes-dry-eyes/

  There are various risk factors that can increase your chances of experiencing dry eyes. […] As we get older, tear production decreases, leading to dry eyes. […] In addition, dry eyes can be caused by hormonal changes that occur in women experiencing menopause or going through pregnancy. […] Health conditions: Lupus, diabetes, high blood pressure, rheumatoid arthritis, IBS and thyroid problems have all been linked to dry eyes. […] If left untreated, dry eyes can lead to serious complications. […] Some of the most serious complications of dry eyes include: Infection, Quality of life, Corneal damage. […] If your dry eyes are mild, they are unlikely to lead to blindness, but if the condition is more severe, there is a risk of blindness. […] Dry eyes can have many causes, and it may not always be immediately apparent what is causing your dry eye disease.

• #78 Dry Eye Syndrome – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Dry_Eye_Syndrome

  An individual with dry eye syndrome/tear film dysfunction may, in fact, have more than one cause acting simultaneously to produce the symptoms. […] For this reason, many persons who undergo casual evaluations and/or treatment attempts of dry eye syndrome without investigating for and treating all the possible causes can end up becoming frustrated, have persistent symptoms that can worsen, and may jump from doctor to doctor to seek relief.

• #79 Dry eyes – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371869

  A test to measure the volume of your tears. Your eye care specialist may measure your tear production using the Schirmer tear test. In this test, blotting strips of paper are placed under your lower eyelids. After five minutes your eye care specialist measures the amount of strip soaked by your tears. […] A tear osmolarity test. This type of test measures the composition of particles and water in your tears. With dry eye disease, there will be less water in your eyes. […] For most people with occasional or mild dry eye symptoms, it’s enough to regularly use nonprescription eye drops, also called artificial tears. If your symptoms are persistent and more serious, you have other options. What you do depends on what’s causing your dry eyes. […] In some cases, treating an underlying health issue can help clear up the signs and symptoms of dry eyes. For instance, if a medication is causing your dry eyes, your eye care specialist may recommend a different medicine that doesn’t cause that side effect.

• #80 Overlooked causes of dry eye

  https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/overlooked-causes-dry-eye

  Obstruction is the most widely recognized cause of MGD and resulting tear lipid insufficiency. […] Changes to the visual environment, shifting diet, altered lid microbiome and enzymatic degradation of tear lipids, and lagophthalmos and nocturnal exposure are the most overlooked causes and potential cures for tear dysfunction. […] Lagophthalmos and nocturnal exposure is a frequent and easily established finding in many patients. […] In my experience, it occurs in as many as 40 percent of patients presenting with dry eye complaints and may be a sign of underlying tear instability as a primary cause or contributor to dry eye signs and symptoms. […] Understanding the underlying disease and targeting the causes of tear dysfunction rather than the subsequent signs and symptoms is a more effective strategy for managing this rapidly growing patient population.

• #81 Waking Up With Dry Eyes: Causes & Treatment | Contact Us

  https://www.eyecliniclondon.com/blog/waking-up-with-dry-eyes/

  Waking up with dry eyes can be frustrating and uncomfortable, and many people are unsure of the best way to deal with this issue. It is one of the most common eye issues faced by people in the UK and is caused by your eyes either not producing enough tears or those tears evaporating too quickly. […] Some of the most common causes are: Your eyelids are not closed properly (nocturnal lagophthalmos), Your tears are of poor quality, You are not producing enough tears. […] Nocturnal lagophthalmos is characterised as being unable to fully close your eyes while sleeping. […] The inability of the eyelid to close fully results in faster evaporation of tears, leading to dry eyes in the morning. […] This is one of the most common causes of dry eyes, and the symptoms often can be more severe in the morning.

• #82 Dry Eye Syndrome – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Dry_Eye_Syndrome

  An individual with dry eye syndrome/tear film dysfunction may, in fact, have more than one cause acting simultaneously to produce the symptoms. […] For this reason, many persons who undergo casual evaluations and/or treatment attempts of dry eye syndrome without investigating for and treating all the possible causes can end up becoming frustrated, have persistent symptoms that can worsen, and may jump from doctor to doctor to seek relief.

• #83 Overlooked causes of dry eye

  https://www.optometrytimes.com/view/overlooked-causes-dry-eye

  Obstruction is the most widely recognized cause of MGD and resulting tear lipid insufficiency. […] Changes to the visual environment, shifting diet, altered lid microbiome and enzymatic degradation of tear lipids, and lagophthalmos and nocturnal exposure are the most overlooked causes and potential cures for tear dysfunction. […] Lagophthalmos and nocturnal exposure is a frequent and easily established finding in many patients. […] In my experience, it occurs in as many as 40 percent of patients presenting with dry eye complaints and may be a sign of underlying tear instability as a primary cause or contributor to dry eye signs and symptoms. […] Understanding the underlying disease and targeting the causes of tear dysfunction rather than the subsequent signs and symptoms is a more effective strategy for managing this rapidly growing patient population.

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