Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/prevention/

  You can reduce your risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or help stop it getting worse, by keeping your blood sugar levels, blood pressure and cholesterol levels under control. […] Adopting a few lifestyle changes can improve your general health and reduce your risk of developing retinopathy. […] You may also be prescribed medication to help control your blood sugar level (such as insulin or metformin), blood pressure (such as ACE inhibitors) and cholesterol level (such as statins). […] The lower you can keep them, the lower your chances of developing retinopathy are. […] Early detection of retinopathy increases the chances of treatment being effective and stopping it getting worse.

• #2 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  The classical modifiable factors associated with the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy are the suboptimal control of blood glucose levels and hypertension, as well as dyslipidaemia. However, there are other less recognised modifiable factors that can play a relevant role, such as the presence of obesity or the abnormal distribution of adipose tissue, and others related to lifestyle such as the type of diet, vitamin intake, exercise, smoking and sunlight exposure. […] In this article we revisit the prevention of diabetic retinopathy based on modulating the modifiable risk factors, as well as commenting on the potential impact of glucose-lowering drugs on the condition. […] The early worsening of diabetic retinopathy due to the rapid improvement of hyperglycaemia is a topic that has been revisited in recent years.

• #3 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  You can’t always prevent diabetic retinopathy. However, regular eye exams, good control of your blood sugar and blood pressure, and early intervention for vision problems can help prevent severe vision loss. […] If you have diabetes, reduce your risk of getting diabetic retinopathy by doing the following: […] Manage your diabetes. Make healthy eating and physical activity part of your daily routine. Try to get at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity, such as walking, each week. Take oral diabetes medications or insulin as directed. […] Monitor your blood sugar level. You might need to check and record your blood sugar level several times a day or more frequently if you’re ill or under stress. Ask your doctor how often you need to test your blood sugar. […] Ask your doctor about a glycosylated hemoglobin test. The glycosylated hemoglobin test, or hemoglobin A1C test, reflects your average blood sugar level for the two- to three-month period before the test. For most people with diabetes, the A1C goal is to be under 7%.

• #4 Diabetic retinopathy: Screening, prevention, and treatment | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/8/503

  Strict control of hyperglycemia is essential in minimizing the risk of diabetic retinopathy development or progression. […] The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial reported a strong relationship between risk of diabetic retinopathy and mean HbA1c: a decrease of about 10% in HbA1c resulted in a 39% decrease in risk of diabetic retinopathy progression. […] Nevertheless, GLP-1 receptor agonists have clear benefits in weight loss and cardiovascular risk, hypoglycemic risk, and kidney risk management for patients with diabetes mellitus. […] When weighing the risks and benefits of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, the possible increased risk of development or progression of diabetic retinopathy should be carefully considered, especially if patients have a history of diabetic retinopathy or are already taking other diabetes medications that lower blood glucose.

• #5 Diabetic Retinopathy: Screening, Prevention and Treatment

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/diabetic-retinopathy-screening-prevention-and-treatment

  Strict control of hyperglycemia is essential in minimizing the risk of diabetic retinopathy development or progression. […] A decrease of about 10% in HbA1c resulted in a 39% decrease in risk of diabetic retinopathy progression. […] The role of blood pressure management in the prevention of diabetic retinopathy has been explored. […] A Cochrane review showed that although intensive blood pressure control was associated with a reduced risk of diabetic retinopathy development, it did not significantly impact progression of existing diabetic retinopathy compared with less stringent measures of blood pressure control. […] Clinicians managing patients with diabetes mellitus must recognize the risks and complications associated with diabetic retinopathy and ensure that proper screening and referral processes are in place. […] Furthermore, awareness of advances in diabetes medications, which effectively control blood glucose levels and subsequently prevent diabetic retinopathy and its direct and related complications, is essential.

• #6 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  You can’t always prevent diabetic retinopathy. However, regular eye exams, good control of your blood sugar and blood pressure, and early intervention for vision problems can help prevent severe vision loss. […] If you have diabetes, reduce your risk of getting diabetic retinopathy by doing the following: […] Manage your diabetes. Make healthy eating and physical activity part of your daily routine. Try to get at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity, such as walking, each week. Take oral diabetes medications or insulin as directed. […] Monitor your blood sugar level. You might need to check and record your blood sugar level several times a day or more frequently if you’re ill or under stress. Ask your doctor how often you need to test your blood sugar. […] Ask your doctor about a glycosylated hemoglobin test. The glycosylated hemoglobin test, or hemoglobin A1C test, reflects your average blood sugar level for the two- to three-month period before the test. For most people with diabetes, the A1C goal is to be under 7%.

• #7

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/prevention/

  You can reduce your risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or help stop it getting worse, by keeping your blood sugar levels, blood pressure and cholesterol levels under control. […] Adopting a few lifestyle changes can improve your general health and reduce your risk of developing retinopathy. […] You may also be prescribed medication to help control your blood sugar level (such as insulin or metformin), blood pressure (such as ACE inhibitors) and cholesterol level (such as statins). […] The lower you can keep them, the lower your chances of developing retinopathy are. […] Early detection of retinopathy increases the chances of treatment being effective and stopping it getting worse.

• #8 Primary prevention of diabetic retinopathy – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/ophthalmology/primary-prevention-of-diabetic-retinopathy

  Control of underlying diabetes is the most important management method for diabetic retinopathy (DR). […] Glycaemic control is the most effective method of reducing the risk of developing DR. […] It is recognised that the benefit of good glycaemic control may be seen at any stage in the development of retinopathy for preventing retinopathy, for regression in the early stages of retinopathy and for reducing the progression to proliferative retinopathy and to severe visual loss. […] Recommendations for management of glycaemia: a personalised HbA1c target should be set, usually between 48-58 mmol/mol (6.5-7.5%). […] Management of the following risk factors have shown to reduce the risk of developing DR: blood pressure […] guidelines for hypertension in diabetes: intensify therapy aiming for systolic 130 mmHg in those with established retinopathy and/or nephropathy. […] lipid levels […] recommendations for lipid management in diabetes: aim for total cholesterol 5.0 mmol/L (ideally 4.0 mmol/L).

• #9 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  You can’t always prevent diabetic retinopathy. However, regular eye exams, good control of your blood sugar and blood pressure, and early intervention for vision problems can help prevent severe vision loss. […] If you have diabetes, reduce your risk of getting diabetic retinopathy by doing the following: […] Manage your diabetes. Make healthy eating and physical activity part of your daily routine. Try to get at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity, such as walking, each week. Take oral diabetes medications or insulin as directed. […] Monitor your blood sugar level. You might need to check and record your blood sugar level several times a day or more frequently if you’re ill or under stress. Ask your doctor how often you need to test your blood sugar. […] Ask your doctor about a glycosylated hemoglobin test. The glycosylated hemoglobin test, or hemoglobin A1C test, reflects your average blood sugar level for the two- to three-month period before the test. For most people with diabetes, the A1C goal is to be under 7%.

• #10 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  The classical modifiable factors associated with the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy are the suboptimal control of blood glucose levels and hypertension, as well as dyslipidaemia. However, there are other less recognised modifiable factors that can play a relevant role, such as the presence of obesity or the abnormal distribution of adipose tissue, and others related to lifestyle such as the type of diet, vitamin intake, exercise, smoking and sunlight exposure. […] In this article we revisit the prevention of diabetic retinopathy based on modulating the modifiable risk factors, as well as commenting on the potential impact of glucose-lowering drugs on the condition. […] The early worsening of diabetic retinopathy due to the rapid improvement of hyperglycaemia is a topic that has been revisited in recent years.

• #11

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  The classical modifiable factors associated with the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy are the suboptimal control of blood glucose levels and hypertension, as well as dyslipidaemia. […] In this article we revisit the prevention of diabetic retinopathy based on modulating the modifiable risk factors, as well as commenting on the potential impact of glucose-lowering drugs on the condition. […] The early worsening of diabetic retinopathy due to the rapid improvement of hyperglycaemia is a topic that has been revisited in recent years. […] Several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of blood pressure control as a major modifiable factor for diabetic retinopathy incidence and progression. […] Dyslipidaemia is generally considered to be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy progression, but with less significance than hyperglycaemia or hypertension.

• #12 Diabetic retinopathy: Screening, prevention, and treatment | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/8/503

  Strict control of hyperglycemia is essential in minimizing the risk of diabetic retinopathy development or progression. […] The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial reported a strong relationship between risk of diabetic retinopathy and mean HbA1c: a decrease of about 10% in HbA1c resulted in a 39% decrease in risk of diabetic retinopathy progression. […] Nevertheless, GLP-1 receptor agonists have clear benefits in weight loss and cardiovascular risk, hypoglycemic risk, and kidney risk management for patients with diabetes mellitus. […] When weighing the risks and benefits of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, the possible increased risk of development or progression of diabetic retinopathy should be carefully considered, especially if patients have a history of diabetic retinopathy or are already taking other diabetes medications that lower blood glucose.

• #13 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  Several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of blood pressure control as a major modifiable factor for diabetic retinopathy incidence and progression. […] Dyslipidaemia is generally considered to be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy progression, but with less significance than hyperglycaemia or hypertension. […] A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] An important component of diet is the vitamin content. It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  The classical modifiable factors associated with the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy are the suboptimal control of blood glucose levels and hypertension, as well as dyslipidaemia. […] In this article we revisit the prevention of diabetic retinopathy based on modulating the modifiable risk factors, as well as commenting on the potential impact of glucose-lowering drugs on the condition. […] The early worsening of diabetic retinopathy due to the rapid improvement of hyperglycaemia is a topic that has been revisited in recent years. […] Several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of blood pressure control as a major modifiable factor for diabetic retinopathy incidence and progression. […] Dyslipidaemia is generally considered to be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy progression, but with less significance than hyperglycaemia or hypertension.

• #15 Primary prevention of diabetic retinopathy – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/ophthalmology/primary-prevention-of-diabetic-retinopathy

  Control of underlying diabetes is the most important management method for diabetic retinopathy (DR). […] Glycaemic control is the most effective method of reducing the risk of developing DR. […] It is recognised that the benefit of good glycaemic control may be seen at any stage in the development of retinopathy for preventing retinopathy, for regression in the early stages of retinopathy and for reducing the progression to proliferative retinopathy and to severe visual loss. […] Recommendations for management of glycaemia: a personalised HbA1c target should be set, usually between 48-58 mmol/mol (6.5-7.5%). […] Management of the following risk factors have shown to reduce the risk of developing DR: blood pressure […] guidelines for hypertension in diabetes: intensify therapy aiming for systolic 130 mmHg in those with established retinopathy and/or nephropathy. […] lipid levels […] recommendations for lipid management in diabetes: aim for total cholesterol 5.0 mmol/L (ideally 4.0 mmol/L).

• #16 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control. Eating healthy foods, exercising regularly and losing excess weight can help. Sometimes medication is needed, too. […] If you smoke or use other types of tobacco, ask your doctor to help you quit. Smoking increases your risk of various diabetes complications, including diabetic retinopathy. […] Pay attention to vision changes. Contact your eye doctor right away if your vision suddenly changes or becomes blurry, spotty or hazy. […] Remember, diabetes doesn’t necessarily lead to vision loss. Taking an active role in diabetes management can go a long way toward preventing complications.

• #17

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/prevention/

  You can reduce your risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or help stop it getting worse, by keeping your blood sugar levels, blood pressure and cholesterol levels under control. […] Adopting a few lifestyle changes can improve your general health and reduce your risk of developing retinopathy. […] You may also be prescribed medication to help control your blood sugar level (such as insulin or metformin), blood pressure (such as ACE inhibitors) and cholesterol level (such as statins). […] The lower you can keep them, the lower your chances of developing retinopathy are. […] Early detection of retinopathy increases the chances of treatment being effective and stopping it getting worse.

• #18 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  Several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of blood pressure control as a major modifiable factor for diabetic retinopathy incidence and progression. […] Dyslipidaemia is generally considered to be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy progression, but with less significance than hyperglycaemia or hypertension. […] A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] An important component of diet is the vitamin content. It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy.

• #19

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  The classical modifiable factors associated with the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy are the suboptimal control of blood glucose levels and hypertension, as well as dyslipidaemia. […] In this article we revisit the prevention of diabetic retinopathy based on modulating the modifiable risk factors, as well as commenting on the potential impact of glucose-lowering drugs on the condition. […] The early worsening of diabetic retinopathy due to the rapid improvement of hyperglycaemia is a topic that has been revisited in recent years. […] Several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of blood pressure control as a major modifiable factor for diabetic retinopathy incidence and progression. […] Dyslipidaemia is generally considered to be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy progression, but with less significance than hyperglycaemia or hypertension.

• #20 Primary prevention of diabetic retinopathy – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/ophthalmology/primary-prevention-of-diabetic-retinopathy

  Control of underlying diabetes is the most important management method for diabetic retinopathy (DR). […] Glycaemic control is the most effective method of reducing the risk of developing DR. […] It is recognised that the benefit of good glycaemic control may be seen at any stage in the development of retinopathy for preventing retinopathy, for regression in the early stages of retinopathy and for reducing the progression to proliferative retinopathy and to severe visual loss. […] Recommendations for management of glycaemia: a personalised HbA1c target should be set, usually between 48-58 mmol/mol (6.5-7.5%). […] Management of the following risk factors have shown to reduce the risk of developing DR: blood pressure […] guidelines for hypertension in diabetes: intensify therapy aiming for systolic 130 mmHg in those with established retinopathy and/or nephropathy. […] lipid levels […] recommendations for lipid management in diabetes: aim for total cholesterol 5.0 mmol/L (ideally 4.0 mmol/L).

• #21 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control. Eating healthy foods, exercising regularly and losing excess weight can help. Sometimes medication is needed, too. […] If you smoke or use other types of tobacco, ask your doctor to help you quit. Smoking increases your risk of various diabetes complications, including diabetic retinopathy. […] Pay attention to vision changes. Contact your eye doctor right away if your vision suddenly changes or becomes blurry, spotty or hazy. […] Remember, diabetes doesn’t necessarily lead to vision loss. Taking an active role in diabetes management can go a long way toward preventing complications.

• #22 Retinopathy – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/health-care-providers/clinical-practice-guidelines/chapter-30

  Regular screening is important for early detection of treatable diabetic retinopathy. Screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy vary according to the individual’s age and type of diabetes. […] Optimal glycemic control reduces the onset and progression of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. […] With good glycemic control, regular eye exams and early treatment, the risk of vision loss is reduced. […] Diabetic retinopathy can be treated with several therapies used alone or in combination. […] To prevent the onset and delay the progression of diabetic retinopathy, people with diabetes should be treated to achieve optimal control of BG and BP. […] Although not recommended for CVD prevention or treatment, fenofibrate, in addition to statin therapy, may be used in people with type 2 diabetes to slow the progression of established retinopathy. […] Individuals with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy should be assessed by a qualified ophthalmologist and/or retina specialist. Pharmacological intervention, laser therapy and/or vitrectomy may be used to manage the diabetic retinopathy.

• #23

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00019889.htm

  Each year in the United States, as many as 40,000 new cases of blindness occur among persons with diabetes. Diabetes is the leading cause of new blindness among U.S. adults aged 20-74 years. Most of this blindness in persons with diabetes results from diabetic retinopathy, a disorder characterized by microvascular changes and hemorrhage in the retina. This report summarizes information regarding the efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of screening for diabetic retinopathy. […] An annual eye examination can identify diabetic retinopathy early and permit timely treatment to prevent loss of vision and possible blindness. […] The findings in this report indicate that screening for diabetic retinopathy is both effective for preventing blindness and cost-effective. This prevention effort requires improvements in timeliness of screening, case-finding, and entry into the health-care system. To initiate treatment, all persons with diabetes (except those with IDDM of less than 5 years’ duration) should receive an annual dilated eye examination performed by a trained provider and should receive appropriate referral and treatment.

• #24 Diabetic Retinopathy: Screening, Prevention and Treatment

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/diabetic-retinopathy-screening-prevention-and-treatment

  Less than 50% of patients with diabetes get appropriate ophthalmic screening through primary care referrals […] Without proper prevention and management, the burden of diabetic retinopathy will continue to grow, placing more patients at risk for complications that can cause severe vision loss, such as diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. […] This article reviews the principles of screening for diabetic retinopathy, measures for preventing its development and progression, and current treatment options. […] Strict glycemic control has been established as absolutely key in preventing diabetic retinopathy progression, but evidence is mixed for targeting dyslipidemia and high blood pressure as measures specifically to prevent or slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

• #25

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00019889.htm

  Each year in the United States, as many as 40,000 new cases of blindness occur among persons with diabetes. Diabetes is the leading cause of new blindness among U.S. adults aged 20-74 years. Most of this blindness in persons with diabetes results from diabetic retinopathy, a disorder characterized by microvascular changes and hemorrhage in the retina. This report summarizes information regarding the efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of screening for diabetic retinopathy. […] An annual eye examination can identify diabetic retinopathy early and permit timely treatment to prevent loss of vision and possible blindness. […] The findings in this report indicate that screening for diabetic retinopathy is both effective for preventing blindness and cost-effective. This prevention effort requires improvements in timeliness of screening, case-finding, and entry into the health-care system. To initiate treatment, all persons with diabetes (except those with IDDM of less than 5 years’ duration) should receive an annual dilated eye examination performed by a trained provider and should receive appropriate referral and treatment.

• #26 Diabetic Retinopathy: Screening, Prevention, and Treatment – Healthcare Communications Network

  https://hcn.health/hcn-trends-story/diabetic-retinopathy-screening-prevention-and-treatment/

  Diabetic retinopathy remains a significant cause of vision loss among patients with diabetes mellitus. This comprehensive review outlines current guidelines for screening, prevention strategies, and treatment options, emphasizing the importance of a collaborative approach between primary care physicians and ophthalmologists in managing this condition. […] Implement American Diabetes Association screening guidelines: Refer patients with type 1 diabetes for initial eye examination within 5 years of onset and patients with type 2 diabetes at diagnosis. […] Prioritize strict glycemic control as the primary measure to prevent diabetic retinopathy development and progression. […] Effective management of diabetic retinopathy requires a multidisciplinary approach. Primary care physicians play a crucial role in timely screening, glycemic control, and appropriate referrals, while ophthalmologists provide specialized care and treatment. By working together and leveraging new technologies and treatments, we can significantly reduce the burden of vision loss in patients with diabetes.

• #27 Diabetes: Tips to Prevent Retinopathy

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-diabetic-retinopathy-prevention

  Get a Yearly Eye Exam. Diabetes can cause retinopathy, or damaged blood vessels in the backs of your eyes. You may have no symptoms at first. If it worsens, you can lose your eyesight. Once a year, get a dilated eye exam from an ophthalmologist or optometrist. Theyll check for early signs of retinopathy in case you need to treat it to save your vision. […] Control Your Blood Sugar. Youre more likely to get diabetic retinopathy if your blood sugar isnt well-controlled. Check your blood sugar levels several times a day or use a continuous glucose monitor. If youre under stress or sick, you may need to check it more often. Try to keep your blood sugar levels in healthy target ranges. Generally speaking, this is 80-130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) before meals and less than 180 mg/dL 1-2 hours after meals.

• #28

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/prevention/

  You can reduce your risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or help stop it getting worse, by keeping your blood sugar levels, blood pressure and cholesterol levels under control. […] Adopting a few lifestyle changes can improve your general health and reduce your risk of developing retinopathy. […] You may also be prescribed medication to help control your blood sugar level (such as insulin or metformin), blood pressure (such as ACE inhibitors) and cholesterol level (such as statins). […] The lower you can keep them, the lower your chances of developing retinopathy are. […] Early detection of retinopathy increases the chances of treatment being effective and stopping it getting worse.

• #29

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/prevention/

  Reduce your risk of developing diabetic retinopathy or help stop it getting worse. Keep your blood glucose levels, blood pressure and cholesterol levels under control. […] Making a few lifestyle changes can improve your general health. It can also reduce your risk of developing retinopathy. […] Your doctor may prescribe medicine to help control your blood glucose, blood pressure or cholesterol levels. […] The better controlled you can keep them, the lower your chances of developing retinopathy. […] If diabetic retinopathy is found early, treatment can reduce or prevent damage to your sight. […] Early detection of retinopathy increases the chances of treatment being effective. It also stops it getting worse.

• #30 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  Several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of blood pressure control as a major modifiable factor for diabetic retinopathy incidence and progression. […] Dyslipidaemia is generally considered to be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy progression, but with less significance than hyperglycaemia or hypertension. […] A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] An important component of diet is the vitamin content. It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy.

• #31

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy. […] Another factor related to lifestyle is tobacco smoking. […] As regards exercise, it has been reported that regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. […] Another potential risk factor for developing diabetic retinopathy is related to the deleterious effect of ultraviolet B radiation on retinal pigment epithelium.

• #32 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  Several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of blood pressure control as a major modifiable factor for diabetic retinopathy incidence and progression. […] Dyslipidaemia is generally considered to be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy progression, but with less significance than hyperglycaemia or hypertension. […] A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] An important component of diet is the vitamin content. It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy.

• #33

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy. […] Another factor related to lifestyle is tobacco smoking. […] As regards exercise, it has been reported that regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. […] Another potential risk factor for developing diabetic retinopathy is related to the deleterious effect of ultraviolet B radiation on retinal pigment epithelium.

• #34 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  Several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of blood pressure control as a major modifiable factor for diabetic retinopathy incidence and progression. […] Dyslipidaemia is generally considered to be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy progression, but with less significance than hyperglycaemia or hypertension. […] A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] An important component of diet is the vitamin content. It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy.

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy. […] Another factor related to lifestyle is tobacco smoking. […] As regards exercise, it has been reported that regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. […] Another potential risk factor for developing diabetic retinopathy is related to the deleterious effect of ultraviolet B radiation on retinal pigment epithelium.

• #36 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  Several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of blood pressure control as a major modifiable factor for diabetic retinopathy incidence and progression. […] Dyslipidaemia is generally considered to be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy progression, but with less significance than hyperglycaemia or hypertension. […] A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] An important component of diet is the vitamin content. It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy.

• #37

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy. […] Another factor related to lifestyle is tobacco smoking. […] As regards exercise, it has been reported that regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. […] Another potential risk factor for developing diabetic retinopathy is related to the deleterious effect of ultraviolet B radiation on retinal pigment epithelium.

• #38 Diabetic retinopathy: prevention and treatment options

  https://www.barraquer.com/en/news/diabetic-retinopathy-prevention-treatment-options

  In addition to medical treatments, adopting a healthy lifestyle is essential. Maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in regular physical activity are effective preventive strategies. Reducing the consumption of sugars, saturated fats, and processed foods can help control diabetes and, in turn, protect eye health. […] A proactive approach, including regular eye check-ups and good glycaemic control, can help patients minimize the risk of eye complications and maintain their quality of life.

• #39 Diabetic Retinopathy Prevention and Management: What Patients Should Know | PRC Blog

  https://www.palmettoretina.com/blog/diabetic-retinopathy-prevention-and-management-what-patients-should-know

  With an estimated 15.9 million Americans age 65 or older now living with diabetes, it remains a major health threat, especially for eye and vision health. […] The longer youve had diabetes, the greater your chances of diabetic retinopathy development. And while there is no cure, there are ways to reduce your risk, including managing your diabetes and blood sugar levels. […] As diabetic retinopathy can progress to a more serious form, regular screening eye examinations become even more important with age. We recommend that older adults with diabetes have a comprehensive dilated eye exam at least once a year. This schedule allows your ophthalmologist to detect and diagnose you earlier. […] Proper diabetes management may reduce your risk of diabetic retinopathy and related vision loss. You need to take your insulin and any other medications regularly. Youll also have to maintain healthy glucose levels and test your glucose levels several times each day. […] Research suggests that proper diabetes management is associated with a diet rich in nutrients and low in fat and calories. This may promote weight loss, which improves blood glucose control. […] When it comes to diabetic retinopathy, proper diabetes management is crucial.

• #40 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  Another factor related to lifestyle is tobacco smoking. There is controversial evidence regarding smoking as a risk factor for the development or progression of diabetic retinopathy. […] As regards exercise, it has been reported that regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. […] Another potential risk factor for developing diabetic retinopathy is related to the deleterious effect of ultraviolet B radiation on retinal pigment epithelium. […] The strong relationship between the reduction of HbA1c and the beneficial effects on diabetic retinopathy has obscured the necessity of performing clinical trials investigating the specific effects of glucose-lowering drugs per se on diabetic retinopathy, independently of their effectiveness in reducing blood glucose levels.

• #41

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy. […] Another factor related to lifestyle is tobacco smoking. […] As regards exercise, it has been reported that regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. […] Another potential risk factor for developing diabetic retinopathy is related to the deleterious effect of ultraviolet B radiation on retinal pigment epithelium.

• #42 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  You can’t always prevent diabetic retinopathy. However, regular eye exams, good control of your blood sugar and blood pressure, and early intervention for vision problems can help prevent severe vision loss. […] If you have diabetes, reduce your risk of getting diabetic retinopathy by doing the following: […] Manage your diabetes. Make healthy eating and physical activity part of your daily routine. Try to get at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity, such as walking, each week. Take oral diabetes medications or insulin as directed. […] Monitor your blood sugar level. You might need to check and record your blood sugar level several times a day or more frequently if you’re ill or under stress. Ask your doctor how often you need to test your blood sugar. […] Ask your doctor about a glycosylated hemoglobin test. The glycosylated hemoglobin test, or hemoglobin A1C test, reflects your average blood sugar level for the two- to three-month period before the test. For most people with diabetes, the A1C goal is to be under 7%.

• #43 Diabetes: Tips to Prevent Retinopathy

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-diabetic-retinopathy-prevention

  Watch Your Other Numbers Too. High blood pressure and cholesterol also raise your chances of diabetic retinopathy. Your doctor can test your blood pressure and cholesterol. If your numbers are high, theyll suggest changes to your diet, weight loss, or more exercise. If that doesnt help, they can prescribe medications for you. […] Stop Smoking. If you smoke tobacco, its time to kick the habit. Smoking raises your risk of diabetic retinopathy. Ask your doctor for help in quitting. You may need counseling and prescription medicine to help you fight the urge to smoke. […] Get Plenty of Exercise. Regular exercise keeps your eyes healthy and helps you control your diabetes, because it helps lower blood sugar. Shoot for 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week. […] Tame Your Stress. High stress increases your risk of diabetes complications like retinopathy. It boosts hormones like cortisol and adrenaline that cause insulin resistance, which can raise your blood sugar. Find ways to control stress, like getting enough exercise and sleep.

• #44 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control. Eating healthy foods, exercising regularly and losing excess weight can help. Sometimes medication is needed, too. […] If you smoke or use other types of tobacco, ask your doctor to help you quit. Smoking increases your risk of various diabetes complications, including diabetic retinopathy. […] Pay attention to vision changes. Contact your eye doctor right away if your vision suddenly changes or becomes blurry, spotty or hazy. […] Remember, diabetes doesn’t necessarily lead to vision loss. Taking an active role in diabetes management can go a long way toward preventing complications.

• #45 Diabetes: Tips to Prevent Retinopathy

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-diabetic-retinopathy-prevention

  Watch Your Other Numbers Too. High blood pressure and cholesterol also raise your chances of diabetic retinopathy. Your doctor can test your blood pressure and cholesterol. If your numbers are high, theyll suggest changes to your diet, weight loss, or more exercise. If that doesnt help, they can prescribe medications for you. […] Stop Smoking. If you smoke tobacco, its time to kick the habit. Smoking raises your risk of diabetic retinopathy. Ask your doctor for help in quitting. You may need counseling and prescription medicine to help you fight the urge to smoke. […] Get Plenty of Exercise. Regular exercise keeps your eyes healthy and helps you control your diabetes, because it helps lower blood sugar. Shoot for 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week. […] Tame Your Stress. High stress increases your risk of diabetes complications like retinopathy. It boosts hormones like cortisol and adrenaline that cause insulin resistance, which can raise your blood sugar. Find ways to control stress, like getting enough exercise and sleep.

• #46 Diabetes: Tips to Prevent Retinopathy

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-diabetic-retinopathy-prevention

  Watch Your Other Numbers Too. High blood pressure and cholesterol also raise your chances of diabetic retinopathy. Your doctor can test your blood pressure and cholesterol. If your numbers are high, theyll suggest changes to your diet, weight loss, or more exercise. If that doesnt help, they can prescribe medications for you. […] Stop Smoking. If you smoke tobacco, its time to kick the habit. Smoking raises your risk of diabetic retinopathy. Ask your doctor for help in quitting. You may need counseling and prescription medicine to help you fight the urge to smoke. […] Get Plenty of Exercise. Regular exercise keeps your eyes healthy and helps you control your diabetes, because it helps lower blood sugar. Shoot for 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week. […] Tame Your Stress. High stress increases your risk of diabetes complications like retinopathy. It boosts hormones like cortisol and adrenaline that cause insulin resistance, which can raise your blood sugar. Find ways to control stress, like getting enough exercise and sleep.

• #47 Diabetes: Tips to Prevent Retinopathy

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-diabetic-retinopathy-prevention

  Watch Your Other Numbers Too. High blood pressure and cholesterol also raise your chances of diabetic retinopathy. Your doctor can test your blood pressure and cholesterol. If your numbers are high, theyll suggest changes to your diet, weight loss, or more exercise. If that doesnt help, they can prescribe medications for you. […] Stop Smoking. If you smoke tobacco, its time to kick the habit. Smoking raises your risk of diabetic retinopathy. Ask your doctor for help in quitting. You may need counseling and prescription medicine to help you fight the urge to smoke. […] Get Plenty of Exercise. Regular exercise keeps your eyes healthy and helps you control your diabetes, because it helps lower blood sugar. Shoot for 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week. […] Tame Your Stress. High stress increases your risk of diabetes complications like retinopathy. It boosts hormones like cortisol and adrenaline that cause insulin resistance, which can raise your blood sugar. Find ways to control stress, like getting enough exercise and sleep.

• #48 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  Several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of blood pressure control as a major modifiable factor for diabetic retinopathy incidence and progression. […] Dyslipidaemia is generally considered to be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy progression, but with less significance than hyperglycaemia or hypertension. […] A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] An important component of diet is the vitamin content. It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy.

• #49

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  A meta-analysis of prospective studies published in 2018 revealed that obesity increased the incidence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), but not PDR in individuals with type 2 diabetes. […] Fish consumption seems important in preventing or arresting diabetic retinopathy. […] A Mediterranean diet is also associated with prevention of diabetic retinopathy development. […] It has been consistently reported that adequate vitamin D status prevents the development of diabetic retinopathy. […] Another factor related to lifestyle is tobacco smoking. […] As regards exercise, it has been reported that regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. […] Another potential risk factor for developing diabetic retinopathy is related to the deleterious effect of ultraviolet B radiation on retinal pigment epithelium.

• #50 Strategies to Improve Prevention and Management in Diabetic Retinopathy: Qualitative Insights from a Mixed-Methods Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813310/

  Although guideline recommendations for regular screening and patient education are well disseminated, a recent cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data suggests that approximately one-third of people with diabetes in the United States are not receiving ophthalmological care that could prevent visual impairment and blindness. […] Patient-directed education is an essential element of diabetes self-management to build the knowledge and skills patients need to modify their behaviors, make informed decisions about their care, and more effectively interact with HCPs. […] This qualitative study demonstrates that online patient education is an effective tool in building patient knowledge and awareness about DR and in motivating action in DR self-care. […] Participants emphatically endorsed the importance of Internet-based, free education as part of their ongoing approach to diabetes self-management and felt this to be especially important since their HCPs rarely addressed retinopathy, which they viewed as a hidden dimension of diabetes.

• #51 Strategies to Improve Prevention and Management in Diabetic Retinopathy: Qualitative Insights from a Mixed-Methods Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813310/

  Nonproliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) are common, progressive complications of diabetes with a rising incidence. […] A coordinated management strategy is crucial to prevent or limit the progression of DR. Such a strategy includes regular screening for DR risk factors, glycemic control, and prompt diagnosis of DR. […] Preventive strategies include screening regularly for DR risk factors, promoting lifestyle modification and pharmacological intervention as needed to optimize glycemic control, and making a prompt diagnosis of DR when it has developed. […] Quality ophthalmological care should include a comprehensive dilated eye exam, ancillary tests, and patient education involving a multidisciplinary team composed of ophthalmologists, retina specialists, and primary diabetes care providers, including primary care providers and endocrinologists/diabetologists.

• #52 Strategies to Improve Prevention and Management in Diabetic Retinopathy: Qualitative Insights from a Mixed-Methods Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813310/

  Nonproliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) are common, progressive complications of diabetes with a rising incidence. […] A coordinated management strategy is crucial to prevent or limit the progression of DR. Such a strategy includes regular screening for DR risk factors, glycemic control, and prompt diagnosis of DR. […] Preventive strategies include screening regularly for DR risk factors, promoting lifestyle modification and pharmacological intervention as needed to optimize glycemic control, and making a prompt diagnosis of DR when it has developed. […] Quality ophthalmological care should include a comprehensive dilated eye exam, ancillary tests, and patient education involving a multidisciplinary team composed of ophthalmologists, retina specialists, and primary diabetes care providers, including primary care providers and endocrinologists/diabetologists.

• #53 Diabetes: Tips to Prevent Retinopathy

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-diabetic-retinopathy-prevention

  Watch for Vision Changes. If you notice sudden vision changes like spots, haze, blurring, eye pain or redness, floaters, or loss of eyesight, contact your eye doctor right away. Dont wait until your yearly eye exam to bring up these symptoms. You may need treatment to slow down or prevent vision loss.

• #54 Strategies to Improve Prevention and Management in Diabetic Retinopathy: Qualitative Insights from a Mixed-Methods Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813310/

  Although guideline recommendations for regular screening and patient education are well disseminated, a recent cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data suggests that approximately one-third of people with diabetes in the United States are not receiving ophthalmological care that could prevent visual impairment and blindness. […] Patient-directed education is an essential element of diabetes self-management to build the knowledge and skills patients need to modify their behaviors, make informed decisions about their care, and more effectively interact with HCPs. […] This qualitative study demonstrates that online patient education is an effective tool in building patient knowledge and awareness about DR and in motivating action in DR self-care. […] Participants emphatically endorsed the importance of Internet-based, free education as part of their ongoing approach to diabetes self-management and felt this to be especially important since their HCPs rarely addressed retinopathy, which they viewed as a hidden dimension of diabetes.

• #55 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  The concept that neurodegeneration is an early event in the development of diabetic retinopathy, which antedates and participates in its pathogenesis, has led to neuroprotection as a potential therapeutic strategy to arrest the progression of the condition. […] An important lesson from the EUROCONDOR study is that a significant proportion (35%) of individuals with type 2 diabetes have early microvascular disease without detectable neurodysfunction. Thus, neurodysfunction or neurodegeneration are not always the first abnormalities that occur in early stages of diabetic retinopathy.

• #56

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  The strong relationship between the reduction of HbA1c and the beneficial effects on diabetic retinopathy has obscured the necessity of performing clinical trials investigating the specific effects of glucose-lowering drugs per se on diabetic retinopathy, independently of their effectiveness in reducing blood glucose levels. […] The concept that neurodegeneration is an early event in the development of diabetic retinopathy, which antedates and participates in its pathogenesis, has led to neuroprotection as a potential therapeutic strategy to arrest the progression of the condition. […] An important lesson from the EUROCONDOR study is that a significant proportion (35%) of individuals with type 2 diabetes have early microvascular disease without detectable neurodysfunction. […] In summary, apart from controlling modifiable risk factors, the early identification of patients with diabetes with NVU impairment could revolutionise the current management of diabetic retinopathy.

• #57 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  The concept that neurodegeneration is an early event in the development of diabetic retinopathy, which antedates and participates in its pathogenesis, has led to neuroprotection as a potential therapeutic strategy to arrest the progression of the condition. […] An important lesson from the EUROCONDOR study is that a significant proportion (35%) of individuals with type 2 diabetes have early microvascular disease without detectable neurodysfunction. Thus, neurodysfunction or neurodegeneration are not always the first abnormalities that occur in early stages of diabetic retinopathy.

• #58

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  The strong relationship between the reduction of HbA1c and the beneficial effects on diabetic retinopathy has obscured the necessity of performing clinical trials investigating the specific effects of glucose-lowering drugs per se on diabetic retinopathy, independently of their effectiveness in reducing blood glucose levels. […] The concept that neurodegeneration is an early event in the development of diabetic retinopathy, which antedates and participates in its pathogenesis, has led to neuroprotection as a potential therapeutic strategy to arrest the progression of the condition. […] An important lesson from the EUROCONDOR study is that a significant proportion (35%) of individuals with type 2 diabetes have early microvascular disease without detectable neurodysfunction. […] In summary, apart from controlling modifiable risk factors, the early identification of patients with diabetes with NVU impairment could revolutionise the current management of diabetic retinopathy.

• #59 What else can we do to prevent diabetic retinopathy?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10390367/

  Another factor related to lifestyle is tobacco smoking. There is controversial evidence regarding smoking as a risk factor for the development or progression of diabetic retinopathy. […] As regards exercise, it has been reported that regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. […] Another potential risk factor for developing diabetic retinopathy is related to the deleterious effect of ultraviolet B radiation on retinal pigment epithelium. […] The strong relationship between the reduction of HbA1c and the beneficial effects on diabetic retinopathy has obscured the necessity of performing clinical trials investigating the specific effects of glucose-lowering drugs per se on diabetic retinopathy, independently of their effectiveness in reducing blood glucose levels.

• #60

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  The strong relationship between the reduction of HbA1c and the beneficial effects on diabetic retinopathy has obscured the necessity of performing clinical trials investigating the specific effects of glucose-lowering drugs per se on diabetic retinopathy, independently of their effectiveness in reducing blood glucose levels. […] The concept that neurodegeneration is an early event in the development of diabetic retinopathy, which antedates and participates in its pathogenesis, has led to neuroprotection as a potential therapeutic strategy to arrest the progression of the condition. […] An important lesson from the EUROCONDOR study is that a significant proportion (35%) of individuals with type 2 diabetes have early microvascular disease without detectable neurodysfunction. […] In summary, apart from controlling modifiable risk factors, the early identification of patients with diabetes with NVU impairment could revolutionise the current management of diabetic retinopathy.

• #61

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-023-05940-5

  The strong relationship between the reduction of HbA1c and the beneficial effects on diabetic retinopathy has obscured the necessity of performing clinical trials investigating the specific effects of glucose-lowering drugs per se on diabetic retinopathy, independently of their effectiveness in reducing blood glucose levels. […] The concept that neurodegeneration is an early event in the development of diabetic retinopathy, which antedates and participates in its pathogenesis, has led to neuroprotection as a potential therapeutic strategy to arrest the progression of the condition. […] An important lesson from the EUROCONDOR study is that a significant proportion (35%) of individuals with type 2 diabetes have early microvascular disease without detectable neurodysfunction. […] In summary, apart from controlling modifiable risk factors, the early identification of patients with diabetes with NVU impairment could revolutionise the current management of diabetic retinopathy.

• #62 9 Tips for Diabetic Retinopathy Prevention

  https://www.optomed.com/us/diabetic-retinopathy-prevention

  Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains the leading cause of loss of sight among working-age US adults. Up to 21% of type 2 diabetics already have DR when their diabetes is first diagnosed. […] With the right technology, primary care providers can make a difference in detecting DR for timely treatment. Here are ten tips for primary care providers seeking to ensure that their DR patients get the treatment they need. […] 1. Bring DR screenings to patients. […] 2. Provide every patient who has diabetes with multiple screenings for DR every year. […] 3. Remove patient financial barriers to DR detection. […] 4. Take advantage of financial incentives to include DR screenings in primary care. […] 5. Offer DR detection without dilating eyes. […] 6. Delegate DR screenings to support staff.

• #63 9 Tips for Diabetic Retinopathy Prevention

  https://www.optomed.com/us/diabetic-retinopathy-prevention

  7. Use regular DR screenings to reinforce the importance of regular eye care. […] 8. Integrate telemedicine into diabetic retinopathy prevention. […] 9. Integrate DR screenings with Optomed fundus cameras and EHRs for ease in scheduling, billing, and follow-up. […] With the right technology, primary care providers can make a difference in detecting DR for needed referrals to timely treatment. Optomed is the answer for improved outcomes in primary care for diabetic retinopathy screenings that can lead to the interventions that can save sight.

• #64 Strategies to Improve Prevention and Management in Diabetic Retinopathy: Qualitative Insights from a Mixed-Methods Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813310/

  Nonproliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) are common, progressive complications of diabetes with a rising incidence. […] A coordinated management strategy is crucial to prevent or limit the progression of DR. Such a strategy includes regular screening for DR risk factors, glycemic control, and prompt diagnosis of DR. […] Preventive strategies include screening regularly for DR risk factors, promoting lifestyle modification and pharmacological intervention as needed to optimize glycemic control, and making a prompt diagnosis of DR when it has developed. […] Quality ophthalmological care should include a comprehensive dilated eye exam, ancillary tests, and patient education involving a multidisciplinary team composed of ophthalmologists, retina specialists, and primary diabetes care providers, including primary care providers and endocrinologists/diabetologists.

• #65 Diabetic retinopathy: Screening, prevention, and treatment | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/8/503

  Internists are integral in the multidisciplinary approach to diabetic retinopathy, contributing significantly to the management of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Effective screening processes, timely referrals, and strategic diabetes management are imperative to prevent and mitigate the consequences of diabetic retinopathy. […] Primary care physicians should implement the American Diabetes Association screening guidelines and consider leveraging new technologies to ensure patients who require ophthalmologic care are effectively referred to an ophthalmologist. […] Glycemic control is crucial for preventing progression of diabetic retinopathy and can be more easily achieved using new diabetes therapies. […] Risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy development and progression include hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure. Strict glycemic control has been established as absolutely key in preventing diabetic retinopathy progression, but evidence is mixed for targeting dyslipidemia and high blood pressure as measures specifically to prevent or slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

• #66 Strategies to Improve Prevention and Management in Diabetic Retinopathy: Qualitative Insights from a Mixed-Methods Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813310/

  Nonproliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) are common, progressive complications of diabetes with a rising incidence. […] A coordinated management strategy is crucial to prevent or limit the progression of DR. Such a strategy includes regular screening for DR risk factors, glycemic control, and prompt diagnosis of DR. […] Preventive strategies include screening regularly for DR risk factors, promoting lifestyle modification and pharmacological intervention as needed to optimize glycemic control, and making a prompt diagnosis of DR when it has developed. […] Quality ophthalmological care should include a comprehensive dilated eye exam, ancillary tests, and patient education involving a multidisciplinary team composed of ophthalmologists, retina specialists, and primary diabetes care providers, including primary care providers and endocrinologists/diabetologists.

• #67 Diabetic retinopathy: Screening, prevention, and treatment | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/8/503

  Internists are integral in the multidisciplinary approach to diabetic retinopathy, contributing significantly to the management of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Effective screening processes, timely referrals, and strategic diabetes management are imperative to prevent and mitigate the consequences of diabetic retinopathy. […] Primary care physicians should implement the American Diabetes Association screening guidelines and consider leveraging new technologies to ensure patients who require ophthalmologic care are effectively referred to an ophthalmologist. […] Glycemic control is crucial for preventing progression of diabetic retinopathy and can be more easily achieved using new diabetes therapies. […] Risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy development and progression include hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure. Strict glycemic control has been established as absolutely key in preventing diabetic retinopathy progression, but evidence is mixed for targeting dyslipidemia and high blood pressure as measures specifically to prevent or slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

• #68 Diabetic retinopathy: Screening, prevention, and treatment | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/8/503

  Internists are integral in the multidisciplinary approach to diabetic retinopathy, contributing significantly to the management of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Effective screening processes, timely referrals, and strategic diabetes management are imperative to prevent and mitigate the consequences of diabetic retinopathy. […] Primary care physicians should implement the American Diabetes Association screening guidelines and consider leveraging new technologies to ensure patients who require ophthalmologic care are effectively referred to an ophthalmologist. […] Glycemic control is crucial for preventing progression of diabetic retinopathy and can be more easily achieved using new diabetes therapies. […] Risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy development and progression include hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure. Strict glycemic control has been established as absolutely key in preventing diabetic retinopathy progression, but evidence is mixed for targeting dyslipidemia and high blood pressure as measures specifically to prevent or slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

• #69 Diabetic retinopathy: Screening, prevention, and treatment | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/91/8/503

  Internists are integral in the multidisciplinary approach to diabetic retinopathy, contributing significantly to the management of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Effective screening processes, timely referrals, and strategic diabetes management are imperative to prevent and mitigate the consequences of diabetic retinopathy. […] Primary care physicians should implement the American Diabetes Association screening guidelines and consider leveraging new technologies to ensure patients who require ophthalmologic care are effectively referred to an ophthalmologist. […] Glycemic control is crucial for preventing progression of diabetic retinopathy and can be more easily achieved using new diabetes therapies. […] Risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy development and progression include hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure. Strict glycemic control has been established as absolutely key in preventing diabetic retinopathy progression, but evidence is mixed for targeting dyslipidemia and high blood pressure as measures specifically to prevent or slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

• #70 Diabetic retinopathy: prevention and treatment options

  https://www.barraquer.com/en/news/diabetic-retinopathy-prevention-treatment-options

  Prevention is crucial to minimizing the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy and other vision problems associated with diabetes. The main preventive measures include: […] Strict blood sugar control. Keeping blood sugar levels within the recommended range is essel. The use of medications and an adequate diet help reduce the chances of eye damage. […] Managing blood pressure and cholesterol. High blood pressure and high cholesterol levels increase the risk of diabetic retinopathy. Controlling these factors can help protect retinal blood vessels. […] Regular eye exams. People with diabetes should undergo annual eye exams or more frequent ones if they already have some degree of retinopathy. These check-ups enable early detection of retinal changes, allowing for timely and appropriate treatment.

• #71

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/prevention/

  You can reduce your risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or help stop it getting worse, by keeping your blood sugar levels, blood pressure and cholesterol levels under control. […] Adopting a few lifestyle changes can improve your general health and reduce your risk of developing retinopathy. […] You may also be prescribed medication to help control your blood sugar level (such as insulin or metformin), blood pressure (such as ACE inhibitors) and cholesterol level (such as statins). […] The lower you can keep them, the lower your chances of developing retinopathy are. […] Early detection of retinopathy increases the chances of treatment being effective and stopping it getting worse.

• #72 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control. Eating healthy foods, exercising regularly and losing excess weight can help. Sometimes medication is needed, too. […] If you smoke or use other types of tobacco, ask your doctor to help you quit. Smoking increases your risk of various diabetes complications, including diabetic retinopathy. […] Pay attention to vision changes. Contact your eye doctor right away if your vision suddenly changes or becomes blurry, spotty or hazy. […] Remember, diabetes doesn’t necessarily lead to vision loss. Taking an active role in diabetes management can go a long way toward preventing complications.

• #73

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00019889.htm

  Each year in the United States, as many as 40,000 new cases of blindness occur among persons with diabetes. Diabetes is the leading cause of new blindness among U.S. adults aged 20-74 years. Most of this blindness in persons with diabetes results from diabetic retinopathy, a disorder characterized by microvascular changes and hemorrhage in the retina. This report summarizes information regarding the efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of screening for diabetic retinopathy. […] An annual eye examination can identify diabetic retinopathy early and permit timely treatment to prevent loss of vision and possible blindness. […] The findings in this report indicate that screening for diabetic retinopathy is both effective for preventing blindness and cost-effective. This prevention effort requires improvements in timeliness of screening, case-finding, and entry into the health-care system. To initiate treatment, all persons with diabetes (except those with IDDM of less than 5 years’ duration) should receive an annual dilated eye examination performed by a trained provider and should receive appropriate referral and treatment.

• #74 Preserving sight: Managing and preventing diabetic retinopathy

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ohe-2023-0019/html?lang=en

  Regular ocular examinations serve as the foundation of diabetic retinopathy management. […] Routine eye assessments serve as the foundation of diabetic retinopathy management. Comprehensive dilated eye exams, conducted by eye care specialists, facilitate early detection of retinal modifications. […] Effective prevention of diabetic retinopathy starts with meticulous diabetes management. Swift diagnosis, adherence to prescribed medications, and consistent control of blood sugar levels form the bedrock. […] Regular eye screenings, even in the absence of noticeable symptoms, stand as pivotal in early detection and prevention. […] The adoption of a health-oriented lifestyle serves as a vital defense against diabetic retinopathy. A diet rich in nutrient-dense foods, balanced macronutrients, and antioxidants bolsters overall vascular health, including the delicate retinal vessels.

• #75 Strategies to Improve Prevention and Management in Diabetic Retinopathy: Qualitative Insights from a Mixed-Methods Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813310/

  Although guideline recommendations for regular screening and patient education are well disseminated, a recent cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data suggests that approximately one-third of people with diabetes in the United States are not receiving ophthalmological care that could prevent visual impairment and blindness. […] Patient-directed education is an essential element of diabetes self-management to build the knowledge and skills patients need to modify their behaviors, make informed decisions about their care, and more effectively interact with HCPs. […] This qualitative study demonstrates that online patient education is an effective tool in building patient knowledge and awareness about DR and in motivating action in DR self-care. […] Participants emphatically endorsed the importance of Internet-based, free education as part of their ongoing approach to diabetes self-management and felt this to be especially important since their HCPs rarely addressed retinopathy, which they viewed as a hidden dimension of diabetes.

• #76 Diabetic Retinopathy – The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness

  https://www.iapb.org/learn/resources/diabetic-retinopathy/

  Diabetes increases the risk of a range of eye diseases, but the main cause of blindness associated with diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR). […] Every person with diabetes is at risk of developing DR. Approximately 1 in 3 people living with diabetes have some degree of DR and 1 in 10 will develop a vision threatening form of the disease. DR is the leading cause of vision loss in working age adults (20- 65 years). […] People with DR whose sight is at risk can be treated, most commonly with laser, to prevent visual impairment and blindness. However, there is no treatment that can restore vision that has already been lost. […] Therefore screening and early intervention is critical. […] Therefore, the most effective diabetic retinopathy programs will take a holistic approach, focusing on patient education, behavior change, and effective disease management strategies in addition to the provision of annual vision exams and high quality, affordable treatment, when required. Increased cooperation between the diabetes care and ophthalmic communities is essential to preventing the impending epidemic of vision loss due to diabetic retinopathy.

• #77 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control. Eating healthy foods, exercising regularly and losing excess weight can help. Sometimes medication is needed, too. […] If you smoke or use other types of tobacco, ask your doctor to help you quit. Smoking increases your risk of various diabetes complications, including diabetic retinopathy. […] Pay attention to vision changes. Contact your eye doctor right away if your vision suddenly changes or becomes blurry, spotty or hazy. […] Remember, diabetes doesn’t necessarily lead to vision loss. Taking an active role in diabetes management can go a long way toward preventing complications.

• #78 Diabetic retinopathy: prevention and treatment options

  https://www.barraquer.com/en/news/diabetic-retinopathy-prevention-treatment-options

  In addition to medical treatments, adopting a healthy lifestyle is essential. Maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in regular physical activity are effective preventive strategies. Reducing the consumption of sugars, saturated fats, and processed foods can help control diabetes and, in turn, protect eye health. […] A proactive approach, including regular eye check-ups and good glycaemic control, can help patients minimize the risk of eye complications and maintain their quality of life.

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