Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diabetic Retinopathy: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1225122-overview

  Patients with diabetes often develop ophthalmic complications, such as corneal abnormalities, glaucoma, iris neovascularization, cataracts, and neuropathies. The most common and potentially most blinding of these complications, however, is diabetic retinopathy, which is, in fact, the leading cause of new blindness in persons aged 25-74 years in the United States. […] The etiology of this increase involves changes in diet, with higher fat intake, sedentary lifestyle changes, and decreased physical activity. […] The exact mechanism by which diabetes causes retinopathy remains unclear, but several theories have been postulated to explain the typical course and history of the disease. […] Growth hormone appears to play a causative role in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.

• #2 Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Orbis

  https://www.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy affects an estimated one-third of people with diabetes and is the leading cause of blindness and vision loss in adults between 35-50. […] Excessive blood sugar levels can cause irreversible damage to vessels in the retina. […] Every person living with all types of diabetes (422 million globally) is at risk of developing the condition and may potentially go blind over time. […] Approximately 1 in 3 people living with diabetes have some degree of diabetic retinopathy and 1 in 10 will develop a vision threatening form of the disease. […] Keeping blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure levels well managed as well as maintaining a balanced lifestyle by eating right and exercising regularly, can lower the risk of developing the condition or slow its progression. […] For people living with diabetes, early detection and diagnosis through regular eye examinations can prevent blindness from diabetic retinopathy in 98% of cases. […] While diabetic retinopathy cannot be fully cured, effective treatments have been established that preserve vision and dramatically reduce the risk of further damage and vision loss.

• #3 Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, symptoms, treatment | Orbis

  https://me.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy affects an estimated one-third of the more than 200 million people with diabetes. […] Excessive blood sugar levels can cause irreversible damage to vessels in the retina. […] Every person living with all types of diabetes (422 million globally) is at risk of developing the condition and may potentially go blind over time. […] Other risk factors for the development of diabetic retinopathy are: High blood pressure, High cholesterol. […] Approximately 1 in 3 people living with diabetes have some degree of diabetic retinopathy and 1 in 10 will develop a vision threatening form of the disease. […] Keeping blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure levels well managed as well as maintaining a balanced lifestyle by eating right and exercising regularly, can lower the risk of developing the condition or slow its progression. […] While diabetic retinopathy cannot be fully cured, effective treatments have been established that preserve vision and dramatically reduce the risk of further damage and vision loss.

• #4 Diabetic Retinopathy

  https://www.asrs.org/diabeticretinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy develops in more than half of the people who develop diabetes. […] The primary cause of diabetic retinopathy is diabetes—a condition in which the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood are too high. Elevated sugar levels from diabetes can damage the small blood vessels that nourish the retina and may, in some cases, block them completely. […] Prolonged damage to the small blood vessels in the retina results in poor circulation to the retina and macula prompting the development of growth factors that cause new abnormal blood vessels (neovascularization) and scar tissue to grow on the surface of the retina. […] This stage of the disease is known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). […] New vessels may bleed into the middle of the eye, cause scar tissue formation, pull on the retina, cause retinal detachment, or may cause high pressure and pain if the blood vessels grow on the iris, clogging the drainage system of the eye—all of this can cause vision loss.

• #5 Diabetic Retinopathy | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is caused by high blood sugar due to diabetes. Over time, having too much sugar in your blood can damage your retina the part of your eye that detects light and sends signals to your brain through a nerve in the back of your eye (optic nerve). […] Diabetes damages blood vessels all over the body. The damage to your eyes starts when the sugar in your blood causes changes to the tiny blood vessels that go to your retina. These changes make it harder for the blood to flow, leading to blocked blood vessels that leak fluid or bleed. To make up for these blocked blood vessels, your eyes then grow new blood vessels that dont work well. These new blood vessels can leak or bleed easily.

• #6 Diabetic Retinopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560805/

  Diabetic retinopathy affects people with diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. The propensity to develop diabetic retinopathy is directly proportional to the patient’s age and duration of diabetes, as well as poor glycemic control and fluctuating blood pressure levels. […] Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy can be classified into: Non-modifiable: Puberty, Pregnancy. Modifiable: Hypertension, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Poor glycemic control, Nephropathy. Newer risk factors: Inflammation, Apolipoprotein, Hormonal influence – leptin and adiponectin, Vitamin D, Oxidative stress, Genetic factors. […] Chronic hyperglycemia is considered to be the primary pathogenic agent in DR. Hyperglycemia leads to the activation of alternative pathways of glucose metabolism, including the polyol pathway. The oxidative stress, protein kinase C activation, and non-enzymatic protein glycation lead to advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). The result of these alternative pathways is the activation of cytokines along with the growth factors and vascular endothelial dysfunction, which eventually leads to increased vascular permeability and microvascular occlusion.

• #7 Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Retinopathy_Pathophysiology

  Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular disorder caused by vision-threatening damage to the retina, a long-term sequela of diabetes mellitus. […] The propensity of developing DR is directly proportional to the age of the patient and duration of diabetes as well as with poor glycemic control and hypertension. […] Chronic hyperglycemia is the key promotor for the development and progression of DR due to its tissue-damaging effects. […] Hyperglycemia leads to the activation of alternative pathways of glucose metabolism such as the polyol pathway, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) formation, protein kinase C (PKC) activation, hexosamine pathway flux and Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. […] Due to the high availability of glucose, AGEs formation is markedly increased in diabetic patients.

• #8 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Diabetic retinopathy (die-uh-BET-ik ret-ih-NOP-uh-thee) is a diabetes complication that affects eyes. It’s caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). […] Over time, too much sugar in your blood can lead to the blockage of the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina, cutting off its blood supply. As a result, the eye attempts to grow new blood vessels. But these new blood vessels don’t develop properly and can leak easily. […] There are two types of diabetic retinopathy: Early diabetic retinopathy. In this more common form called nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) new blood vessels aren’t growing (proliferating). […] When you have nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. Tiny bulges protrude from the walls of the smaller vessels, sometimes leaking fluid and blood into the retina.

• #9 Diabetic Retinopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560805/

  Diabetic retinopathy affects people with diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. The propensity to develop diabetic retinopathy is directly proportional to the patient’s age and duration of diabetes, as well as poor glycemic control and fluctuating blood pressure levels. […] Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy can be classified into: Non-modifiable: Puberty, Pregnancy. Modifiable: Hypertension, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Poor glycemic control, Nephropathy. Newer risk factors: Inflammation, Apolipoprotein, Hormonal influence – leptin and adiponectin, Vitamin D, Oxidative stress, Genetic factors. […] Chronic hyperglycemia is considered to be the primary pathogenic agent in DR. Hyperglycemia leads to the activation of alternative pathways of glucose metabolism, including the polyol pathway. The oxidative stress, protein kinase C activation, and non-enzymatic protein glycation lead to advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). The result of these alternative pathways is the activation of cytokines along with the growth factors and vascular endothelial dysfunction, which eventually leads to increased vascular permeability and microvascular occlusion.

• #10 Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Retinopathy_Pathophysiology

  Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular disorder caused by vision-threatening damage to the retina, a long-term sequela of diabetes mellitus. […] The propensity of developing DR is directly proportional to the age of the patient and duration of diabetes as well as with poor glycemic control and hypertension. […] Chronic hyperglycemia is the key promotor for the development and progression of DR due to its tissue-damaging effects. […] Hyperglycemia leads to the activation of alternative pathways of glucose metabolism such as the polyol pathway, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) formation, protein kinase C (PKC) activation, hexosamine pathway flux and Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. […] Due to the high availability of glucose, AGEs formation is markedly increased in diabetic patients.

• #11 Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Retinopathy_Pathophysiology

  The accumulation of AGEs has also been correlated to pericyte loss. […] An increase in glycolysis activity also occurs during hyperglycemic episodes, elevating the synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) which in turn activates the PKC pathway. […] Increasing evidence points to inflammation as a key factor in the pathogenesis of DR, although the exact molecular mechanisms are not well understood. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation is a key driver of capillary occlusion and hypoxia that reinforces VEGF expression and concomitant hallmark vascular abnormalities of DR. […] Hyperglycemia causes pericyte loss, apoptosis of endothelial cells and thickening of the basement membrane, which collectively contribute to the impairment of the BRB. […] Neural retina cells are also affected in DR pathophysiology. In fact, retinal neurodegeneration is an early event during the progression of DR that may even precede vascular apoptosis.

• #12 Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Retinopathy_Pathophysiology

  The accumulation of AGEs has also been correlated to pericyte loss. […] An increase in glycolysis activity also occurs during hyperglycemic episodes, elevating the synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) which in turn activates the PKC pathway. […] Increasing evidence points to inflammation as a key factor in the pathogenesis of DR, although the exact molecular mechanisms are not well understood. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation is a key driver of capillary occlusion and hypoxia that reinforces VEGF expression and concomitant hallmark vascular abnormalities of DR. […] Hyperglycemia causes pericyte loss, apoptosis of endothelial cells and thickening of the basement membrane, which collectively contribute to the impairment of the BRB. […] Neural retina cells are also affected in DR pathophysiology. In fact, retinal neurodegeneration is an early event during the progression of DR that may even precede vascular apoptosis.

• #13 Diabetic Retinopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560805/

  Diabetic retinopathy affects people with diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. The propensity to develop diabetic retinopathy is directly proportional to the patient’s age and duration of diabetes, as well as poor glycemic control and fluctuating blood pressure levels. […] Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy can be classified into: Non-modifiable: Puberty, Pregnancy. Modifiable: Hypertension, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Poor glycemic control, Nephropathy. Newer risk factors: Inflammation, Apolipoprotein, Hormonal influence – leptin and adiponectin, Vitamin D, Oxidative stress, Genetic factors. […] Chronic hyperglycemia is considered to be the primary pathogenic agent in DR. Hyperglycemia leads to the activation of alternative pathways of glucose metabolism, including the polyol pathway. The oxidative stress, protein kinase C activation, and non-enzymatic protein glycation lead to advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). The result of these alternative pathways is the activation of cytokines along with the growth factors and vascular endothelial dysfunction, which eventually leads to increased vascular permeability and microvascular occlusion.

• #14 Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Retinopathy_Pathophysiology

  The accumulation of AGEs has also been correlated to pericyte loss. […] An increase in glycolysis activity also occurs during hyperglycemic episodes, elevating the synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) which in turn activates the PKC pathway. […] Increasing evidence points to inflammation as a key factor in the pathogenesis of DR, although the exact molecular mechanisms are not well understood. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation is a key driver of capillary occlusion and hypoxia that reinforces VEGF expression and concomitant hallmark vascular abnormalities of DR. […] Hyperglycemia causes pericyte loss, apoptosis of endothelial cells and thickening of the basement membrane, which collectively contribute to the impairment of the BRB. […] Neural retina cells are also affected in DR pathophysiology. In fact, retinal neurodegeneration is an early event during the progression of DR that may even precede vascular apoptosis.

• #15 Diabetic Retinopathy – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/retinal-disorders/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of blindness, particularly among working-age adults. The degree of retinopathy is highly correlated with […] Duration of diabetes […] Blood glucose levels […] Blood pressure levels. Pregnancy can impair blood glucose control and thus worsen retinopathy. Nonproliferative retinopathy (also called background retinopathy) develops first and causes increased capillary permeability, microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, macular ischemia, and macular edema (thickening of the retina caused by fluid leakage from capillaries). Proliferative retinopathy develops after nonproliferative retinopathy and is more severe; it may lead to vitreous hemorrhage and traction retinal detachment. Proliferative retinopathy is characterized by abnormal new vessel formation (neovascularization), which occurs on the inner (vitreous) surface of the retina and may extend into the vitreous cavity and cause vitreous hemorrhage. Neovascularization may also occur in the anterior segment of the eye on the iris; neovascular membrane growth in the anterior chamber angle of the eye at the peripheral margin of the iris can occur, and this growth leads to neovascular glaucoma. Vision loss with proliferative retinopathy may be severe. Clinically significant macular edema can occur with nonproliferative or proliferative retinopathy and is the most common cause of vision loss due to diabetic retinopathy. Control of blood glucose and blood pressure is critical; intensive control of blood glucose delays onset of retinopathy.

• #16 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Diabetic retinopathy (die-uh-BET-ik ret-ih-NOP-uh-thee) is a diabetes complication that affects eyes. It’s caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). […] Over time, too much sugar in your blood can lead to the blockage of the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina, cutting off its blood supply. As a result, the eye attempts to grow new blood vessels. But these new blood vessels don’t develop properly and can leak easily. […] There are two types of diabetic retinopathy: Early diabetic retinopathy. In this more common form called nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) new blood vessels aren’t growing (proliferating). […] When you have nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. Tiny bulges protrude from the walls of the smaller vessels, sometimes leaking fluid and blood into the retina.

• #17 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Advanced diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy can progress to this more severe type, known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In this type, damaged blood vessels close off, causing the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels in the retina. […] Eventually, scar tissue from the growth of new blood vessels can cause the retina to detach from the back of your eye. If the new blood vessels interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, pressure can build in the eyeball. This buildup can damage the nerve that carries images from your eye to your brain (optic nerve), resulting in glaucoma.

• #18 Causes of Diabetic Retinopathy | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/diabetic-retinopathy/causes-and-risk-factors

  Diabetic retinopathy is due to changes in blood circulation that occur in people with diabetes (above all, when they have a high blood sugar level). These changes damage the blood vessels in the retina which leads to bleeding, fluid leaks and the accumulation of fat. […] The damage to these vessels means some areas of the retina receive an insufficient blood supply (ischaemia), while other areas accumulate the fluid leaking from the broken vessels (oedema). […] Besides high sugar levels, factors such as increased blood pressure or abnormal cholesterol contribute to the appearance of retinopathy. […] The main risk factors related to diabetic retinopathy are classed as either modifiable (control over blood sugar levels, blood pressure, high lipid levels [dyslipidaemia] and lifestyle habits) or nonmodifiable (duration of diabetes, age, genetic predisposition and ethnicity).

• #19 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Diabetic retinopathy (die-uh-BET-ik ret-ih-NOP-uh-thee) is a diabetes complication that affects eyes. It’s caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). […] Over time, too much sugar in your blood can lead to the blockage of the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina, cutting off its blood supply. As a result, the eye attempts to grow new blood vessels. But these new blood vessels don’t develop properly and can leak easily. […] There are two types of diabetic retinopathy: Early diabetic retinopathy. In this more common form called nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) new blood vessels aren’t growing (proliferating). […] When you have nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. Tiny bulges protrude from the walls of the smaller vessels, sometimes leaking fluid and blood into the retina.

• #20 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Advanced diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy can progress to this more severe type, known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In this type, damaged blood vessels close off, causing the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels in the retina. […] Eventually, scar tissue from the growth of new blood vessels can cause the retina to detach from the back of your eye. If the new blood vessels interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, pressure can build in the eyeball. This buildup can damage the nerve that carries images from your eye to your brain (optic nerve), resulting in glaucoma.

• #21

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is an eye disease caused by diabetes. […] High blood sugar levels cause damage to blood vessels in the retina. […] With NPDR, tiny blood vessels leak, making the retina swell. […] This is the most common reason why people with diabetes lose their vision. […] PDR is the more advanced stage of diabetic eye disease. […] These fragile new vessels often bleed into the vitreous. […] PDR is very serious, and can steal both your central and peripheral (side) vision. […] High blood sugar damages retinal blood vessels. That causes vision loss.

• #22 Diabetic Retinopathy Causes, Symptoms and Potential Solutions

  https://www.protokinetix.com/applications/ophthalmology/diabetic-retinopathy/

  In addition to other complications, diabetes can adversely affect the eyes by causing diabetic retinopathy, or damage and deterioration of the blood vessels in the retina. […] According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the high blood sugar caused by diabetes can harm the small blood vessels of the eye, causing blockages specifically affecting the retina. […] Sometimes, the body tries to build new blood vessels, but these, too, are weak or damaged by the hostile effects of diabetes. […] The result is blurry vision and sometimes even blindness. […] There are two stages of diabetic retinopathy: early, Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR), and the serious and more advanced stage, called Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR). […] During the early stage, small leaks in the blood vessels can cause swelling (macular edema) and blockages (macular ischemia). […] As the disease progresses to the advanced stage, blood may leak from malformed blood vessels into the vitreous material of the eye, sometimes causing scar tissue, dark spots in vision, or even a detached retina.

• #23 Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Retinopathy_Pathophysiology

  The accumulation of AGEs has also been correlated to pericyte loss. […] An increase in glycolysis activity also occurs during hyperglycemic episodes, elevating the synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) which in turn activates the PKC pathway. […] Increasing evidence points to inflammation as a key factor in the pathogenesis of DR, although the exact molecular mechanisms are not well understood. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation is a key driver of capillary occlusion and hypoxia that reinforces VEGF expression and concomitant hallmark vascular abnormalities of DR. […] Hyperglycemia causes pericyte loss, apoptosis of endothelial cells and thickening of the basement membrane, which collectively contribute to the impairment of the BRB. […] Neural retina cells are also affected in DR pathophysiology. In fact, retinal neurodegeneration is an early event during the progression of DR that may even precede vascular apoptosis.

• #24 Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Retinopathy_Pathophysiology

  The accumulation of AGEs has also been correlated to pericyte loss. […] An increase in glycolysis activity also occurs during hyperglycemic episodes, elevating the synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) which in turn activates the PKC pathway. […] Increasing evidence points to inflammation as a key factor in the pathogenesis of DR, although the exact molecular mechanisms are not well understood. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation is a key driver of capillary occlusion and hypoxia that reinforces VEGF expression and concomitant hallmark vascular abnormalities of DR. […] Hyperglycemia causes pericyte loss, apoptosis of endothelial cells and thickening of the basement membrane, which collectively contribute to the impairment of the BRB. […] Neural retina cells are also affected in DR pathophysiology. In fact, retinal neurodegeneration is an early event during the progression of DR that may even precede vascular apoptosis.

• #25 Diabetic Retinopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560805/

  Diabetic retinopathy does not only affect the microvessels of the retina but also the Mller cells, which are the primary glial cells of the retina. The functions of Mller cells are maintaining the structural integrity of the retina, regulation of the blood-retinal barrier and retinal blood flow, uptake and recycling of various neurotransmitters, retinoic acid compounds, and ions (such as potassium), regulation of metabolism and supply of nutrients to the retina. […] Hyperglycemia leads to the release of growth factors and cytokines/chemokines. Growth factors include Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF2), Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), Placental growth factor (PIGF), Erythropoietin, Angiopoietin-2. Cytokines and chemokines include Interleukin-1 (IL-), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), Chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2).

• #26 Diabetic Retinopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560805/

  Diabetic retinopathy does not only affect the microvessels of the retina but also the Mller cells, which are the primary glial cells of the retina. The functions of Mller cells are maintaining the structural integrity of the retina, regulation of the blood-retinal barrier and retinal blood flow, uptake and recycling of various neurotransmitters, retinoic acid compounds, and ions (such as potassium), regulation of metabolism and supply of nutrients to the retina. […] Hyperglycemia leads to the release of growth factors and cytokines/chemokines. Growth factors include Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF2), Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), Placental growth factor (PIGF), Erythropoietin, Angiopoietin-2. Cytokines and chemokines include Interleukin-1 (IL-), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), Chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2).

• #27 Diabetic Retinopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560805/

  Diabetic retinopathy does not only affect the microvessels of the retina but also the Mller cells, which are the primary glial cells of the retina. The functions of Mller cells are maintaining the structural integrity of the retina, regulation of the blood-retinal barrier and retinal blood flow, uptake and recycling of various neurotransmitters, retinoic acid compounds, and ions (such as potassium), regulation of metabolism and supply of nutrients to the retina. […] Hyperglycemia leads to the release of growth factors and cytokines/chemokines. Growth factors include Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF2), Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), Placental growth factor (PIGF), Erythropoietin, Angiopoietin-2. Cytokines and chemokines include Interleukin-1 (IL-), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), Chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2).

• #28 Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Retinopathy_Pathophysiology

  The accumulation of AGEs has also been correlated to pericyte loss. […] An increase in glycolysis activity also occurs during hyperglycemic episodes, elevating the synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) which in turn activates the PKC pathway. […] Increasing evidence points to inflammation as a key factor in the pathogenesis of DR, although the exact molecular mechanisms are not well understood. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation is a key driver of capillary occlusion and hypoxia that reinforces VEGF expression and concomitant hallmark vascular abnormalities of DR. […] Hyperglycemia causes pericyte loss, apoptosis of endothelial cells and thickening of the basement membrane, which collectively contribute to the impairment of the BRB. […] Neural retina cells are also affected in DR pathophysiology. In fact, retinal neurodegeneration is an early event during the progression of DR that may even precede vascular apoptosis.

• #29 Diabetic Retinopathy: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1225122-overview

  In patients with type I diabetes, no clinically significant retinopathy can be seen in the first 5 years after the initial diagnosis of diabetes is made. […] After 10-15 years, 25-50% of patients show some signs of retinopathy. This prevalence increases to 75-95% after 15 years and approaches 100% after 30 years of diabetes. […] In patients with type II diabetes, the incidence of diabetic retinopathy increases with the disease duration.

• #30 Diabetic Retinopathy: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1225122-overview

  In patients with type I diabetes, no clinically significant retinopathy can be seen in the first 5 years after the initial diagnosis of diabetes is made. […] After 10-15 years, 25-50% of patients show some signs of retinopathy. This prevalence increases to 75-95% after 15 years and approaches 100% after 30 years of diabetes. […] In patients with type II diabetes, the incidence of diabetic retinopathy increases with the disease duration.

• #31 Causes of Diabetic Retinopathy | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/diabetic-retinopathy/causes-and-risk-factors

  The risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or of it progressing further, increases with time. A history of more than 10 years of diabetes is associated with a greater frequency of diabetic retinopathy. […] Strict glycaemic monitoring (blood sugar levels) with well-controlled glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) values reduces the incidence of retinopathy. […] Stable control over blood pressure slows the progression of diabetic retinopathy. […] A high level of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood can lead to a greater accumulation of exudates, which are deposits of proteins filtered in the retina. […] Microalbuminuria is related to a protein known as albumin, which could be evidence of diabetic retinopathy when detected in the patients urine. […] Patients with diabetes and a normal fundus of the eye at the start of their pregnancy have a low risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. However, women who already have retinopathy when they get pregnant can experience progression due to functional alterations in the retina occurring during their pregnancy.

• #32 Causes of Diabetic Retinopathy | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/diabetic-retinopathy/causes-and-risk-factors

  The risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or of it progressing further, increases with time. A history of more than 10 years of diabetes is associated with a greater frequency of diabetic retinopathy. […] Strict glycaemic monitoring (blood sugar levels) with well-controlled glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) values reduces the incidence of retinopathy. […] Stable control over blood pressure slows the progression of diabetic retinopathy. […] A high level of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood can lead to a greater accumulation of exudates, which are deposits of proteins filtered in the retina. […] Microalbuminuria is related to a protein known as albumin, which could be evidence of diabetic retinopathy when detected in the patients urine. […] Patients with diabetes and a normal fundus of the eye at the start of their pregnancy have a low risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. However, women who already have retinopathy when they get pregnant can experience progression due to functional alterations in the retina occurring during their pregnancy.

• #33 Diabetic Retinopathy – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/retinal-disorders/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of blindness, particularly among working-age adults. The degree of retinopathy is highly correlated with […] Duration of diabetes […] Blood glucose levels […] Blood pressure levels. Pregnancy can impair blood glucose control and thus worsen retinopathy. Nonproliferative retinopathy (also called background retinopathy) develops first and causes increased capillary permeability, microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, macular ischemia, and macular edema (thickening of the retina caused by fluid leakage from capillaries). Proliferative retinopathy develops after nonproliferative retinopathy and is more severe; it may lead to vitreous hemorrhage and traction retinal detachment. Proliferative retinopathy is characterized by abnormal new vessel formation (neovascularization), which occurs on the inner (vitreous) surface of the retina and may extend into the vitreous cavity and cause vitreous hemorrhage. Neovascularization may also occur in the anterior segment of the eye on the iris; neovascular membrane growth in the anterior chamber angle of the eye at the peripheral margin of the iris can occur, and this growth leads to neovascular glaucoma. Vision loss with proliferative retinopathy may be severe. Clinically significant macular edema can occur with nonproliferative or proliferative retinopathy and is the most common cause of vision loss due to diabetic retinopathy. Control of blood glucose and blood pressure is critical; intensive control of blood glucose delays onset of retinopathy.

• #34 Diabetic Retinopathy: Definition, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/retinopathy

  Its hard to say exactly how many people with diabetes will develop retinopathy. In a 2016 study, 44 percent of people with diabetes had retinopathy, while a 2017 study reported 24.5 percent. […] People with preexisting diabetes who are pregnant or are planning to become pregnant should have a comprehensive eye exam to determine if they have signs of retinopathy. This is because retinopathy can worsen rapidly during pregnancy.

• #35 Diabetic retinopathy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy

  Genetic predisposition to diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes consists of many genetic variants across the genome that are collectively associated with diabetic retinopathy (polygenic risk) and overlaps with genetic risk for glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure. […] Recent studies have found a strong correlation between retinal inflammation and diabetic retinopathy progression. […] Lipid peroxidation plays a notable role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

• #36 Diabetic Retinopathy: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/diabetes/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy occurs when diabetes and chronically high blood sugar levels cause damage to the retina’s blood vessels. The damage occurs over time. Diabetic retinopathy may be more likely to develop if you do not receive effective treatment for diabetes, or the diabetes is not responding effectively to care. […] The National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggests that more than half of people with diabetes eventually develop diabetic retinopathy. […] People with any kind of diabetes can develop diabetic retinopathy. However, some people may have a higher risk because of additional factors, such as having had diabetes for a long time, having a persistently high blood sugar level, having high blood pressure or high cholesterol, being pregnant and developing gestational diabetes, or already having diabetes and then becoming pregnant. […] The National Health Service (NHS) suggests that people who are of Asian or Afro-Caribbean descent may have a higher risk of diabetic retinopathy. […] Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes whereby high blood sugar levels cause damage to the retina over time.

• #37 What Is Diabetic Retinopathy? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention| Everyday Health

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/diabetic-retinopathy/guide/

  Diabetic retinopathy is a form of eye disease caused by chronically high or variable blood sugar that is associated with diabetes. […] When the small blood vessels of the retina become compromised due to several years of high blood sugars, diabetic retinopathy occurs. […] The longer a person has diabetes and the worse their blood sugar control is, the greater their risk of getting diabetic retinopathy. […] Anyone with any type of diabetes, including type 2, type 1, or gestational, can develop diabetic retinopathy. […] The following factors may also raise your risk of developing retinopathy: having high cholesterol levels, having high blood pressure, becoming pregnant, smoking, being African-American, Hispanic, or Native American. […] It is important for anyone with diabetes to get an annual eye checkup to monitor for signs of diabetic retinopathy before it is too late and vision loss starts to set in. […] By maintaining a healthy diet and keeping blood sugar and blood pressure under control, it is possible to delay or prevent the onset of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients.

• #38 Diabetic Retinopathy (Symptoms, Causes & Treatment)

  https://www.visioncenter.org/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/

  Diabetic retinopathy occurs due to high blood sugar from diabetes. Too much sugar in the blood can cause leaking blood vessels or eye fluid leakage and damage the retina. […] The risk of developing the disease can increase due to: Having diabetes for a while, Poor control of your blood sugar level, Pregnancy, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, Tobacco use, Being Black, Hispanic, or Native American. […] Diabetic retinopathy causes the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the retina. The abnormal blood vessels may bleed into the clear substance that fills the center of your eye. […] Diabetic retinopathy can cause scars to develop in the back of your eye. Tractional retinal detachment is when the scars pull your retina away from the back of your eye. […] If you are diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy, early detection and treatment can reduce future damage and prevent blindness.

• #39 Diabetic Retinopathy: Symptoms And Causes | The Optical Co

  https://theopticalco.com.au/blog/diabetic-retinopathy-symptoms-and-causes/

  Diabetes is the condition whereby the body cannot process sugar and starches, and treatment may include diet and possibly medications. […] Diabetic retinopathy, or damage to the retina due to diabetes, is one of the leading causes of preventable vision loss worldwide, and up to one-third of all individuals with diabetes will experience it at some point. […] The most recognised cause of diabetic retinopathy is type 1 or 2 diabetes, and the longer a person has had the disease, the more likely to develop diabetic retinopathy – especially if the diabetes isn’t controlled or managed well. […] Other risk factors that can make a person more susceptible to developing the condition include: Age: People 55 or older are more likely to develop diabetic retinopathy. […] Obesity, or having a BMI of 30 or over, can put you at greater risk.

• #40 Diabetic Retinopathy: Symptoms And Causes | The Optical Co

  https://theopticalco.com.au/blog/diabetic-retinopathy-symptoms-and-causes/

  Males have higher rates of diabetic retinopathy than females. […] High blood pressure and high cholesterol can also increase your risk of diabetic retinopathy. […] Women who develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy have an increased risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. […] Research has found that diabetic retinopathy is an inherited disorder with a genetic component, meaning that if family members have had the condition, you’re more likely to develop it too.

• #41 Causes of Diabetic Retinopathy | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/diabetic-retinopathy/causes-and-risk-factors

  The risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or of it progressing further, increases with time. A history of more than 10 years of diabetes is associated with a greater frequency of diabetic retinopathy. […] Strict glycaemic monitoring (blood sugar levels) with well-controlled glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) values reduces the incidence of retinopathy. […] Stable control over blood pressure slows the progression of diabetic retinopathy. […] A high level of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood can lead to a greater accumulation of exudates, which are deposits of proteins filtered in the retina. […] Microalbuminuria is related to a protein known as albumin, which could be evidence of diabetic retinopathy when detected in the patients urine. […] Patients with diabetes and a normal fundus of the eye at the start of their pregnancy have a low risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. However, women who already have retinopathy when they get pregnant can experience progression due to functional alterations in the retina occurring during their pregnancy.

• #42 Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, Prevention and Treatment 

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2019/diabetic-retinopathy.html

  An ongoing study since 1984 has shown that maintaining lower A1c levels reduces the likelihood of developing vision-threatening retinopathy. […] Monitoring blood pressure and cholesterol levels is crucial for protecting your vision. High blood pressure can exacerbate damage to the fragile blood vessels in the retina, while elevated cholesterol can lead to fatty deposits that further harm these delicate vessels. Together, these factors can accelerate the progression of diabetic retinopathy and worsen vision loss. […] Another imaging study at UW is exploring non-invasive methods to analyze blood flow in the eye without the need for injected dye an important step since diabetic retinopathy is largely caused by inadequate blood flow to the retina.

• #43 Diabetic retinopathy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is caused by prolonged high blood glucose damaging the small blood vessels of the retina, though the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. […] Progression of diabetic retinopathy is accompanied by loss of capillary cells, increased blood vessel permeability in the retina, and altered retinal blood flow, all of which can reduce the amount of blood oxygen that gets delivered to the retina. […] Recent evidences have found a strong association between diabetic retinopathy and inflammation. […] The major risk factors for developing diabetic retinopathy are duration of diabetes, poor blood sugar control, and to a lesser extent high blood pressure. […] Both chronically high blood sugar (measured by a high HbA1c) and highly variable blood sugar are associated with developing diabetic retinopathy.

• #44 Causes of Diabetic Retinopathy | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/diabetic-retinopathy/causes-and-risk-factors

  The risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or of it progressing further, increases with time. A history of more than 10 years of diabetes is associated with a greater frequency of diabetic retinopathy. […] Strict glycaemic monitoring (blood sugar levels) with well-controlled glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) values reduces the incidence of retinopathy. […] Stable control over blood pressure slows the progression of diabetic retinopathy. […] A high level of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood can lead to a greater accumulation of exudates, which are deposits of proteins filtered in the retina. […] Microalbuminuria is related to a protein known as albumin, which could be evidence of diabetic retinopathy when detected in the patients urine. […] Patients with diabetes and a normal fundus of the eye at the start of their pregnancy have a low risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. However, women who already have retinopathy when they get pregnant can experience progression due to functional alterations in the retina occurring during their pregnancy.

• #45 Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, Prevention and Treatment 

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2019/diabetic-retinopathy.html

  An ongoing study since 1984 has shown that maintaining lower A1c levels reduces the likelihood of developing vision-threatening retinopathy. […] Monitoring blood pressure and cholesterol levels is crucial for protecting your vision. High blood pressure can exacerbate damage to the fragile blood vessels in the retina, while elevated cholesterol can lead to fatty deposits that further harm these delicate vessels. Together, these factors can accelerate the progression of diabetic retinopathy and worsen vision loss. […] Another imaging study at UW is exploring non-invasive methods to analyze blood flow in the eye without the need for injected dye an important step since diabetic retinopathy is largely caused by inadequate blood flow to the retina.

• #46 Retinopathy – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/retinopathy-a-to-z

  Controlling blood sugar and blood pressure can help delay and maybe even prevent the onset of the disease. Treatments can repair existing damage. […] For all type of diabetic retinopathy, blood sugar and blood pressure must be controlled to keep the eye disease from getting worse. […] The outlook depends on: How well blood pressure and blood sugar are controlled, how far the disease has progressed, how closely it is monitored. Treatments can repair damage and slow the progress of the disease. Advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy can lead to blindness.

• #47 Causes for diabetic retinopathy | Vision Express

  https://www.visionexpress.com/eye-health/retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is a medical condition commonly found in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The blood vessels in the retina (back of the eye) become damaged due to high blood sugar over a period of time. […] Risk factors that can accelerate diabetic retinopathy include smoking, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. […] If not treated, this can lead to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). […] Proliferative retinopathy is development of new blood vessels (neovascularisation) on the inward surface of the retina or the vitreous humour (the clear gel inside the eyeball), which can threaten your vision by causing the retina to detach or blood to leak into the eye cavity. […] Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), also known as preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, is the early stage of the disease in which symptoms are mild or practically nonexistent. In NPDR, the blood vessels in the retina are weakened. […] High blood pressure can cause problems with blood vessels, including thickening of small arteries, vessel blockages and bleeding. […] Diabetic retinopathy can occur if your blood sugar has become too high and remains at a high level.

• #48 Causes of Diabetic Retinopathy | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/diabetic-retinopathy/causes-and-risk-factors

  The risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or of it progressing further, increases with time. A history of more than 10 years of diabetes is associated with a greater frequency of diabetic retinopathy. […] Strict glycaemic monitoring (blood sugar levels) with well-controlled glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) values reduces the incidence of retinopathy. […] Stable control over blood pressure slows the progression of diabetic retinopathy. […] A high level of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood can lead to a greater accumulation of exudates, which are deposits of proteins filtered in the retina. […] Microalbuminuria is related to a protein known as albumin, which could be evidence of diabetic retinopathy when detected in the patients urine. […] Patients with diabetes and a normal fundus of the eye at the start of their pregnancy have a low risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. However, women who already have retinopathy when they get pregnant can experience progression due to functional alterations in the retina occurring during their pregnancy.

• #49 Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, Prevention and Treatment 

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2019/diabetic-retinopathy.html

  An ongoing study since 1984 has shown that maintaining lower A1c levels reduces the likelihood of developing vision-threatening retinopathy. […] Monitoring blood pressure and cholesterol levels is crucial for protecting your vision. High blood pressure can exacerbate damage to the fragile blood vessels in the retina, while elevated cholesterol can lead to fatty deposits that further harm these delicate vessels. Together, these factors can accelerate the progression of diabetic retinopathy and worsen vision loss. […] Another imaging study at UW is exploring non-invasive methods to analyze blood flow in the eye without the need for injected dye an important step since diabetic retinopathy is largely caused by inadequate blood flow to the retina.

• #50 Diabetic Retinopathy: Symptoms And Causes | The Optical Co

  https://theopticalco.com.au/blog/diabetic-retinopathy-symptoms-and-causes/

  Diabetes is the condition whereby the body cannot process sugar and starches, and treatment may include diet and possibly medications. […] Diabetic retinopathy, or damage to the retina due to diabetes, is one of the leading causes of preventable vision loss worldwide, and up to one-third of all individuals with diabetes will experience it at some point. […] The most recognised cause of diabetic retinopathy is type 1 or 2 diabetes, and the longer a person has had the disease, the more likely to develop diabetic retinopathy – especially if the diabetes isn’t controlled or managed well. […] Other risk factors that can make a person more susceptible to developing the condition include: Age: People 55 or older are more likely to develop diabetic retinopathy. […] Obesity, or having a BMI of 30 or over, can put you at greater risk.

• #51 What Factors Can Worsen Diabetic Retinopathy?

  https://retinalscreenings.com/blog/what-factors-can-worsen-diabetic-retinopathy/

  Diabetic retinopathy is caused by elevated blood sugar levels that damage and degrade blood vessels in the retina. […] Several factors can hasten the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Inadequate diabetes management, which fails to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range, can increase the rate of progression. Obesity can also be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy progression. […] Studies show that Ozempic can worsen diabetic retinopathy symptoms. Vision changes like blurry vision and enhanced macular swelling can occur. However, these side effects are not usually long-term. […] Yes, Ozempic can cause eye problems, according to studies. Ozempic stimulates insulin production, which changes blood sugar levels. Fluctuations in blood sugar levels can change the shape and size of the retinal lens. This can result in blurry vision. However, these eye problems generally last for only a few months.

• #52 Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.ikshaeyecare.com/diabetic-retinopathy-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Diabetic retinopathy is a serious complication of diabetes that can lead to vision loss if not managed properly. […] The primary cause of diabetic retinopathy is prolonged high blood sugar levels that damage the blood vessels in the retina. […] Several factors can increase the risk of developing this condition: Duration of Diabetes: The longer you have diabetes, the greater your risk of developing diabetic eye disease. […] Poor Blood Sugar Control: Consistently high glucose levels contribute to blood vessel damage. […] High Blood Pressure and Cholesterol: These conditions can accelerate the damage to retinal blood vessels. […] Smoking: Increases the risk of blood vessel complications. […] Pregnancy: Women with diabetes are more prone to developing eye problems caused by diabetes during pregnancy. […] Diabetic retinopathy is a progressive condition and one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, particularly among working-age adults. […] If left untreated, diabetic retinopathy can cause irreversible blindness. Early detection and treatment can prevent severe vision loss.

• #53 What Is Diabetic Retinopathy? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention| Everyday Health

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/diabetic-retinopathy/guide/

  Diabetic retinopathy is a form of eye disease caused by chronically high or variable blood sugar that is associated with diabetes. […] When the small blood vessels of the retina become compromised due to several years of high blood sugars, diabetic retinopathy occurs. […] The longer a person has diabetes and the worse their blood sugar control is, the greater their risk of getting diabetic retinopathy. […] Anyone with any type of diabetes, including type 2, type 1, or gestational, can develop diabetic retinopathy. […] The following factors may also raise your risk of developing retinopathy: having high cholesterol levels, having high blood pressure, becoming pregnant, smoking, being African-American, Hispanic, or Native American. […] It is important for anyone with diabetes to get an annual eye checkup to monitor for signs of diabetic retinopathy before it is too late and vision loss starts to set in. […] By maintaining a healthy diet and keeping blood sugar and blood pressure under control, it is possible to delay or prevent the onset of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients.

• #54 Diabetic Retinopathy (Symptoms, Causes & Treatment)

  https://www.visioncenter.org/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/

  Diabetic retinopathy occurs due to high blood sugar from diabetes. Too much sugar in the blood can cause leaking blood vessels or eye fluid leakage and damage the retina. […] The risk of developing the disease can increase due to: Having diabetes for a while, Poor control of your blood sugar level, Pregnancy, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, Tobacco use, Being Black, Hispanic, or Native American. […] Diabetic retinopathy causes the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the retina. The abnormal blood vessels may bleed into the clear substance that fills the center of your eye. […] Diabetic retinopathy can cause scars to develop in the back of your eye. Tractional retinal detachment is when the scars pull your retina away from the back of your eye. […] If you are diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy, early detection and treatment can reduce future damage and prevent blindness.

• #55 Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/diabetes/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes-related eye condition that affects the blood vessels in the retina. […] Retinopathy is usually due to damage to the tiny blood vessels in the retina. […] Retinopathy is commonly caused by diabetes but is sometimes caused by other diseases such as very high blood pressure (hypertension). […] Over several years, a high blood sugar (glucose) level can weaken and damage the tiny blood vessels in the retina. […] The leaks of fluid, bleeds and blocked blood vessels may damage the cells of the retina. […] Retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes. […] The longer you have had diabetes, the higher your risk of developing retinopathy. […] Poor blood sugar (glucose) control. […] High blood pressure (hypertension). […] Having kidney disease as a result of your diabetes is associated with worsening retinopathy.

• #56 Causes of Diabetic Retinopathy | Hospital Clínic Barcelona

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/diabetic-retinopathy/causes-and-risk-factors

  The risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or of it progressing further, increases with time. A history of more than 10 years of diabetes is associated with a greater frequency of diabetic retinopathy. […] Strict glycaemic monitoring (blood sugar levels) with well-controlled glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) values reduces the incidence of retinopathy. […] Stable control over blood pressure slows the progression of diabetic retinopathy. […] A high level of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood can lead to a greater accumulation of exudates, which are deposits of proteins filtered in the retina. […] Microalbuminuria is related to a protein known as albumin, which could be evidence of diabetic retinopathy when detected in the patients urine. […] Patients with diabetes and a normal fundus of the eye at the start of their pregnancy have a low risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. However, women who already have retinopathy when they get pregnant can experience progression due to functional alterations in the retina occurring during their pregnancy.

• #57 Causes for diabetic retinopathy | Vision Express

  https://www.visionexpress.com/eye-health/retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is a medical condition commonly found in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The blood vessels in the retina (back of the eye) become damaged due to high blood sugar over a period of time. […] Risk factors that can accelerate diabetic retinopathy include smoking, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. […] If not treated, this can lead to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). […] Proliferative retinopathy is development of new blood vessels (neovascularisation) on the inward surface of the retina or the vitreous humour (the clear gel inside the eyeball), which can threaten your vision by causing the retina to detach or blood to leak into the eye cavity. […] Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), also known as preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, is the early stage of the disease in which symptoms are mild or practically nonexistent. In NPDR, the blood vessels in the retina are weakened. […] High blood pressure can cause problems with blood vessels, including thickening of small arteries, vessel blockages and bleeding. […] Diabetic retinopathy can occur if your blood sugar has become too high and remains at a high level.

• #58 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Diabetic retinopathy (die-uh-BET-ik ret-ih-NOP-uh-thee) is a diabetes complication that affects eyes. It’s caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). […] Over time, too much sugar in your blood can lead to the blockage of the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina, cutting off its blood supply. As a result, the eye attempts to grow new blood vessels. But these new blood vessels don’t develop properly and can leak easily. […] There are two types of diabetic retinopathy: Early diabetic retinopathy. In this more common form called nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) new blood vessels aren’t growing (proliferating). […] When you have nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. Tiny bulges protrude from the walls of the smaller vessels, sometimes leaking fluid and blood into the retina.

• #59 10 Reasons why you should be aware of diabetic retinopathy

  https://www.lotuseye.org/blog/10-Reasons-why-you-should-be-aware-of-diabetic-retinopathy.php

  Diabetic retinopathy has four different stages that are ranked as mild, moderate, acute non-proliferative, and proliferative. […] Among the causes of Diabetic Retinopathy, the predominant one is too much sugar in the blood. […] Diabetic retinopathy is a form of blindness that is triggered by excess sugar in the bloodstream.

• #60 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Advanced diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy can progress to this more severe type, known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In this type, damaged blood vessels close off, causing the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels in the retina. […] Eventually, scar tissue from the growth of new blood vessels can cause the retina to detach from the back of your eye. If the new blood vessels interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, pressure can build in the eyeball. This buildup can damage the nerve that carries images from your eye to your brain (optic nerve), resulting in glaucoma.

• #61

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is an eye disease caused by diabetes. […] High blood sugar levels cause damage to blood vessels in the retina. […] With NPDR, tiny blood vessels leak, making the retina swell. […] This is the most common reason why people with diabetes lose their vision. […] PDR is the more advanced stage of diabetic eye disease. […] These fragile new vessels often bleed into the vitreous. […] PDR is very serious, and can steal both your central and peripheral (side) vision. […] High blood sugar damages retinal blood vessels. That causes vision loss.

• #62 Diabetic Retinopathy – Inland Valley Retina

  https://ivretina.com/diagnosis/diabetic-retinopathy/

  If you have diabetes mellitus, your body does not use and store sugar properly. High blood-sugar levels can damage blood vessels in the retina, the nerve layer at the back of the eye that senses light and helps to send images to the brain. The damage to retinal vessels is referred to as diabetic retinopathy. […] PDR is present when abnormal new vessels (neovascularization) begin growing on the surface of the retina or optic nerve. The main cause of PDR is widespread closure of retinal blood vessels, preventing adequate blood flow. The retina responds by growing new blood vessels in an attempt to supply blood to the area where the original vessels closed. […] Unfortunately, the new abnormal blood vessels do not resupply the retina with normal blood flow. The new vessels are often accompanied by scar tissue that may cause wrinkling or detachment of the retina.

• #63 Diabetic Retinopathy – Inland Valley Retina

  https://ivretina.com/diagnosis/diabetic-retinopathy/

  If you have diabetes mellitus, your body does not use and store sugar properly. High blood-sugar levels can damage blood vessels in the retina, the nerve layer at the back of the eye that senses light and helps to send images to the brain. The damage to retinal vessels is referred to as diabetic retinopathy. […] PDR is present when abnormal new vessels (neovascularization) begin growing on the surface of the retina or optic nerve. The main cause of PDR is widespread closure of retinal blood vessels, preventing adequate blood flow. The retina responds by growing new blood vessels in an attempt to supply blood to the area where the original vessels closed. […] Unfortunately, the new abnormal blood vessels do not resupply the retina with normal blood flow. The new vessels are often accompanied by scar tissue that may cause wrinkling or detachment of the retina.

• #64 Diabetic retinopathy | Diabetes and eye problems | Diabetes UK

  https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/looking-after-diabetes/complications/retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes. […] It occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the retina at the back of your eye. […] If your blood glucose levels, also known as blood sugar levels, are consistently high, it can cause serious damage to the blood vessels. […] When these blood vessels are damaged they can swell and leak, or they can close, stopping blood from passing through. […] High blood pressure and a lot of fat in your blood, called cholesterol, will also increase your risk of getting eye problems. […] Diabetic maculopathy, also known as diabetic macular oedema (DMO), affects the middle part of the retina called the macula which provides central vision. […] High blood sugar levels can cause the blood vessels in this part of the eye to become leaky or blocked.

• #65 Diabetic Retinopathy – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/retinal-disorders/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of blindness, particularly among working-age adults. The degree of retinopathy is highly correlated with […] Duration of diabetes […] Blood glucose levels […] Blood pressure levels. Pregnancy can impair blood glucose control and thus worsen retinopathy. Nonproliferative retinopathy (also called background retinopathy) develops first and causes increased capillary permeability, microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, macular ischemia, and macular edema (thickening of the retina caused by fluid leakage from capillaries). Proliferative retinopathy develops after nonproliferative retinopathy and is more severe; it may lead to vitreous hemorrhage and traction retinal detachment. Proliferative retinopathy is characterized by abnormal new vessel formation (neovascularization), which occurs on the inner (vitreous) surface of the retina and may extend into the vitreous cavity and cause vitreous hemorrhage. Neovascularization may also occur in the anterior segment of the eye on the iris; neovascular membrane growth in the anterior chamber angle of the eye at the peripheral margin of the iris can occur, and this growth leads to neovascular glaucoma. Vision loss with proliferative retinopathy may be severe. Clinically significant macular edema can occur with nonproliferative or proliferative retinopathy and is the most common cause of vision loss due to diabetic retinopathy. Control of blood glucose and blood pressure is critical; intensive control of blood glucose delays onset of retinopathy.

• #66 Diabetic retinopathy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371611

  Advanced diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy can progress to this more severe type, known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In this type, damaged blood vessels close off, causing the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels in the retina. […] Eventually, scar tissue from the growth of new blood vessels can cause the retina to detach from the back of your eye. If the new blood vessels interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, pressure can build in the eyeball. This buildup can damage the nerve that carries images from your eye to your brain (optic nerve), resulting in glaucoma.

• #67 Diabetic Retinopathy (Symptoms, Causes & Treatment)

  https://www.visioncenter.org/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/

  Diabetic retinopathy occurs due to high blood sugar from diabetes. Too much sugar in the blood can cause leaking blood vessels or eye fluid leakage and damage the retina. […] The risk of developing the disease can increase due to: Having diabetes for a while, Poor control of your blood sugar level, Pregnancy, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, Tobacco use, Being Black, Hispanic, or Native American. […] Diabetic retinopathy causes the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the retina. The abnormal blood vessels may bleed into the clear substance that fills the center of your eye. […] Diabetic retinopathy can cause scars to develop in the back of your eye. Tractional retinal detachment is when the scars pull your retina away from the back of your eye. […] If you are diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy, early detection and treatment can reduce future damage and prevent blindness.

• #68 Causes of Diabetic Retinopathy

  https://www.drserrins.com/eye-health/eye-diseases/diabetes-and-eyesight/causes-of-diabetic-retinopathy/

  What are the causes of diabetic retinopathy and long-term diabetes? Changes in blood-sugar levels is the main culprit. People suffering from diabetes generally develop diabetic retinopathy after at least ten years of having the disease. […] In the early stage of diabetic retinopathy, called background or non-proliferative retinopathy, high blood sugar in the retina damages blood vessels, which bleed or leak fluid. This leaking or bleeding causes swelling in the retina, which forms deposits. […] In the later stage of diabetic retinopathy, called proliferative retinopathy, new blood vessels begin to grow on the retinal. These new blood vessels may break, causing bleeding into the vitreous, which is the clear gelatinous matter that fills the inside of the eye. This breakage can cause serious vision difficulties. This form of diabetic retinopathy can cause blindness, and is therefore the more serious form of the disease.

• #69 Diabetic Retinopathy – Inland Valley Retina

  https://ivretina.com/diagnosis/diabetic-retinopathy/

  PDR may cause more severe vision loss than NPDR because it can affect both central and peripheral vision. […] Proliferative diabetic retinopathy causes visual loss in the following ways: […] Neovascular glaucoma: Occasionally, extensive retinal vessel closure will cause new, abnormal blood vessels to grow on the iris (colored part of the eye) and block the normal flow of fluid out of the eye. Pressure in the eye builds up, resulting in neovascular glaucoma, a severe eye disease that causes damage to the optic nerve.

• #70

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/

  Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes, caused by high blood sugar levels damaging the back of the eye (retina). […] Anyone with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes is potentially at risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. […] By keeping your blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels under control, you can reduce your chances of developing diabetic retinopathy. […] Diabetic retinopathy does not tend to cause any symptoms in the early stages. […] The condition can cause permanent blindness if not diagnosed and treated promptly. […] You can reduce your risk of developing diabetic retinopathy, or help prevent it getting worse, by controlling your blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

• #71 Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.ikshaeyecare.com/diabetic-retinopathy-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Diabetic retinopathy is a serious complication of diabetes that can lead to vision loss if not managed properly. […] The primary cause of diabetic retinopathy is prolonged high blood sugar levels that damage the blood vessels in the retina. […] Several factors can increase the risk of developing this condition: Duration of Diabetes: The longer you have diabetes, the greater your risk of developing diabetic eye disease. […] Poor Blood Sugar Control: Consistently high glucose levels contribute to blood vessel damage. […] High Blood Pressure and Cholesterol: These conditions can accelerate the damage to retinal blood vessels. […] Smoking: Increases the risk of blood vessel complications. […] Pregnancy: Women with diabetes are more prone to developing eye problems caused by diabetes during pregnancy. […] Diabetic retinopathy is a progressive condition and one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, particularly among working-age adults. […] If left untreated, diabetic retinopathy can cause irreversible blindness. Early detection and treatment can prevent severe vision loss.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13167-023-00314-8

  The hyperglycemia-induced systemic oxidative stress and redox imbalance are considered a causal risk of compromised mitochondrial health, and neural retina bioenergetics with vascular regression are reflected in DR pathogenesis. […] Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, hyperactivation of inflammatory pathways, and increased mitochondrial and cellular death are characteristic for the DM-related retinal impairments. […] The focus of this article is altered metabolomics and bioenergetics, microvascular and small vessel disease, chronic inflammation, and excessive tissue remodelling as evidence-based targets for a novel predictive approach with treatment algorithms tailored to the person and cost-effective early prevention to implement a paradigm shift from reactive medicine to preventive, predictive, and personalised medicine (PPPM) in primary and secondary DR care management.

• #73

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13167-023-00314-8

  The hyperglycemia-induced systemic oxidative stress and redox imbalance are considered a causal risk of compromised mitochondrial health, and neural retina bioenergetics with vascular regression are reflected in DR pathogenesis. […] Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, hyperactivation of inflammatory pathways, and increased mitochondrial and cellular death are characteristic for the DM-related retinal impairments. […] The focus of this article is altered metabolomics and bioenergetics, microvascular and small vessel disease, chronic inflammation, and excessive tissue remodelling as evidence-based targets for a novel predictive approach with treatment algorithms tailored to the person and cost-effective early prevention to implement a paradigm shift from reactive medicine to preventive, predictive, and personalised medicine (PPPM) in primary and secondary DR care management.

• #74 Diabetic retinopathy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy

  Genetic predisposition to diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes consists of many genetic variants across the genome that are collectively associated with diabetic retinopathy (polygenic risk) and overlaps with genetic risk for glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure. […] Recent studies have found a strong correlation between retinal inflammation and diabetic retinopathy progression. […] Lipid peroxidation plays a notable role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

• #75 Diabetic Retinopathy: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1225122-overview

  The variety of hematologic abnormalities seen in diabetes, such as increased erythrocyte aggregation, decreased red blood cell deformability, increased platelet aggregation, and adhesion, predispose the patient to sluggish circulation, endothelial damage, and focal capillary occlusion. This leads to retinal ischemia, which, in turn, contributes to the development of diabetic retinopathy. […] Fundamentally, diabetes mellitus (DM) causes abnormal glucose metabolism as a result of decreased levels or activity of insulin. Increased levels of blood glucose are thought to have a structural and physiologic effect on retinal capillaries causing them to be both functionally and anatomically incompetent. […] A persistent increase in blood glucose levels shunts excess glucose into the aldose reductase pathway in certain tissues, which converts sugars into alcohol (eg, glucose into sorbitol, galactose to dulcitol).

• #76 Diabetic Retinopathy: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1225122-overview

  Patients with diabetes often develop ophthalmic complications, such as corneal abnormalities, glaucoma, iris neovascularization, cataracts, and neuropathies. The most common and potentially most blinding of these complications, however, is diabetic retinopathy, which is, in fact, the leading cause of new blindness in persons aged 25-74 years in the United States. […] The etiology of this increase involves changes in diet, with higher fat intake, sedentary lifestyle changes, and decreased physical activity. […] The exact mechanism by which diabetes causes retinopathy remains unclear, but several theories have been postulated to explain the typical course and history of the disease. […] Growth hormone appears to play a causative role in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.

• #77 Diabetic Retinopathy: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1225122-overview

  The variety of hematologic abnormalities seen in diabetes, such as increased erythrocyte aggregation, decreased red blood cell deformability, increased platelet aggregation, and adhesion, predispose the patient to sluggish circulation, endothelial damage, and focal capillary occlusion. This leads to retinal ischemia, which, in turn, contributes to the development of diabetic retinopathy. […] Fundamentally, diabetes mellitus (DM) causes abnormal glucose metabolism as a result of decreased levels or activity of insulin. Increased levels of blood glucose are thought to have a structural and physiologic effect on retinal capillaries causing them to be both functionally and anatomically incompetent. […] A persistent increase in blood glucose levels shunts excess glucose into the aldose reductase pathway in certain tissues, which converts sugars into alcohol (eg, glucose into sorbitol, galactose to dulcitol).

• #78 Diabetic Retinopathy: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1225122-overview

  In patients with type I diabetes, no clinically significant retinopathy can be seen in the first 5 years after the initial diagnosis of diabetes is made. […] After 10-15 years, 25-50% of patients show some signs of retinopathy. This prevalence increases to 75-95% after 15 years and approaches 100% after 30 years of diabetes. […] In patients with type II diabetes, the incidence of diabetic retinopathy increases with the disease duration.

• #79 10 Reasons why you should be aware of diabetic retinopathy

  https://www.lotuseye.org/blog/10-Reasons-why-you-should-be-aware-of-diabetic-retinopathy.php

  Diabetic retinopathy is an eye condition that is caused by high blood sugar levels that damage the blood vessels present in the retina located at the back of the eye. […] Diabetes is touted to be the major cause of retinopathy. […] It has been proven that diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness in adults across the world. […] It has been proven that 25%, 60% and 80% of the patients with type 1 diabetes are likely to develop the condition of retinopathy after 5, 10, and 15 years of living with the disease. […] Smoking, hypertension, nephropathy, anaemia, and poor glycemic control are associated with the progression of this disease. […] Patients must be aware that controlling blood sugar levels and blood pressure are instrumental in not only reducing the risk of diabetic retinopathy but also slowing down its progress.

• #80 Diabetic Retinopathy: Warning Signs, Treatment & More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/diabetic-retinopathy-7965261

  Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to the vision-threatening condition known as diabetic retinopathy. High blood sugar in poorly controlled diabetes can damage vessels in the light-sensing retina in the back of the eye. This potentially leads to complications that can threaten your vision. […] Chronic high blood sugar is responsible for the vision issues caused by diabetic retinopathy. The increased blood sugar levels damage the retina’s vessels by causing blood vessels to leak. […] This condition can develop from type 1 diabetes, often diagnosed in children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is responsible for over 90% of diabetes cases. It usually is diagnosed in midlife but can happen earlier. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. It can lead to retinopathy or worsen existing retinopathy.

• #81 Diabetic Retinopathy: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1225122-overview

  In patients with type I diabetes, no clinically significant retinopathy can be seen in the first 5 years after the initial diagnosis of diabetes is made. […] After 10-15 years, 25-50% of patients show some signs of retinopathy. This prevalence increases to 75-95% after 15 years and approaches 100% after 30 years of diabetes. […] In patients with type II diabetes, the incidence of diabetic retinopathy increases with the disease duration.

• #82 Diabetic Retinopathy: Warning Signs, Treatment & More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/diabetic-retinopathy-7965261

  Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to the vision-threatening condition known as diabetic retinopathy. High blood sugar in poorly controlled diabetes can damage vessels in the light-sensing retina in the back of the eye. This potentially leads to complications that can threaten your vision. […] Chronic high blood sugar is responsible for the vision issues caused by diabetic retinopathy. The increased blood sugar levels damage the retina’s vessels by causing blood vessels to leak. […] This condition can develop from type 1 diabetes, often diagnosed in children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is responsible for over 90% of diabetes cases. It usually is diagnosed in midlife but can happen earlier. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. It can lead to retinopathy or worsen existing retinopathy.

• #83 Diabetic Retinopathy: Definition, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/retinopathy

  Its hard to say exactly how many people with diabetes will develop retinopathy. In a 2016 study, 44 percent of people with diabetes had retinopathy, while a 2017 study reported 24.5 percent. […] People with preexisting diabetes who are pregnant or are planning to become pregnant should have a comprehensive eye exam to determine if they have signs of retinopathy. This is because retinopathy can worsen rapidly during pregnancy.

• #84 Diabetes-Related Retinopathy: Symptoms, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8591-diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetes-related retinopathy is an eye disease that weakens the blood vessels in your retinas. The weakened blood vessels damage your retina. That can cause vision loss and even permanent blindness when the damage becomes severe enough. […] Diabetes-related retinopathy can happen because of multiple types of diabetes. They include: Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Type 3c diabetes, Gestational diabetes. […] Diabetes causes increased blood sugar levels and can damage the insides of blood vessels throughout your body over time. When you have diabetes-related retinopathy, damaged blood vessels in your retina are trying to repair and reroute to avoid an interruption in blood supply. As a result, fragile new blood vessels grow on the surface of your retina. These new blood vessels can cause retinal detachments and bleeding into the vitreous, a gel-like fluid in your eye. The damaged blood vessels can also leak fluid into your retina, causing macular edema. This can cause blurry vision.

• #85 Diabetic retinopathy: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/183417

  Diabetic retinopathy is blood vessel damage in the retina that happens as a result of diabetes. […] Diabetic retinopathy is an eye condition that occurs due to diabetes. […] It can arise as a result of the high blood sugar levels that diabetes causes. Over time, having too much sugar in the blood can damage blood vessels throughout the body, including in the retina. […] If sugar blocks the tiny blood vessels that go into the retina, it can cause them to leak or bleed. […] If the eye starts to grow new blood vessels, this is known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, which experts consider a more advanced stage. […] Diabetes also increases a persons risk of developing other eye problems, including cataracts and open-angle glaucoma. […] Without treatment, diabetic retinopathy can lead to various complications.

• #86 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P00497

  Changes in the blood vessels of the retina cause diabetic retinopathy. […] In some people with diabetic retinopathy, the blood vessels in the retina may swell and leak fluid. […] In others, abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. […] These changes may result in vision loss or blindness. […] Anyone with diabetes is at risk for diabetic retinopathy. […] The longer you have diabetes, the more likely you are to develop diabetic retinopathy. […] Treatment for diabetic retinopathy may include laser surgery, vitrectomy, and injection of chemicals to stop new blood vessels from forming. […] Better control of blood sugar slows the start and progression of retinopathy.

• #87 Diabetic retinopathy – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that can cause serious vision problems. […] High blood glucose (sugar) levels in people with diabetes can cause long-term complications. One complication is diabetic retinopathy, where the tiny blood vessels in your retina (at the back of your eyes) slowly become damaged. […] These changes can cause the blood vessels in your retina to swell, leak and bleed. Abnormal new blood vessels may also form in your retina. The part of your retina called the macula may swell this is called 'macular oedema’. […] The longer you have had diabetes, the more likely it is that you will get diabetic retinopathy. Your chance of getting diabetic retinopathy is also increased if: your blood sugar levels are not well controlled, you have high blood pressure, you have high cholesterol, you smoke, you have diabetic kidney disease. […] You can reduce your chance of getting of diabetic retinopathy (or stop it getting worse) by: controlling your blood glucose levels, keeping your blood pressure in a healthy range, keeping your cholesterol levels in a healthy range, not smoking.

• #88 Diabetic retinopathy – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that can cause serious vision problems. […] High blood glucose (sugar) levels in people with diabetes can cause long-term complications. One complication is diabetic retinopathy, where the tiny blood vessels in your retina (at the back of your eyes) slowly become damaged. […] These changes can cause the blood vessels in your retina to swell, leak and bleed. Abnormal new blood vessels may also form in your retina. The part of your retina called the macula may swell this is called 'macular oedema’. […] The longer you have had diabetes, the more likely it is that you will get diabetic retinopathy. Your chance of getting diabetic retinopathy is also increased if: your blood sugar levels are not well controlled, you have high blood pressure, you have high cholesterol, you smoke, you have diabetic kidney disease. […] You can reduce your chance of getting of diabetic retinopathy (or stop it getting worse) by: controlling your blood glucose levels, keeping your blood pressure in a healthy range, keeping your cholesterol levels in a healthy range, not smoking.

• #89 Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Orbis

  https://www.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy affects an estimated one-third of people with diabetes and is the leading cause of blindness and vision loss in adults between 35-50. […] Excessive blood sugar levels can cause irreversible damage to vessels in the retina. […] Every person living with all types of diabetes (422 million globally) is at risk of developing the condition and may potentially go blind over time. […] Approximately 1 in 3 people living with diabetes have some degree of diabetic retinopathy and 1 in 10 will develop a vision threatening form of the disease. […] Keeping blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure levels well managed as well as maintaining a balanced lifestyle by eating right and exercising regularly, can lower the risk of developing the condition or slow its progression. […] For people living with diabetes, early detection and diagnosis through regular eye examinations can prevent blindness from diabetic retinopathy in 98% of cases. […] While diabetic retinopathy cannot be fully cured, effective treatments have been established that preserve vision and dramatically reduce the risk of further damage and vision loss.

• #90 Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Orbis

  https://www.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy affects an estimated one-third of people with diabetes and is the leading cause of blindness and vision loss in adults between 35-50. […] Excessive blood sugar levels can cause irreversible damage to vessels in the retina. […] Every person living with all types of diabetes (422 million globally) is at risk of developing the condition and may potentially go blind over time. […] Approximately 1 in 3 people living with diabetes have some degree of diabetic retinopathy and 1 in 10 will develop a vision threatening form of the disease. […] Keeping blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure levels well managed as well as maintaining a balanced lifestyle by eating right and exercising regularly, can lower the risk of developing the condition or slow its progression. […] For people living with diabetes, early detection and diagnosis through regular eye examinations can prevent blindness from diabetic retinopathy in 98% of cases. […] While diabetic retinopathy cannot be fully cured, effective treatments have been established that preserve vision and dramatically reduce the risk of further damage and vision loss.

• #91 Diabetic Retinopathy Exams, Tests, Treatment, Prevention, and Vitrectomy Surgery

  https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/retinopathy-causes-treatments

  In people with diabetes, high blood sugar damages the walls of the small blood vessels in the eye, altering their structure and function. These vessels may thicken, leak, develop clots, close off, or grow balloon-like defects called microaneurysms. […] In advanced cases, the retina is robbed of its blood supply and grows new, but defective, vessels, a process called neovascularization. These fragile vessels can bleed, creating vision-impairing hemorrhages, scar tissue, and separation of the retina from the back of the eye (retinal detachment). […] Diabetic retinopathy can be minimized with a combination of strict blood sugar control and routine screening with eye exams — though even with optimal medical care, it is not always possible to prevent or slow retinal damage. […] Studies have shown that maintaining near-normal blood sugar can decrease the chance of developing retinopathy and can help keep existing retinopathy from getting worse. […] High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and obesity can all promote diabetic retinopathy and should be treated. Smoking is also a culprit: Consult with your doctor about methods for quitting.

• #92 Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Retinopathy_Pathophysiology

  Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular disorder caused by vision-threatening damage to the retina, a long-term sequela of diabetes mellitus. […] The propensity of developing DR is directly proportional to the age of the patient and duration of diabetes as well as with poor glycemic control and hypertension. […] Chronic hyperglycemia is the key promotor for the development and progression of DR due to its tissue-damaging effects. […] Hyperglycemia leads to the activation of alternative pathways of glucose metabolism such as the polyol pathway, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) formation, protein kinase C (PKC) activation, hexosamine pathway flux and Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. […] Due to the high availability of glucose, AGEs formation is markedly increased in diabetic patients.

• #93

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13167-023-00314-8

  Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is, together with chronic kidney disease and peripheral neuropathy, the most frequent complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population. […] Current screening processes for the risk to develop DR are not sufficiently effective allowing the disease to progress undetected until irreversible damage has occurred. […] DR is clinically defined as a microvascular disease that involves damage of the retinal capillaries with secondary visual impairment. […] Due to a particular sensitivity of retinal cells to oxidative stress, profound retinal changes are an early event and reliable predictor of complications linked to DM, which can be monitored by electroretinography as functional consequences of microvasculopathy.

• #94 Diabetic Retinopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560805/

  Diabetic retinopathy affects people with diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. The propensity to develop diabetic retinopathy is directly proportional to the patient’s age and duration of diabetes, as well as poor glycemic control and fluctuating blood pressure levels. […] Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy can be classified into: Non-modifiable: Puberty, Pregnancy. Modifiable: Hypertension, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Poor glycemic control, Nephropathy. Newer risk factors: Inflammation, Apolipoprotein, Hormonal influence – leptin and adiponectin, Vitamin D, Oxidative stress, Genetic factors. […] Chronic hyperglycemia is considered to be the primary pathogenic agent in DR. Hyperglycemia leads to the activation of alternative pathways of glucose metabolism, including the polyol pathway. The oxidative stress, protein kinase C activation, and non-enzymatic protein glycation lead to advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). The result of these alternative pathways is the activation of cytokines along with the growth factors and vascular endothelial dysfunction, which eventually leads to increased vascular permeability and microvascular occlusion.

• #95 Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Retinopathy_Pathophysiology

  Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular disorder caused by vision-threatening damage to the retina, a long-term sequela of diabetes mellitus. […] The propensity of developing DR is directly proportional to the age of the patient and duration of diabetes as well as with poor glycemic control and hypertension. […] Chronic hyperglycemia is the key promotor for the development and progression of DR due to its tissue-damaging effects. […] Hyperglycemia leads to the activation of alternative pathways of glucose metabolism such as the polyol pathway, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) formation, protein kinase C (PKC) activation, hexosamine pathway flux and Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. […] Due to the high availability of glucose, AGEs formation is markedly increased in diabetic patients.

• #96

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13167-023-00314-8

  Further, small vessel disease and neuroretinal changes create a vicious cycle fostering the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) with characteristic attributes including excessive mitochondrial and retinal cell death, chronic inflammation, neovascularisation, and impaired visual field leading to blindness. […] Moreover, it has to be noted that PDR is considered an independent predictor of other severe diabetic complications such as ischemic stroke. […] Contextually, a domino effect is characteristic for the cascading DM complications with a key role of DR as the early indicator of impaired molecular and visual signaling. […] Diabetic microangiopathy is the pre-stage of DR characterised by abnormal growth and leakage of small blood vessels, resulting in local edema and functional multi-organ impairments.

• #97

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13167-023-00314-8

  The resulting DR is characterised by pronounced neurodegenerative features. […] The pathogenesis is still not completely understood, but inflammatory reactions provoked by advanced glycation end products, toll-like receptors, and hyperosmolar and oxidative stress are taking part of the complex interplay of multiple mechanisms in the development of micoangiopathy and DR. […] The mechanisms by which chronic hyperglycemia leads to microvascular disorders such as DR and DN are almost identical, so their onset and progression are tightly related. […] In conclusion, we can predict the presence/absence and severity of DN in diabetics based on DR severity. […] Furthermore, PDR is significantly more common among patients with macroalbuminuria than those with microproteinuria.

• #98

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13167-023-00314-8

  Further, small vessel disease and neuroretinal changes create a vicious cycle fostering the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) with characteristic attributes including excessive mitochondrial and retinal cell death, chronic inflammation, neovascularisation, and impaired visual field leading to blindness. […] Moreover, it has to be noted that PDR is considered an independent predictor of other severe diabetic complications such as ischemic stroke. […] Contextually, a domino effect is characteristic for the cascading DM complications with a key role of DR as the early indicator of impaired molecular and visual signaling. […] Diabetic microangiopathy is the pre-stage of DR characterised by abnormal growth and leakage of small blood vessels, resulting in local edema and functional multi-organ impairments.

• #99 Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | Orbis

  https://www.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/diabetic-retinopathy

  Diabetic retinopathy affects an estimated one-third of people with diabetes and is the leading cause of blindness and vision loss in adults between 35-50. […] Excessive blood sugar levels can cause irreversible damage to vessels in the retina. […] Every person living with all types of diabetes (422 million globally) is at risk of developing the condition and may potentially go blind over time. […] Approximately 1 in 3 people living with diabetes have some degree of diabetic retinopathy and 1 in 10 will develop a vision threatening form of the disease. […] Keeping blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure levels well managed as well as maintaining a balanced lifestyle by eating right and exercising regularly, can lower the risk of developing the condition or slow its progression. […] For people living with diabetes, early detection and diagnosis through regular eye examinations can prevent blindness from diabetic retinopathy in 98% of cases. […] While diabetic retinopathy cannot be fully cured, effective treatments have been established that preserve vision and dramatically reduce the risk of further damage and vision loss.

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